App 7.1 Generator Testing Guidelines

Appendix 7.
1
QA & Testing Guidelines for Testing of Generators
Prior to Commercial Operation in SESB Grid System
APPENDIX 7.1
GUIDELINES FOR TESTING OF GENERATORS PRIOR TO COMMERCIAL OPERATION

IN SESB GRID SYSTEM
[300]MW Gas-Fired Combined Cycle Power Plant Project at Lahad Datu, Sabah i
Appendix 7.1
This page is intentionally left blank
[300]MW Gas-Fired Combined Cycle Power Plant Project at Lahad Datu, Sabah ii
Appendix 7.1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 References 1
2.0 NEW GENERATOR INSTALLATIONS 3

2.1 Test Procedure (Site-Specific) 3
2.2 Submission of Test Results 3
2.3 Failure of Test Results 3
2.4 Re-Test 3
3.0 GENERATOR TESTS 4

3.1 RESPONSE TO GRID FREQUENCY VARIATIONS 4
3.1.1 Requirements 4
3.1.2 Objective 4
3.1.3 Procedure 4
3.1.4 Pass Criteria 5
3.2 GRID FAULT LEVEL 6
3.2.2 Objective 6
3.2.3 Procedure 6
3.3 GRID FAULT DETECTION AND CLEARING TIME LIMITS 7
3.3.2 Objective 7
3.3.3 Procedure 7
3.4 HIGH SPEED AND DELAYED AUTO RECLOSING 9
3.4.2 Objective 9
3.4.3 Procedure 9
3.5 BLACK START 11
3.5.2 Objective 11
3.5.3 Procedure 11
3.6 SPEED GOVERNOR RESPONSE, PRIMARY MW RESPONSE, SECONDARY MW
RESPONSE AND HIGH FREQUENCY MW RESPONSE 13
3.6.2 Objective 14
3.6.3 Procedure 14
3.6.4 Test Patterns 15
3.6.5 Signal Schedule for Data Recording 16
3.6.6 MW Output Measurement 18
[300]MW Gas-Fired Combined Cycle Power Plant Project at Lahad Datu, Sabah iii
Appendix 7.1
3.7 PROTECTION SYSTEM 20
3.7.2 Objective 20
3.7.3 Procedure 21
3.8 QUALITY OF SERVICE 31
3.8.2 Objective 31
3.8.3 Procedure 31
3.8.4 Measurement and Analysis 31
3.8.5 Test Method 32
3.8.6 Data to be Measured. 33
3.8.7 Analysis of data for THD and Voltage Unbalance 35
3.9 HOUSE LOAD OPERATION 37
3.9.2 Objective 37
3.9.3 Procedure 38
3.10 UNDERFREQUENCY RELAY 39
3.10.2 Objective 39
3.10.3 Procedure 39
3.11 TEMPORARY LOSS OF AC POWER SUPPLY 40
3.11.2 Objective 40
3.11.3 Procedure 40
3.12 STANDBY FUEL STOCK 42
3.12.2 Objective 42
3.12.3 Procedure 42
3.13 ON-LINE FUEL CHANGEOVER 43
3.13.2 Objective 43
3.13.3 Procedure 43
3.14 POWER SYSTEM STABILIZER (PSS) TUNING 46
3.14.2 Objective 46
3.14.3 Procedure 47
3.15 MACHINE MODEL PARAMETER VERIFICATION 55
3.15.2 Objective 55
3.15.3 Procedure 55
[300]MW Gas-Fired Combined Cycle Power Plant Project at Lahad Datu, Sabah iv
Appendix 7.1
3.16 CONTRACTUAL AVAILABLE CAPACITY TEST 60
3.16.2 Objective 60
3.16.3 Procedure 62
3.17 MINIMUM UP TIME, MINIMUM DOWN TIME AND MAXIMUM DOWN TIME 65
3.17.2 Objective 65
3.17.3 Procedure 67
3.18 RESPONSE TO GRID VOLTAGE VARIATION 69
3.18.2 Objective 69
3.18.3 Procedure 69
3.19 REACTIVE POWER CAPABILITY 74
3.19.2 Objective 74
3.19.3 Procedure 74
3.20 REGULATION AND LOAD FOLLOWING CAPABILITY 77
3.20.2 Objective 77
3.20.3 Procedure 77
3.21 UNIT START 86
3.21.2 Objective 86
3.21.3 Procedure 87
3.22 DISPATCH RAMP RATE 89
3.22.2 Objective 89
3.22.3 Procedure 89
3.23 MINIMUM LOADING 93
3.23.2 Objective 93
3.23.3 Procedure 93
3.24 GUARANTEED HEAT RATES 95
3.24.2 Objective 95
3.24.3 Procedure 95
4.0 GLOSSARY OF TERMS 97
[300]MW Gas-Fired Combined Cycle Power Plant Project at Lahad Datu, Sabah v
Appendix 7.1
1.0 INTRODUCTION
This document contains the guidelines for generator tests to be conducted prior to or
during commissioning of new generator installations prior to commercial operations in
SESB Grid System. All approved tests have to be completed prior to commercial
operation of the generators in the SESB Grid System.
This series of generator tests is in addition and complements the other testing
requirements specified elsewhere in this ITB, in particular Sections 4, 5 and 7.
Where any test specified in this Appendix has already been included in the other
sections of this ITB, the Contractor shall structure his test such that a single test
would meet all the requirements of the various sections and this Appendix.
Since generators vary in sizes and types over a wide range, it is not practical to write
the test requirements in detail for each specific type of generator. As such, this
document contains the minimum requirements to be followed by the Contractor in
implementing the generator tests. These test requirements are neither to be used as
an all-inclusive step-by-step testing manual nor as replacement for manufacturer
supplied generator test procedures. The requirements shall not restrict the Contractor
from proposing generator test procedures with improved or higher standard of
requirements. However, where the minimum requirements are unable to be
implemented, the Contractor is required to justify the reasons to the Owner and
propose alternative recommendations for the Owner’s approval.
The Contractor would be required to comply with all the provisions pertaining to
generator tests in this document.
For definition of terminology used in this Appendix 7.1, please refer to the glossary of
terms in paragraph 4.
1.1 References
a. Power Purchase Agreement (PPA)
Agreement between SESB (as the GSO) and the Owner on the commercial
aspects relating to the purchase of the Facility output and technical conditions
relating to its connection to and performance on the Grid System.
b. SESB Transmission Standards and Code of Practice

The Facility shall comply with provisions of the latest revision of the following
SESB Transmission Standards to fulfill generator test requirements.
i. Transmission System Reliability Standards Version 2.0 – 1st Edition (2006)
ii. Transmission System Power Quality Standards Version 2.0 – 1st Edition
(2006)
iii. Transmission Protection & Control Code of Practice – 2nd Edition (2003)
c. The Sabah and Labuan Grid Code (SLGC)
[300]MW Gas-Fired Combined Cycle Power Plant Project at Lahad Datu, Sabah 1
Appendix 7.1
The Facility shall comply with the provisions of the latest revision (the version
available on the date of test) of the SLGC for generator requirements not
specifically addressed in the Power Purchase Agreement or in contractual
agreements with SESB (as the GSO).
Appendix 7.1
2.0 NEW GENERATOR INSTALLATIONS
2.1 Test Procedure (Site-Specific)
The Contractor shall submit the following documents to the Owner for approval prior
to test with sufficient lead-time as determined by the Owner.
• Site-specific generator test procedures
• Documentation for correction factors and correction curves, if any,
• Calculation methods to be applied to the test results
• Documentation and valid calibration certificates for test equipment,
instruments and recorders
The Contractor shall provide all test equipment, instruments and recorders as
identified for each test in paragraph 3.0, which shall have valid calibration certificates
traceable to national or international standards.
2.2 Submission of Test Results

a. Test reports for generator tests shall be submitted for Owner’s review after each
test. Additionally, all test results data tables shall also be submitted in softcopy
(MS-Excel file format is preferred).
b. The Owner will comment on the acceptability of the generator test results.
c. Three sets (hardcopy) of official test reports and one set (softcopy) compiled on
CD in PDF file format shall be submitted to the Owner for review and approval
prior to the Taking Over date.
2.3 Failure of Test Results
If the results of the generator tests partly or entirely fail to meet the minimum pass
criteria or indicate non-compliance with the test requirements, the Owner shall have
the right to reject the test results in part or in total.
2.4 Re-Test
If the reason for failure to meet the requirements of the generator tests can be readily
identified, the Contractor may at its expense modify the plant equipment to be
capable of meeting the requirements and re-test the plant.
Appendix 7.1
3.0 GENERATOR TESTS
3.1 RESPONSE TO GRID FREQUENCY VARIATIONS
3.1.1 Requirements
The frequency of the Grid System shall be nominally 50Hz and shall be controlled
within the limits of 49.5 to 50.5 Hz. The system frequency could rise to 52Hz or fall to
47Hz in exceptional circumstances. The Generating Units shall be capable of
operating continuously within the range in accordance with the following:
Conditions of the grid system Frequency
Nominal Frequency 50 Hz
Nominal range of frequency variation 49.5 Hz to 50.5 Hz
Exceptional range of frequency variation 47.5 Hz to 52.5 Hz
Minimum frequency where Generating Units are Below 47.5 Hz for at least
allowed to de-synchronize from Grid System and go 10 seconds or 47.0 Hz
to house load operation instantaneously
The Generating Units may de-synchronize itself from the Grid System and shall
successfully go into house-load operation when the frequency is 47.5 Hz or less after
a 10 seconds time delay or instantaneously when the frequency is 47.0 Hz.
The Contractor shall submit a list of settings and expected operation for each
protective device and conduct off-line verification tests at site to prove that each
generator complies with the above requirements on grid frequency variations.
The tests shall be in accordance to the objective, procedure, and pass criteria
stipulated in paragraph 3.1.2, 3.1.3 and 3.1.4 below.
3.1.2 Objective
The objective of tests of the protective circuits that are sensitive to grid frequency
variation is to prove that the generator and its auxiliary system will operate over the
required frequency range as stipulated in paragraph 3.1.1.
3.1.3 Procedure
The Contractor shall prepare a list of protective devices within the Facility that may
operate when the Generating Unit is not at rated frequency. These include over-
speed protective trip settings, boiler pressure and temperature trip settings, auxiliary
system voltage trip settings and reverse power or out of step relay settings. Each of
these protective devices plays an important role in the overall protection of the
Facility. However, they often have conservative settings that will trip the plant
prematurely during transient disturbances. The Contractor shall submit a report to
the Owner, which shall examine all of these settings and discuss how they are
consistent with the goals of this requirement.
Appendix 7.1
For each protective device listed, a comparison shall be made of its expected
operation during both the static and dynamic frequency excursions. When the
analysis shows that the protection would operate, further analysis of the
consequence of this operation should be made.
The analysis should be confirmed by tests of protective circuits made by injecting

signals at the measurement points and measuring the output of the circuit. These
tests shall be made with the protective device out of service. The test equipment
used shall have valid calibration certificate traceable to national or international
standards.
The Contractor shall submit a detailed test procedure, which assures that the
protection is restored before the protective device is placed in service, and which
shall be followed for each test. The characteristics of the Facility's design capability
(such as turbine frequency-time characteristics) for operation under the frequency
range stipulated above shall be provided to the Owner.
The Contractor shall submit a test procedure for the turbine overspeed test and shall
invite the Owner to witness the test with due notice given. The test results shall be
submitted to the Owner for review and approval.
3.1.4 Pass Criteria
The Generating Unit is deemed to have passed the test if the following conditions are
met:
a. The Contractor shall submit characteristics of the Generating Unit’s design
capability (such as turbine frequency-time characteristics) for operation over the
entire frequency range as stipulated in paragraph 3.1.1 above.
b. Analysis of protective setting for each listed device shows that it will not trip the
Generating Unit during the prescribed frequency excursions.
c. Test using injected signals confirms that the settings and response are within 1%
of the values used for analysis.
d. Contractor to provide analysis/ explanation and tripping matrix for generator trip
initiated by electrical /mechanical protective equipment of transformer,
generator, turbine, boiler and auxiliaries; including power plant and substation
inter-trip devices.
e. Submission of turbine overspeed test report by the Contractor.
f. Submission of Factory Acceptance Test reports for generators and generator
transformers by the Contractor.
Appendix 7.1
3.2 GRID FAULT LEVEL
3.2.1 Requirements
The Generating Unit shall be designed to withstand the Grid System's fault level
shown below:
System Voltage & Location in the Grid System Grid System Fault Level
500kV bus at 500kV substations 50 kA/1 sec
275kV bus at the Facility 50 kA/3 sec
132kV bus at the Facility 40 kA/3 sec
132kV bus at 132kV substations 31.5 kA/3 sec
The Contractor shall demonstrate compliance with the requirements on Grid System
fault level in accordance to the objective, procedure, and pass criteria stipulated in
paragraph 3.2.2, 3.2.3 and 3.2.4 below.
3.2.2 Objective
The Contractor shall demonstrate that the Facility is designed to clear a fault on the
Facility side of the incoming circuit breakers. This provides assurance that the fault
will not endanger the security of the Grid System. Beyond the specific requirements
in this Appendix, the Contractor shall ensure that other equipment including
transformers and generators also are capable of withstanding this fault level to avoid
damage that to the Facility.
3.2.3 Procedure
The Contractor shall demonstrate that the circuit breakers used to connect the
Facility to the Grid System are capable of the required duty. They shall also
demonstrate that the equipment and the Facility including interconnecting busbars
and unit transformers are designed to withstand faults on the generator side of the
transformer at these system short circuit levels.
This demonstration will be test reports supplied by the equipment manufacturers for
this equipment and design calculations for busbars. It will not be necessary for
specific tests to be made on the equipment supplied for the plant; rather type tests for
representative units will be acceptable.
3.2.4 Pass Criteria
The required documentation demonstrating compliance to the above requirement

shall be supplied to the Owner.
Appendix 7.1
3.3 GRID FAULT DETECTION AND CLEARING TIME LIMITS
3.3.1 Requirements
The maximum fault clearing time for both the Grid System and the Facility shall be as
follows:
Maximum Fault Clearing Time

System Voltage
Primary Protection Breaker Failure
275kV 100 milisecond 180 milisecond
The Facility shall be capable of operating continuously for faults in the Grid System
cleared within the times stipulated above. The actual clearing time by the backup
protection relays shall follow the agreed relay coordination settings by SESB
transmission protection department.
The Contractor shall conduct tests to prove that each generator complies with the
above requirements. The tests shall be in accordance to the objective, procedure,
and pass criteria stipulated in paragraph 3.3.2, 3.3.3 and 3.3.4 below.
3.3.2 Objective
Faults on the Facility side of the point of connection with the Grid System network
can both endanger the Grid System and damage equipment within the Facility. They
must be cleared as rapidly as possible to minimize these risks. At the same time, the
relays must be set to differentiate between faults and other transient conditions.
Protection of Generating Units and their connections to the Grid System shall meet
the requirements of the latest revision of the SESB Transmission Protection &
Control Code of Practice. These are necessary to reduce the impact of faults on
circuits owned by generators on the Grid System to a practical minimum.
The objective of this test is to measure the minimum signal levels that imitate fault
protection and demonstrate that the operating times of the high voltage side circuit
breaker (HVCB) after the fault being detected by the Facility protection relay, are
within the limits stipulated in paragraph 3.3.1 above.
3.3.3 Procedure
For this purpose, the fault condition may be simulated via current input (fault current)
to the generator transformer differential protection relay (87T) secondary circuit by
current generator set and measure the time till the HVCB reach the open status.
Appendix 7.1
These tests shall be coordinated with other protection system tests and must be
performed after the circuit connections and relay settings are confirmed. They require
the use of signal generating equipment to inject currents into the protection circuits
and recording equipment capable of measuring time between signal injection and
breaker contact opening. A careful review of circuits is required to define points to
inject signals and determine which breakers are intended to operate for primary and
backup protection for each protection circuit. The tests shall be performed with the
Generating Unit shut down and the HV circuit breaker isolated from the Grid System
by open disconnect switches.
A test of minimum operating level shall be made, by injecting currents into the circuit,
for each differential current protection circuit. The initial injection shall be at a value
representing 10% of rated current and each subsequent step will be an increase of
10% of rated current. For security, the protection should not operate at differential
current equal to 10% of rated current. The relay shall operate for a differential current
above the minimum pick-up setting within allowable tolerance (+1.0%) of rated
current. (The settings shall be submitted to the Owner for endorsement.)
When the relay operates, timing between the current injection and the HV circuit
breaker opening is measured. Calibrated timing device capable of time measurement
with resolution of 0.5 milliseconds shall be used. It may be necessary to circulate a
small current through the closed breaker and measure voltage across the breaker
contacts to demonstrate the opening time. Disconnecting the opening signal from the
primary breaker and measuring opening time for all backup breakers confirm backup
breaker operation. Appropriate procedures to tag and restore all temporary
connections made during these tests must be defined and followed.
3.3.4 Pass Criteria

a. The maximum fault clearing time for both the Grid System and the Facility shall
meet the requirements as per paragraph 3.3.1
b. A test report describing the tests performed and test results must be prepared
and submitted to the Owner by the Contractor. The report shall include
calculation for mechanical stress due to Grid System fault level and calculation
of short circuit current.
Appendix 7.1
3.4 HIGH SPEED AND DELAYED AUTO RECLOSING
3.4.1 Requirements
The Contractor shall conduct simulation studies to prove that each Generating Unit
complies with the requirements on high speed single pole and delayed three pole
auto re-closing of the EHV outgoing line circuit breakers in the Facility, which shall be
capable of sustaining, without damage or tripping, the impacts such as phase
unbalance and re-closing onto a permanent fault of auto re-closing on the Grid
System. The time taken from pole tripping to re-closing is as follows:
System Voltage High Speed Single-Pole Delayed Three-Pole
275kV 750 millisecond [subject to From 3 to 10 seconds

study]
132kV Not applicable From 3 to 10 seconds
The study shall also include calculations and technical demonstrations of the
capability of the generator system (generator and turbine) to withstand the auto re-
closing.
The simulation tests shall be in accordance to the objective, procedure, and pass
criteria stipulated in paragraph 3.4.2, 3.4.3 and 3.4.4 below. The Contractor shall
submit the report of the simulation studies results to the Owner.
3.4.2 Objective
The Grid System is equipped with high speed single pole and delayed three pole
auto re-closing facilities with the general characteristics as given below to mitigate
the impact of transmission line faults on the Grid System. The Generating Units shall
remain operational on the Grid System without tripping and adverse behaviour during
and after the operation of the auto re-closing equipment.
This requirement protects the Generating Unit from damage resulting from operations
that are necessary for the security of the Grid System network.
3.4.3 Procedure
The shock that may occur on the generator due to fault clearing and re-closing
operations in the Grid System cannot be staged. Rather demonstrating the capability
of the Generating Unit to withstand this shock will be done by simulation.
Firstly, the Contractor shall provide simulation study results showing the torque levels
on turbine generator shaft systems resulting from these re-closing requirements.
Appendix 7.1
Secondly, the impact of single pole re-closing due to a fault on the connected EHV
line, on the ability of the generator to withstand negative sequence current (which
may induce large eddy current on the rotor and induce high temperature rise on rotor
surface metal) shall also be assessed and covered by the study. For these simulation
studies, the network is to be represented by an infinite bus and two parallel
reactances, a transmission line reactance and a network equivalence reactance. One
reactance represents one of the transmission lines from the HV circuit breaker to the
grid and the other one represents the equivalent reactance of the network excluding
that transmission line from the HV circuit breaker to the grid. The disturbance will be
a short circuit on the transmission line near the HV side of the unit transformer that is
successfully cleared and the line re-closed. Fault clearing and line re-closing times
are varied within the tolerance of the relay and breaker times to maximize the shaft
torque levels.
3.4.4 Pass Criteria
The Contractor shall conduct simulation studies to demonstrate compliance of the

Generating Unit to the requirement in paragraph 3.4.1 above and submit the report to
the Owner. The report shall include a statement from the suppliers stating that the
coupled generator and turbine system will be able to withstand both the high speed
single pole and delayed three pole the auto re-closing.
Appendix 7.1
3.5 BLACK START
3.5.1 Requirements
It is an essential requirement that the Facility must incorporate Blackstart capability.

The Facility shall be provided with dedicated Blackstart generator with sufficient
capacity for black start of at least one Generating Unit. In this respect, Blackstart
capability relates to any one Generating Unit in the Facility having the capability to
start without any back-feed supply whatsoever being available from the Grid System
and/or distribution system or from user system and subsequently the ability to start
other Generating Units in the Facility.
The Contractor shall conduct tests to prove compliance with the requirements on
BlackStart tests as stated above.
3.5.2 Objective
The objective is to demonstrate the Blackstart capabilities of the Facility in the event
of total disconnection from the Grid System and external sources of AC supply by
conducting the following tests:
• Basic starting test (start generator under test with supply from Blackstart
generator)
• Dead-bus closing test (line energizing test)
• Synchronizing test (synchronizing the Island to the main grid at suitable
EHV/Grid circuit breaker which shall be provided with adequate
synchronizing facilities)
3.5.3 Procedure
a. Basic Starting Test
The Facility shall be off-line and isolated from the Grid System. If on-line, the
generators shall be de-loaded, de-synchronized, and shutdown and all AC power
supplies to the auxiliaries shall be disconnected from the Grid System.
The Blackstart generator of the Facility shall be started and shall re- energize the
generators’ unit auxiliaries.
The Generating Unit shall be brought up to full speed no load. The generator circuit
breaker (GCB) shall then be closed on to the de-energized medium-voltage (MV)
bus. The Generating Unit shall then be connected to and supply its own auxiliary
loads. The frequency and voltage shall be monitored in stable condition. The
Contractor shall then establish readiness of the generator for deadbus closing on the
275kV busbar.
Measure the time taken from startup of the Blackstart generator to the time the first
Generating Unit is ready for deadbus closing (i.e. to energize a de-energized 275kV
busbar of the Grid System.
b. Deadbus Closing test
Appendix 7.1
Deadbus closing of the Generator shall then be demonstrated by connecting the
generator to a de-energized 275kV busbar of the Grid System. A previously de-
energized line shall be energized by closing it to the energized bus under the
direction of the GSO.
Measure the time taken from the first unit is ready for deadbus closing until the time
of connection to the de-energized 275kV busbar. The frequency and voltage at both
ends of the line shall be monitored and in stable condition.
c. Synchronizing Test (Synchronizing to the Grid System)
The generator shall be synchronized to the energized Grid System under the
direction of the GSO. The synchronizing shall be accomplished at a suitable circuit
breaker, bus section or bus coupler in the 275kV system with agreement of GSO.
The said 275kV circuit breaker, bus section and/or bus coupler shall be provided with
adequate synchronizing facilities.
The Blackstart generator should be capable of being disconnected or stopped,

without requiring any lowering of the Generating Unit’s MW output.
3.5.4 Pass Criteria

a. Facility with Blackstart generator is deemed to have passed the test by
demonstration of the capability of any one generator to startup from shutdown,
energize a de-energized part of the Grid System and be synchronized to the
Grid System upon instruction from the GSO, within 2 hours without power from
the Grid System or any external electrical power supply.
b. Upon synchronization with the energized Grid System, the Generating Unit
should be capable of stable operation and have the ability to pick up varying
loads while maintaining Grid System voltage within +10% and -5% of the
nominal grid voltage and grid frequency between 49.5 Hz and 50.5 Hz
Appendix 7.1
3.6 SPEED GOVERNOR RESPONSE, PRIMARY MW RESPONSE, SECONDARY
MW RESPONSE AND HIGH FREQUENCY MW RESPONSE
3.6.1 Requirements
Each Generating Unit shall at all times have the capability to operate automatically so
as to provide response to changes in frequency in order to contribute to containing
and correcting the system frequency within the statutory requirements of Frequency
control, following a change in the generation-load balance. Under such dynamic
response, the governor and the Generating Unit shall operate stably throughout the
entire operating range of the Generating Unit and over the whole range of Grid
System frequency variation described in paragraph 3.1.1 of this document.
Each Generating Unit shall be capable to provide primary, secondary and high
frequency MW response, which is controlled by using the speed governor.
a. Speed Governor
The speed governor shall enable the Generating Unit to contribute in restoring
the Grid System's frequency to normal (close to nominal frequency). The speed
governor droop must be adjustable and capable of being set with an overall
speed droop of any value between 2 % and 5 %. Presently, the speed governor
droop setting is tentatively set at 4%.
The speed governor deadband shall be adjustable and capable of being set to a
minimum value no larger than 0.05 Hz.
At appropriate times prior to the Initial Operation Date of each Unit, the
Contractor shall seek a written advice from the Owner to confirm the values of
speed governor droop and deadband for the final setting of the devices.
b. Primary MW Response
At any time, the Generating Unit shall be capable of rapidly increasing its MW
output when there is a drop in Grid System frequency exceeding the governor
deadband. The primary MW response is the spinning reserve fully realizable
within 10 seconds of a frequency1 change and shall be sustainable for further 20
seconds.
c. Secondary MW Response
The secondary MW response is the spinning reserve fully realisable within 30
seconds of a frequency change. It must be able to sustain the additional
generation for at least 30 minutes.
d. High Frequency Response
At any time, the Generating Unit shall be capable of rapidly reducing its MW
output when there is an increase in Grid System frequency exceeding the
governor deadband. The reduction of MW output shall be fully realizable within
10 seconds of a frequency change and shall be sustainable thereafter.
e. Expected minimum MW response
1
Frequency is a defined term. Should all reference to “frequency” be in uppercase? Or is it intentionally left in
lower case to carry a different meaning?
Appendix 7.1
The Contractor shall submit a proposal to the Owner of the expected minimum
quantum of primary/ secondary MW response and High Frequency Response at
different operating points as detailed in section 3.6.3(d) and for each test pattern
as detailed in section 3.6.4 of this document. The Contractor and the Owner
shall agree on the expected minimum MW response values, which will be used
as the pass criteria for the test. Expected minimum MW response in the range of
5% to 10% of rated load is acceptable for large steam turbine plants.
f. Governor Model
The Contractor shall submit a finalized governor model and validation reports
based on the tests conducted.
stipulated in paragraphs 3.6.2, 3.6.3, 3.6.4, 3.6.5, 3.6.6 and 3.6.7 below.
3.6.2 Objective
The Contractor shall conduct online tests on each Generating Unit to demonstrate
the operation of the speed governor and measure the primary/ secondary MW
response and High Frequency Response of each Generating Unit at each of the load
levels specified in paragraph 3.6.3.c. (each gas turbine generator shall be tested and
steam turbine generator output shall be monitored).
For Governor Control Systems without a frequency test circuit, the Contractor and
the Owner shall mutually agree on a suitable point in the control circuit, whereby step
frequency signal injections can be performed to determine unit response until the unit
operates close to its limits in accordance to the design.
In addition, these tests shall also demonstrate that the Generating Units are in stable
operation over the entire Grid System frequency variation, as stipulated in paragraph
3.1.1 with governor deadband and droop set at the values specified by the Owner.
For site test purposes demonstrating the sustainable secondary MW response for at
least 5 minutes shall suffice. Likewise, the sustainable High Frequency MW
Response shall be demonstrated for at least 5 minutes.
3.6.3 Procedure
a. The instrumentation used for this test shall be a function generator capable of
inserting a signal that replaces or supplements the Frequency deviation signal
into the speed governor. The function generator shall be accurate to 0.1%.
A high speed digital recorder with minimum sampling rate of 200 samples per
second capable of recording power and speed signals with a time duration of 5
minutes shall be utilized for data recording. The high-speed digital data
recorders shall be accurate to 0.5%.
The power transducers shall be accurate to 0.1%. All test instruments used shall
have valid calibration certificates traceable to national or international standards.
b. The test shall be performed by introducing a step change in the Frequency
Deviation input to the speed governor and measuring electrical power output
from the plant and frequency change in the network as well as signals indicating
mechanical power change (valve positions, temperatures, and pressures).
c. Tests shall be performed with the Power System Stabiliser (“PSS”) switched off
and the generator initially operating at the following load levels: -
Appendix 7.1
Minimum Loading (as per Contract)
60%, 70%, 80% and 90% MCR loading
100 % MCR Loading.
d. If signal injection is accomplished by software logic manipulation, the following

requirements shall be met: -
Influence of Grid System frequency variation shall be negated by suitable logic
design to isolate the actual speed feedback to load controller but still maintain
the protective function
Signal injection shall be performed using a signal generator via a spare I/O
channel of the input card.
The actual power measurement reading shall be taken directly from the CT and
VT.
e. The duration of each test shall be 5 minutes with the frequency deviation input
signal applied. The data recorders shall be set with a minimum sampling rate of
200 samples per second that allows 5 minutes of information to be captured with
each data record. The test records shall include the test signal applied showing
step changes in frequency deviation signal to the speed governor.
3.6.4 Test Patterns
The GSO will allow the Contractor to conduct tests as per the following load test
patterns based on agreed test schedule and shall make reasonable provisions for
stable system conditions during the test.
The Frequency change signals shall be introduced as a step change into the
summing junction of the speed governor. At each load level stated in paragraph
3.6.3.c., ten test patterns shall be conducted with frequency step change signal
injection as follows: -
a. Test Pattern 1: -0.06Hz (step change signal injection applied for 5 minutes)
b. Test Pattern 2: -0.3Hz (step change signal injection applied for 5 minutes)
c. Test Pattern 3: -0.5Hz (step change signal injection applied for 5 minutes)
d. Test Pattern 4: +0.06Hz (step change signal injection applied for 5 minutes)
e. Test Pattern 5: +0.3Hz (step change signal injection applied for 5 minutes)
f. Test Pattern 6: +0.5Hz (step change signal injection applied for 5 minutes)
g. Test Pattern 7: -0.5Hz (step change signal injection applied for 0.5 seconds),
followed by -1.0Hz (step change signal injection for 5 minutes)
h. Test Pattern 8: -0.5Hz (step change signal injection applied for 1.0 second),
immediately followed by -1.0Hz, -1.5Hz (with each step change signal injection
being applied for 1.0 second); immediately followed by -2.0Hz (step change
signal injection applied for 5.0 minutes)
i. Test Pattern 9: +0.5Hz (step change signal injection applied for 0.5 seconds),
followed by +1.0Hz (step change signal injection for 5 minutes)
Appendix 7.1
j. Test Pattern 10: +0.5Hz (step change signal injection applied for 1.0 second),
immediately followed by +1.0Hz (step change signal injection applied for 1.0
second); immediately followed by +1.5Hz (step change signal injection applied
for 5.0 minutes
3.6.5 Signal Schedule for Data Recording
The Contractor shall propose signal schedule for data recording to be taken during
each test at the various load levels, for agreement by the Owner.
a. For steam turbine generator, a minimum of 8 signals, as outlined in 3.6.5.1 part I
below, shall be monitored on high-speed digital data recorder with sampling rate
of 200 samples per second for time duration of 5 minutes. The-high speed digital
data recorder shall be accurate to 0.5%.
Other signals and parameters including the above eight points (as outlined in
3.6.5.1 part II below) shall be trended in DCS. Filtered data can be used to avoid
noise effects if necessary. The data recorders output shall be included in the test
report to be submitted to the Owner.
b. For gas turbine generator a minimum of 8 signals, as outlined in 3.6.5.2 part I
below, shall be monitored on high-speed digital data recorder with sampling rate,
duration and accuracy as described above.
Other signals and parameters including the above eight points (as outlined in
3.6.5.2 part II below) shall be trended in DCS. Filtered data can be used to avoid
noise effects if necessary. The data recorders output shall be included in the test
report to be submitted to the Owner.
3.6.5.1 Typical Parameters for Steam Turbine Generator are as follows:
Part I: Signals for the following points shall be recorded using high speed recorder
• Turbine Speed.
• Generator MW (Gross)
• Generator MW (Net)
• Generator MVAR.
• Main Steam Pressure
• Grid frequencies
• Bias frequencies Injected Test Signal.
• Load Control Signal output.
• HP Governor Valve opening %.
Part II: Signals for the following points shall be recorded in DCS-
• Injected Test Signal
• Turbine Speed Reference
• Turbine Speed
• Generator Current
• Generator Voltage
• Generator Frequency
• Excitation Current
• Excitation Voltage
• Generator Output MW (Gross)
• Generator Output MVAR (Gross)
• Generator Output MW (Net)
• Generator Output MVAR (Net)
Appendix 7.1
• System Frequency
• System Voltage
• Output Power of other Generating Units in the Facility
• Load Control Signal Output
• Turbine Master Control Signal Output
• Speed control demand
• Main Steam Pressure.
• Main steam Temperature
• Main steam Flow
• Turbine Steam and Metal Temperature
• Boiler Drum Steam Temperature and Pressure
• Boiler Deaerator Steam Temperature and Pressure
• HP Governor Valve Opening (%)
• HP Bypass Control Valve A/B Position (%)
• LP Bypass Control Valve A/B Position (%)
• Turbine bearing vibrations
• Generator bearing vibrations
3.6.5.2 Typical parameters for Gas Turbine Generator are as follows:

Part I: Signals for the following points shall be recorded using high speed recorder
• Turbine Speed.
• Generator MW (Gross)
• Generator MW (Net)
• Generator MVAR.(Gross)
• Main Steam Pressure (of steam turbine in combined cycle mode)
• Grid frequencies
• Bias frequencies (Injected Test Signal).
• Load Control Signal output.
• HP Governor Valve opening %.
Part II: Signals for the following points shall be recorded in DCS-
• Injected Test Signal

• GT Speed Reference
• GT Speed
• Generator Active Power MW
• Generator Reactive Power MVAR
• Generator Frequency
• Excitation Current and Voltage
• GT Blade Path Temperature
• GT Exhaust Gas Temperature
• GT Control Signal Output
• Exhaust Gas Control Signal Output
• Fuel Flow Control signal Output
• Blade Path Temperature Control Signal Output
• GT Main Fuel CV position
• Fuel Inlet Pressure
Appendix 7.1
• Fuel Flow rate
• GT Compressor Inlet Air Temperature
• GT Compressor inlet Pressure
• GT Compressor Discharge/Outlet Pressure
• Gas Inlet Pressure
• Turbine & Generator bearing vibrations
• System Frequency and Voltage
• Output Power of other Generators in the Generating Block
3.6.6 MW Output Measurement
For each test pattern, in paragraph 3.6.4, the Facility will be analyzed using the high-
speed digital recorders output and shall be tabulated
a. Initial load level at the start of each test.
b. Generator MW output after 10 seconds shall be measured.
c. Generator MW output after 30 seconds shall be measured
d. Generator MW output after 5 minutes shall be measured
e. To redo the test if the monitored system frequency variation exceed +/-0.05Hz
during the first 30seconds of the test
For Primary MW response, any increase in MW output after the 10th second shall not
be considered as contribution to primary MW response. However, any reduction in
MW output after the 10th second shall be considered as a reduction of primary MW
response.
For Secondary MW response, any increase in MW output after the 30th second shall
not be considered as contribution to secondary MW response. However, any
reduction in MW output after the 30th second will be considered as a reduction of the
secondary MW response.
3.6.7 Pass Criteria

a. The governor response frequency deadband should be no larger than 0.05Hz.
b. The dynamic response of the Generating Unit must be stable at all test points
c. To pass the requirement for primary MW response: The output power at each
test point must achieve within 10 seconds at least 90% of the expected minimum
Primary MW response declared by the Contractor and agreed by the Owner
(Refer paragraph 3.6.1 (b)) and able to sustain for a further 20 seconds.
d. To pass the requirement for secondary MW response: The output power at each
test point must achieve within 30 seconds at least 90% of the expected minimum
Secondary MW response declared by the Contractor and agreed by the Owner
(Refer paragraph 3.6.1 (c)) and able to sustain at least for a further 5 minutes.
e. To pass the requirement for high Frequency Response: The reduction in output
power at each test point must achieve within 10 seconds at least 90% of the
expected minimum high Frequency Response output change declared by the
Contractor and agreed by the Owner (Refer paragraph 3.6.1 (d))
f. To pass the requirement for governor simulation model
• Timely submission of simulation model and study reports
• Governor Model simulation results using parameters derived from the
actual site test MUST agree to the actual recorded test. Key variables
Appendix 7.1
must show a reasonable fit, within 10% to the test results.
• If the stability program time simulation plots for key variables do not show
a reasonable fit to the test results, it is necessary to repeat the simulations
with refined estimates of parameter values until an adequate match is
reached.
Appendix 7.1
3.7 PROTECTION SYSTEM
3.7.1 Requirements
The Facility shall have sufficient protection systems to prevent or limit damage to its
generation and auxiliary equipment. The protection systems shall guard the safety of
the Facility and the Grid System from damage or instability arising from inappropriate
operations, faults, disturbances or contingencies both within and external to the
Facility.
Faults on the Facility shall be cleared by protection system within the fault clearing
times stipulated in paragraph 3.3.1 of this Appendix.
The Contractor shall conduct tests to prove that each Generating Unit complies with
the above requirements on protection system. The tests shall also be in accordance
to the objective, procedure, and pass criteria stipulated in paragraphs 3.7.2, 3.7.3
and 3.7.4 below.
As a prerequisite for these tests, the Contractor shall submit and obtain approval/
acceptance from the Owner for the following documents/drawings prior to equipment
procurement/fabrication of protection relay panels
a. Protection Conceptual Drawings, including:
• Protection Single Line Diagram Overview
• Protection Functional Block Diagram
• Protection and Control Panel Layout Arrangement
b. Protection Detailed Drawings consisting of protection schematic or circuit
diagrams.
c. Protection Settings Calculation, Coordination Studies and Relay Configuration
Records, including native printout of digital/numerical relays’ setting and
configuration.
3.7.2 Objective
Sufficient tests shall be performed on the relays and protection schemes to:
a. Establish that the equipment has not suffered damage during transit.
b. Establish that the correct equipment has been supplied and installed.
c. Confirm that the various items of equipment have been correctly interconnected.
d. Confirm performance of schemes designed based on approved/accepted
settings calculation and relay coordination.
e. Provide a set of figures for comparison with future maintenance values allowing
the condition of the equipment to be determined.
Appendix 7.1
3.7.3 Procedure
The application of relaying schemes and their settings within the Facility shall be
reviewed by the Owner based on the Grid Code. The Facility’s Generating Unit
protection and its control system shall be coordinated such that the protective system
shall only react if the control system could not respond to changes within the
specified Generating Unit’s limits. Protective relays within Facility shall also be
coordinated to the optimum advantage of the Grid System. The Contractor shall
provide such coordination studies to the Owner for review and acceptance.
The table below can be used as a general guide as to what should be included and
considered for such submission. It also indicates the range of protection settings
typically applied for generating units connected to the Grid System. Actual settings
must be derived using appropriate coordination pairs and method.
The Contractor shall ensure that all protective equipment are in service whenever the
Generating Unit is connected to or is operated in parallel with the Grid System. No
deviation for any period of time for an emergency or maintenance shall be permitted
without the prior approval of the Owner.
There shall not be any simultaneous shut down or tripping of Generating Units in the
Facility. For each Generating Block, all gas turbines and steam turbine in the same
Generating Block shall not shut down or trip together at the same time without being
staggered.
Range of Protection Settings

Control System Protection
Function
Settings System Settings
Pickup to Trip Delay to Trip
≥ 1.1 p.u t ≥ 2s
Over voltage
1.3 - 1.5 p.u t = Instantaneous
Voltage limiter
Under voltage ≤ 0.85 p.u t ≥ 2s
Off load tap
setting of unit None -
transformer
Load drop
None -
compensation
≥ 1.10 p.u t ≥ 150ms

Voltage per
Excitation & Over excitation Request manufacturer’s transient and
Hertz exciter
voltage (Volts / Hertz) steady-state V/Hz capability curves of
control
regulation Generating Unit, unit transformer and
excitation transformer
r = Xd
Loss of t ≥ 0.35s
offset = X’d
Under excitation excitation or
field failure Request transient stability plot under
generator Loss of Excitation condition
Rotor overload Contractor to provide

Field winding
(maximum field
overload Request rotor winding and exciter
current)
overload capability curve
Stator overload Stator overload Contractor to provide
Appendix 7.1
Function
Stator thermal time constant is normally
long enough to allow manual action by
operators after alarm. Unless automatic
control is applied, coordination is not
required
Voltage
regulator control None -
mode
Power System
None -
Stabilizer
Over frequency ≥ 52.5Hz t ≥ 100ms

Frequency limits
≤ 47.5Hz t ≥ 10s
Under frequency
≤ 47.0Hz t = Instantaneous
Speed droop None -
Governor &
power Acceleration
regulation and deceleration
None -
ramp rate
limiters
Governor
None -
control mode
Turbine over Turbine over
Contractor to provide
temperature temperature
0.02 – 0.10 p.u t ≥ 2s
Negative phase Request generator capability curve to
None
sequence operate under short time unbalance
condition during single pole tripping and
stuck pole condition
Backup HV
Over current / None 1.5 p.u t ≥ 0.5s
short-circuit
overload
Over excitation
limiter (OEL)
Stator overload Contractor to provide
Under excitation
limiter (UEL)
Minimum
excitation limiter Rotor overload Contractor to provide
(MEL)
Automatic
None
synchroniser
Synchronisation Pole slip
(Generator out
None To be determined by stability studies
of step
protection)
Step-up
transformer HV
None I ≥ 1.0p.u 1s ≤ t ≤ 2s
standby earth
Other fault
None Breaker failure I ≥ 0.05p.u 150ms ≥ t ≥ 400ms
Appendix 7.1
Function
None Reverse power Contractor to provide

Rotor & stator
None Contractor to provide
earth fault
Differential &
None Contractor to provide
restricted EF
Auxiliary supply
None overcurrent & Contractor to provide
EF
The coordination between the generator control and protection functions shall be
exhibited by actual tests before commissioning. Such tests shall be carried out under
steady state and dynamic conditions.
Protection systems are to be tested during plant startup following normal practice for
these circuits. Where tele-protection is utilized, the communication circuits must be
tested and the scheme operation functionally verified prior to Initial Operation Date of
the Generating Unit.
These procedures outline tests that are performed before the plant is placed into
commercial service. They are performed in a sequence that assures that the
equipment is operational before the plant is energized and that settings are correct
as soon as they can be verified. The protection system includes the relays, signal
conditioning equipment, current transformers, potential transformers, and all multi-
core cabling in the interconnecting circuits. Tests are defined that examine these
elements. In addition to the tests defined in this paragraph, equipment calibration
tests and other tests included in equipment instruction manuals should be performed.
a. Multicore Cable Termination
i. Insulation Resistance Tests at 1000V AC for one minute shall be carried out,
where possible, on all protection, control, alarm and indication circuits to
ensure that multicore cabling is in satisfactory condition. Visual inspection
shall be made on cable glands, cable jointing, fuse or circuit breaker ratings
and small panel items, such as indicating lamps. Static equipment, which
may be damaged by the application of test voltages, shall have the
appropriate terminals isolated or short-circuited.
ii. Inter-relay, inter-unit and cubicle multicore cabling carried out at site shall be
checked to the appropriate circuit and/or multicore cable block diagram.
Using bells or buzzers may do this. DC voltage supplied from the station
battery may also be used. Where it is found necessary to effect site
modifications to the secondary cabling, copies of the appropriate schematic,
multicore cable diagrams and multicore cable schedule shall be suitably
marked as agreed with the Owner before the circuit is commissioned.
iii. Loop resistance measurements shall be made on all current transformer

circuits. Separate values are required for current transformer and lead
resistances and all measurements shall be recorded on lead resistance
diagrams.
Appendix 7.1
iv. Insulation resistance test of the total circuit with the ground wire
disconnected must be done to prove that only one ground exists.
v. Pilot cable impedance and phase angle measurements shall be made when
pilot cables are to be used with unit type protection.
b. Current Transformers and Current Circuits

i. Physical confirmation of the primary position of current transformers (i.e., P1
and P2) according to the schematic diagram.
ii. Check at marshalling kiosk for correct current transformer ratio selection, star
point, and neutral ground of the current transformer secondary and
appropriate shorting links.
iii. Tests to carried out on current transformers are as follows:

• All on-site tests as recommended in the current transformer manual.
• DC Insulation Resistance tests at 1kV between secondary and earth, 5kV
between Primary and Earth and 5kV between primary and secondary.
• Polarity test for all tappings.
• Measurements of current transformer resistance at current transformer
terminal and measurements of loop resistance of current transformer
circuits at relay terminal block, recorded separately.
• Magnetization test for all current transformer windings and tappings, with
minimum effect of remanence flux.
• Ratio test with rated burden connected, for all ratios of the current
transformer. The intended current transformer ratio shall be tested last.
iv. Test to be carried out on interposing current transformers (ICT) are as
follows:
• All on-site tests as recommended in the interposing current transformer
manual
• DC Insulation Resistance tests at all 1kV between secondary and earth,
between primary and earth and between primary and secondary
• Polarity test for all tappings
• Magnetization test
• Ratio test
• Vector Group test (for ICTs used in differential protection scheme)
• Positive and Zero Sequence Impedance test (for ICTs used in differential
protection scheme)
v. The ratio of all current transformers must be proven either by using current
(primary to secondary) or voltage (secondary to primary) injection.
vi. The Contractor shall provide Routine Test Reports for each individual current
transformer supplied, for comparison with the site test results.
c. Voltage Transformers
i. Physical confirmation of the primary position of voltage transformers
according to the schematic diagram
Appendix 7.1
ii. Check at marshalling kiosk for correct voltage transformer ratio selection,
star point and neutral ground of the current transformer secondary.
iii. Tests to be carried out on voltage transformers are as follows:

• All on-site tests as recommended in the voltage transformer manual.
• DC Insulation Resistance tests at 1kV between secondary and earth, 5kV
between primary and earth and 5kV between primary and secondary.
• Polarity test for all windings.
• Ratio test
• Induced Voltage test at rated secondary voltage (for Inductive Voltage
transformers), with necessary precaution steps taken.
iv. Test to be carried out on interposing voltage transformers are as follows:
• All on-site tests as recommended in the interposing current transformer
manual.
• DC Insulation Resistance tests at all 1kV between secondary and earth,
between primary and earth and between primary and secondary.
• Polarity test for all tappings.
• Ratio test
v. The transformer ratio and polarity shall be checked using a primary voltage
high enough to give a clearly measurable secondary voltage, according to
Prudent Utility Practice.
vi. The phasing and phase rotation shall be checked.
vii. For three phase voltage transformers a test shall be done to show that
energising each primary winding produces an output from only the correct
phase secondary winding.
viii The residual voltage of any open delta or broken delta winding shall be
measured with rated primary voltage applied.
ix. Check correct rating and coordination of MCB or Fuses used to protect the
voltage transformer.
x. The Contractor shall provide Routine Test Reports for each individual voltage
transformer supplied, for comparison with the site test results.
d. Control, Relay and Metering Panels, Instruments and Protection Devices

i. All tripping, control, alarm and interlocking circuits shall be functionally tested
to prove satisfactory and foolproof operation and/or resetting. The functional
and safety aspects of all shorting and/or isolation links, fuses and switching
devices shall be proved.
ii. The total loads connected to all voltage transformer circuits shall be
measured and recorded.
iii. The total capacitance of all circuits and apparatus connected to the negative
pole of each main tripping battery shall be measured to earth and recorded;
the value shall not exceed 10 microfarads.
Appendix 7.1
iv. The continuous current drain of all trip circuit supervision relays shall be
measured and shall not be greater than half the minimum current required for
tripping. The supervision current shall be measured with the circuit breaker
(or other device) both open and closed.
e. Mechanical Inspection
All panel equipment (including heater, MCB, fuse-link, terminal block link, wires,
lighting, earthing, etc.) shall be examined to ensure that it is in proper working
condition and correctly adjusted, correctly labelled and that cases, covers, glass
and gaskets are in good order and properly fitting.
f. Secondary Injection of Relays and Instruments

i. Secondary injection shall be carried out on all AC relays, meters, transducers
and bay computer (of Digital Control System), using voltage and current of
sinusoidal waveform and at rated power frequency to confirm satisfactory
operation and range adjustment. The relay shall be tested with its final
approved or endorsed settings and all group settings, where applicable.
ii. All tests as recommended by the relay manufacturer shall be performed.
iii. At least the following secondary injection tests shall be carried out to ensure
relay operation for its intended application and not otherwise:
• All phase to phase fault
• All phase to ground fault
• Three phase fault
• Biased characteristic and harmonic restraint (if applicable)
• Communication fail (if applicable)
• Relay supervision and scheme functions (e.g., Fuse Failure, Permissive
Scheme, etc.)
• DC Fail
• Relay faulty
iv. For the following protection scheme test, secondary injection test shall be
carried out from the terminal blocks instead of the test block:
• Protection trip test
• Auto-re-close test
• Signalling check to control panel facia indicator/counter
• Signalling check to SCADA/DCS panel
• Signalling check to disturbance/fault recorder
v. The relay setting for the type of protection shall be verified by secondary
injection. Injection shall be made across the appropriate relay bus wires with
all associated relays, setting resistors, and current transformers connected.
vi. The operating and resetting level (current and /or voltage) and timing of all
relays shall be measured over an agreed range of setting for all relays (at
minimum of three settings).
vii. The polar characteristic of all distance (impedance) protections shall be

recorded at 30-degree intervals.
Appendix 7.1
viii Phase angle characteristic of directional relay.
ix. Slip frequency, voltage matching, phase angle acceptance and breaker
compensation time on synchronizing relays.
x. For circulating current protection employing high impedance voltage

operated relays, the points of injection for relay voltage setting tests shall be
across the relay and stabilizing resistance and varistor/metrosil where
applicable. Both the operating voltage and current shall be recorded.
xi. Other relays shall be fully tested in accordance with the manufacturer’s
recommendations or as advised by the Owner.
xii. Relay with built-in instrument or metering, event and fault recorders shall be
tested for their correct functioning. Relay interrogation and monitoring
functions shall also be checked and verified.
xiii All d.c. elements of protection relays shall be tested for operation at 70%
rated voltage.
xiv All d.c. supplies shall be checked for severity of current inrush when
energized by switching on or inserting fuses or links.
g. Secondary Injection for Voltage Circuit

The Contractor shall carry out secondary voltage injection tests for the voltage
circuit to ensure correct voltage transformers secondary cores applied and
correct phase connections to the intended protective relays, instrument and
recorders.
i. All necessary precaution to avoid back energizing the voltage transformer
shall be taken.
ii. Three-phase voltage source injection with different voltage magnitudes for
each phase shall be used to prove all voltage circuit.
iii. All voltage circuits in the facility shall be tested, e.g., voltage selection,
synchronizing, etc.
iv. Each voltage circuits shall be tested separately up to the protective relays,
instrument and recorders.
h. Primary Injection
The Contractor shall carry out primary current injection tests and the methods
employed for a particular installation shall be agreed with the Owner.
Tests shall be carried out as follows:

i. Local primary injection to establish the ratio and polarity of current
transformers as a group, care being taken to prove the identity of current
transformers of similar ratio.
ii. Overall primary injection to prove correct interconnection between current

transformer groups and associated relays.
Appendix 7.1
iii. Phase-to-Ground and Phase-to-Phase primary injections shall be carried out
in turn, with secondary measurements at all phases and neutral points
recorded. All other cores of the tested phase(s) to be kept shorted.
iv. Inaccessible current transformer, e.g., bushing current transformer, have to

be tested using load current during energization.
v. For protection scheme utilizing parallel current transformers, each current

transformer shall be tested independently first and then as a composite.
i. Stability Test for Unit/Differential Protection

i. Stability tests through primary current injection for all unit or differential
protection relay schemes shall be carried out as the last activity prior to the
plant being commissioned. All modification must be completed before
commencing with the test, or else completed retest shall be required.
ii. In-zone and out-of-zone faults for the two differential terminals shall be
carried out in that order. For three or more differential terminals, similar faults
shall be performed for all combinations of two differential terminals in turn.
iii. Tests on three phase and single-phase faults shall be conducted. All primary
and secondary currents (including interposing current recorded separately),
relay operating current and voltage for all phases shall be recorded.
j. DC Operations
i. Tests shall be carried out to ensure appropriate operation of battery charger
equipment, including settings application and testing of boost/float control
and interlock, boost charging current and verification of alarms (e.g., high/low
voltage, AC/Charger failure, electrolyte level alarm, DC Earth-fault, etc.
ii. Tests shall be carried out to determine battery capacity by complete charge
and discharge test procedure, to ensure terminal connection tightness (i.e.,
torque check) and to ensure proper floating DC system by insulation to earth
test.
iii. Tests shall also be carried out to prove the correctness of all DC polarities,
the operating levels of DC relays and the correct functioning of DC relay
schemes, selection and control switching, indications and alarms. The
correct functioning of all isolation links and fuses shall also be checked.
k. On Load Tests
In view of the hazards inherent in these tests, they shall be carried out under the
direct supervision of the Contractor’s appointed competent engineer. Tests for
restraint shall be carried out to prove the characteristics of protective systems
with directional characteristics.
Appendix 7.1
On load checks shall be made after the protective gear has been placed in
service to ensure that all connections and test links have been replaced and test
leads removed, as well as to confirm the integrity of the current transformer
circuits. Where necessary, voltage readings shall be taken at the terminals on
each relay to ensure that loop connections between the relays are complete.
Special attention shall be paid to broken delta voltages and residual current
circuits where zero voltage or current respectively may not be proof of the
completeness of the circuit.
If a pilot relay system is necessary, pilot wire signal level checks shall be
performed in accordance to relevant SESB requirements.
The Contractor shall perform functional tests and all tests shall be witnessed by
the Owner as outlined below. The Contractor shall provide all test equipment
and qualified personnel to perform the required tests. The following functional
tests shall be performed after the equipment has been energized, but before the
Generating Unit is paralleled with the Grid System:
i. Check that each protective relay trips the appropriate generator breaker
and/or main breaker. This may require injecting a signal. Jumpering across
contact on the back of the relay is not acceptable.
ii. When first energized, check that proper secondary potential is applied to all
voltage and frequency relays. Secondary voltage measurements of phase to
phase, phase to neutral, phase to ground, phase sequence and phasing (if a
reference bay is available) shall be recorded. Measurements shall also be
carried out on all broken delta voltages.
iii. Check the synchronizing meter, synchronizing equipment and phasing panel
(if used) with the paralleling breaker closed and the generator off-line. This
typically requires lifting the generator leads. The equipment should show an
"in-phase" condition.
iv. Check the generator phase rotation. All three phases must be checked using
phasing sticks or a phasing panel provided by the Contractor. The
synchronizing equipment typically checks one phase only.
v. Direction check of all impedance and directional relays by doing the

following:
• Bring up load on the Generating Unit.
• Verify direction of power flow.
• Measure the phase angle between the current and potential applied to the
relay.
• Observe the current action of the directional contacts according to the
direction of power flow. Reverse either the potentials or current to prove
correct operation for reverse power flow.
vi. Load current shall be measured for all phases and neutral currents at the
component end, i.e., the relay, instruments, recorders, etc. Measurements
shall also be carried out on residual current circuits.
vii. Load check on all the differential relays. The load current must balance to
almost zero in all differential relays. Circulating current method shall be used
to prove stability of the differential relays.
Appendix 7.1
viii Load check voltage restraint over-current relays to prove correct connection
of currents and potentials.
ix. For relays with built-in metering or instrumentation function, all

measurements reading shall be recorded.
x. All fault recorders shall be manually triggered and oscillographic records

shall be analysed, verified and documented.
3.7.4 Pass Criteria

a. Owner’s approval/acceptance of the protection conceptual drawings,
consisting of the single line diagram overview, functional block diagram and
panel layout arrangement, as well as the protection detailed schematic or circuit
diagram detailing connectivity (3-Line AC) and tripping schemes (DC) for
required relays prior to equipment procurement/fabricating relay panels.
b. Approval/ acceptance of Test results/reports (including final relay settings).
c. All relay operations at the intended settings within tolerances as follows: -
i. Current/Voltage/Time: +/- 5%
ii. Impedance/Phase Angle: +/- 5%
iii. Frequency: +/- 0.05 Hz
Appendix 7.1
3.8 QUALITY OF SERVICE
3.8.1 Requirements
The interconnection of the Facility with the Grid System, at any time, shall not cause
any reduction in the quality of service. The maximum allowable limits on the
Interconnection Point shall comply with the latest revision of the SESB Transmission
System Reliability Standards and Power Quality Standards. The Contractor may
recommend appropriate compensation equipment to enable the Facility to meet and
maintain these standards, subject to SESB/GSO agreement.
These requirements shall apply to the following:

a. Harmonics
b. Phase voltage unbalance
c. Voltage fluctuation and flicker
The Contractor shall conduct tests in accordance to the objective, procedure, and
pass criteria stipulated in paragraph 3.8.2, 3.8.3 and 3.8.4 below, to prove that each
Generating Unit complies with the above requirements on Quality of Service.
3.8.2 Objective
The objective of this test is to demonstrate that the reduction of voltage quality on the
Grid System due to connection of the Facility’s Generating Unit(s) is within the
maximum allowable range as required by SESB (as the GSO).
3.8.3 Procedure
Prior to the Taking Over Date of a Generating Block, the Contractor shall carry out
field measurements at the Interconnection Point, with and without each Generating
Unit of the Generating Block being in synchronized operation with the Grid System.
The Contractor shall submit the report on the measurement to the Owner at
appropriate time prior to the Taking Over Date.
3.8.4 Measurement and Analysis
Measurement of parameters shall be made following the latest revision of the SESB
Transmission System Reliability Standards/Power Quality Standards.
Measurement Measurement Point Parameters
I. Background Interconnection Point A. Harmonics

Voltage
B. Voltage unbalance
C. Voltage Flicker
II. Full Speed No Load Generator Voltage A. Harmonics

Measurement
B. Voltage Unbalance
Appendix 7.1
Measurement Measurement Point Parameters
III. On Load Interconnection Point A. Harmonics

Measurement Voltage
B. Voltage Unbalance
C. Voltage Flicker
(*)Voltage: VT secondary voltage

3.8.5 Test Method
3.8.5.1 Background Harmonics at 275 kV.
This test is conducted to determine the level of background voltage harmonics at

275kV before generator is connected to the SESB Grid System.
a. Point of measurement for voltage harmonics measurement:
i. The IVT (Inductive Voltage Transformer) secondary outputs from the 275kV
interconnection.
ii. Arrangement with local/regional SESB Transmission authorized person shall

be made prior to the connection of the Power Analyzer for the test conducted
at SESB 275kV.
b. Method
i. Hook up the Power Analyzer to the secondary outputs of the CT and IVT to
record the voltage and current harmonics at the control panel.
ii. Background Harmonics reading will be measured over a period of minimum

1-week, with 10 minutes sampling.
iii. During this time, Generating Unit under test must not be connected to the
grid.
3.8.5.2 Full Speed No Load Test
This test is conducted to determine the harmonics generated by the Generating Unit
before connecting it to the system.
a. Point of Measurement:
i. The PT secondary outputs at generator voltage.
b. Method:
i. Hook up the Power Analyzer to the secondary output of the PT at generator
voltage bus.
ii. Voltage Harmonics measurement to be carried out for duration of minimum 2

hours, with 10 minutes sampling
Appendix 7.1
iii. During this time, generator under test shall be running at full speed but not
connected to the system.
3.8.5.3 On Load Test
This test is conducted to determine the influence of the Generating Unit in

contributing towards the harmonics level of the grid system once it has been
connected to the Grid.
a. Point of Measurement:
i. For this test, the measurement at both the 275kV IVT and the generator
voltage bus will be done simultaneously.
ii. 2 power analyzers are required.
b. Method:
i. One Analyzer is connected to the secondary output of the IVT and CT at the
275kV substation. These analyzers record the Voltage and Current
harmonics at 275kV.
ii. Another Analyzer is connected to the secondary output of the generator

voltage side CT and PT of the generator main circuit. These analyzers record
the voltage and current harmonics at the generator voltage side.
iii. During this time, the generator under test shall be connected to grid and
running on load for minimum period 1-week, inclusive of at least 8 hrs
continuously at 100% load on weekdays. This test should be carried out
during the Reliability Run period.
iv. Voltage flicker will be measured over a period of minimum 1 week, with 10
minutes sampling for PST values and 2 hours sampling for PLT values.
3.8.6 Data to be Measured.
3.8.6.1 Background Measurement

a. Harmonics Measurement at 275kV
i. Voltage Total Harmonic Distortion will be measured over a minimum period
of 1 week, for all three phases.
ii. Individual voltage harmonics values up to 50th harmonics shall be measured

if higher order harmonics are present.
iii. Field measurement on harmonics shall use wide-band voltage transducer

(50Hz to 2500Hz) with an overall error of less than 1.0%.
b. Unbalance
i. Voltage unbalance will be measured over a minimum period of 1 week, using
the ratio of Negative Phase Sequence to Positive Phase Sequence method.
Appendix 7.1
c. Voltage Flicker
i. Voltage flicker in PST and PLT values will be measured over a minimum
period of 1 week, for all three phases.
ii. To measure the voltage flicker during starting of the largest motor loads, the
unit shall be in shutdown condition and the large auxiliary loads are fed from
other sources such as a transformer from the grid. Voltage flicker tests will
be made by measuring the Grid System voltage at the point of connection to
the transformer feeding the auxiliary system while the largest motor load
starts.
3.8.6.2 Full Speed No Load Measurement at Generator Voltage

a. Harmonics Measurement
i. Voltage Total Harmonic Distortion will be measured over a period of
minimum 2 hours for all three phases.

b. Voltage Unbalance
i. Voltage unbalance will be measured over a period of minimum 2 hours using
the ratio of Negative phase Sequence to Positive phase Sequence method.
3.8.6.3 On Load Measurement at both 275kV and Generator Voltage
a. Harmonic Measurement
i. Voltage Total Harmonic Distortion will be measured over a period of
minimum 10 hours for all three phases at 275kV and Generator Voltage

iii. Current harmonics values (in Amps and percentage) will be measured over a
period of minimum 1-week for both 275kV and Generator Voltage
b. Unbalance
i. Voltage imbalance will be measured over a period of minimum 1 week using
the ratio of Negative Phase Sequence to Positive Phase Sequence method
at 275 kV
c. Flicker
i. Voltage flicker in PSI' and PLT values will be measured over a period of
minimum 1 week for all three phases at 275 kV.
Appendix 7.1
3.8.7 Analysis of data for THD and Voltage Unbalance
The 95th percentile values shall be used for analysis of data for Total Harmonic
distortion (THD) and Voltage Unbalance.
3.8.8 Pass Criteria
The Generating Unit shall pass the test if the following conditions are met:
a. Harmonics
• At 275kV: maximum allowed THD <3%
• At Generator Voltage: THD not more than 3%
Odd Harmonics Odd Harmonics

(Non-multiple of 3) (Multiple of 3) Even Harmonics
Harmonic Harmonic
Order Harmonic Order Voltage Order Voltage
"h" Voltage (%) "h" (%) "h" (%)
5 2.0 3 2.0 2 1.5
7 2.0 9 1.0 4 1.0
11 1.5 15 0.3 6 0.5
13 1.5 21 0.2 8 0.4
17 1.0 >21 0.2 10 0.4
19 1.0 12 0.2
23 0.7 >12 0.2
25 0.7
>25 0.2+0.5(25/h)
The total harmonic distortion level is 3%
b. Voltage Unbalance
Voltage Unbalance shall not be more than 1%
c. Flicker
Voltage fluctuation and flicker are within the limits stated below:
Appendix 7.1
Transmission System
Voltage Level at which the Absolute Short Term Absolute Long
Fluctuating Load is Flicker Severity Term Flicker
Connected (PST) Severity (PLT)
275kV and 132kV 0.8 0.6
Less than 132kV 1.0 0.8
Appendix 7.1
3.9 HOUSE LOAD OPERATION
3.9.1 Requirements
the following requirements on house load operation:
In the event of an abrupt de-energization of the Interconnection Facilities during a

system disturbance or when there is complete isolation between the Facility and the
Grid System (including disconnection of grid supply from the plant auxiliary systems),
each Generating Unit shall be capable of performing house load operation for at least
2 hours. Within such time, each Generating Unit shall be ready to be re-synchronized
to the Grid System and able to increase output in the usual manner. House load
operation capability shall be completely independent from the availability of supply
from the Grid System.
3.9.2 Objective
The objective of this test is to demonstrate that in case of any disturbance in the Grid
System which cause the Facility (and the Generating Units) to be isolated (tripping of
the HVCB) from the Grid System, then the facility is capable of the following:
3.9.2.1 House Load Operation
Successfully going to house load operation mode without manual operator action and
sustain under stable operation to supply its own house load auxiliary power for at
least 2 hours period without any connection to the Grid System or external sources of
supply. After the Generating Unit achieves stable operation supplying house load,
then manual or Auto mode operation will be used as per the plant requirement to
continue the House Load operation.
3.9.2.2 Dead-Bus Closing
If the Grid System is totally blacked-out, the Contractor has to demonstrate the
capability of dead-bus closing after its house load operation.
3.9.2.3 Synchronizing to Live-Bus
Whenever the Grid System is normalized from the fault condition, the Generating
Unit will be ready to be re-synchronized to an energized section of the grid system
and able to subsequently load up to the Minimum Loading (refer paragraph 3.23 of
this Appendix). Subsequent synchronizing to the Grid System shall be at the 275kV
Circuit Breaker, which shall be provided with adequate synchronizing facilities. Dead
Bus Closing test and Synchronizing to Live Bus test shall be conducted immediately
after a successful House Load Operation test.
Appendix 7.1
3.9.3 Procedure
3.9.3.1 House Load Operation Test
The EHV circuit breakers connecting the generator to the SESB system will be
opened with the Generating Unit operating at rated load for the test. Depending on
the circuit breaker configuration this may isolate the Generating Unit from the house
load circuit. If it does, the automatic transfer of the house load to the generator bus
must be verified prior to opening the generator breakers.
All the Generator Unit’s auxiliary equipment, common services equipment and
Balance-of-plant equipment normally in service shall be verified against a checklist
prior to start of the house load operation test.
Disconnection of the generating unit under test from the Grid shall be accomplished
by the activation of the Under-frequency relay at the EHV Circuit Breaker(s) on the
secondary side of the Generator Transformer by injection of appropriate test signals.
The Generating Unit under test shall remain stable on house-load condition for at
least 2 hours. Detailed procedures for this test are plant specific and must be
carefully defined and agreed between the Contractor and the Owner prior to the test.
3.9.3.2 Dead-Bus Closing (Line Energizing Test)
Deadbus closing of the Generating Unit shall then be demonstrated by connecting

the Generating Unit to a de-energized 275kV busbar of the Grid. A previously de-
energized line shall be energized by closing to the energized bus under the direction
of the GSO. The frequency and voltage at both ends of the line shall be monitored
and in stable condition.
3.9.3.3 Synchronizing to Live-Bus
The Generating Unit shall be synchronized to the energized Grid System under the
direction of the GSO. The synchronizing shall be accomplished at a suitable Circuit
Breaker, Bus Section or Bus Coupler in the 275kV system with agreement of GSO.
The said 275kV Circuit Breaker, Bus Section and/or Bus Coupler shall be provided
with adequate synchronizing facilities.
3.9.4 Pass Criteria
Each Generating Unit in the Facility is deemed to have passed the test if the
Generating Unit is capable of achieving house load without operator action after
disconnection of the Generating Unit while at rated load from the grid. The
Generating Unit shall be capable of stable operation supplying the house load for up
to 2 hours, deadbus closing, re-synchronizing to the Grid System successfully and
able to subsequently load up to the Minimum Loading (refer paragraph 3.23 of this
Appendix).
Appendix 7.1
3.10 UNDERFREQUENCY RELAY
3.10.1 Requirements
Each Generating Unit shall be equipped with appropriate under-frequency relay. The
relays shall be set to trip the high voltage circuit breakers when the frequency of the
Grid System reaches 47.0 Hz or when the frequency sustains at 47.5Hz or lower for
at least 10 seconds. The Generating Unit shall successfully go to house load
operation as a result of such tripping. The relay shall be located within the Facility.
The scheme shall comply with the latest revision of the SESB Transmission
Protection and Control Code of Practice.
the above requirements on Under-frequency Relay. The tests shall be in accordance
to the objective, procedure, and pass criteria stipulated in paragraphs 3.10.2, 3.10.3
and 3.10.4 below.
3.10.2 Objective
The objective of this test is to demonstrate that the under-frequency relay of the
Generating Unit meets all the above requirements.
3.10.3 Procedure
A function generator accurate to 0.01Hz shall be used to simulate grid frequency

input signal to the relay circuit. This function generator output will be varied over the
specified range and the action of the relay circuit measured. Injecting a simulated
frequency to the frequency relay while the Generating Unit is on load is required of
this test. The HV breaker should only open when the frequency is at or lower than
47.5 Hz. Upon activation of the frequency relay the Generating Unit should be
isolated from the system, proceed into house load mode for a specified period of
time, and then be successfully resynchronized back to the system.
3.10.4 Pass Criteria
The Generating Unit is deemed to have passed the test if the Generating Unit under
test is capable of going to house load operation successfully when the under-
frequency relays are activated by the simulated grid frequency signal.
Appendix 7.1
3.11 TEMPORARY LOSS OF AC POWER SUPPLY
3.11.1 Requirements
the requirements of Temporary Loss of System Voltage on the Grid System as stated
below.
Each Generating Unit in the Facility shall not trip if the AC power supply to the
auxiliary systems is lost for up to 600 milliseconds. (i.e. the Generating Unit shall be
allowed to trip only if the AC power supply loss to the auxiliary systems exceeds 600
milliseconds).
stipulated in paragraphs 3.11.2, 3.11.3 and 3.11.4 below.
3.11.2 Objective
The underlying objective of this requirement is that the Generating Units in the
Facility shall not trip or be exposed to risk of damage under the condition whereby
the grid system may experience temporary voltage dip or temporary loss of grid
system voltage (hence AC grid power supply to the Facility) for a period up to 600
milliseconds.
This requirement shall be verified by demonstrating that the auxiliary load for the
Generating Units and for common services equipment in the Facility can be
transferred from the primary supply (usually the generator auxiliary transformer of
one Generating Unit in the Facility) to the backup supply (usually the station auxiliary
transformer or the generator auxiliary transformer of another Generating Unit in the
Facility), and then returned to the primary supply without any interruption of generator
output power (i.e. bumpless transfer without any output MW fluctuations).
In the case where two generators supply the auxiliary loads of the Generating Units
and for common services equipment in the plant, the Contractor shall demonstrate
the automatic transfer of the auxiliary loads to either one of the units and vice-versa,
without any de-loading or interruption of generator output power in the Facility.
3.11.3 Procedure
The test will be carried out with the Generating Unit under test operating at full
capacity or at a load level specified by SESB (as the GSO) for the test. The
Generating Unit’s auxiliary equipment, common services equipment and essential
Balance-of-plant equipment normally in service shall be verified against a status
checklist prior to start of the test. Detailed procedures for this test are plant specific
and must be carefully defined and agreed between the Contractor and the Owner
prior to the test.
Appendix 7.1
The tester shall introduce a signal into the protection system that initiates the transfer
of auxiliary load for the Generating Unit and the supply for common services
equipment in the plant from the primary supply to the backup supply. This test
requires careful preparation to assure that the plant can shut down safely in the event
that the transfer fails. An oscilloscope shall be used to measure the duration of AC
power loss for each auxiliary board and the results data shall be included in the test
report.
In the case where two generators supply the auxiliary loads of the Generating Units
and for common services equipment in the Facility, the tester shall introduce a signal
into the protection system that initiates the automatic transfer of auxiliary load for the
Generating Units and the supply for common services equipment in the plant from
the two units to the first Generating Unit and then returned to the normal auxiliary
supply configuration. The test will be repeated to check the automatic transfer to the
second Generating Unit and then returned to the normal auxiliary supply
configuration.
The test shall be carried out without subjecting the plant to the risk of damage that
would exist if it were tripped at full load and all electrical circuits connecting the plant
to both the transmission and distribution network were also tripped.
Rather, test will be carried out with the Generating Units in the Facility operating at a
load level specified by SESB (as the GSO) for the test. All the Generating Unit’s
auxiliary equipment, common services equipment and Balance-of-plant equipment
should be put in service and verified against a checklist prior to start of the test.
Detailed procedures for this test are plant specific and must be carefully defined.
The Generating Unit under test is deemed to have passed the test if the Generating
Unit does not trip after the momentarily (600ms) loss of AC Power Supply, and is
capable of transferring station auxiliary power from the other Generating Unit s in the
Facility without any de-loading, generator output MW fluctuations or interruption of
generator output power in the Facility.
Appendix 7.1
3.12 STANDBY FUEL STOCK
3.12.1 Requirements
The Contractor shall conduct tests to prove compliance with requirements on Stand-
By Fuel Stock as stated in the Contract.
The Contractor shall provide standby fuel storage facilities capacity which should not
be less than that required for simultaneous dispatch of all Generating Units in the
Facility on standby fuel at full load for a continuous period as stated in the Contract
without refilling.
Except during undertaking any measures to clean its fuel storage facilities or
desludging work or to replenish the stock of such alternate fuel in its storage facilities
from time to time, the quantity of such alternate fuel stock shall otherwise not be less
than that required for the dispatch of all Generating Units in the Facility on standby
fuel at full load for a continuous period as stated in the Contract without refilling (not
including deadstock).
3.12.2 Objective
The objective of this test is to demonstrate that the stand-by fuel storage capacity is
adequate to meet the above requirements.
3.12.3 Procedure
The fuel usage of the Facility operating at 100% MCR loading shall be measured for
a limited period of time with the agreement of the Owner. Consumption
measurements shall be taken during Dispatch Heat Rate Test or Contractual
Available Capacity test, for all Generating Units in the Facility on standby fuel at full
load. Adequacy of storage capacity facilities will be determined by calculations based
on the measured consumption at full load.
The Facility is deemed to have passed the test if the above requirements are met.
Appendix 7.1
3.13 ON-LINE FUEL CHANGEOVER
3.13.1 Requirements
the requirements for On-Line Fuel Changeover as stated in the Power Purchase
Agreement (details provided in Section 6 of this ITB – PPA Appendix B, see B3.9).
3.13.2 Objective
There are three parts to this test: -

a. Automatic on-line fuel changeover from primary fuel to standby fuel
b. Manual on-line changeover from standby fuel to primary fuel
c. Manual on-line changeover from primary fuel to standby fuel
The objective of this test is to demonstrate that the above online fuel changeovers
can be accomplished at any Generating Unit load level or Generating Block loading
level and for all generating configurations that the Owner plans to employ, without
any reduction of the Generating Unit’s output, prior to or during online fuel
changeover.
Each of the Generating Unit shall be capable of performing the above online
changeover independently during full-block operation. The Generating Block shall
also be capable of continuous operation with some Generating Units in a Generating
Block on standby fuel and other Generating Units in the same Generating Block on
primary fuel.
The Facility shall be capable of performing automatic On-line Fuel Changeover when
primary fuel (natural gas) pressure drops outside the safe operating limits and must
be able to do a staggered On-line Fuel Changeover from primary fuel to standby fuel.
Each Generating Unit shall also be capable of manual changeover from primary fuel
to standby fuel. Changeover from standby fuel back to primary fuel shall also be
online and performed manually.
All manual and automatic changeover from primary fuel to standby fuel and vice-
versa shall not require reduction of the Generating Unit’s output, prior to or during
fuel changeover.
3.13.3 Procedure
The Contractor shall submit the test procedure to the Owner for approval before
performing the test. The Generating Unit shall be tested at load levels specified by
the Owner, i.e.
a. 100% MCR loading
b. Minimum Loading* (refer to section 3.23 of this document)
c. At one other intermediate load level with Owner’s agreement.
Appendix 7.1
The tester shall simulate primary fuel (i.e. gas pressure low condition) to initiate the
automatic online fuel changeover from primary fuel to standby fuel. The timing shall
be measured from the start time initiated upon gas pressure low condition is
simulated until the changeover is fully completed.
The tester shall initiate manual changeover from standby fuel to primary fuel and
vice-versa. The timing shall be measured from each initiation command until the
online fuel changeover is fully completed.
The Contractor shall propose parameters to be measured during each test for
agreement by the Owner, which shall include, but shall not be limited to the
following:-
a. Typical parameters to be recorded for Steam Turbine
• Generator Output Power
• System Voltage
• Turbine Speed
• Turbine Master Control Signal Output
• Main Steam Flow
• Boiler Drum/ Main Steam Pressure
• Boiler Drum/ Main Steam Temperature
• Deaerator Steam Pressure
• Deaerator Steam Temperature
• HP Governor Valve Opening (%)
• Turbine and Generator Bearings Vibration
b. Typical parameters to be recorded for Gas Turbine

• Generator Active Power (at generator terminal)
• Generator Reactive Power (at generator terminal)
• Generator Voltage (at generator terminal)
• Turbine Speed
• Turbine Speed Reference
• System Voltage
• Gas Turbine Control Signal Output
• Combustion Shell Pressure
• Combustion Bypass Valve position
• Exhaust Gas Temperature
• Blade Path Temperature average (if applicable)
• Blade Path Temperature spread (if applicable)
• Fuel Gas pressure at Gas Compressor Inlet (or PETRONAS line
pressure)
• Fuel Gas Pressure at Gas Turbine combustor inlet
• Fuel Gas Flow
Appendix 7.1
• Fuel Gas Pressure Control Valve position
• Fuel Gas Flow Control Valve position
• Fuel Oil Header Pressure
• Fuel Oil Pressure at Gas Turbine combustor inlet
• Fuel Oil Flow
• Fuel Oil Pressure Control Valve position
• Fuel Oil Flow Control Valve position
• Variable Inlet Guide Vane position (in degrees or % opening)
• Compressor Inlet Air Temperature
• Compressor Discharge/Outlet Pressure
met:
a. Automatic Online Fuel Changeover from primary fuel to standby fuel is
conducted without interruption and without lowering Generating Unit’s output.
b. Manual Online Fuel Changeover from standby fuel to primary fuel and vice-versa
is conducted without interruption and without lowering Generating Unit’s output.
Appendix 7.1
3.14 POWER SYSTEM STABILIZER (PSS) TUNING
3.14.1 Requirements
A continuously acting, static type, fast response automatic excitation control system,
with Power System Stabilizer (PSS), is required to provide constant terminal voltage
control of the Generating Unit in responding to deviation in interconnection voltage
(described in section 3.18 of this document), without instability over the entire
operating range of the Generating Unit.
The excitation system shall also be equipped with Power System Stabilizer (PSS) for
damping of power system oscillations over the frequency range of 0.2 to 2.0 Hz. The
Contractor shall tune the PSS optimally to damp out local and inter-area oscillation
modes sufficiently while maintaining sufficient stability margins of the excitation
control system. At appropriate times prior to the Initial Operation Date of the first
Generating Block, the Contractor shall seek a written advice from the Owner, the
values of the inter-area oscillation frequencies for which the PSS shall be tuned.
Test method and any PSS studies shall be discussed in the early stage of Facility
development since it involves discussion with the plant designer. Frequently, site
tests only confirm the functionality aspects of the PSS and not the tuning itself.
The Contractor shall prove conclusively, before the Taking Over Date of each
Generating Block, that the PSS for each Generating Unit is optimally tuned to damp
out local and inter-area oscillation modes, by both analytical and on-site verification
tests, including actual line switching test.
The Contractor shall submit the PSS tuning study report to the Owner at least 3
months prior to the PSS commissioning activity.
Valid calibration certificates of instruments used shall be available for verification

prior to start of test.
3.14.2 Objective
The objective of PSS Tuning is for damping of power oscillation over the frequency
range of 0.2 – 2.0 Hz. PSS shall be tuned to optimally damp out local and inter- area
oscillation modes sufficiently while maintaining sufficient stability margin.
Tests performed for PSS tuning shall prove that the PSS for the Generating Unit is
optimally tuned to damp out local and inter-area oscillation modes, by both analytical
and on-site verification test, including actual line switching test (with permission from
the Grid System Operator). The test shall also demonstrate that the PSS output does
not reduce the damping of the network under normal system operating conditions.
Appendix 7.1
3.14.3 Procedure
PSS shall be tested and calibrated in conjunction with automatic voltage regulator
(AVR) testing. Each time AVR parameters are modified, the PSS shall be
recalibrated.
a. The main task of PSS tuning is adjusting phase compensation. Phase

compensation is accomplished by adjusting the PSS to compensate for phase
lags through the generator, excitation system, and power system such that PSS
provides torque changes in phase with speed changes. Tuning should be
performed when system configurations and operating conditions result in the
least damping. Verification should demonstrate that instability is not introduced
through normal operating ranges as well as expected faults.
b. PSS are designed with various types of inputs including speed, frequency,
power, accelerating power, and integral of accelerating power. The tuning of
PSS differs based on the type of the input. As the tuning method, PSS type,
input signal and form (static, digital/algorithm) vary from one plant/manufacture
to another, the Contractor shall submit to the Owner a detailed procedure for
testing and tuning of the PSS.
As a guide, the general procedure for tuning PSS consists of the following:
3.14.3.1 Verifying the functionality of all aspects of the PSS
This includes the compensating features, limits, and protections. All potentiometers, if
so equipped, should have smooth and continuous control throughout their range. For
generators using digital AVR/PSS, the summing junction is to be configured for easy
physical accessibility to enable frequency sweep signal to be injected. The output of
the PSS shall also be brought to the termination block and measured using external
device.
3.14.3.2 Parameter Checking
The objective of parameter checking is to confirm the existing settings (parameter

values) of the excitation system, generator and PSS are similar to the values
provided/recommended by the Contractor. The Contractor shall also provide the
range of values for each parameter.
3.14.3.3 System Impedance Measurement
The objective of this test is to determine the external impedance seen by the
Generating Unit. The general test procedure is as follows:
a. Apply a voltage step change to AVR summing junction.
b. Measure stator voltage and reactive power output before and after step
application.
c. Calculate the external system impedance from the following equation:
Xe = V1 – V2
Q1 – Q2
Appendix 7.1
Where:-
V1 = initial stator voltage
V2 = stator voltage post application of step voltage change
Q1 = initial generator reactive power output
Q2 = generator reactive power output post application of step voltage change
3.14.3.4 AVR Frequency Response Test
The objective of AVR Frequency Response Test is to determine the stability of the
AVR/excitation control system.
a. Close Loop AVR Frequency Response Test
This test is performed to determine the stability of the AVR/excitation system control
loop. The test shall be conducted with the Generating Unit disconnected from the grid
and PSS disabled (see diagram below).
The general test procedure is as follows:
i. Inject the swept sine signal to AVR (normally done at the AVR summing
junction)
ii. Measure the transfer function between stator voltage and injected signal
Appendix 7.1
iii. From the measurement results of frequency response, determine the
following:
• Peak value of amplitude response MP
• Frequency value at which peak value is reached ωm
• Bandwidth ωb (Refer to IEEE Standard).
Appendix 7.1
b. Open Loop AVR Frequency Response Test

This test determines the relative stability of the AVR/excitation control loop. The test
shall be conducted with the Generating Unit disconnected from the grid and PSS
disabled (see diagram below). However, the Contractor shall advise on whether the
test is appropriate and safe to be conducted due to the opening of all feedback loops
(see diagram below).
i. Inject the swept sine signal to AVR (normally at the AVR summing junction)
ii. Measure the transfer function between stator voltage and injected signal.
(The open loop transfer function may also be approximated from the closed
loop transfer function.)
iii. Determine the following:

• Phase margin φm
• Crossover frequency value ωc
• Gain margin Gm.
3.14.3.5 Generator/Exciter Frequency Response Test
The objective of Generator/Exciter Frequency Response Tests is to determine the

frequency response of the generator and AVR/excitation system (GEP) with and
without the PSS. These tests shall be conducted with the Generating Unit connected
to the grid.
Appendix 7.1
The Contractor shall refer to IEEE Standard 421.2-1990 - “IEEE Guide for
Identification, Testing, and Evaluation of the Dynamic Performance of Excitation
Control Systems” (or any recent update) where field-testing for the PSS is
recommended by using the frequency response method and transient response test
(with step change applied to AVR input). The following tests shall be conducted using
sinusoidal waveform injection (over the specified frequency range).
a. Uncompensated Frequency Response Test (with PSS OFF)

This test is performed to determine the transfer function provided by the GEP with
PSS disconnected (see diagram below).
i. Measure the transfer function between stator voltage and injected signal.
The phase of this transfer function is a good approximation of the GEP
transfer function.
ii. Determine the phase lag introduced by the GEP system in the frequency
range of inter-area mode and local mode.
iii. Measure the transfer function between active power and injected signal.
iv. Determine the local mode frequency, where transfer function gain (dB) is at
maximum.
b. PSS Frequency Response Test (Lead Lag Parameters)

This step is performed to determine the optimal values of the lead-lag blocks and any
other PSS signal conditioning blocks parameters for the required phase
compensation. The Contractor shall submit the related calculation and/or
measurement and the transfer function of the PSS blocks.
Appendix 7.1
i. Calculate the phase compensation required from the PSS lead-lag blocks
and any other PSS signal conditioning blocks to obtain a net phase
displacement of zero or ± 30 degrees over the inter-area and local mode
oscillation frequency range.
ii. Measure the transfer function of the PSS blocks and compare with the
calculated response.
iii. Calculate the phase of the transfer function between the stator voltage and
injected signal.
iv. Determine the final phase compensation and check against criteria. The
phase of this transfer function should fall within ± 30 degrees over the inter-
area and local mode oscillation frequency range
c. Gain Margin Test

This test is performed to determine the optimum PSS gain setting while maintaining
sufficient gain margin.
i. Increase the PSS Gain until sustained oscillation of electrical power (MW) is
observed or limit of gain is reached.
ii. Set the PSS gain at a value of 1/3 of the recorded gain to ensure a gain
margin of at least 10dB.
d. Compensated Frequency Response Test (with PSS ON)

This test is performed to assess and confirm the damping/attenuation effect provided
by the PSS (i.e. PSS connected - see diagram below), especially at the inter-area
and local mode frequencies.
Appendix 7.1
i. Measure the transfer function between stator voltage and injected signal.
The phase of this transfer function should fall within ± 30 degrees over the
inter-area and local mode oscillation frequency range.
ii. Measure the transfer function between active power and injected signal.
iii. Compare the transfer function gain (dB) calculated in this section with the
transfer function gain (dB) from the Uncompensated Frequency Response
Test (without PSS) in paragraph (a) above.
e. Step Response Test

This test is performed to confirm the effectiveness of the PSS in damping power
oscillations, particularly the local mode oscillations.
i. Inject a step voltage of 2% to 3% of nominal voltage at the AVR summing

junction.
ii. Measure the time responses of active power (MW), reactive power (MVAR),
field voltage, field current and PSS output signal, with and without PSS.
iii. Compare the results of with and without PSS against criteria such as
damping coefficient, appreciable damping (i.e. within 1 ~ 2 cycles), etc.
f. Line Switching Test

This test is performed to confirm that the final PSS settings are robust, effective and
optimum to damp out power oscillations. Switching configuration has to be agreed
upon by the Grid System Operator prior to performing the test.
i. Perform the planned switching operation.
ii. Measure the time response of active power, reactive power, field voltage,
field current and PSS signal, with and without PSS.
iii. Compare the results for with and without PSS against criteria such as
damping coefficient, appreciable damping (within 1 ~ 2 cycles), etc.
g. Step Response Test (for excitation model validation)

This test is not part of the PSS tuning. This test is performed to validate the excitation
model, which is required as per paragraph 3.15 of this guideline.
i. Inject a step signal of -5% of nominal voltage at the AVR summing junction.
ii. Measure the time response of following items.
Appendix 7.1
• generator voltage
• field voltage
• field current
iii. Confirm that settling time of generator voltage shall not exceed five seconds.
iv. Repeat the test with a step signal of +5% of nominal voltage.
v. Validate the excitation model by comparing the field test and the simulation
output.
A test report, which includes all results obtained from the on-site test and also the
final settings of the AVR/excitation system and PSS parameter values shall be
submitted to the Owner for review and approval. For clarification or explanation
purposes, a vector diagram describing the overall phase relationship of the rotor
speed deviation, resultant phase of GEP and, the resultant torque produced by the
excitation system (with phase lead introduced by the PSS) must be included in the
report.
The Facility is deemed to have passed the test if the tuning of the PSS can
demonstrate that the PSS works as designed and provide positive damping on the
inter-area oscillation mode between 0.3 – 0.5 Hz and local oscillation mode between
1.0 Hz and 1.5 Hz. It must have also demonstrated that the PSS does not provide
negative damping on machine torsional oscillations (about 20 Hz for combustion
turbines).Test results shall show compliance with all test requirements above.
Appendix 7.1
3.15 MACHINE MODEL PARAMETER VERIFICATION
3.15.1 Requirements
The Contractor shall submit manufacturer design values for all turbine and generator
parameters to be used in simulation machine models.
The Contractor shall conduct tests to prove that each Generating Unit in the Facility
complies with the requirements to submit data and simulation models as stated in the
PPA (please refer to PPA Appendix B, paragraph 5.0 which is attached to Section 6
of this ITB. The Contractor shall also submit all relevant data to the Owner as
specified in the Grid Code Planning Code.
3.15.2 Objective
The objective for the test is to verify that the machine models submitted by the
Contractor are correct and appropriately accurate for system response to small and
large disturbances in the network. This assures that the security of the system is not
compromised by the test.
This test will verify electrical data for the generator as well as the inertia of the turbine
generator set. Data for the governor and unit transformer are verified by the specific
tests for these components.
The test is to measure and verify with the design machine model parameters for the
following:
a. Generator open circuit saturation curve
b. Reactances and time constants for
• Direct Axis
• Quadrature Axis
c. Turbine generator inertia constant (to determine the inertia constant (H) from the
speed change recorded during the 100% load rejection for machine modeling)
d. Excitation Model - Test to be done as per the test procedure in PSS tuning and
Response to Grid Voltage Variation (Sections 3.14 and 3.18 of this document)
e. Governor Model – Refer to test procedure of Speed Governor Response and
primary MW response (paragraph of 3.6 of this Appendix). The Governor Model
shall include model for Power Load Unbalance (PLU)
f. PSS Model - Test to be done as per the test procedure in PSS tuning (paragraph
3.14 of this Appendix)
3.15.3 Procedure
A high speed digital recorder with minimum sampling rate of 200 samples per second
capable of recording power and speed signals with a time duration of 5 minutes shall
be utilized for data recording. The high-speed data recorders shall be accurate to
0.5%.
Appendix 7.1
Records from these recorders must be readily accessible. IEEE COMTRADE Data
Format shall be used as the standard data exchange format. The recorders shall be
capable of being both event triggered and manually triggered and they must be
capable of recording at least 16 input signals. The recorders shall also be able to
record the output of each Generating Unit in the Facility as required in the PPA.
Power Transducers shall be accurate to 0.1%. All test instruments used shall have
valid calibration certificates traceable to national or international standards.
a. The following tests shall be performed for measurement of generator saturation,
turbine generator inertia constant, unsaturated direct axis reactances and time
constants and unsaturated quadrature axis reactances and time constants.
i. Open circuit saturation test.
After completing the necessary checks and adjustments for the normal
operation of the Generating Unit, the generator should be continuously
operated to measure the no-load saturation characteristic at no-load and
rated speed.
The test shall be performed with the generator at rated speed and open
circuit, by varying the generator field current and measuring terminal voltage.
The direct axis open circuit transient time constant shall be calculated by
measuring terminal voltage decay when excitation is tripped off. The open-
circuit saturation curve is obtained as a relation of the terminal voltage and
the field current at constant speed of 3,000 rpm. Results are compared to the
open circuit saturation curve and time constant provided by the
manufacturer.
ii. Direct axis load rejection test.
This test is performed with the generator on line at 0 MW and about 20% of
rated MVAR under-excited, by tripping the generator off-line. The unit will be
operating with a rotor angle near 90 degrees so care must be taken to avoid
losing synchronism prior to tripping the machine.
D-axis reactances and time constants can be calculated from measurements

of terminal voltage and generator field current
iii. Quadrature axis load rejection test.
This test is performed with the generator on line at a low loading level (about
20% of rated MW), by tripping the generator off line. The reactive power
loading level shall be chosen to match the power angle relative to the
terminal voltage with the power factor angle so that the armature current is
aligned on the quadrature axis.
Calculation of q-axis sub-transient and transient reactances and time

constants can be made from measurements of terminal voltage and
generator field current.
iv. Turbine generator inertia constant (H)
Appendix 7.1
The purpose is to confirm speed control is under the governing function of
the turbine control system when turbine/generator load rejection occurs. The
emergency governor should not operate at this time.
During the 100% load rejection test, confirm the turbine maximum speed
attained and stabilized speed after generator circuit breakers opens.
Calculate the speed increase rate. The turbine generator inertia constant (H)
shall be determined from the speed change recorded.
High speed recorders capable of 5msec resolution shall be used to record

turbine speed from 10sec before the generator circuit breakers opens, until
at least 60sec after.
b. Tests to verify models for the voltage regulator are made with the generator off
line. Tests involve making a step change to the voltage reference and measuring
the change in exciter field current and generator field current.
These measurements are compared to simulations of block diagram models for
the voltage regulator and exciter. If the performance is not as desired, time
constant and gain settings for the voltage regulator are changed and the test
repeated.
More detailed information for these tests is available in the technical literature. A
good reference is the Western Electricity Coordinating Council “Test Guidelines
for Synchronous Unit Dynamic Testing and Model Validation” which is available
on the Internet.
c. Large disturbance tests may be performed if SESB (as the GSO) determines
that these tests do not endanger the security of their system. If these tests are
performed, the preferred way to induce a substantial shock of the plant is to
switch a major transmission line connected to the plant.
The test should be simulated in advance to assure that the step change in power
out of the plant exceeds 50% of the Generating Unit’s rating. If these conditions
cannot be obtained, large disturbances must be obtained by measuring naturally
occurring transients in the network. Comparing test results to the results from a
simulation using the submitted data should validate the model parameters.
The following general procedure should be followed:
i. Compare the pre-test simulations to the corresponding tests. Make sure that
the stability simulations have the same initial values as the field tests for all
voltage, current, and power quantities.
ii. If the stability program time simulation plots for key variables show a
reasonable fit to the test results, the existing model data is validated.
iii. If the stability program time simulation plots for key variables do not show a
reasonable fit to the test results, it is necessary to repeat the simulations with
refined estimates of parameter values until an adequate match is reached.
Also verify all limiter values in the model are correct. Additional tests may
have to be performed for model validation including load rejection, step
response tests and frequency response tests.
Appendix 7.1
The Facility is deemed to have passed the test if the following conditions are met:
3.15.4.1 Pass Criteria for Generator parameters

a. Open circuit saturation test.
i. Field current at rated generator voltage ： (rated Current ±15%)
ii. The rate of unbalance of voltage ： Less than 5 %
b. Direct axis load rejection test.

i. Reactance within +/- 15% of design value
c. Quadrature axis load rejection test.

i. Criterion: +/- 10% of the design value
d. Turbine generator inertia constant (H)

i. The Contractor shall submit the raw turbine speed measurement data in CSV
format after the 100% load rejection test is completed to the Owner. The data
shall be of sufficient quality for the calculation of the Inertia Constant (H).
ii. The calculated value of turbine generator inertia constant (H) from the test
shall agree with manufacturer’s design values.
3.15.4.2 Pass Criteria for Excitation Model Verification
Please refer to paragraph 3.14 Power System Stabilizer (PSS) Tuning

a. To submit excitation model and related parameters based on the tests
conducted in this procedure.
b. Model simulation results using parameters derived from the actual site test
MUST agree to the actual recorded test. Key variables must show a reasonable
fit within 10% to the test results.
c. If the stability program time simulation plots for key variables do not show a
reasonable fit to the test results, it is necessary to repeat the simulations with
refined estimates of parameter values until an adequate match is reached.
d. Also verify all limiter values in the model are correct.
e. A finalized excitation model and validation reports to be submitted after all
following related tests had been completed.
• Machine Model Parameter Verification
• PSS Tuning (paragraph 3.14 of this Appendix)
• Response to Grid Voltage Variation (paragraph 3.18 of this Appendix)
3.15.4.3 General Pass Criteria
a. All tests have been completed without causing abnormal operating problems.
Appendix 7.1
b. A completed test and validation reports have been submitted to and approved by
the Owner.
c. All model data have been submitted to the Owner.
Appendix 7.1
3.16 CONTRACTUAL AVAILABLE CAPACITY TEST
3.16.1 Requirements
The Contractor shall establish the Contractual Available Capacity of each Generating
Unit and each Generating Block prior to its Taking Over Date in accordance with the
requirements of the Contract.
The Contractor shall conduct tests to prove compliance with the requirements for
Contractual Available Capacity (CAC) in this document, and as stated in the
Contract.
The tests shall take into account the objective, procedure, and pass criteria stipulated
in paragraph 3.16.2, 3.16.3 and 3.16.4 below.
3.16.2 Objective
The objective of this test is to demonstrate the declared dependable capacity of the
Generating Block at maximum capacity. The declared dependable capacity shall be
demonstrated both for primary fuel and standby fuel (if applicable). During the CAC
test, the Generating Block shall supply its own auxiliaries, all the essential Balance of
Plant auxiliaries and all the Facility common auxiliaries normally in service.
The Contractor shall submit the documentation and calculation methods for
correction factors and correction curves to be applied for approval by the Owner
together with the site test procedure,
3.16.2.1 Test Results

a. The CAC shall be the quantity in megawatts of electric power which can be
generated and delivered by the Generating Block without restriction on a
continuous rating basis as measured by the SESB Metering Equipment.
b. The average of the calculations performed for each one (1) hourly block of the
test period shall be used to determine the value of the Contractual Available
Capacity.
c. The results of CAC test shall be corrected to Assumed Site Conditions as per
the Contract. The actual power factor during the test shall be within the range of
0.85 lagging to 0.95 leading and the frequency shall be within the range of 49.5
Hz to 50.5 Hz.
d. Any adjustment of the test results to Assumed Site Conditions as per the
Contract shall be made using the agreed correction curves.
3.16.2.2 Restrictions during Testing
During the performance of the test to establish the CAC, the Generating Block shall
be operated (a) within its Design Limits and in accordance with Prudent Utility
Practices, (b) with all normal auxiliaries in service and (c) in compliance with all
applicable Laws (including all emissions requirements and environmental Laws), and
(d) in accordance with the operating standards recommended by the major
equipment manufacturer’s as applying to routine operation of the Facility.
Appendix 7.1
The Contractor shall not install or use any performance enhancing equipment during
the conduct of the CAC test. The Contractor shall, however, be permitted to perform
sootblowing and other normal cleaning operational procedures prior to the
commencement of any test.
3.16.2.3 Test Codes and Reports
ASME PTC 22 or ISO 2314 shall guide the test procedures for gas turbine plants.
ASME PTC 46-1996, ASME PTC 6-1996, ASME PTC 6A-1982 (R1988), ASME PTC
ST - Interpretations (1977-1983) shall guide the test procedure for steam turbine
plants. The test measurement uncertainties must comply with ASME PTC 19.1- 1985
The uncertainty in any measurement for tests conducted shall not exceed 0.5% or
other lower limits set out in the relevant performance test code.
Prior to the commencement of any of the tests the Contractor and the Owner shall
agree on the technical content and format of a verification report recording the results
of such tests or retests.
3.16.2.4 Test Measurements
The Generating Block under test will be allowed to stabilize its level of generation for
a period of one (1) hour. The Testing will be conducted for a period of four (4) hours
in four (4) one (1) hr segments without interruption, with all the necessary parameters
maintained stable for each one (1) hr segment of the test with the requirements of the
test procedure. Corrections will be made for operating and climatic conditions that
vary from the Contract conditions.
All necessary parameters shall be maintained stable for each one (1) hourly block of
the test period in accordance with the requirements of the test procedure. In the
event that any of the parameters are breached during the conduct of the test (or
retest) in respect of any one of the four (4) blocks of one (1) hourly periods, the
testing for that particular one (1) hour period shall be invalidated and another one (1)
hourly period of testing shall be added to the unexpired one (1) hourly block of the
remainder of the test period.
a. Operating parameters to be continuously trended and also a continuous hourly
log shall be maintained (as appropriate) of inter alia the generator power output;
compressor discharge pressure (GT); exhaust temperature; main steam
pressure; main steam temperature; condenser pressure; final feed water
temperature; boiler attemperator spray flows; generator power factor; condenser
vacuum pressure; steam temperatures; steam pressures; and steam flow
quantity/quantities the purpose of which is to demonstrate the continuous
running of the Generating Block at the specified load throughout the duration of
the test. For every one (1) hourly block of the test period, the average readings
shall be calculated.
b. Ambient conditions during the conduct of any test shall be recorded to determine
the basis for any adjustment of the test results to Assumed Site Conditions as
per the Contract.
c. Unless otherwise determined by the Owner, all manual readings shall be
recorded at five (5) minute intervals and data logged using automatic logging
equipment shall be recorded at thirty (30) second intervals.
Appendix 7.1
d. All instrumentation used for the CAC test shall have valid calibration certificates
traceable to National Standards and shall be submitted to the Owner together
with the test procedures for review prior to the test. The instrumentation includes
the following:-
• Tariff Meter in substation (for measurement of Net MW)
• Measuring instrument for Power Factor
e. Continuous trending of status in DCS for all the unit auxiliaries, Facility common
auxiliaries and balance of plant auxiliaries. A checklist for all these auxiliaries
shall be submitted to the Owner for review prior to test.
f. The hourly/ half hourly kWh and kVArh export energy registers readings
recorded in Tariff Meter (located in substation).shall be used to calculate Net
MW and MVAR output. Calculation of Power Factor at the Interconnection
Facility shall utilize the same MWh and MVARh readings at the Tariff Meter.
3.16.3 Procedure
During the test, the following requirements must be met:

a. For combined cycle plant, the Generators to be on automatic control, with GT on
temperature control and ST on load control.
b. Only generator auxiliaries needed for normal operation shall be in service.
Auxiliaries’ parameters should reflect normal design values. During the CAC
test, all Facility common auxiliaries, essential balance of plant auxiliaries and
turbine/generator, (and boiler package) auxiliaries shall be in service and set in
accordance to the normal design operating conditions. Prior to the test and for
every one (1) hour status of the auxiliaries shall be checked using the Check List
for generator auxiliaries.
c. No manual operator intervention during the test; except for abnormal or
emergency condition – at which point the test shall be abandoned and the
Generating Block brought to safe condition.
d. The Generating Block must be stabilized for at least 1 hour and tested in 4 steps
of 1 hour without interruption.
e. The tests shall be carried out as close as possible to rated operating
temperatures and pressures, without over loading any component. All feed water
heating system and other system shall be in service and set in accordance with
design conditions.
f. Operating parameters to be continuously trended and also recorded at 5 minute
intervals including, but not limited to, the following; i.e. power output, exhaust
temperature, steam pressure and temperature, compressor discharge pressure
and ambient conditions, etc.
g. The CAC test shall be conducted on AVQC mode by adjusting the Power Factor
to 0.85 lagging at the generator terminal. However, if this adjustment of the
Power Factor cannot be achieved due to the Grid conditions, Power Factor
correction shall be utilized.
h. Site test measurement results shall also be corrected to the Assumed Site
Conditions as per the Contract.
i. Documentation on correction factors, correction curves and calculation methods
shall be submitted to the Owner for approval, as stipulated in paragraphs 2.2
and 3.16.4 in this Appendix.
Appendix 7.1
j. Measurement uncertainty calculation shall be submitted prior to test for the
Owner’s review and shall be included in the test report.
k. Formula for Unit Net Output Correction
Unit net output shall be corrected by the following:
• Sea Water Temperature Correction
• Power Factor Correction
i. The Net power output correction shall be carried out by the following formula.
PN_cor = PN + dPs +dPp
Where:-
PN _cor = Corrected unit net output (kW)
PN = Net output measured at the Tariff meter located in the substation

divided by the test period (4 hours). (kW)
dPs = Output correction by sea water temperature (kW)
dPp = Power Factor correction(kW)
ii. Sea water temperature correction dPs:
Sea water temperature correction dPs, shall be determined from the

correction curve and calculated as follows:
dPs = - PG x % change in KW load

100
Where,
PG = Generator Output (kW)
c. Power factor correction dPp
Power factor correction dPp, shall be determined from the correction curve and calculated as
follows:
dPp = - PG x % change in KW load

100
Where,
PG = Generator Output (kW)
The Generating Block is deemed to have passed the CAC test if it can maintain its
Net power output to the declared dependable capacity for 4 hours continuously under
normal system conditions when corrected to the Assumed Site Conditions (i.e. for
ambient air temperature and power factor correction factors) as per Contract.
Appendix 7.1
Another criterion is the Owner’s review and acceptance of the test report, which shall
be submitted by the Contractor.
Appendix 7.1
3.17 MINIMUM UP TIME, MINIMUM DOWN TIME AND MAXIMUM DOWN TIME
3.17.1 Requirements
The Contractor shall submit a report including supporting documentation from the
plant manufacturer on the plant capability to meet Minimum Down Time
requirements.
The report shall also include detailed information on minimum up time1, minimum up
time2 and maximum down time as described in this Appendix.
The report shall include detailed information on any additional operations on load for
each configuration of plant, prior to shutdown (e.g. forced cooling operations at
partial load); which may be required for enabling the plant to be available at any time
after plant shutdown without restrictions.
The Contractor shall conduct tests to verify the minimum up time1, minimum up
time2, minimum down time and maximum down time taking into account the
objective, procedure, and pass criteria stipulated in paragraphs 3.17.2, 3.17.3 and
3.17.4 below.
3.17.2 Objective
The objective is to demonstrate the minimum up time1, minimum up time2, minimum

down time and maximum down time for each Generating Unit and Generating Block,
which the Owner is required to declare in the Daily Availability Declaration Form to
GSO during commercial operation for Generation Scheduling and Dispatch. The
Contractor shall demonstrate minimum up time1, minimum up time2, minimum down
time and maximum down time for full-block and half-block configurations.
a. Minimum Down Time
i. Due to thermal characteristics, a Generating Unit that has been shutdown
cannot be restarted immediately. Once a Generating Unit is shutdown,
certain minimum time duration is required before the Generating Unit can be
re-synchronized. Minimum Down Time includes unit shutdown sequence
time, the minimum time required by the Facility before restarting the
Generating Unit to achieve full-speed no-load condition until the Generating
Unit is re-synchronized to the Grid System; measured from the point of
previous de-synchronization.
ii. Minimum Down Time shall be verified for both full-block and half block
configurations during block shutdown, measured from the point of de-
synchronization of the steam turbine generator from the Grid and includes
steam turbine and gas turbines shutdown sequence, turbine cool-down time,
re-start and re-synchronization of the gas turbine generators, re-start of the
steam turbine until the point of re-synchronization of the steam turbine
generator to the Grid System.
iii. The implication for GSO is that the Generating Unit or Generating Block
would only be available after the elapse of Minimum Down Time required
after disconnection from the Grid under normal shutdown conditions, without
any turbine forced cooling operations prior to the shutdown.
Appendix 7.1
b. Maximum Down Time
i. Due to thermal characteristics, some designs of gas turbines (utilized in
either open-cycle or combined-cycle configurations) may have a certain
Maximum Downtime, after which the steam turbine or gas turbine may not be
capable of a restart, requiring additional time for turbine cool-down.
ii. Maximum Down Time includes unit shutdown sequence time, the maximum
time allowable before re-start of the unit is no longer possible, startup time of
the unit to achieve full-speed no-load condition until the unit is re-
synchronized to the Grid; measured from the point of previous de-
synchronization.
iii. Maximum Down Time shall be verified for both full-block and half-block
configurations, during block shutdown measured from the point of de-
synchronization of the steam turbine generator from the Grid until the point of
re-synchronization of the steam turbine generator to the Grid. Maximum
Down Time shall include steam turbine and gas turbines shutdown sequence
without forced cooling operations, turbine cool-down time, re-start and re-
synchronization of the gas turbine generators, re-start of the steam turbine
until the point of re-synchronization of the steam turbine generator to the Grid
System.
iv. The implication for GSO is that the Generating Unit or Generating Block
would not be available for dispatch after the elapse of the Maximum Down
Time upon disconnection from the Grid under normal shutdown conditions,
without any turbine forced cooling operations prior to the shutdown. As such,
if the Generating Unit or Generating Block is required to be available or on
standby for dispatch after the elapse of the Maximum Down Time, the GSO
would have to notify the Owner to conduct turbine forced cooling operations
prior to shutdown of the Generating Unit or Generating Block.
c. Minimum Up Time1 – without any turbine forced cooling operation
i. Once a Generating Unit is synchronized, it may have to operate for a certain
minimum period on-load before it can be shutdown. Minimum Up Time1
refers to the minimum period on-load required by the Generating Unit before
shutdown can be initiated, measured from the point of previous
synchronization to the point of de-synchronization.
ii. Minimum Up Time1 refers to the minimum period on-load required after
synchronization by the Generating Block full-block and half-block
configurations and shall be measured from the point of synchronization of the
steam turbine generator until the point of de-synchronization of the steam
turbine generator from the Grid System under normal shutdown conditions,
without any turbine forced cooling operations prior to the shutdown.
iii. For gas turbines operating on open-cycle Minimum Up Time1 refers to the
period on-load required by the gas turbine after synchronization and shall be
measured from the point of synchronization of the gas turbine generator until
the point of de- synchronization of the gas turbine generator from the Grid
System under normal shutdown conditions, without any turbine forced
cooling operations prior to the shutdown.
Appendix 7.1
iv. The implication for GSO is that the Generating Unit or Generating Block
could only be shutdown after the elapse of the Minimum Up Time1 required
by the Generating Unit or Generating Block on-load after synchronization to
the Grid System.
d. Minimum Up Time2 – inclusive of turbine forced cooling operation
i. Some designs of gas turbines (utilized in either open- cycle or combined-
cycle configurations) may require additional operations on load prior to
shutdown (e.g. forced cooling operations) to enable the gas turbine to be
available at any time after plant shutdown without restrictions. Minimum Up
Time2 refers to the period on-load required by the Generating Unit after
synchronization including turbine forced cooling operations prior to
shutdown, measured from the point of previous synchronization to the point
of de-synchronization.
ii. Minimum Up Time2 refers to the period on-load required by the Generating
Unit or Generating Block full-block and half-block configurations after
synchronization including turbine forced cooling operations prior to shutdown
and shall be measured from the point of synchronization of the steam turbine
generator until the point of de-synchronization of the steam turbine generator
from the Grid System (for steam turbine and combined cycle plant) under
normal shutdown conditions.
iii. For gas turbines operating on open-cycle Minimum Up Time2 refers to the
period on-load required by the gas turbine after synchronization including
turbine forced cooling operations prior to shutdown and shall be measured
from the point of synchronization of the gas turbine generator until the point
of de-synchronization of the gas turbine generator from the Grid System
under normal shutdown conditions.
iv. The implication for GSO is that if the Generating Unit or Generating Block
has been scheduled or is required to be available or on standby for dispatch
after the elapse of the maximum down time as in paragraph 3.17.2.b, the
Owner would have to conduct turbine forced cooling operations prior to
shutdown of the Generating Unit or Generating Block. As such, after
synchronization to the Grid, the Generating Unit or Generating Block could
only be shutdown after the elapse of the minimum up time, which includes
turbines, forced cooling operations by the Generating Unit or Generating
Block on-load.
3.17.3 Procedure
The Contractor shall submit a report on minimum up time and down time, with
supporting documentation from the plant manufacturer subject to acceptance by the
Owner.
The report shall include graphs indicating the individual Generating Unit and
Generating Block output MW and turbine speeds, after normal shutdown condition
and tripping condition from the point of the first generator coming off-line, all other
generators coming off-line until the point the Generating Block is ready and available
to be started up both for full-block and half- block configurations.
Appendix 7.1
The pass criteria for this requirement are the submission of reports on Minimum Up
Time and Down Time by the Contractor, with supporting documentation from the
plant manufacturer.
Appendix 7.1
3.18 RESPONSE TO GRID VOLTAGE VARIATION
3.18.1 Requirements
Voltage at the Interconnection Point shall be within +10 % of nominal voltage.

However, voltage in the Grid System may vary during normal and abnormal
operations as shown below:
System Voltage Normal Operation Abnormal Operation
275kV & 132kV -5% to +10% +10 % nominal
The Facility shall be capable of operating continuously within the range of grid
voltage variation shown above.
the above requirements on Grid Voltage Variations.
3.18.2 Objective
The objectives of these tests are as follows: -

a. To demonstrate that the Generating Units in the Facility can operate
continuously with generator excitation at either maximum or minimum limits.
b. To demonstrate that protective voltage relays within the plant will not trip for
voltage variation within the prescribed range.
c. To verify generator unit excitation system response as follows: -
i. Excitation System Response Ratio Test as per IEEE Standard 421A, 1978
Section 5.2
ii. Excitation System Response Time Test and Exciter Ceiling Voltage Test as
per IEEE Standard 421A, 1978 Section 5.3
iii. To verify the OEL, UEL and Excitation System Response characteristics in
the Machine Model.
3.18.3 Procedure
This test shall follow procedures outlined in IEEE Standard 421.2, 1990 for large
system disturbances. Before the test is performed, a plan to absorb or supply the
reactive power needed by the Generating Unit under test must be made. SESB
(GSO) will review the plan to assure that the security of the system will not be
compromised during the test.
a. The following tests shall be performed with the unit operating at rated output
power:
Appendix 7.1
i. For the first test the reference voltage for the voltage regulator will be
increased in steps of 1% of rated value until either the maximum excitation
limit is reached or the voltage at the Interconnection Point reaches the upper
limit for abnormal operation. When a limiting condition is reached, the
generator shall operate at that point for a period of 15 minutes to assure that
the plant can operate in a stable manner continuously.
ii. For the second test the reference voltage for the voltage regulator will be
decreased in steps of 1% of rated voltage until either the minimum excitation
limit is reached or the voltage at the Interconnection Point reaches the lower
limit for abnormal operation. When a limiting condition is reached, the
generator shall operate at that point for a period of 15 minutes to assure that
the plant can operate in a stable manner continuously.
iii. The test of Excitation System Response Ratio can be determined with the
exciter voltage initially equal to the rated load field voltage of the
synchronous machine and then suddenly reducing the voltage sensed by the
voltage regulator from 100% to 80%. All excitation control stabilizing circuits
or other feedback control circuits, which are part of the voltage regulator,
should be adjusted as in actual operation, where possible and practical.
The Excitation System Response Ratio Test shall follow IEEE Standard
421A, 1978 (Section 5.2).
iv. The test of Excitation System Voltage Response Time in the positive
direction can be determined with the Generating Unit on line and under load,
with the exciter voltage initially equal to the rated load field voltage and then
suddenly reducing the voltage sensed by the voltage regulator from 100% to
80%. All excitation control stabilizing circuits or other feedback control
circuits, which are part of the voltage regulator, should be adjusted as in
actual operation, where possible and practical.
The Excitation System Voltage Response Time test shall follow IEEE
Standard 421A, 1978 (Section 5.3) – Field Testing of Excitation System
Voltage Response Time.
v. The Exciter Ceiling Voltage test shall follow IEEE Standard 421A, 1978
(Section 5.3) - Field Testing of Excitation System Voltage Response Time.
b. Test data shall include generator field current and voltage, generator terminal
voltage, voltage regulator input and output and generator reactive power. This
data shall be captured using high-speed digital recorder.
c. The Contractor shall prepare a list of protective devices within the Facility that
operate when voltage is above or below their setpoint. A test made by injecting
signals into these devices with the Generating Unit not in service will calibrate
the setpoint.
3.18.3.1 Typical Procedure for Grid Voltage Response Testing

a. Verification of Over Excitation Limiter (OEL) Response to Grid Voltage Variation
Condition
i. Load: On- load condition (about rated load)
Appendix 7.1
ii. Generator voltage: about 1pu
iii. PSS: ON
Test Procedure
i. Slowly increase the reactive power output by increasing the generator
transformer tap until field current exceeds the OED setting (=105% rated
value). OED: Over Excitation Detector.
ii. After field current exceeds OED setting (=105% rated value,) slowly
decrease the generator reference voltage (90R) until the point OED is just
deactivated.
iii. Record the parameter values at this point.
iv. Introduce a 5% step increase to the generator reference voltage (90R).
v. Record the following parameters using a high speed recorder (5ms sampling
for 60s).
• field voltage (Vf)
• step input timing signal
• field current (If)
• generator terminal voltage (Vg)
• AVR output signal
• reactive power (Qg)
• reference voltage (90R)
vi. Confirm that the plant can operate in a stable manner continuously.
vii. Field current in steady state after 5% step-change was introduced shall
agree with the simulation result, within 10% tolerance (base on rated value of
field current).
viii. Actual recorded response (If, Vg) during test shall agree with the simulated
response, within 10% tolerance. (Base on each rated value of field current
and generator voltage).
b. Verification of Under Excitation Limiter (UEL) Response to Grid Voltage

Variation
Condition
ii. Generator voltage: about 1pu
iii. PSS: ON
Test Procedure
i. Slowly decrease the reactive power output by decreasing the generator
transformer tap until the UEL activated.
Appendix 7.1
ii. Slowly increase the generator reference voltage (90R) until the point UEL is
just deactivated.
iii. Record the parameter values at this point.
iv. Introduce a 5% step decrease to the generator reference voltage (90R).
v. Record the following parameters using the High Speed Recorder (5ms
sampling for 60s):
vi. Confirm that the plant can operate in a stable manner continuously.
vii. Reactive power in steady state after 5% step-change was introduced shall
agree with the simulation result, within 10% tolerance (of base MVA).
viii. Actual recorded response (If, Vg, Qg) during test shall agree with the
simulated response within 10% tolerance (of base values).
c. Response Ratio, Response Time and Ceiling Voltage Measurement

Condition
ii. Field voltage: about 1pu
iii. Generator voltage: about 1pu
iv. PSS: OFF
NOTE: It is necessary to choose the appropriate tap of the generator

transformer.
Test Procedure
i. Inject a step signal of 20% of nominal voltage at the AVR summing junction
for 0.1 second.
ii. Record the following parameters using a high speed recorder (5ms sampling
for 60s):
Appendix 7.1
iii. Response ratio, response time and ceiling voltage are determined from the
measurement result of the field voltage response (recorded with data
recorder). Definition of the words (response ratio, response time and ceiling
voltage) depends on the IEEE standard 421.2-1990.
NOTE: If field voltage reaches the ceiling within 0.1 second, its field voltage
is considered as the ceiling voltage, and then the response ratio is
calculated.
met:
a. The generator is capable of operating continuously at both the maximum and
minimum excitation limits continuously provided that the reactive power out of
the generator at these limits meets the requirement for reactive power capability.
b. Verification of OEL Response to Grid Voltage Variation:-
i. Field current in steady state after 5% step-change was introduced shall
agree with the simulation result, within 10% tolerance (of base value).
ii. Actual recorded response (If, Vg) during test shall agree with the simulated
response, within 10% tolerance. (of base values).
c. Verification of UEL Response to Grid Voltage Variation:-
i. Reactive power in steady state after 5% step-change was introduced shall
agree with the simulation result, within 10% tolerance (of base MVA).
ii. Actual recorded response (If, Vg, Qg) during test shall agree with the
simulated response, within 10% tolerance (of base values).
d. Response Ratio/Time Measurement Excitation System Response:-
i. Response Time: Not more than 0.1s
ii. Response Ratio: Not less than 5.4

e. Tests of protective devices must show that they will not trip for voltage at the
Interconnection Point within the specified range.
f. Tests of Excitation System Response Time and Ceiling Voltage of Excitation
System shall comply with the Contract specifications.
Appendix 7.1
3.19 REACTIVE POWER CAPABILITY
3.19.1 Requirements
Each Generating Unit shall be capable of generating reactive power to supply the
Grid at all times, at the Assumed Site Conditions, in accordance to the reactive
power capability curve of the Generating Unit which shall be provided to the Owner.
The generator capability curve should indicate PQ-characteristic for generator
voltage at 0.95 p.u., 1.00 p.u. and 1.05 p.u. Generator V-curves shall also be
submitted. Any form of limitation on the capability curve shall be clearly indicated, for
example load angle limitation with or without PSS. OEL and UEL characteristics shall
also be indicated.
When the Generating Unit’s output is at 100% Maximum Continuos Rating (MCR)
loading, the limits for continuous reactive power output of each Generating Unit shall
correspond to the following lagging and leading power factors:
a. Lagging power factor at the generator terminal shall be 0.85 or less
b. Leading power factor at the generator terminal shall be 0.95 or less
The Contractor shall conduct tests to prove that each generator complies with the
above requirements on reactive power. The target reactive power (leading and
lagging) at the various load levels shall be determined from the generator capability
curve prior to the test and submitted to the Owner for approval.
For the test on one generator, the Contractor shall provide another generator in the
Facility to perform supporting functions if required.
3.19.2 Objective
The Contractor shall demonstrate the capability of continuous stable operation at the
limits of the generator capability curve for generator voltages between 0.95pu and
1.05pu of rated voltage, at varying generator MW output levels.
3.19.3 Procedure
The Contractor shall perform the tests under normal operating conditions.
a. To test maximum lagging MVAR capability and maximum leading MVAR
capability, the generator shall be tested at the following load levels :
• Minimum Loading* (refer to paragraph 3.23 of this Appendix)
• 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% and 100% MCR loading.
b. At each test point, the MVAR shall be adjusted accordingly for maximum lagging
MVAR output or maximum leading MVAR output. The transformer tap will be
utilized for coarse adjustment of reactive power and AVR voltage control shall be
used for fine adjustments. Each test point shall be held for a minimum of 15
minutes for stabilisation.
Appendix 7.1
c. Both leading MVAR and lagging MVAR shall be measured at the generator
terminals, with generator voltage adjusted to 1.0pu of rated voltage.
Measurements shall be made with the generator operating under normal
hydrogen pressure (or other normal coolant conditions).
d. Additionally, tests shall also be carried out for maximum lagging MVAR
capability with generator voltage adjusted to 0.96pu of rated voltage and for
maximum leading MVAR capability with generator voltage adjusted to 1.04pu of
rated voltage.
e. During testing, key parameters such as generator winding temperature and shaft
vibration levels shall be closely monitored and should be within the acceptable
limit. The test should be stopped and the active/reactive power reduced to safe
limits if any of the following limits are reached:-
• The reactive power hits the prescribed capacity limit.
• Under-excitation or Over-excitation alarm goes off
• Oscillations of active/ reactive power are noticed.
f. Grid Voltage shall be maintained within +10%/ -5% of nominal value (for 275kV
and 132kV) during testing. In case the target maximum reactive power could not
be performed, the other supporting generator output reactive power should be
adjusted accordingly.
g. Each test point will be held for 15 minutes for stabilization. Measurements shall
be taken at the end of the stabilization period and for the next 15 minutes at one-
minute intervals during each test. The parameters required to be measured
during the test shall include, but not limited to the following:-
• Generator Voltage (kV)
• Generator Stator Current (kA)
• Line Voltage (kV)
• Generator Active Power (MW Gross)
• Generator reactive power (MVAR Gross)
• Generator Active Power (MW Net)
• Generator reactive power (MVAR Net)
• Generator Field Voltage (V)
• Generator Field Current (A)
• Generator Power Factor
• Generator Transformer Tap Position
• Generator rotor winding temperature (oC)
• Generator stator winding temperature (oC)
• Generator stator core temperature (oC)
• Generator shaft vibration (µ mm)
• H2 gas pressure (bar)
• H2 gas temperature (oC)
The Generating Unit is deemed to have passed the test if all the following conditions
are met:
a. The generator does not trip during the test period including the holding period of
at least 15 minutes at the target reactive power.
b. The results are within +/- 5% of the target reactive power.
Appendix 7.1
c. All temperatures and bearing vibration changes are below manufacturer’s
recommended alarm levels.
Appendix 7.1
3.20 REGULATION AND LOAD FOLLOWING CAPABILITY
3.20.1 Requirements
The use of Automatic Generation Control (AGC) shall not cause any restriction
whatsoever on the operation of governors or equivalent control devices on the
Generating Units and vice versa.
requirements on Load Following capability.
3.20.2 Objective
The objective of this test is to demonstrate that the communication channels between
the GSO and the Facility work normally and is capable of providing regulation and
load following for each Generating Unit over the whole range between the Minimum
Loading and 100% MCR loading.
Load following capability includes the actions listed below:-

a. Following a generation schedule
b. Executing dispatch instructions
c. Automatic Generation Control (AGC)
Performing AGC duties for the purpose of load regulation in the Grid System
within a range of output (minimum and maximum values). The details on the
facilities and requirements related to AGC shall be obtained from the Owner
during the detailed design stage.
d. Automatic Voltage and Re-active Control (AVQC)
e. Fast De-Load
3.20.3 Procedure
a. Regulation
The GSO shall send a random sequence of raise, hold, and lower control signals
to the unit. Each signal shall remain unchanged for at least 2 minutes. The
control signals shall not request the generators performance beyond the high
limit, low limit, and ramp rate limit.
The test duration shall be at least 60 minutes. During the test, one 10-minute
period shall be used for testing the Generating Unit’s capability to achieve the
entire amount of upwards regulation during the period. One 10-minute period
shall be used for testing the Generating Unit’s capability to achieve the entire
amount of downwards regulation during the period. The average MW level for
each minute shall be measured and recorded.
The regulation test shall be conducted when all other dispatch schedules are
held constant so that any real power increase or decrease is the result of the
regulation equipment. SESB (as the GSO) may require the Contractor to perform
additional regulation testing to cover the entire regulation range to verify the high
and low limits.
Appendix 7.1
b. Load Following
Load following test can conveniently follow directly after the regulation test using
similar procedure. The test duration shall be at least 150 minutes. Each load
change control signal shall remain unchanged for at least 10 minutes.
c. AGC
# Function Category Requirements Pass Criteria.
1 Analogy a. Set point Received correctly at The set points should be

Telemetry Facility. received by the Facility
when Unit is either Online
or Offline.
b. Set point Sent correctly by The set point feed back

feedback Facility and received should be sent correctly by
correctly by Load Facility and received
Despatch Centre correctly by LDC while the
(LDC) when Unit is Unit is Online and Offline.
either Online or
Offline.
2 Change of a. Without Block Unit should never Unit should not switch
Control AGC switchover to LDC over to LDC with out AGC
Location Online/Offline control without LDC Online request signal
Request signal being present. being present.
signal
b. Bump less Unit should never The Unit should not switch
transfer from switchover to LDC over to LDC’s set point if
LOCAL to unless LDC set point the deviation between the
LDC and from is approximately equal LDC’s set point and Unit’s
LDC to to current generation net generation is greater
LOCAL and that Unit should than the allowable dead
remain stable during band of +/- 10 MW.
and after switchover.
The Local set point (SV)
Local tracking function should follow the LDC’s
should also be set point as per the Unit’s
incorporated to ensure declared ramp rate and
bumpless transfer should stop tracking when
when switching from the Unit is transferred
LDC back to LOCAL. back to Local control from
LDC control.
Appendix 7.1
3 Ramp up/ On receipt of The Unit must be Should follow declared/

Ramp down new set point. capable of ramping published ramp rate
up/down based on the telemetered to LDC.
declared ramp rates
and finally settling
down at the given set
point.
4 Communi- a. Communi- i. For MW output, Upon communication

cation (Test of cation failure either proceed to the failure between LDC and
set point / load last valid set point Substation Control System
tracking given or remain at (SCS) which will be
function) current generation. detected by a watch dog
timer, the unit should
ii. For Control Location, switch over from LDC
auto-revert to Local control to Local control
Control and remain and the Unit should
stable at that value remain stable at the SV
until intervention by value at the point of switch
plant operator over.
should the
communication
facility fails to return
to normal within a
b. Loss of preset time. The Unit should switch
Block AGC over to Local when AGC
Online/Offline Offline request signal is
Request received and should
signal from remain stable at the SV
LDC value at the point of switch
over.
5 Abnormal a. Set point i. Proceed to the last For all three categories of
Signals sent greater valid set point or abnormal signals, the Unit
than LFC remain stable at should switch over to
max current generation. Local control when the
abnormal set point is
b. Set point ii. Wait for a valid set sensed and the Unit
sent less point from LDC or should be stable at the SV
than LFC min auto revert to value at the point of switch
LOCAL and wait for over.
plant operator
c. Set point
intervention
sent = 0
6 Reactive MVAR control Reactive power output Reactive power control

Power Control can be adjusted should be able to be
independently of AGC adjusted independently of
control the AGC control.
Appendix 7.1
7 Free Governor Free governor must be Unit should be able to

operational whilst respond to sudden
under AGC with the frequency changes,
specified dead band irrespective of AGC
and droop settings. control.
8 Regulation Unit must have a Regulation range

Range contiguous regulation determined by plant
range that is at least operating condition should
40% of capacity. be near about 40 % of
capacity.
9 Control Unit must respond to a Unit should be responding

Sensitivity change request as to set point change of +/-
small as 5 MW Nett 10 MW, under normal
without any filtering or operating condition.
averaging of set
points.
d. AVQC (Automatic Voltage and Reactive Power Control)
# Function Category Requirements Pass Criteria
1 Analogy a. Set point Received Set points should be received

Telemetry correctly at by the Facility with Unit either
Facility. Online or Offline.
b. Set point Sent correctly Set point feed back should be

feedback by Facility and sent correctly by Facility and
received received correctly by LDC while
correctly by the Unit is either Online or
LDC. Offline.
2 Change of a. Without Unit should The Unit should not switch over
Control Unit/Block never to LDC without AVQC Online
Location AVQC switchover to request signal active.
Online/Offlin LDC control
e Request without LDC
signal request signal
active.
Appendix 7.1
b. Bump less Unit should The Unit should not switch over
transfer never to LDC’s set point if the
from LOCAL switchover deviation between the LDC’s set
to LDC and unless set point point and Unit’s VAR generation
from LDC to is approximately or terminal voltage is greater
LOCAL equal to current than the allowable dead band of
VAR generation +/- 10 MVAR and +/- 0.1 kV.
or terminal
voltage and that
the unit should
remain stable
during and after
switchover.
c. Bump less Unit must Unit should maintain the

transfer of maintain the respective mode upon switching
AVQC AVQC mode over to LDC control or vice
mode during whilst under versa.
changeover local control,
either AVC or Also mode change to be
AQC, upon initiated upon receiving relevant
switching over mode change request.
to LDC control
and vice versa.
Mode change is
initiated only
upon receiving
subsequent
mode change
request.
3 Ramp up / On receipt of Unit must be Unit should reach the new set
Ramp down new set point capable of point value once received from
settling down at LDC with out too much over
the given Set shoot and within acceptable
point within an time.
acceptable time
without too
much
over/under
shoot.
Appendix 7.1
4 Communi- Communi- a. Either Unit should change to Local

cation (Test of cation failureproceed to last control and proceed to last valid
Set point / load valid set point set point from LDC. Also the
tracking given or mode at which the Unit was
function) remain at maintaining (AVC or AQC)
current VAR should be maintained after the
generation or change over.
terminal
Loss of AVQC voltage. Unit should change to Local
Request ON control and proceed to last valid
Signal from b. Auto revert to set point from LDC. Also the
LDC Local control mode at which the Unit was
and remain maintaining (AVC or AQC)
stable at that should be maintained after the
value until change over.
intervention by
plant operator
should the
communi-
cation facility
does not
return to
normal within
a preset time.
5 Abnormal Set point sent a. Proceed to Unit should change to Local

Signals greater than the last valid control and proceed to last valid
Upper Set point or set point. Also the mode at
Regulation remain stable which the Unit was controlling
Limit at current VAR prior to transfer should be
generation or maintained.
terminal
Set point sent voltage. Unit should change to Local
less than control and proceed to the last
Lower b. Wait for a valid set point. Also the mode at
Regulation valid Set point which the Unit was controlling
Limit from LDC or prior to transfer should be
auto revert to maintained.
LOCAL and
wait for plant
operator
intervention
6 Reactive MW control Independent of AGC and AVQC controls should

Power Control AVQC control be independent of each other.
as verified
under AGC Test
Appendix 7.1
7 Change of Voltage to Bump less Mode change from AQC to AVC

Reactive MVAR control transfer or vice versa should be initiated
Power Control or MVAR to between modes with bump less transfer
Mode voltage should be provided that the set points for
control observed the targeted mode should be
within the dead band.
8 Regulation Regulation Unit should be capable of

Range range is as controlling within the reactive
defined by the capability curve of the Unit.
capability curve
of the generator.
9 Tap Change AVC mode Unit should Unit should maintain its output
Test maintain set to set point value in either mode
AQC mode point for each (AVC or AQC) upon change of
mode despite transformer tap position within
change in tap- the permitted regulation range.
position
provided Unit is
within permitted
regulation range
10 Control AVC Mode Unit should be Unit should respond to a

Sensitivity responsive to a change of +/-10 MVAR or +/-
AQC Mode change of at 0.1 kV when in AQC or AVC
least 5 MVAR or mode respectively.
0.2kV
e. Fast Deload
Fast ramping facility is required in order to rapidly adjust the active power output
of a Generating Unit or Generating Block such that the stability or security
requirement of the system, area or the plant itself can be met in times of
emergency.
The facility can be enabled or disabled by the plant operator with the
coordination from the Load Despatch Centre (LDC). Once enabled, the
activation can be carried out manually if so required either by the plant operator
through the plant DCS or by the LDC operator via the SCADA system. It is also
possible for the facility to be triggered automatically by a special scheme on the
LDC SCADA system, by the Wide Area Protection System or any by any other
customized protection scheme.
Appendix 7.1
Two modes are envisaged for the facility; the fast ramp-down (fast-deload) mode
and the fast ramp-up mode. Only in limited cases, if deemed acceptable, and
only then shall the normal ramp-rate capability of a Generating Unit or
Generating Block be utilized, otherwise the fast short-term ramp-rate shall be
mandatory. The quantum of active power adjustment for the Facility shall be pre-
determined based on requirement studies but can be revised and adjusted from
time to time. The studies would also determine if the quantum is to be
implemented with a pre-set output at which the Generating Unit or Generating
Block should go to or with a pre-set quantum at which the Generating Unit or
Generating Block would change its current output by.
One possible use of the fast ramping facility is to fast-deload a Generating Unit
or Generating Block to a safe value should one or more circuits connecting the
Facility to the system tripped and that the remaining circuits are overloaded. By
doing so within an acceptable time frame minimizes the risk of the Generating
Unit or Generating Block from being disconnected from the system and is
therefore beneficial to both the system and the Facility. Looking at another
perspective, having the facility can also provide system operators and planners
with the flexibility to relax transmission constraints if so required by allowing
interconnecting circuits to be loaded beyond firm for better economics in terms of
generation despatch while at the same time still safeguarding the security
requirement of the system.
For the purpose of implementation and verification, the following parameters
shall first be established:
i. Fast short-term ramp-rate quantum as defined by manufacturer’s technical
specification
ii. The number of mode/modes to be implemented (i.e. 2 x fast-deload, 1 x fast

ramp-up)
iii. The ramping target mechanism and quantum (i.e. delta MW or fixed MW set
point)
Once activated and triggered, the Generating Unit or Generating Block must be
able to reach the targeted output within the time frame defined by how long the
Generating Unit or Generating Block would take to reach the final output using a
simple calculation based on the fast short-term ramp-rate with a tolerance of up
to 3 minutes to take into account any control delays.
For example, for a Generating Block with full-load capability of 700MW, a fast
short-term ramp-rate of 50MW/min and a fixed ramp-down set-point of 450MW
with a delta MW set-point of 250MW, it must be able to complete the procedure
within 8 minutes or better {(250MW÷50MW/min) + 3min tolerance} to be
considered successful.
Appendix 7.1
1 Fast Deload On-receiving The Unit must The procedure should be
the triggering finally settle completed within the calculated
signal down to the time frame with an allowable
fast-deload delay tolerance of 3 minutes.
target from full-
load within a
time- frame
calculated
based on the
fast short-term
ramp rate.
The Facility is deemed to have passed the test if the results meet the above criteria
(in paragraph 3.20.3 above).
Appendix 7.1
3.21 UNIT START
3.21.1 Requirements
The Contractor shall conduct tests to prove that each Generating Block complies with
the guaranteed start-up times in accordance with the Contract. The tests shall be in
accordance to the objective, procedure, and pass criteria stipulated in paragraphs
3.21.2, 3.21.3 and 3.21.4 below.
3.21.2 Objective
The first aspect to this requirement is to demonstrate the start-up time and plant
loading characteristics for each type of start. The second aspect to this requirement
for number of each type of start is related to plant fatigue characteristics and
maintenance requirements, which shall not be covered by this test.
Start-up times are defined as follows:-

a. Half-block (or partial block)
Start-up time is defined as the time taken to execute start procedures from the
ready to start condition of the Generating Block in shutdown mode, which begins
at receipt of notice for start (Dispatch instruction) and ends when the Generating
Block half-block (or partial block) operation is at maximum loading.
b. Full-block
Start-up time is defined as the time taken to execute start procedures from the
ready to start condition of the Generating Block in shutdown mode, which begins
at receipt of notice for start (Dispatch instruction) and ends when the Generating
Block full-block is at 100% MCR (or CAC) loading.
c. Partial block operation to full-block (i.e. 1+1 to 2+1 (or 1+1 to 3+1 and 2+1 to
3+1 if applicable)
Start-up time for full-block from the initial condition of half-block (or partial block)
at maximum loading; is defined as the time taken to execute start procedures
from the ready to start condition of the second gas turbine generator (and third
gas turbine, if applicable), which begins at receipt of notice (dispatch instruction)
for start of the second (and third gas turbine, if applicable) and ends when the
full-block at 100% MCR loading.
d. The start-up times to be demonstrated are summarized in Table 1 below.
Appendix 7.1
Total time from Total time from Total time from
Total time first GT half-block (or first GT
from synchronization partial block) at synchronization
Dispatch to half-block (or maximum load to to full block at
Conditions
Instruction to partial block) at full block at 100% MCR (or
first GT maximum load maximum load CAC)
synchroni- 0 1+1 2+1 1+1 0 0
zation to to to to to to
1+1 2+1 3+1 3+1 2+1 3+1
Cold Start
* * * * * * *
(>48 hrs)
Warm Start
(>8 hrs & <48 * * * * * * *
hrs)
Hot Start
(>2hrs & < * * * * * * *
8hrs)
Very Hot Start

(if applicable) * * * * * * *
(<2hrs)
* Contractor to guarantee the values in minutes for (0 to 1+1), (1+1 to 2+1), (2+1
to 3+1), (0 to 2+1) and (0 to 3+1) if applicable, on gas and distillate.
(0) denotes the first open-cycle gas turbine synchronization
(1+1) denotes half-block (or partial block) at maximum capacity
(2+1) denotes full-block (or partial block) at maximum capacity
(3+1) denotes full-block at maximum capacity
3.21.3 Procedure
The capability of the Generating Block to perform cold starts, warm starts, hot starts
(and very hot starts, if applicable) will be demonstrated in response to orders from
the Grid System Operator. During start-up, the operation will be on auto mode as per
design for normal operation of the Facility. Test Report shall include start up curves
of critical parameters comprising main steam pressure, turbine speed and MW output
(Net and Gross) from starting of gas turbine until turbine reaching 100% MCR loading
for different modes of startup. Also other important parameters trends shall be
attached both in hard copies and parameters data shall be submitted in softcopy
(CSV format).
a. For open cycle start up, the following times (in minutes) and ramp rates (in
MW/min) shall be recorded:
i. Time to raise gas turbine speed up to synchronization
ii. Time to raise load from zero to 100% MCR loading after synchronization
iii. Total time to reach 100% MCR loading
Appendix 7.1
iv. Average ramp rate to reach 100% MCR loading from synchronization
b. For combined cycle start up, the following times (in minutes) and ramp rates (in
MW/min) shall be recorded under cold, warm and hot start up conditions:
i. Time to raise gas turbine speed up to synchronization from startup.
ii. Time to raise gas turbine load from zero to full load. (For any loading
breakpoints, the Contractor to itemize the various ramp rates and time taken
to reach the load breakpoint and time between successive loading
breakpoints).
iii. Total time for gas turbine start.
iv. Time to raise steam turbine speed to synchronization.
v. Time to raise steam turbine load from zero to full load. (For any loading
breakpoints, the Contractor to itemize the various ramp rates and time taken
to reach the load breakpoint and time between successive loading
breakpoints).
vi. Total startup times for each configuration tested i.e. half-block, partial block
and full-block (1+1, 2+1 and/or 3+1 configurations).
vii. Average ramp rate to reach combined cycle full load from synchronization.
The Generating Block is deemed to have passed the test if it has successfully
demonstrated the ability to achieve the guaranteed start-up times (in minutes) to a
dispatch instruction as per Table 1 in paragraph 3.21.2.
Appendix 7.1
3.22 DISPATCH RAMP RATE
3.22.1 Requirements
the requirements on Dispatch Ramp Rate as per the Contract. The tests shall be in
accordance to the objective, procedure, and pass criteria stipulated in paragraphs
3.22.2, 3.22.3 and 3.22.4 below.
3.22.2 Objective
The objective of this test is to demonstrate that the Facility is capable of meeting
dispatch ramp rate requirements of the Contract.
3.22.3 Procedure
Dispatch ramp rates (in MW/min) shall be determined for each Generating Unit in the
Facility. Ramp rates shall be determined for full-block, each partial block
configuration (and for each gas turbine if capable of open cycle operation).
3.22.3.1 Test Conditions

a. Prior to the start of the test, the load to be adjusted to the minimum load and
shall be allowed to stabilize for 1 hour.
b. Start loading up to required MW by setting Load Limit set.
c. Load segments for which the ramp rate to be confirmed shall be tested.
d. All the load values including the load demand shall be in Net MW.
e. The stabilization time between the tests shall be 20 minutes and will be recorded.
f. As far as possible, prior to start of the test in any segment, the actual load
should be brought as close as possible to the set value.
g. Due to nature of test, minimal overshoot of the target MW during load up as well
as during load down, shall be allowed during the test. The maximum/ minimum
load reached during the overshoot of target value shall be recorded.
h. Beginning of ramp rate test is at actual load demand command initiating time.
i. End of ramp rate test is when Net MW reaches the target load for the first time.
3.22.3.2 Ramp Rate Test Calculations
Prior to test, actual value of Net MW shall be noted and used to calculate ∆ MW as
follows.
Actual ramp rate = ∆ MW achieved during the test .

Actual time taken for the tested segment.
Where ∆ MW is the difference between actual Net MW at load demand initiated time
and the target load (in Net MW) when actual Generating Unit output crosses the
target load). The actual time taken is derived as follows.
(Time of Target load reached for first time) – (Load demand command initiate time.)
Appendix 7.1
FIG. 2 – Ramp Rate Calculation Method
Ramp Rate 1a (30% to 50% Load) = ∆MW_1a / T1a

Ramp Rate 1b (50% to 100% Load) = ∆MW_1b / (T1b – 30min) *
Ramp Rate 2b (75% to 100% Load) = ∆MW_2b / T2b
Ramp Rate 3b (50% to 30% Load) = ∆MW_3b / T3b
A, B, C, D, E: Stabilization Time (each 20 min.)
3.22.3.3 Ramp Rate Test Records
Test Test Description Actual time MW

No hh:mm:ss
1 Demand Change Test-1 (time & MW)
2 50% Load reached (time & MW)
3 Maximum load during overshoot (MW) --
4 End of stabilization period & holding time --
Appendix 7.1
Test Test Description Actual time MW
No hh:mm:ss
11 Minimum load during overshoot (MW) --
Expected
Actual Time
Time from
from Start to Target Actual
Test Start to
Loading MW reach Ramp Rates Ramp Rates
No reach
Target Load (MW/Min) (MW/Min)
Target Load
(Min)
(Min)
1 30 to 50%)
2 (50 to 100%)
3 (100 to 75%)
4 (75% to 100%)
5 (100 to 50%)
6 (50 to 30%)
Appendix 7.1
The Generating Block is deemed to have passed the test if it has successfully
demonstrated the ability to ramp up or down at the rates provided in the Contract.
Appendix 7.1
3.23 MINIMUM LOADING
3.23.1 Requirements
The upper limit of the plant operating range is 100% MCR loading of the Generating
Unit or Generating Block.
Minimum Loading of a Generating Unit is the lowest possible Net output (in MW) of
the Generating Unit for stable and continuous operation under fully automatic control
while using the designated Nominated Fuel (and Standby Fuel if applicable),
whenever required by the Grid System Operator.
The Minimum Loading shall be the guaranteed figure in the Contract.
Each Generating Unit and/or Generating Block must be capable of operating

satisfactorily down to the Minimum Loading.
The Contractor shall conduct tests to prove that each Generating Unit and
Generating Block complies with the above requirements on Minimum Loading.
3.23.2 Objective
This test will demonstrate the Minimum Loading with stable plant generation output
for continuous operation. Operation time must be long enough that temperatures,
pressures and vibration levels have reached steady state conditions. The Generating
Unit and Generating Block must be able to operate in stable operation with
designated fuel (and standby fuel) for a period of at least one (1) hour test period.
3.23.3 Procedure
The Contractor shall submit a list of critical plant parameters that may limit
continuous operation at minimum loading; indicating the limitations, alarm and trip
settings.
The Generating Units shall be started and brought to target minimum load condition.
After suitable stabilization period, the plant under test shall be maintained under the
target minimum loading for at least 1 hour, during which time plant parameters shall
be continuously monitored and trended using plant SCADA/DCS and the values shall
also be recorded at 5 minutes intervals during the test.
Plant parameters to be recorded shall include, but shall not be limited to the
following: -
i. Gross and Net values of active and reactive power output for each
Generating Unit in each Generating Block in the Facility.
ii. NOx emission levels
iii. Other important plant parameters to be proposed by the Contractor and

agreed with the Owner.
Appendix 7.1
The Generating Unit of a Generating Block is deemed to have passed the test if the
Generating Unit or Generating Block is capable of stable continuous operation for at
least two (2) hour at Minimum Loading.
Appendix 7.1
3.24 GUARANTEED HEAT RATES
3.24.1 Requirements
The Contractor shall conduct tests to prove compliance with the guaranteed heat
rates as stated in the Contract.
The Contractor shall submit to the Owner the design heat balance diagrams for the
Generating Block on designated fuel and standby fuel at specific loading levels as
stated in the Contract.
The design heat balance diagrams for full-block and each configuration of partial-
block (and for each gas turbine on open-cycle operation) on designated primary fuel
(gas) and standby fuel (distillate) at the specific loading levels are to be submitted.
The Contractor shall also submit the design heat rate curve for the entire operating
load range for the Generating Block, i.e. from Full-Speed-No-Load to 100% MCR
loading. The design heat rate curve for the entire operating load ranges at full-block
and each partial-block configurations, i.e. from Full-Speed-No-Load to 100% MCR
loading are also required to be submitted.
3.24.2 Objective
There are two parts to this test:

a. The first is to demonstrate that the Generating Block is capable of meeting the
contractual guaranteed heat rates. The guaranteed heat rates at maximum
capacity shall be demonstrated, both for primary fuel and standby fuel. The
guaranteed heat rates at maximum capacity for full-block and for each half-block
operation (or partial block) shall be demonstrated, both for primary fuel (natural
gas) and standby fuel (distillate oil).
b. The second part to this test is to verify the design heat rate curves and/or heat
rate values at specific loading levels of the Generating Block. Heat rates at Full-
Speed-No-Load (FSNL), Minimum Loading, 70% and 90% load for full-block and
each half-block (or partial block) operation shall be demonstrated, both for
primary fuel (natural gas) and standby fuel (distillate oil).
3.24.3 Procedure
ASME PTC 22 or ISO 2314 shall guide the test procedure. Other ASME standards
including ASME PTC 46-1996, ASME PTC 6-1996, ASME PTC 6A-1982, ASME PTC
ST (1977-1983) may be used as references. For the test, the following requirements
must be met:
a. Pre-test and post-test uncertainty analysis shall be carried out to demonstrate
compliance with test uncertainty requirements. Test measurement uncertainties
shall comply with ASME PTC 22 or ISO 2314.
b. All instruments used for this test shall have valid calibration certificates traceable
to National Standards.
c. The Contractor shall engage an accredited third party laboratory to conduct the
fuel analysis.
Appendix 7.1
d. Proper cycle isolation shall be in place. All heat credits and debits across the test
area boundary shall be accounted for.
e. Only generator auxiliaries needed for normal operation shall be in service.
Auxiliaries’ parameters should reflect normal design values.
f. No manual operator intervention during the test except for abnormal or
emergency condition, at which point the test shall be abandoned and generators
brought to safety condition.
g. The Generating Block shall be stabilized at each loading level prior to official
readings.
h. Operating parameters to follow the contractual Performance Guarantee Test
requirements in accordance to the Contract.
The Facility is deemed to have passed the test:

a. If the Heat Rate for each Generating Block is able to meet the guaranteed
values in the Contract.
b. Compliance to submission of reports on the Heat Rate tests at all tested loading
levels for full-block and each partial block configuration including Heat Balance
diagrams on Nominated Fuel and Standby Fuel.
Appendix 7.1
4.0 GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Access
The contracted right to use an electrical system to transfer electrical energy.
Adequacy
See Reliability.
Adjacent System or Adjacent Control Area

Any system or Control Area either directly interconnected with or electrically close to (so as
to be significantly affected by the existence of) another system or Control Area.
Ancillary Service
A service, other than the production of electricity, which is used to operate a stable and
secure power system including reactive power, operating reserve, frequency control, and
blackstart capability.
Area Control Error

The instantaneous difference between actual and scheduled interchange, taking into
account the effects of frequency bias.
Automatic Generation Control (AGC)

Equipment that automatically adjusts a Control Area's generation to maintain its interchange
schedule plus its share of frequency regulation.
The following AGC modes are typically available:
Tie Line Bias Control - Automatic generation control with both frequency and interchange
terms of Area Control Error considered.
Constant Frequency (Flat Frequency) Control - Automatic generation control with the
interchange term of Area Control Error ignored. This Automatic Generation Control mode
attempts to maintain the desired frequency without regard to interchange.
Constant Net Interchange (Flat Tie Line) Control - Automatic generation control with the
frequency term of Area Control Error ignored. This Automatic Generation Control mode
attempts to maintain interchange at the desired level without regard to frequency.
Automatic Voltage Regulator

Automatic maintenance of a generation unit's terminal voltage at a desired setpoint.
Auxiliaries
Any item of Plant and/or Apparatus not directly a part of the boiler plant or Generating Unit,
but required for the boiler plant's or Generating Unit's functional operation. 'Auxiliary' shall be
defined accordingly.
Availability
A measure of time a Generating Unit, transmission line, or other facility is capable of
providing service, whether or not it actually is in service. Typically, this measure is expressed
as a percent available for the period under consideration.
Appendix 7.1
Backup Power
Power provided by contract to a customer when that customer's normal source of power is
not available.
Baseload
The minimum amount of electric power delivered or required over a given period at a
constant rate.
Blackstart
The procedure necessary for a recovery from a total shutdown or partial shutdown.
Blackstart Capability
The ability of a Generating Unit or Power Station equipped for Black Start capability, that is
the capability to Start – Up at least one of its Generating Units from total Shutdown and to
energise a part of the Grid System and to be synchronised to the Grid System upon
instruction from the GSO, within a set time period agreed with the GSO, without any external
electrical power supply and start delivering power without assistance from the electric
system.
Black Start Station

Power Stations which are registered by the Single Buyer and the GSO, pursuant to the
relevant Agreement, as having a Black Start Capability.
Bulk Electric System

A term commonly applied to the portion of an electric utility system that encompasses the
electrical generation resources and bulk Grid System.
Capacity
The rated continuous load-carrying ability, expressed in megawatts (MW) or megavolt-
amperes (MVA) of generation, transmission, or other electrical equipment.
Baseload Capacity
Capacity used to serve an essentially constant level of customer demand. Baseload
Generating Units typically operate whenever they are available, and they generally have
a capacity factor that is above 60%.
Peaking Capacity
Capacity used to serve peak demand. Peaking Generating Units operate a limited
number of hours per year, and their capacity factor is normally less than 20%.
Net Capacity
The maximum capacity (or effective rating), modified for ambient limitations, that a
Generating Unit, power plant, or electric system can sustain over a specified period, less
the capacity used to supply the demand of station service or auxiliary needs.
Intermediate Capacity
Capacity intended to operate fewer hours per year than baseload capacity but more than
peaking capacity. Typically, such Generating Units have a capacity factor of 20% to
60%.
Capacity Factor
The ratio of the total energy generated by a Generating Unit for a specified period to the
maximum possible energy it could have generated if operated at the maximum capacity
rating for the same specified period, expressed as a percent.
Appendix 7.1
Cascading
The uncontrolled successive loss of system elements triggered by an incident at any
location. Cascading results in widespread service interruption, which cannot be restrained
from sequentially spreading beyond an area predetermined by appropriate studies.
Cogeneration
Production of electricity from steam, heat, or other forms of energy produced as a by-product
of another process.
Combined Cycle
An electric generating technology in which electricity and process steam is produced from
otherwise lost waste heat exiting from one or more combustion turbines. The exiting heat is
routed to a conventional boiler or to a heat recovery steam generator for use by a steam
turbine in the production of electricity. This process increases the efficiency of the electric
Generating Unit.
Commercial Operation Date

The date at which all testing of a Power Station or a Generating Unit or a Grid System
Development or a User Development is completed and the plant is certified by the relevant
party (e.g., Single Buyer, the GSO, SESB Transmission or a User) for commercial use with
the Grid System.
Commonly Owned Unit

A Generating Unit whose capacity is owned or leased and divided among two or more
entities. Synonym: Jointly Owned Unit.
Commissioning
Activities involved in undertaking the Commissioning Test or implementingthe
Commissioning Instructions pursuant to the terms of the Connection Agreement or as the
context requires the testing of any item of users equipment prior to connection or re-
connection in order to determine that it meets all requirements and standards for connection
to theGrid System. It also includes activities that determine the new values of parameters
that apply to it following a material alteration or modification and in addition those activities
involved in undertaking the Commissioning Tests or implementing the Commissioning
Instructions as the context requires.
Commissioning Instructions
A step-by-step test procedure for a Commissioning Test.
Commissioning Test
A test or a series of tests for establishing, by measurement, the characteristics of Plant or
Apparatus or Equipment are in accordance with the specified Equipment standards and its
fitness for connection to and continuous operation on the Grid System without any adverse
effects. Commissioning tests are conducted on equipment that is connecting to the Grid
Systemfor the first time or after modification.
Compliance Test
A test or a series of tests for establishing the compliance of a Plant or Apparatus or system
with the relevant clauses of the Grid Code and any additional clauses in the relevant
Agreement.
Contingency
Appendix 7.1
The unexpected failure or outage of a system component, such as a generator, transmission
line, circuit breaker, switch, or other electrical element. A contingency also may include
multiple components, which are related by situations leading to simultaneous component
outages.
Control Area
An electric system or systems, bounded by interconnection metering and telemetry, capable
of controlling generation to maintain its interchange schedule with other Control Areas and
contributing to frequency regulation of the Interconnection.
Curtailability
The right of a transmission provider to interrupt all or part of a transmission service due to
constraints that reduce the capability of the transmission network to provide that
transmission service. Transmission service is to be curtailed only in cases where system
reliability is threatened or emergency conditions exist.
Curtailment
A reduction in the scheduled capacity or energy delivery.
Demand
The rate at which electric energy is delivered to or by a system or part of a system, generally
expressed in kilowatts or megawatts, at a given instant or averaged over any designated
interval of time. Demand should not be confused with Load. Types of Demand include:
Instantaneous Demand
The rate of energy delivered at a given instant.
Average Demand
The electric energy delivered over any interval of time as determined by dividing the total
energy by the units of time in the interval.
Integrated Demand
The average of the instantaneous demands over the demand interval.
Demand Interval
The time period during which electric energy is measured, usually in 15-, 30-, or 60-
minute increments.
Peak Demand
The highest electric requirement occurring in a given period (e.g., an hour, a day, month,
season, or year). For an electric system, it is equal to the sum of the metered net outputs
of all generators within a system and the metered line flows into the system, less the
metered line flows out of the system.
Coincident Demand
The sum of two or more demands that occur in the same demand interval. Noncoincident
Demand The sum of two or more demands that occur in different demand intervals.
Contract Demand
The amount of capacity that a supplier agrees to make available for delivery to a
particular entity and which the entity agrees to purchase.
Firm Demand
That portion of the Contract Demand that a power supplier is obligated to provide except
when system reliability is threatened or during emergency conditions.
Appendix 7.1
Billing Demand
The demand upon which customer billing is based as specified in a rate schedule or
contract. It may be based on the contract year, a contract minimum, or a previous
maximum and, therefore, does not necessarily coincide with the actual measured
demand of the billing period.
Demand-Side Management
The term for all activities or programs undertaken by an electric system or its customers to
influence the amount or timing of electricity use.
Indirect Demand-Side Management

Programs such as conservation, improvements in efficiency of electrical energy use, rate
incentives, rebates, and other similar activities to influence electricity use.
Direct Control Load Management

The customer demand that can be interrupted by direct control of the system operator
controlling the electric supply to individual appliances or equipment on customer
premises. This type of control, when used by utilities, usually involves residential
customers. Direct Control Load Management as defined here does not include
Interruptible Demand.
Interruptible Demand
The magnitude of customer demand that, in accordance with contractual arrangements,
can be interrupted by direct control of the system operator or by action of the customer at
the direct request of the system operator. In some instances, the demand reduction may
be initiated by the direct action of the system operator (remote tripping) with or without
notice to the customer in accordance with contractual provisions. Interruptible Demand
as defined here does not include Direct Control Load Management.
Derating (Generator)
A reduction in a Generating Unit's Net Dependable Capacity.
Forced Derating
An unplanned component failure (immediate, delayed, postponed) or other condition that
requires the output of the unit be reduced immediately or before the next weekend.
Maintenance Derating
The removal of a component for scheduled repairs that can be deferred beyond the end
of the next weekend, but requires a reduction of capacity before the next planned
outage.
Planned Derating
The removal of a component for repairs that is scheduled well in advance and has a
predetermined duration.
Scheduled Derating
A combination of maintenance and planned deratings.
Dispatchable Generation
Generation available physically or contractually to respond to changes in system demand or
to respond to transmission security constraints. See Must- Run Generation.
Appendix 7.1
Disturbance
An unplanned event that produces an abnormal system condition.
Dynamic Rating
The process that allows a system element rating to vary with the changing environmental
conditions in which the element is located.
Economic Dispatch
The allocation of demand to individual Generating Units on line to effect the most
economical production of electricity.
Electrical Energy
The generation or use of electric power by a device over a period of time, expressed in
kilowatthours (kWh), megawatthours (MWh), or gigawatthours (GWh).
Firm Energy
Electrical Energy backed by capacity, interruptible only on conditions as agreed upon by
contract, system reliability constraints, or emergency conditions and where the supporting
reserve is supplied by the seller.
Nonfirm Energy
Electrical Energy that may be interrupted by either the provider or the receiver of the energy
by giving advance notice to the other party to the transaction. This advance notice period is
equal to or greater than the minimum period agreed to in the contract. Nonfirm Energy may
also be interrupted to maintain system reliability of third- party Transmission Providers.
Nonfirm Energy must be backed up by reserves.
Emergency Energy
Electrical Energy purchased by a member system whenever an event on that system causes
insufficient Operating Capability to cover its own demand requirement.
Economic Energy
Electrical Energy produced and supplied from a more economical source in one system and
substituted for that being produced or capable of being produced by a less economical
source in another system.
Off-Peak Energy
Electrical Energy supplied during a period of relatively low system demands as specified
by the supplier.
On-Peak Energy
Electrical Energy supplied during a period of relatively high system demands as specified
by the supplier.
Electric System Losses

Total electric energy losses in the electric system. The losses consist of transmission,
transformation, and distribution losses between supply sources and delivery points. Electric
energy is lost primarily due to heating of transmission and distribution elements.
Electric Utility
A corporation, person, agency, authority, or other legal entity or instrumentality that owns or
operates facilities for the generation, transmission, distribution, or sale of electric energy
Appendix 7.1
primarily for use by the public and is defined as a utility under the statutes and rules by
which it is regulated. Types of Electric Utilities include investor-owned, cooperatively owned,
and government-owned (federal agency, crown corporation, state, provincials, municipals,
and public power districts).
Element
Any electric device with terminals that may be connected to other electric devices, such as a
generator, transformer, circuit, circuit breaker, or bus section. See Rating, System Element
Rating.
Limiting Element
The element that is either operating at its appropriate rating or would be following the
limiting contingency and, as a result, establishes a system limit.
Emergency
Any abnormal system condition that requires automatic or immediate manual action to
prevent or limit loss of transmission facilities or generation supply that could adversely affect
the reliability of the electric system.
Energy Emergency
A condition when a system or power pool does not have adequate energy resources
(including water for hydro units) to provide its customers' expected energy requirement. See
Capacity Emergency.
Energy Exchange
Transaction whereby the receiver accepts delivery of energy for a supplier's account and
returns energy later at times, rates, and in amounts as mutually agreed. See Storage,
Banking.
Energy Imbalance Service

See Ancillary Service.
Expected Unserved Energy

The expected amount of energy curtailment per year due to demand exceeding available
capacity. It is usually expressed in megawatthours (MWh).
Fault
An event occurring on an electric system such as a short circuit, a broken wire, or an
intermittent connection.
Forecast
Predicted demand for electric power. A forecast may be short term (e.g., 15 minutes) for
system operation purposes, long-term (e.g., five to 20 years) for generation planning
purposes, or for any range in between. A forecast may include peak demand, energy,
reactive power, or demand profile. A forecast may be made for total system demand,
transmission loading, substation/feeder loading, individual customer demand, or appliance
demand.
Forecast Uncertainty
Probable deviations from the expected values of factors considered in a forecast.
Frequency
The number of alternating current cycles inn a second, at which the generating system is
operating, expressed in Hz.
Appendix 7.1
Frequency Bias
A value, usually given in megawatts per 0.1 Hertz (MW/0.1 Hz), associated with a Control
Area that relates the difference between scheduled and actual frequency to the amount of
generation required to correct the difference.
Frequency Deviation
A departure from scheduled frequency.
Frequency Error
The difference between actual system frequency and the scheduled system frequency.
Frequency Regulation
The ability of a Control Area to assist the interconnected system in maintaining scheduled
frequency. This assistance can include both turbine governor response and automatic
generation control.
Frequency Response (Equipment)

The ability of a system or elements of the system to react or respond to a change in system
frequency.
Frequency Response (System)

The sum of the change in demand, plus the change in generation, divided by the change in
frequency, expressed in megawatts per 0.1 Hertz (MW/0.1 Hz).
Scheduled Frequency
50.0 Hertz, except during a time correction.
Frequency Response
Primary Response
The automatic response to Frequency changes released increasingly with time over the
period 0 to 10 seconds from the time of Frequency change and fully available by the
latter, and which is sustainable for at least a further twenty (20) seconds by Generating
Units, dispatched by the GSO to provide such a response.
Secondary Response
The automatic response to Frequency which is fully available by thirty (30) seconds from
the time of Frequency change to take over from the Primary Response, and which is
sustainable for at least thirty (30) minutes from Generating Units, dispatched by the GSO
to provide such a response.
High Frequency Response

An automatic reduction in Active Power output of a Generating Unit in response to an
increase in system Frequency above the target Frequency (or such other level of
Frequency as may have been agreed in a relevant Agreement). This reduction in Active
Power output must be in accordance with the provisions of the relevant Agreement which
will provide that it will be released increasingly with time over the period 0 to 10 seconds
from the time of the Frequency increase on the basis set out in the relevant Agreement
and fully achieved within ten (10) seconds of the time of the start of the Frequency
increase and it must be sustained at no lesser reduction thereafter. The interpretation of
the High Frequency Response to a +0.5 Hz frequency change is shown diagrammatically
in the Malaysian Grid Code – Connection Code Appendix 3 (CC.A.3). This response
Appendix 7.1
requirement also arises from the need to protect the shaft system of a Generating Unit
from consequential mechanical damage from an uncontrolled rise in speed associated
with the high Frequency.
Generation (Electricity)
The process of producing electrical energy from other forms of energy; also, the amount of
electric energy produced, usually expressed in kilowatthours (kWh) or megawatthours
(MWh).
Generation, Gross
The electrical output at the terminals of the generator, usually expressed in megawatts
(MW).
Generation, Net
Gross generation minus station service or unit service power requirements, usually
expressed in megawatts (MW).
Generating Unit
The electricity generating facility comprising of individual generators and its respective
turbine (either gas or steam turbine) and together with other Generating Units make up one
combined cycle Generating Block.
Generating Block
The electricity generating facility comprising of one or more gas turbines and heat recovery
steam generators and one steam turbine generator operating in combined cycle mode
Governor Control System

A system which will result in Active Power output of a Generation Unit changing, in response
to a change in System Frequency, in a direction which assists in the recovery to Target
Frequency.
Governor Droop
The percentage drop in the Frequency that would cause the Generation Unit under free
governor action to change it’s output from zero to its full Availability.
Grid Code
See Sabah and Labuan Grid Code
Grid System Operator (GSO)

A part of SESB Transmission Division which is responsible for, inter alia, the development
planning, operation planning, operation and control of the Grid System in compliance with
the provisions of the Grid Code.
Imbalance
A condition where the generation and interchange schedules do not match demand.
Inadvertent Energy Balancing

A Control Area's accounting of its inadvertent interchange, which is the accumulated
difference between actual and scheduled interchange.
Inadvertent Interchange or Inadvertent

The difference between a Control Area's net actual interchange and net scheduled
interchange.
Appendix 7.1
Incremental Energy Cost
The additional cost that would be incurred by producing or purchasing the next available unit
of electrical energy above the current base cost.
Incremental Heat Rate

The amount of additional heat that must be added to a thermal Generating Unit at a given
loading to produce an additional unit of output. It is usually expressed in British thermal units
per kilowatt hour (Btu/kWh) of output.
Independent Power Producers (IPP)

Any entity that owns or operates an electricity generating facility that is not included in an
electric utility's rate base. This term includes, but is not limited to, cogenerators and small
power producers and all other nonutility electricity producers, such as exempt wholesale
generators who sell electricity.
Initial Operation Date

The date of first synchronization of a Generator to the Grid System, as stated in the relevant
Agreement between the Single Buyer (GSO) and the IPP.
Interchange
Electric power or energy that flows from one entity to another.
Actual Interchange
Metered electric power that flows from one entity to another.
Interchange Scheduling
The actions taken by scheduling entities to arrange transfer of electric power. The
schedule consists of an agreement on the amount, start and end times, ramp rate, and
degree of firmness.
Scheduled Interchange
Electric power scheduled to flow between entities, usually the net of all sales, purchases,
and wheeling transactions between those areas at a given time.
Interconnected System
A system consisting of two or more individual electric systems that normally operate in
synchronism and have connecting tie lines.
Interconnection
The facilities that connect two systems or Control Areas. Additionally, an interconnection
refers to the facilities that connect a nonutility generator to a Control Area or system.
Interface
The specific set of transmission elements between two areas or between two areas
comprising one or more electrical systems.
Island
A portion of a power system or several power systems that is electrically separated from the
interconnection due to the disconnection of Grid Systemelements.
Joint Unit Control

Automatic generation control of a Generating Unit by two or more entities.
Lambda
Appendix 7.1
A term commonly given to the incremental cost that solves the economic dispatch
calculation. It represents the cost of the next kilowatt hour that could be produced from
dispatchable units on the system.
Load
An end-use device or customer that receives power from the electric system. Load should
not be confused with Demand, which is the measure of power that a load receives or
requires. See Demand.
Load Cycle
The normal pattern of demand over a specified time period associated with a device or
circuit.
Load Duration Curve

A nonchronological, graphical summary of demand levels with corresponding time durations
using a curve, which plots demand magnitude (power) on one axis and percent of time that
the magnitude occurs on the other axis.
Load Factor
A measure of the degree of uniformity of demand over a period of time, usually one year,
equivalent to the ratio of average demand to peak demand expressed as a percentage. It is
calculated by dividing the total energy provided by a system during the period by the product
of the peak demand during the period and the number of hours in the period.
Load Following
An electric system's process of regulating its generation to follow the changes in its
customers' demand.
Load Shedding
The process of deliberately removing (either manually or automatically) preselected
customer demand from a power system in response to an abnormal condition to maintain
the integrity of the system and minimize overall customer outages.
Load Shifting
Demand-side management programs designed to encourage consumers to move their use
of electricity from on-peak times to off-peak times.
Loop Flows
See Parallel Path Flows.
Loss of Load Expectation (LOLE)

The expected number of days in the year when the daily peak demand exceeds the
available generating capacity. It is obtained by calculating the probability of daily peak
demand exceeding the available capacity for each day and adding these probabilities for all
the days in the year. The index is referred to as Hourly Loss-of-Load-Expectation if hourly
demands are used in the calculations instead of daily peak demands. LOLE also is
commonly referred to as Loss-of-Load-Probability. See Expected Unserved Energy.
Margin
The difference between net capacity resources and net internal demand. Margin is usually
expressed in megawatts (MW).
Adequate Regulating Margin
Appendix 7.1
The minimum on-line capacity that can be increased or decreased to allow the electric
system to respond to all reasonable instantaneous demand changes to be in compliance
with the Control Performance Criteria.
Available Margin
The difference between available resources and Net Internal Demand, expressed as a
percent of available resources. This is the capacity available to cover random factors
such as forced outages of generating equipment, demand forecast errors, weather
extremes, and capacity service schedule slippages.
Capacity Margin
The difference between net capacity resources and net internal demand expressed as a
percent of net capacity resources.
Marketer
An entity that has the authority to take title to electrical power generated by itself or another
entity and remarket that power at market-based rates.
Metered Value
A measured electrical quantity that may be observed through telemetering, supervisory
control and data acquisition (SCADA), or other means.
Metering
The methods of applying devices that measure and register the amount and direction of
electrical quantities with respect to time.
Must-Run Generation
Generation designated to operate at a specific level and not available for dispatch. See
Dispatchable Generation.
Net Capacity Resource

The total owned capacity, plus capacity available from independent power producers, plus
the net of total capacity purchases and sales, less the sum of inoperable capacity, and less
planned outages.
Net Dependable Capacity

The maximum capacity a unit can sustain over a specified period modified for seasonal
limitations and reduced by the capacity required for station service or auxiliaries.
Net Energy for Load

The electrical energy requirements of an electric system, defined as system net generation,
plus energy received from others, less energy delivered to others through interchange. It
includes system losses but excludes energy required for storage at energy storage facilities.
Net Internal Demand

The metered net outputs of all generators within a system, plus the metered line flows into
the system, less the metered line flows out of the system, less Direct Control Load
Management and, less Interruptible Demand.
Net Schedule
The algebraic sum of all scheduled transactions across a given transmission path or
between Control Areas for a given period or instant in time.
Off Peak
Appendix 7.1
Those hours or other periods defined by contract or other agreements or guides as periods
of lower electrical demand.
On Peak
Those hours or other periods defined by contract or other agreements or guides as periods
of higher electrical demand.
Operating Criteria
The fundamental principles of reliable interconnected systems operation.
Operating Guides
Operating practices that a Control Area or systems functioning as part of a Control Area may
wish to consider. The application of Guides is optional and may vary among Control Areas to
accommodate local conditions and individual system requirements.
Operating Instructions
Training documents, appendices, and other documents that explain the Criteria,
Requirements, Standards, and Guides.
Operating Policies
The doctrine developed for interconnected systems operation. This doctrine consists of
Criteria, Standards, Requirements, Guides, and instructions and apply to all Control Areas.
Operating Procedures
A set of policies, practices, or system adjustments that may be automatically or manually
implemented by the system operator within a specified time frame to maintain the
operational integrity of the interconnected electric systems.
Automatic Operating Systems

Special protection systems, remedial action schemes, or other operating systems
installed on the electric systems that require no intervention on the part of system
operators.
Normal (Precontingency) Operating Procedures

Operating procedures that are normally invoked by the system operator to alleviate
potential facility overloads or other potential system problems in anticipation of a
contingency.
Postcontingency Operating Procedures

Operating procedures that may be invoked by the system operator to mitigate or alleviate
system problems after a contingency has occurred.
Operating Requirements
Obligations of a Control Area and systems functioning as part of a Control Area.
Operating Reserve: Spinning Reserve Service

Operating Reserve: Supplemental Reserve Service

Operating Standards
The obligations of a Control Area and systems functioning as part of a Control Area that are
measurable. A Standard may specify monitoring and surveys for compliance.
Appendix 7.1
Operating Transmission Limit

The maximum value of the most critical system operating parameter(s) which meets: (a)
precontingency criteria as determined by equipment loading capability and acceptable
voltage conditions, (b) transient performance criteria or, (c) postcontingency loading and
voltage criteria.
Outage
Forced Outage
The removal from service availability of a Generating Unit, transmission line, or other
facility for emergency reasons or a condition in which the equipment is unavailable due
to unanticipated failure.
Forced Outage Rate

The hours a Generating Unit, transmission line, or other facility is removed from service,
divided by the sum of the hours it is removed from service, plus the total number of hours
the facility was connected to the electricity system expressed as a percent.
Maintenance Outage
The removal of equipment from service availability to perform work on specific
components that can be deferred beyond the end of the next weekend, but requires the
equipment be removed from service before the next planned outage. Typically, a
Maintenance Outage may occur anytime during the year, have a flexible start date, and
may or may not have a predetermined duration.
Planned Outage
Removing the equipment from service availability for inspection and/or general overhaul
of one or more major equipment groups. This outage usually is scheduled well in
advance.
Overlap Regulation Service

A method of providing regulation service in which the Control Area providing the regulation
service incorporates some or all of another Control Area's tie lines and schedules into its
own Automatic Generation Control/Area Control Error equation.
Parallel Path Flows

The difference between the scheduled and actual power flow, assuming zero inadvertent
interchange, on a given transmission path. Synonyms: Loop Flows, Unscheduled Power
Flows, and Circulating Power Flows.
Planning (System)
The process by which the performance of the electric system is evaluated and future
changes and additions to the bulk electric systems are determined.
Planning Guides
Good planning practices and considerations that Regions, subregions, power pools, or
individual systems should follow. The application of Planning Guides may vary to match local
conditions and individual system requirements.
Planning Policies
The framework for the reliability of interconnected bulk electric supply in terms of
responsibilities for the development of and conformance to NERC Planning Principles and
Appendix 7.1
Guides and Regional planning criteria or guides, and NERC and Regional issue resolution
processes. NERC Planning Procedures, Principles, and Guides emanate from the Planning
Policies.
Planning Principles
The fundamental characteristics of reliable interconnected bulk electric systems and the
tenets for planning them.
Planning Procedures
An explanation of how the Planning Policies are addressed and implemented by the NERC
Engineering Committee, its subgroups, and the Regional Councils to achieve bulk electric
system reliability.
Point of Delivery
A point on the electric system where a power supplier or wheeling entity delivers electricity to
the receiver of that energy or to a wheeling entity. This point could include an
interconnection with another system or a substation where the transmission provider's
transmission and distribution systems are connected to another system.
Point of Receipt
A point on the electrical system where an entity receives electricity from a power supplier or
wheeling entity. This point could include an interconnection with another system or generator
bus bar.
Power
Apparent Power
The product of the volts and amperes. It comprises both real and reactive power, usually
expressed in kilovoltamperes (kVA) or megavoltamperes (MVA).
Reactive Power
The portion of electricity that establishes and sustains the electric and magnetic fields of
alternating-current equipment. Reactive power must be supplied to most types of
magnetic equipment, such as motors and transformers. It also must supply the reactive
losses on transmission facilities. Reactive power is provided by generators, synchronous
condensers, or electrostatic equipment such as capacitors and directly influences electric
system voltage. It is usually expressed in kilovars (kvar) or megavars (MVAR).
Real Power
The rate of producing, transferring, or using electrical energy, usually expressed in
kilowatts (kW) or megawatts (MW).
Power Factor
The ratio of Active Power to Apparent Power.
Power Flow Program

A computerized algorithm that simulates the behavior of the electric system under a given
set of conditions.
Power Purchase Agreement (PPA)

Agreement between the Owner and a SESB relating to the financial and technical conditions
relating to the purchase of the Facility output and technical conditions relating to its
connection to and performance on the Grid System.
Appendix 7.1
Power Pool
Two or more interconnected electric systems planned and operated to supply power for their
combined demand requirements.
Power System Stabilizer (PSS)

Device that injects a supplementary signal into the AVR (Automatic Voltage Regulator) in
order to improve Power System damping.
Prudent Utility Practices

Those standards, practices, methods and procedures conforming to safety and legal
requirements which are attained by exercising that degree of skill, diligence, prudence and
foresight which would reasonably and ordinarily be expected from skilled and experienced
operatives engaged in the same type of undertaking under the same or similar
circumstances.
Ramp Period
The time between ramp start and end times usually expressed in minutes.
Ramp Rate (Schedule)

The rate, expressed in megawatts per minute, at which the interchange schedule is attained
during the ramp period.
Rating
The operational limits of an electric system, facility, or element under a set of specified
conditions.
Continuous Rating
The rating as defined by the equipment owner that specifies the level of electrical
loading, usually expressed in megawatts (MW) or other appropriate units that a system,
facility, or element can support or withstand indefinitely without loss of equipment life.
Normal Rating
loading, usually expressed in megawatts (MW) or other appropriate units that a system,
facility, or element can support or withstand through the daily demand cycles without loss
of equipment life.
Emergency Rating
loading, usually expressed in megawatts (MW) or other appropriate units, that a system,
facility, or element can support or withstand for a finite period. The rating assumes
acceptable loss of equipment life or other physical or safety limitations for the equipment
involved.
Reactive Supply and Voltage Control From Generating Sources Service

Real-Time Operations
The instantaneous operations of a power system as opposed to those operations that are
simulated.
Regulation and Frequency Response Service

Appendix 7.1
Reliability
The degree of performance of the elements of the bulk electric system that results in
electricity being delivered to customers within accepted standards and in the amount
desired. Reliability may be measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse
effects on the electric supply. Electric system reliability can be addressed by considering two
basic and functional aspects of the electric system Adequacy and Security.
Adequacy
The ability of the electric system to supply the aggregate electrical demand and energy
requirements of the customers at all times, taking into account scheduled and
reasonably expected unscheduled outages of system elements.
Security
The ability of the electric system to withstand sudden disturbances such as electric short
circuits or unanticipated loss of system elements.
Reliability Criteria
Principles used to design, plan, operate, and assess the actual or projected reliability of an
electric system.
Rerating
A change in the capability of a generator due to a change in conditions such as age,
upgrades, auxiliary equipment, cooling, etc.
Reserve
Operating Reserve
That capability above firm system demand required to provide for regulation, load
forecasting error, equipment forced and scheduled outages, and local area protection.
The additional output from Generating Plant or the reduction in Demand must be
realisable in realtime operation to respond in order to contribute to containing and
correcting any System Frequency fall to an acceptable level in the event of a loss of
generation or a loss of import from an External Interconnection or mismatch between
generation and Demand.
Spinning Reserve
Unloaded generation, which is synchronized and ready to serve additional demand. It
consists of Regulating Reserve and Contingency Reserve.
Regulating Reserve
An amount of spinning reserve responsive to Automatic Generation Control, which is
sufficient to provide normal regulating margin.
Contingency Reserve
An additional amount of operating reserve sufficient to reduce Area Control Error to zero
in ten minutes following loss of generating capacity, which would result from the most
severe single contingency. At least 50% of this operating reserve shall be Spinning
Reserve, which will automatically respond to frequency deviation.
Nonspinning Reserve
Appendix 7.1
That operating reserve not connected to the system but capable of serving demand
within a specific time, or Interruptible Demand that can be removed from the system in a
specified time. Interruptible Demand may be included in the Nonspinning Reserve
provided that it can be removed from service within ten minutes.
Planning Reserve
The difference between a Control Area's expected annual peak capability and its
expected annual peak demand expressed as a percentage of the annual peak demand.
Response Rate
Emergency Response Rate

The rate of load change that a Generating Unit can achieve under emergency conditions,
such as loss of a unit, expressed in megawatts per minute (MW/Min).
Normal Response Rate

The rate of load change that a Generating Unit can achieve for normal loading purposes
expressed in megawatts per minute (MW/Min).
Schedule
An agreed-upon transaction size (megawatts), start and end time, beginning and ending
ramp times and rate, and type required for delivery and receipt of power and energy
between the contracting parties and the Control Area(s) involved in the transaction.
Schedule Confirmation
The process of verifying the accuracy of an interchange schedule(s) between all the entities
to the transaction.
Scheduled Losses
The scheduled power transfer to a transmission provider for compensation of losses incurred
on that provider's Grid Systemdue to a transfer of power between purchasing and selling
entities.
Schedule Implementation
The process of entering the details of a negotiated schedule into the control system(s) of a
Control Area(s) involved in a transaction of power and energy.
Schedule Period
The length of time between the nominal starting and ending time of each schedule.
Scheduling, System Control, and Dispatch Service

Security
See Reliability.
Single Buyer
The part of the SESB Transmission Division responsible for managing Power Purchase
Agreements and Settlement process.
Single Contingency
The sudden, unexpected failure or outage of a system facility(s) or element(s) (Generating
Unit, transmission line, transformer, etc.). Elements removed from service as part of the
operation of a remedial action scheme are considered part of a single contingency.
Appendix 7.1
Special Protection System
See Operating Procedures.
Stability
The ability of an electric system to maintain a state of equilibrium during normal and
abnormal system conditions or disturbances.
Small-Signal Stability
The ability of the electric system to withstand small changes or disturbances without the
loss of synchronism among the synchronous machines in the system.
Transient Stability
The ability of an electric system to maintain synchronism between its parts when
subjected to a disturbance of specified severity and to regain a state of equilibrium
following that disturbance.
Stability Limit
The maximum power flow possible through some particular point in the system while
maintaining stability in the entire system or the part of the system to which the stability
limit refers.
Storage
Energy transferred from one entity to another entity that has the ability to conserve the
energy (i.e., stored as water in a reservoir, coal in a pile, etc.) with the intent that the energy
will be returned at a time when such energy is more usable to the original supplying entity.
See also Banking and Energy Exchange. Synonym: Energy Banking.
Substation
A facility for switching electrical elements, transforming voltage, regulating power, or
metering.
Supervisory Control
A form of remote control comprising an arrangement for the selective control of remotely
located facilities by an electrical means over one or more communications media.
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA)

A system of remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the electric system.
Surge
A transient variation of current, voltage, or power flow in an electric circuit or across an
electric system.
Synchronize
The process of connecting two previously separated alternating current apparatuses after
matching frequency, voltage, phase angles, etc. (e.g., paralleling a generator to the electric
system).
System
An interconnected combination of generation, transmission, and distribution components
comprising an electric utility, an electric utility and independent power producer(s) (IPP), or
group of utilities and IPP(s).
System Operator
Appendix 7.1
An individual at an electric system control center whose responsibility it is to monitor and
control that electric system in real time.
Telemetering
The process by which measurable electrical quantities from substations and generating
stations are instantaneously transmitted using telecommunication techniques.
Thermal Rating
The maximum amount of electrical current that a transmission line or electrical facility can
conduct over a specified time period before it sustains permanent damage by overheating or
before it violates public safety requirements.
Tie Line
A circuit connecting two or more Control Areas or systems of an electric system.
Tie Line Bias

A mode of operation under automatic generation control in which the area control error is
determined by the actual net interchange minus the biased scheduled net interchange.
Time Error
An accumulated time difference between Control Area system time and the time standard.
Time error is caused by a deviation in Interconnection frequency from 60.0 Hertz.
Time Error Correction

An offset to the Interconnection's scheduled frequency to correct for the time error
accumulated on electric clocks.
Total Transfer Capability (TTC)

The amount of electric power that can be transferred over the interconnected
transmission network in a reliable manner based on all of the following conditions:
1. For the existing or planned system configuration, and with normal

(precontingency) operating procedures in effect, all facility loadings are within
normal ratings and all voltages are within normal limits.
2. The electric systems are capable of absorbing the dynamic power swings, and
remaining stable, following a disturbance that results in the loss of any single
electric system element, such as a transmission line, transformer, or Generating
Unit.
3. After the dynamic power swings subside following a disturbance that results in
the loss of any single electric system element as described in 2 above, and after
the operation of any automatic operating systems, but before any
postcontingency operator-initiated system adjustments are implemented, all
transmission facility loadings are within emergency ratings and all voltages are
within emergency limits.
4. With reference to condition 1 above, in the case where precontingency facility
loadings reach normal thermal ratings at a transfer level below that at which any
first contingency transfer limits are reached, the transfer capability is defined as
that transfer level at which such normal ratings are reached.
Appendix 7.1
5. In some cases, individual system, power pool, subregional, or Regional planning
criteria or guides may require consideration of specified multiple contingencies,
such as the outage of transmission circuits using common towers or rights-of-
way, in the determination of transfer capability limits. If the resulting transfer
limits for these multiple contingencies are more restrictive than the single
contingency considerations described above, the more restrictive reliability
criteria or guides must be observed. See Available Transfer Capability.
Transfer Capability
The measure of the ability of interconnected electric systems to move or transfer power in a
reliable manner from one area to another over all transmission lines (or paths) between
those areas under specified system conditions. The units of transfer capability are in terms
of electric power, generally expressed in megawatts (MW). In this context, "area" may be an
individual electric system, power pool, Control Area, subregion, or NERC Region, or a
portion of any of these. Transfer capability is directional in nature. That is, the transfer
capability from "Area A" to "Area B" is not generally equal to the transfer capability from
"Area B" to "Area A."
Transmission
An interconnected group of lines and associated equipment for the movement or transfer of
electric energy between points of supply and points at which it is transformed for delivery to
customers or is delivered to other electric systems.
Bulk Transmission
A functional or voltage classification relating to the higher voltage portion of the Grid
System.
Subtransmission
A functional or voltage classification relating to the lower voltage portion of the Grid
System.
Transmission Constraints
Limitations on a transmission line or element that may be reached during normal or
contingency system operations.
Transmission Customer
Any eligible customer (or its designated agent) that can or does execute a transmission
service agreement or can or does receive transmission service.
Transmission Provider
Any public utility that owns, operates, or controls facilities used for the transmission of
electric energy in interstate commerce.
Unit Commitment
The process of determining which generators should be operated each day to meet the daily
demand of the system.
Voltage Collapse
An event that occurs when an electric system does not have adequate reactive support to
maintain voltage stability. Voltage Collapse may result in outage of system elements and
may include interruption in service to customers.
Voltage Control
Appendix 7.1
The control of transmission voltage through adjustments in generator reactive output and
transformer taps, and by switching capacitors and inductors on the transmission and
distribution systems.
Voltage Limits
Normal Voltage Limits

The operating voltage range on the interconnected systems that is acceptable on a
sustained basis.
Emergency Voltage Limits

The operating voltage range on the interconnected systems that is acceptable for the
time sufficient for system adjustments to be made following a facility outage or system
disturbance.
Voltage Reduction
A method means to reduce the demand by lowering the customer's voltage.
Voltage Stability
The condition of an electric system in which the sustained voltage level is controllable and
within predetermined limits.

App 7.1 Generator Testing Guidelines

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

App 7.1 Generator Testing Guidelines

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Appendix 7.

GUIDELINES FOR TESTING OF GENERATORS PRIOR TO COMMERCIAL OPERATION

This page is intentionally left blank

2.0 NEW GENERATOR INSTALLATIONS 3

3.0 GENERATOR TESTS 4

4.0 GLOSSARY OF TERMS 97

b. SESB Transmission Standards and Code of Practice

c. The Sabah and Labuan Grid Code (SLGC)

2.0 NEW GENERATOR INSTALLATIONS

2.1 Test Procedure (Site-Specific)

2.2 Submission of Test Results

2.3 Failure of Test Results

3.0 GENERATOR TESTS

3.1 RESPONSE TO GRID FREQUENCY VARIATIONS

Conditions of the grid system Frequency

Nominal range of frequency variation 49.5 Hz to 50.5 Hz

Exceptional range of frequency variation 47.5 Hz to 52.5 Hz

The analysis should be confirmed by tests of protective circuits made by injecting

3.1.4 Pass Criteria

3.2 GRID FAULT LEVEL

500kV bus at 500kV substations 50 kA/1 sec

275kV bus at 500kV substations 50 kA/3 sec

275kV bus at the Facility 50 kA/3 sec

275kV bus at 275kV substations 40 kA/3 sec

132kV bus at the Facility 40 kA/3 sec

132kV bus at 132kV substations 31.5 kA/3 sec

3.2.4 Pass Criteria

The required documentation demonstrating compliance to the above requirement

Maximum Fault Clearing Time

275kV 100 milisecond 180 milisecond

132kV 150 milisecond 300 milisecond

11kV 150 milisecond 300 milisecond

3.3.4 Pass Criteria

System Voltage High Speed Single-Pole Delayed Three-Pole

275kV 750 millisecond [subject to From 3 to 10 seconds

132kV Not applicable From 3 to 10 seconds

3.4.4 Pass Criteria

The Contractor shall conduct simulation studies to demonstrate compliance of the

It is an essential requirement that the Facility must incorporate Blackstart capability.

The Blackstart generator should be capable of being disconnected or stopped,

3.5.4 Pass Criteria

d. If signal injection is accomplished by software logic manipulation, the following

3.6.4 Test Patterns

3.6.5.2 Typical parameters for Gas Turbine Generator are as follows:

• Injected Test Signal

3.6.7 Pass Criteria

Range of Protection Settings

≥ 1.10 p.u t ≥ 150ms

Rotor overload Contractor to provide

Stator overload Stator overload Contractor to provide

Over frequency ≥ 52.5Hz t ≥ 100ms

None Reverse power Contractor to provide

iii. Loop resistance measurements shall be made on all current transformer

b. Current Transformers and Current Circuits

iii. Tests to carried out on current transformers are as follows:

iii. Tests to be carried out on voltage transformers are as follows:

vi. The phasing and phase rotation shall be checked.

d. Control, Relay and Metering Panels, Instruments and Protection Devices

f. Secondary Injection of Relays and Instruments

ii. All tests as recommended by the relay manufacturer shall be performed.

vii. The polar characteristic of all distance (impedance) protections shall be

x. For circulating current protection employing high impedance voltage

g. Secondary Injection for Voltage Circuit