The food chain is a series of living things which are linked to each other because each thing feeds

on the one
next to it in the series,

The whole food chain is affected by the over use of chemicals in agriculture.

Droppings from seabirds could be introducing radioactive isotopes into the food chain

animals further up the food chain

► c o l l o c a t io n s :
enter/pass through the food chain
introduce something into the food chain
the human/ocean/global food chain
the top/bottom of the food chain
► p h r a s e : further up/down the food chain

A footnote is a note at the bottom of a page in a book which provides more detailed information about
something that is mentioned on that page

Chaumette then added a footnote to the document.

a footnote in the Byzantine Book of Hours

► c o l l o c a t io n s :
a footnote to/in something
a footnote in a book/edition
append/add/include a footnote
an explanatory/accompanying/interesting footnote
► r e l a t e d w o r d : endnote

force

In physics, a force is the pulling or pushing effect that something has on something else

the earth's gravitational force

protons and electrons trapped by magnetic forces in the Van Allen belts

Interactions between the forces of gravity and electromagnetism

► c o l l o c a t io n s :

the force of something

gravitational/magnetic/electromagnetic force
the force of gravity/magnetism/electromagnetism

forerunner
If you describe a person or thing as the forerunner of someone or something similar, you mean they existed
before them and either influenced their development or were a sign of what was going to happen

a machine which, in some respects, was the forerunner of the modern helicopter

The recent exhibition confirms the artist's reputation as a pioneer of Impressionism and forerunner of Monet

the European Economic Community, the forerunner of today's European Union

► c o l l o c a t io n : the forerunner of something/someone
► s y n o n y m s : precursor, predecessor

foresee

If you foresee something, you expect and believe that it will happen.

Juveniles may find it harder than adults to foresee the consequences of their actions

a dangerous situation which could have been foreseen

He correctly foresaw the importance of nuclear weapons.

► c o l l o c a t io n s :
foresee the consequences/outcome of something
foresee a difficulty/danger
accurately/correctly foresee something
► s y n o n y m s : predict, forecast

formulate

If you formulate something such as a plan or proposal, you invent it, thinking about the details carefully

Detectives tend to formulate one hypothesis and then try to confirm it.

a scientifically formulated supplement recommended for dogs and cats o Formulate a strategy for long term
business development.
► c o l l o c a t io n s :
formulate a strategy/policy/proposal/plan/response
formulate a hypothesis/theory
scientifically/specially/carefully formulated
► s y n o n y m s : invent, devise
#Crime

Police and Crime Prevention

The job of the police is to catch criminals.

They must also prevent crime and make communities safer.
There should be an increase in the number of police officers on the streets.
Police officers should be seen as part of the community.
They should be involved with education and prevention.
The police should be in close contact with schools.
They should focus on young people who have dropped out of school.
These teenagers may become involved with gangs.

Punishments / Prisons

Fines are used as punishment for minor crimes.

If the crime is more serious, prison is the most common punishment.
Some criminals pose a threat to society.
They are put in prison to ensure the safety of other citizens.

Negatives of Prisons

Criminals are put together.

They make friends with other offenders.
Many prisoners re-offend when they are released.
A criminal record makes finding a job more difficult.

Rehabilitation

Another aim of prisons is rehabilitation.

Prisoners receive education or vocational training.
Prisoners should learn personal skills and specific job skills.
Punishment could make prisoners’ behavior worse.
Rehabilitation aims to make them better citizens.
Rehabilitated prisoners are less likely to re-offend.

Capital Punishment

Supporters say that capital punishment deters crime.

Fear of the death penalty stops people from committing offences.
The death penalty shows that crime is not tolerated.
It is a form of revenge.
The cost of imprisonment is avoided.
The offender cannot pose a threat to others.

Community Service

Community service is a way to reform offenders.

It could be a solution to prison overcrowding.
It avoids the cost of imprisonment.
It makes offenders useful in their local communities.
They are required to clean streets or talk to school groups.
Offenders repay their community.
They avoid the negative influence that prison can have.

Against Community Service

Community service is not a sufficient punishment.

Criminals should be locked up, away from their victims

Crime in the Media

Crime is one of the main subjects of most news programmes.

The mass media focus on violent and sensational crimes.

This leads to fear of crime among the public.

Sensational stories attract more viewers or readers.
The media report crime stories in order to increase their audience.
fossil
A fossil is the hard remains of a prehistoric animal or plant that are found inside a rock

a newly discovered 425 million-year-old fossil

Several enormous prehistoric fossils were found

fossils of dinosaurs and ammonites

► c o l l o c a t io n s :
a fossil of something
a fossil of a dinosaur/mammal/human
unearth/discover/find/excavate a fossil
a hominid/prehistoric/mammalian fossil

Fossil fuel is fuel such as coal or oil that is formed from the decayed remains of plants or animals

By using less energy, she'll burn fewer fossil fuels and emit fewer greenhouse gases

Gas - the world's cleanest fossil fuel

currently accounts for just over 2% of China's energy consumption.
► c o l l o c a t io n s :
burn/consume/use fossil fuels
a dean/dirty fossil fuel

found

When an institution, company, or organization is founded by someone or by a group of people, they get it
started, often by providing the necessary money

The Independent Labour Party was founded in 1893.

He founded the Centre for Journalism Studies at University College Cardiff,

The business, founded by Dawn and Nigel, suffered financial setbacks.

► c o l l o c a t io n s :
founded by someone
founded in a year
found a company/charity/organization/institute
► s y n o n y m s : setup,establish

founldaltion / fa u n 'd e ifa n /

the 150th anniversary of the foundation of Kew Cardens

With the foundation of the NHS there was a move away from traditional medicines towards synthetic ones.
► c o l l o c a t io n s :
the foundation of something
the foundation of an institution/organization

founder

The founder of an institution, organization, or building is the person who got it started or caused it to be built,
often by providing the necessary money

He was one of the founders of the university's medical faculty

the founder of the Zionist movement

Hsin Tao, the organization's founder and leader
► c o l l o c a t io n s :
the founder of something
the founder of a company/movement/museum/website/charity
the original/joint founder

franchise

A franchise is an authority that is given by an organization to someone, allowing them to sell its goods or
services or to take part in an activity which the organization controls

fast-food franchises

the franchise to build and operate the tunnel

Talk to other franchise holders and ask them what they think of the parent company.
► c o l l o c a t io n s :
a fast-food/pizza/banking/railway franchise
a franchise holder/outlet/operator/chain/store
operate/own/secure/buy/run a franchise

2 v e r b If a company franchises its business, it sells franchises to other companies, allowing them to sell its
goods or services, o she has recently franchised her business

Though the service is available only in California, its founder Michael Cane says he plans to franchise it in other
states, o it takes hundreds of thousands of dollars to get into the franchised pizza business.
► c o l l o c a t io n s :
franchise a service/operation/business
franchise a store/outlet

Fraud

Fraud is the crime of gaining money or financial benefits by a trick or by lying.

He was jailed for two years for fraud and deception

Tax frauds are dealt with by the Inland Revenue

officials who are involved in security and fraud prevention

► c o l l o c a t io n s :
tax/benefit/insurance/passport/credit fraud
alleged/suspected/attempted fraud
perpetrate/orchestrate a fraud
commit/combat/detect/prevent fraud

fraud prevention/charges
a fraud investigation/inquiry
►phrases:
the fraud squad
fraud and deception

A fraudulent activity is deliberately deceitful, dishonest, or untrue

fraudulent claims about being a nurse

He has brought an action for fraudulent misrepresentation against a businessman, o The claim should be
met, provided the policyholder has not been fraudulent or deceitful.
► c o l l o c a t io n s :
a fraudulent claim/scheme/transaction/email
fraudulent activities/trading/conduct/misrepresentation
allegedly/potentially fraudulent