CO ( 4 Kinematics | \ a INTRODUCTION iooatic isthe study of motion of an object ignoring the age ‘ausing the motion. Usually, the nature of motion of bodies in foveal is highly co of translation, (3) ration, vibration hy fi h, breadth, and thickness), Even —> scully exists in nature, still, the smaller the dimensions of an , Usually, a body" is modeled as a “particle,” if ts size isn Reece = aU TRANSLATORY MOTION TRAJECTORY Scanned with CamScannerKinenatiesisthe study of motion ofan objec ignoring the agents ‘easing the motion. Usually, the nature of motion of bodies in etenl i highly complicated, being composed of translation, fain, vibration, ete, To simplify the complex nature of ion, body can be treated as a particle, ifthe dimensions of Don are too large compared to its size, Thus, a particle in the sees Sense means an object without dimensions (ie, having polengh, breadth, and thickness). Even thousth, no such thing fealty exists in nature, still, the smaller the dimensions of an Ibis the more closer it approaches tothe concept ofa particle Usually, “body” is modeled as a “particle,” if its size is new lige and irrelevant to the description of motion, TORY MOTION ert ey tate inca cirtce covered IA Fie body Is sme during te motion, hon he IID be early or ounsaten monion Resor Fansatory motion can be again of two types, vie. curv SF lincsr, accordingly as the path of every constituent pen Jeurved or siaigh line pah. Here i is importan body does not change its orientation trolley. Observer (1) is observing the suitease from the same ‘moving trolley but observer (2) is observing it from ground. ‘Observer (1) ho is observing from the frame of reference attached on trolley says “the suitcase is at rest” while Observer (@) who is observing from the ground frame of reference says “the suitease is moving”. Both observers are looking at same ‘object but they have different observations about the status ofthe suitease and no one will be wrong, Because they are observing, the object from different frames of reference, — Oberer REST AND MOTION We say a body is said to be at rest when it does not change is position with time, while its said to be in motion if it changes its position continuously with trge. In the previous figure the Position of the suitease kept on the floor ofthe trolley does not with time, Thus, the suitase is at rest with respect to the trolley frame of reference. But the position of the suitease is changing with time with respect to the observer from ground fame of reference. So est and motion ae relative terms and they depend upon the frame of refer TRAJECTORY The path followed by a point ob during is motion is called its “trajectory When we write with a pen (or pene on a paper, the tip ofthe pen leaves a clear mark on the paper. The mark appearing as a line (curve or straight) represents the path followed by the tip of the pen. This is what we cal the trajectory ofthe moving point (cp ofthe pen. ‘Sometimes when we look at he sky we finda long thin Hin of. smoke, If we curiously ty to trace the object causing. track, We can se a point-lice object, that isa et pl Scanned with CamScanner(b) Whats its distance when it covers (half the circle and Gi) fll circle? (@) Displacement isthe vector drawn fiom the intial position to the final position adits magnitude is equal to the shortest stance between the initial and final positions {@, Hence, displacement is equal 10 the diameter of the circle 22, (i) Asinitial nd final postions aresame i, displacement will be zero {b) Distance is the length ofthe path travelled by Hence, distance travelled in case () will be equal ‘ence, distance travelled incase (i) [Important Points: © Distance is a scalar quantity and displ ‘vector quantity © Distance between given set of nial and final postions tan have infinite values bu displacement is uniav I Displacement can be nogative, 270, or positive, bu Gistanice is never negative. When a body returns toi Initial position of starting, its displacement is zero but distance or path length is nt zero © The magnitude of displacement can never be g than distance. Tianiform motion, displacement is equal distance. T Displacement szeroif particle returns to inital poston © Distance does not decrease with time and never be & | © zero for a moving body = Displacement can decrease with time, c teven be negative ifthe body is retuming to it initial orion, got intial postion, and moves back tthe Frtial position. So the magnitude of displacement is n0t be ze10 oF St ee VELOCITY AND SPEED “Fo define the fasmess of motion, we need t0 find how fast the space coonintes (position vector) ofa partic relative toa fixed Point changes with time. We call it velocity. Apart fom this, we eed to know the rate at which the particle changes the length of ‘the poth which gives us speed of the particle, ee tenes. ‘of both) whereas the distance Meng oof pan we aT oe the path) covered BY need to find therate at whi ‘ange with time. The Sm “eloity and speed, respective) INstANTANEOUS SPEED “The magnitude ofthe velocity at an need or simply speed instant of time is knoway instantaneous SP 7 at that instant of time: ey denoted by Distance Quantitatively: Speed = Time Mathematically, it isthe time rate at wich distance iB yelled by the partic ‘© Speed isa scalar quanti ty. It ean never be negative is the speed of a particle ats Uniform speed: A particle is said to be speed if it covers equal distances However small thse intervals may Uniform speed isthe speed which always remains cons Here the body may change its direction of motion, Uniform velocity: A particle is said to be moving with uni direction 1 A stan particle moving with nif ‘elocity ie sid t be under voto «Uniform motion isa straight Hine motion with cons locity ‘+ Inunitorm motion, displacement and distance are equ + The erage and instantaneous velocities have same vais oN is required for an object to be in unifor + Tels in sifom mation does no doen smi ‘©The velocity in uniform motion is independent ofeiet Average velocity: If at any time © f, position veetor oF te particle is % and atime r, position is ee for is isi seoted bY ie parte Pell Tota Ye” Total ti We 1fmotion take serge velocity ares Infigure below, aj and time taken are s Stee, =~ 4, then itmetcal my * ws, Soni Hence, on an average, the postion vector changes with rate AF/S¢ Scanned with CamScanner“eee wat am o{ind the average velocity, we need to know only the total ent from inital to final position and need nov consider the nature of motion between intial and final postions Payseal meaning of average velocity tis that uniform velocity DAMEN cha Gmaiciie tnt, isplacement in given time as it does with its actual velocity in ‘the same time. te orare speed: If he parce is going» distance D drng (bebe AM 1), the averge rate of vsanos covered tr ig) ir for ies incre. We en cal is ase (pectldenctd by», tis hero of ta it age travelled G7 fy the particle tothe total time taken sin which this distance is as traveled. Total distance _ 4) +5) +5) wnifog "er otal time taken A oa Total time tak ai URED AP len LES piace i caine diction, ten average speed and Ponsa yerape velocity are same. tuiig _Bfisrebelow,apartce goes trom 410 C; Distances, velo J sedtinetken are shown, oct es : hese fF unin 5 s const ; niles iy, I then y,, =2121 ; average speed is equal to th vpn EEG a | sethmescal mess of indiviia! speeds feb Wits <5, then a average speed is equal to the Mnonic mean of individual speeds. re. Ata raves from city 4 to city B witha constant speed of 1ims/and remus back to city A with aconstant speed of 20 Mis! Find itsayerage speed during its entire journey WD Lettie cistance between the tivo cites and B bexm Tin ken by the train to travel fom Ato B = =f (HY) ith ‘A particle starts ffom x = 0 along straight path, moves 25 m__ straight, then stops. Then turns around and moves 10:m back. Finally stops 15 m from the start point. Total time of motion is 10sec, What is his average speed and average velocity? Pvergesend = Toldtance Total time ken 10 Aver peed of the particle is 3.5 m/s ding to definition o velocity 1 Ha? =1.smis Average velocity ofthe particle is .5 mis towards + direction iniverRaTiION 4.8 A car moving along a straight line moves with a constant, velocity y, for some ime and with constant velocity ¥ forthe rnext equal time. What isthe average velocity ofthe car? Soe Let equal time interval is Displacement ofthe particle while moving wih velocity ied = Displacement ofthe particle while moving with velocity: d,=w Total displacement of the particle, D=d, d,=¢++tand the total time taken is T=1+1= 2 ‘Total displace Total time taken of ‘A particle covers half its journey with a constant speed fal the remaining par of journey with a constant speed of 2 and the rest of the journey with a constant speed of 4y. Fiad its average speed during the entire journey. Average velocity = Scanned with CamScanneres revere by ie pre baemn {point and the final (F) point. “short? Shorter isthe time interval, more. instant will be. For this, ‘other words, “instant” may mean an infinitesim: replaced the term “Ar —> 0.” The time rate of change of position (x) or displ any instant of time (0) is known as instantaneous vel velocity at that instant of time. It is denoted by v. Displacement Time Quantitatively: Velocity = “Theaenee | velocity lee tiplaceent |i | 5 placomen divided by the time. i Ar, interval, A, divided by the time “The instantaneous velocity is ie interval eieteae Scanned with CamScanner2 ne (©) Speed at any time isthe magnitude ACCELERATION ‘After knowing the concept of velocity, Ie velocity changes in onder to analyze the parle If we want fo find how rapidly the ‘we have to adopt two terms, i ‘over a finite and infinitesimal time nt AVERAGE ACCELERATION J : This the ratio ofthe total change in velocity to in which this change in velocity takes place, in conan vl =n ee Total change in velocity. Tltine sien ‘Soo Scanned with CamScanneracesleraton ofan objects always specified as ts 1. ¥,—¥,, divided by the elapsed time, (,~t) a oh 15-108 ‘acceleration calculated is negative, indica ‘acceleration points to the left in the drawing. As a result ‘acceleration and the velocity point in opposite dire to the deceleration of an object ithe object over time ‘the ob fe motion of the objet. ity and acooleration of particle are ile increases. IF the signs Scanned with CamScanner it Gy) teally confirm (accelerating) between In act, the aver Gots with the net (total) change in velocity nl fhe interval Hence, ie cannot explain the ei soe nity of the particle during any instant ( ven nie time interval. Fortis, we need 10 of instantaneous acceleration. sity chans divided by the | | the slope of tangent oth curve att=ty ation is defined as the limit average the time interval approaches Jima Graphically, th acceleration at any point is the slope oft ‘ofr at that point a ‘7 ie ee Dilferenating ¥ wir ime, we get acceleration:a ticle that if of the ‘parce stars moving rectinesty atime +0 such hat Bepecen cc niee-oma an Eigiee (isin seansanivinne ren Pe pace [BB Acceleration of the partite, dt ‘he particle retards when acceleration is opposite to velocity Hence aceleration vector and velocity vector shouldbe oppesite toeach other or the dot product of and ¥ should be neewine = #5<0 = @-1)F-y<0 3 12-Ne-N<0 tisalways positive, @t-IN-1)<0 = Bither2:~1 <0 ors—1>0 1 F< Ls ands> 1s. This isnot possible Be 21> ands 1 <0 31>) 5 ande< 1s. Hence, t requited time interval is | s <¢<1 MBI 2.16 A panicle's postion on he iven by x= 4-2 Within meters and sn seconds #P) Fd the particle's velocity function +2) and acceleration function 2) M)sthere ever a tim: (6) Deseribe te parte Reposition x depen on sine * To get the velocity functior Peston function x) with respect on + Toget the 20 ithe velocity function w() with respect to time Differentiating the position funeon, we find iyi meter persone Differentiating the velocity fonction then give s eevee “ wih in meters per second squared 9) Seuing xi) =0 yields, 0=—27 + 3° which has the soltion (a3 ‘the velocity is zero both 3 s before and 3 s after the leration function a(0), we differentiate the paticle’s mation for #2 0, we need to sexpressions for ni), and at. is at x{0) = +4m and is moving with 2 For 0 <1 <3 s, the particle sill has a negative velocity, soit continues to move in the negative direction. However, acceleration is no longer zero but is increasing and positive. Because the signs of the velocity and the acceleration are ‘opposite, the particle must be slowing, eect pose a8 Acceleration postive eto is eptive syeoing y Teta mation Velooly lene Indeed, we already know at1=3 Just {o the left of the origi in Figure as it wil ‘into the expression for a(), we find aticle’s positon just then is x= SO m. Its acceleration then the particle sas hat isstil For 1> 3 s, the particle moves to the right on the axis, Its ration remains positive and grows progressively larger gnitude, The n velocity is now positive, and it too grows progressively larger in magnitude, btustRaTion 4009) he position of particle moving dlong x-axis is related to time ¢as follow: x= 22 — 8, where x is in meters and és in seconds. (@) Whats the maximum positive displacement ofthe particle along the x axis and at what instant does it attain if? (B) Describe the motion ofthe particle (©) What is the distance covered in the fist three seconds? (@) What sits displacement inthe fist four seconds? (©) What i the particle's average speed and average velocity i the fiat 3 coi (O What is the particles instantaneous acceleration at the instant ofits maximum positive x displacement? (q) What is the average acceleration between the interval im2swreae [ERBD Tee derivative ofx wrt time will give velocity ofthe Particle in relation with time v= Hea3é “ a The velocity ofthe particle will be zero 4-38 = 0 44-3)= => f= Oand1= 43 see The double derivative ofx wrt time will give acceleration ofthe particle in relation with time Scanned with CamScannerror calculating average Ve calculate displacement of the p “Average velocity = ‘The particle Acceleration at (g) Average acceleration Total time Jomiobspsvea>=0- 4-61>00r1 <2 [oe [4 y G) ad @ both arin ee Scanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScanner(@) Herew Using v= w+ af, where =U e258 5 Sent Sms!,a=-2ms3,n=2, i 1+ 20n-1) =5-2 20-1 Here, if we use the above formula, we wall get x, A i" second, ie, at a ‘The panicle has a turning i E indirectly calouate the distance travelled inthis particular Jocity be u Since the man los gity after running through 108 m, ‘at this moment = 80% of «= 0:81 sman run further distance of x1. In second se final velocity = 0; 5 =; (0.8u) + 2ax fd Scanned with CamScannervelocity and accelerates with an Bae rbd arin ers =u #2as. TInthe questions given, card stats with acceleration a, and car B ‘with acceleration a, Ifcar B reaches the finishing point at time Tand with speed u, car A will reach at ime 7~t and with speed uy as given in the question, ‘As both the cars start from rest and cover same distance, sy wehave 4u= Jas and 7-1= |? Va Ya FFrom above equations eliminating the terms of and T, we get 3. Acarismovin When cari brake whichis eaused of distance of car fom check. the bakes. ue Acar starts fom rest and accel Sram ove distance of 250m, (a). Find the acceleration and cover this distance: 3 “The speed of cars inereased| Thinline acceleration andthe distance travelled “Tostop the car in 6s, now the brakes areap scceleration 4 cms" The headlight ofits fon at (= 60s and it ta light cities dase eee standing on platfo eats a toa velocity of 8 ms. Ttthen runs at a constant VE and is finally brought to rest im 64 a wi retardation. The total distance covered 44 m. Find the value total ime 3. A body covers 10 m in the seconds {in fil second ofits motion. Ifthe accelerated, how far will it go inthe sey A body moving with unifor seventh second, Find its initial velocity Two trsns, each of length rections along parallel Scanned with CamScanneraceeleration of the body can be approximated asa constant, section, we will consider the straight line motion of a near earth’s surface. Its experimentally verified that all ® accelerate towards the center of earth with an acceleration ms® “near earth's surface.” When viewed near the “earth,” its surface appears as fat, Hence, any particle appears to accelerate vertically downwards with an acceleration of 9.81 ms? and sometimes to make the caloulations easy we take g= 10 m3. ‘Sign convention: Any vector quantity directed upward will ‘be taken as positive and directed downward will be taken as negative. According to this sign convention, 1. Displacement will be taken as positive ifthe inal position lies above initial position and. negative if the final position lies below {initial position | Velocity (initial or final) will be taken as positive if it is upward and negative if it is downward, B. Acceleration a is always taken to be -2. Tn equations of motions, when we replace a by -g (aninus jan, because acceleration is always dire award), We get speed. In 1 () strike the ground with () sm Fe motion is independent ofthe mass ofthe body 38 ‘equation of motion, mass is not involved. That Soe and light body when release fom the th the ground simultaneously and with Te, t= J@hT=) and ¥> 0224 “under gravity, time taken to go uP 's Ell down tough the same Scanned with CamScannerBe paws ats Wie A 26 ee fl - a “i twice this value, oF 1.0 = SUR Sey ie vin veo om Tm sal opandorn neis ric is abe oF “Geile tosses the coin up with an inital speed of $0 ms. In Iris possible to determine the total tie by another ° the absence of air resistance, When the coin is tossed upward and returns to its telgags 4@) How high does the coin yo above sts point of release point, the displacement f the entire trip is, m. ‘Usin ten Soiccann release pos { y=y,1+ Lar’) to find the time for the entire trip dire) (a) The statement “how high docs th th een o ‘Taking upward direc as th Ab ‘upward, hence the initia vel ticle isp h initial speed w= 10 ms ta fixe of the coin is momenta 3 t he top of 0. Attime ¢= $ee, the particle wo = - a reve - e non a -eleration due he Saanaewer a es ipa i I Githeaeing te vetociy lo chneing ep mem hm > O=(45P + 21-10)y which gives y = 1.25 m Initially at ¢ = 0, the particle is projected in upward direction. Hence, initial velocity () During the tine the coin avels upward, gravity causes om (4) 44 its speed to decrease to ze. On the way down, however, The particle moves from A to B (apward) and then B 40 Us _grvity emus the coin to regain the los speed. Thus, the (downward sume 10 go up is equa to the time for ito come ‘The motion of the particle goes from A to B and then again he total travel time is twice the time od passes point A. The net displacement of the particle upto thi Instant is zero, Then particle rosses point A and finally Scanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScanner4636 est al =a ee Ton Som Ps ce "cat wil catch up the scoot particle i moving w 1, acecleration i ‘Constant, 50 acceler sso nepatve which gives ¢= 22:5 § 10* rate: Aceelerationet Distance travelled by car or Scoot particle moving with eee 675m anesthe scooter when both areal 67.5 se== ICTR Aa “The velocity versus time curve of & moving point is shown in| ane ser Tine making a acute | Let the acceleration be giv the function of time, ii " a~ flé). Then the elementary change in velocity during & Hime BRAID The slope of the velocity-sime graph presets OSE Summing up all the elem reas 44, we have the total wh 8X8 Bee eitioa ofthe pale during motion Ifthe sope is Summing ul : tse itxep vel if the sk negative, it The graph will be a ea peete oats vee decte ee tho uniform speed overtakes the car, Tei ince (©) Averagespec Se ere ape car a See That means the change in velocity AF aver any 1 isrepresented by te algebraic sum of al positive and reas which we call“atea under raph" overthat ime int A=EA, +54, ithe area is negative, AF is negative; 4 directed in negative dreton of coordinate axex, When are zero, AP =O, which means no change in veo eis dy 7 eens ene Sosa A (Theda stn | Ps that instant when car eats a Jaw Aa 86 AA, nye Area under ogo Ba seem resid ain Sen of AAC 4 gysx45=3875 cic j sh AV71>0 becuse AF ia vector tly stance vel by Sate , sin “Aa of estanle OCEF poms portive AF butane poative egy Syse30=880m Scanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScanner