What Is a Paragraph ‘Apparagragh is collection of sentences that describe, discuss, or explain one central idea, “The three main pars ofa paragraph ae: + thetoplesentence + the supporting deta sentences + the conchuding sentence ‘Every part has a specific function, and every partis important. Topic Sentences ‘Atopic sentence tells the reader the main idea or thought tat the writers tryingto express. It ‘s aone-sentence summary ofthe entire paragraph Each sentence that follows helps to develop the idea ‘prevented in the topic sentence. “The organkation of «paragraph is based on the topic sentence. Elements of a Topic Sentence “The two main elements ofa topic sentence are:‘Atop sentence contains the main eject of the paragraph and a controlling ides The controlling idea steers the main topic in the direction that the writer wants to take it Std the following examples ‘Topic sentence 1: Computers can be used in many elitferent situations main subject controling We: stuations where people we computers From this sentence, we know that the paragraph is going to disuse something about computers {toain subject). Specifically, it wil explain how people use computers in diferent situations (controling sea) ‘Topic sentence 2: Computers have changed enormously n the past 20 years | main subect_ controling ie: he change computers Inthe past 20 years ‘rom this topic sentence, we know thatthe paragraph i going to explain how computers have changed overtime, ‘Topic sentence 3: Different computers can appeal to different people. seer lara ‘main subject _contling ies: computes that ferent people ke From this topic sentence, we know that the paragraph e going to explain how diferent kinds of people like diferent computers, Now look at the next example ‘Topic sentence 4: Computers were invented in the twentieth century. main subject In this sentence, the information i simple fact. There i nt a good contelling ica that ‘writer can discuss in a paragraph. This is nota good topic sentence because it does not indiate that there is anything more to say about the topic,Selecting a Good Topic Sentence nex pal of sentences puta check mark (/) next othe beter top sestnc. Be prepared to explain yoorchoes ‘4. Blingual dictionaries can help non-native learnesin two very important ways. '. Ina bilingual dictionary, the information spresexted in two differen languages. L a A person who is interviewing for job has o arrive on time tothe interview. A person who i interviewing fora job has to do thee important things during the interview. ‘4 There are many theorles about who kiled John F Kennedy. ', John F Kennedy wat asasinated on November 22,1963. Smartphones have a number of useful features, ', Smartphones use touch scren technology. Poss are the remsas uf plats or animale that ded ong ime ogo. '. There are numerous techniques tht sclentists use to discover the age ofa fossilStudying Topic Sentences in a Paragraph Discus the Preview Quon with casa, Then, red the paragraph nd answer the questions that follow. Preview Questions 1, Have you ever hada flat ire on your car? 2. What dd you dot ——— ‘Changing a Tire on Your Car ‘There are many steps in changing a tre on your car, Before you get started, make sure you have the following items: a jack, a log nut wrench, end a spare tire. First, use the jack to elevate the car off the ground. This may require some strength because cars are very heavy. Using the ig ‘out wrench, remove all ofthe lug aus from the wheel. Thie will probebly be the most difficult step because tome ofthe Jug nuts may be stuck. After you have taken off the lug nuts, remove the flat tire and replace it with your spare tire. Serew the lug nuts back onto the wheel and make sure that they are tightly fastened, Finally, lower the car back down tothe ‘ground. Check one last time to make sure thatthe nut are as tight as possible, Following these step will have you back on the road in no time. Post-Reading ( Paragraph 1 Jack aoa that sed toate car Inert remove a tre ‘tug mut wrench: 2 ol that es totake the bots car wen sare: xa twelevate trae ‘the strength: ome the noun form of ‘he adecve sang) ‘tobe stuck tobe unt to more (pat parle ever sh) te sree to twat to make suet check that someting show tstoutbe ‘agit: secure oppose of ooo fastened: ataches Inno time: very uckly Put a check mark (7) next to the statement that ells the purpose of the paregraph, ‘. Totellthe importance ofa tireon cat — b. To show how to change the olin a car Total why it isimportant to cary a pate — 4. To show how to change a fat tie 2. Undeline the topic sentence '3. According to this paragraph, how many tes are therein changing alt ire?Five Features of a Good Topic Sentence Good writers know that an efective tope sentence has certain characteristics: 1. It should guide the whole paragraph. ‘A well-written topic sentence controls or guides the whole paragraph It lets the reader know ‘hat the res ofthe paragraph willbe about. 2. It should not be a well-known fact. ‘A good topic sentences nota general fact that everyone accepts as true. For example, Cars use _sesoline is nota good topic sentence because there snot much more o say about the topic. 3. It needs to be specific. ‘A good topic sentence is specific. Credit cards are useful isnot a good topic sentence because itis too genera. The reader does not know exactly what to expect in the paragraph. Credit cards are useful on long trips isa good topic sentence because itis spcii. The paragraph will most likely explain how creditcard canbe used in one particular situation long trip. 4. Itcannot be too specific, ‘A good topic sentence i not too specific cei card cam havea high credit imi is very specif ‘There ie nothing mors tobe sai about the opi because the supporting deta have already been sated. 5. It must contain a controlling idea. A good topic sentence has a controling iden—a group of words ora phrase that helps guide the flow of ideas in the paragraph: A credit card sone of the mast important things that a traveler needs while on vacation. The underlined words in this sentence ae the controlling idea. Recognizing Effective Topic Sentences Read each ofthe following groups of sentences. Wete the general topic in the space provided. Puta ‘check mark (/) nex tothe bes topic sentence. 1: Genera wpa eturspronee =e = Ss a. Smartphones have more features than regular phones ', Smartphones are expensive «You can dovnload apps on a smartphone, 2% General tops ‘Pepperoni and mushrooms are my two favorite toppings on pizza from [ings Pizzeria ‘. Nino’ Pizeriahas a wide election of delicious food. Nin’ Pizeria makes good chicken sandwiches, UNIT «Introduction to Paragraphs', Dolphins are quiet, fiendly unique, beautiful and smart ‘© Dolphins are one of natures most incredible animals A Seated topic eae ee OW —— 4 Fev people know the intersting history of snowboarding ', Snowboard are made of fiberglass and have sharp metal edges «. Snowboarding isa winter sport 5. General topics —— * My favorit seashells orange and white, >. My hobby is olectng seashells but my brothers hobby is playing sports Seashells make great souvenirs for several reason.Practice with Controlling ideas ‘The controling idea in your topic sentence guides your paragraph and lets the reader know what the paragraph i going tobe about. Te topic of the paragraph is limited bythe controlling ides—it narrows the opi, ‘Here are some examples of topic sentences. The main subjects ere circled, and the controling ‘eas are underined, 1. wa ae becoing ver pon ese ays The reader expects to lear why eoseation ae becoming pop 2. CECT eer toe than ote yes of sapler The reader expect to ear what makes lec tapes eae fo we 3. (BREE a very pop vacation destination Asa ‘Thread expect to ern some reson why Singtore popu vctondeinaion 4. These ae the things that people need to be aware of before Gimring nthe ocean) ‘The reader expects to lear about the three things that people needto know before they swim inthe Reviewing Topic Sentences and Controlling Ideas ead each group of sentences. Put a check mark (next to the Best topic sentence. Undine the ‘controling idea in the sentence you choose, 1 ‘North Americans drink about half billion cups of coffe every day. 1. Cotfee isthe drink of choice fr many North Americans. ‘& Most North Americans drink coffe inorder to wake up in the morning. 2 1. Yesterday was the tenth of Api ', Yesterday I spilled spaghet sauce on my shirt during my lunch break. Yesterday hada terrible day at work, a ‘My best fiend and Ihad wonderfil time a the amusement park last week. ', Werode thre different roller coasters. ‘. My best fiend and I enjoyed the roller coasters more than the Ferris wheel. ‘© Over halfa million US. high schoo! athletes participated in outdoor track and field events ast yea. '. The sport of track nd felis very ld, ‘©: The port of track and feld has increased in popularity in recent yar 4 My iguana trip tothe veterinarian was catastrophe ', My iguana scratched the veterinarian when she red to pick it up. People donot ike iguanas. POR ee eee 10 UNIT 1+ ttroduction 1o ParagraphsUsing Controlling Ideas to Limit or Narrow a Topic ‘The following topic sentences ae too general, Rewrite them and add or change the controlling ideas. 1 Lying inbad, 2, tis important to work hard 13. The Louvre is located in Paris France.Writing Topic Sentences Read the paragraphs on the following pages. Wit a topesentence fr each paragraph in the space provided, e sure your sentence includes controlling ies. Paragraph 2 ————_ ‘Without that morning mea, the body doesnot wake up completely It slacking the necessary fuel for energy By lunchtime, people who skip | to stip: go wthout breakfast tend to be overly hungry, so they wileattoo much. Peshapsthe | ™*%*" ‘most serious effect of not eating breakfasts thatthe body's metabolism | metabotsm: chemical recess inthe body ‘ill not work properly It hasbeen said for generations: “Breakfast isthe {eroitainproper ‘most important meal of the day” ae Paragraph 3 —<—<————umi i... Fin, you may want to begin your search online. Thre are numerous {job-search websites, both local and international, When you have found an interesting job opening, do your research Find out as much 1 you can about the company and the position itzlf, Nex, review your résumé and make any necessary changes. The résumé should fit ‘exch job that you apply for. You should also make sure tha the résumé highlight all of your previous employment and education. Finally, ‘oighlight to focus, fll out the application and include all ther necessary documentation eae Remember tha peastence isthe eyo ating the job you want By | pete: uy ‘of rat ing Up flowing thes steps, you can be confident that you wil find job ‘ualiy of conting omer rather than later, AB UNIT + tevoduction to ParagraphsParagraph 4 —=— Pethaps the best-known type of acting i tleviion acting This type of ‘acting generally takes the form of weekly programs produced on studio lots, Another frm of acting is stage acting. Plays ae performed in many siferent venes—from large hall to small theses. The thind typeof 'sctng is flm acting. Film ating begins with a serenpla that inches llth written information about the set andthe actor dialog, and grows {nto a movie. Regardless ofthe type of acting. pectators appreciate the ‘raft of acting and the many hous of enjoyment it provides. avenue: a ploe, baton regardless of 0 mater "wht ceste ‘toappreite: to ‘ecogie te vale, be Sesbout oat: 2skl expert Buléing Deter Sentencs: For further practice, go o Practice on page 233 n Append. Brainstorming Imagine that a mans driving down the road and suddenly sees fire. What should he do? ‘On the next page, make alist of atleast thre ideas you have for wha the man needs todo. Work {uickly. Do not wory about how good each idea is. For now, donot worry ebout correct speling oF {grammar Your immediate goal isto create alist ofs many ideas at possible in jst «few minute.‘You have ust compete a brainstorming activity. Brainstorming is quickly writing down all he ‘thoughts that come into your head. When you brainstorm, you do not think about whether each dea is good or bad or whether your writing i correct. You simply write to gt your ideas on paper. The proces is called brainstorming because it fees ike theres a torm of ideas in your brain Brainstorming Practice ‘Choose one ofthe topics below Brainsiorm ideas about the topic inthe space provided. Write at east four ‘ideas. Then write atopic senterce fora paragraph about that topic. Bese to include a controling idea + The best day of my ie +A place I would lke to visit one day + How tablet computer ae changing our soclty + Bencits of stayin Elis + Why ikea particular ype of movie + Apperson who changed my ie Brainstorm area: “14 UNIT 1+ introduction o ParagraphsWrlting Your Own Paragraph Use your bfainstorming note: and topic sentence from Activity 7 to write a paragraph below. Be sure ‘that your topic sentence guides the whole paragraph, Supporting Sentences ‘Think of supporting sentences as scaffolding forthe topic sentence. They describe, explain, ‘clarify or give examples of the main idea in the topic sentence, They answer questions such as Who? What? When? Where? Why? and How? They explain the topic sentence in greater detail and gv the reader more information. ‘er Mon rot s Each paragraph that you write must have enough supporting deals to make the main ides clear to the reader Likewise, good writer makes sure that each supporting sentence is related tothe tope sentence and its controling idea. Study the allowing examples, 1. Topic sentence: People should conse jining a het cub ‘Supporting sentence: Heath cis give menbes an opportunity to exec and sociale a the same time 2 Topic sentence: Emergency towing services ret to have in cate your car breaks down, ‘Supporting sentence: Itcanelp you change a ire. 3. Topic sentence: el phones allow parents to stayin beter contact with their chien ‘Supporting sentence: As ong as his rhe cel phone turned on a ch canbe reached at anytime. 6Creating Questions Leading to Supporting Details Read each topic sentence below. What information would you expect the writer to include in the paragraph’ For cach topic sentence, write two questions tht the supporting sentences should answer. ‘Ask Who? What? Whent Where? Why? or How? 1, Pesticides should not be used on farm products What kinds of pesticides are used? Why should we avoid using pesticides ‘on farm products? 2, The beaches along the Mediterancan Sea are some ofthe best beaches inthe wold See ARR SRE ana i sce ct ee ee ea 3 Although few people realize it, country music and rock misic have some similar characteristics a ee eal area Ser ae eee eee eee et ee eet th 4. My best friend and I met in a very unlikely place. a ea ee ee ae eect Avoiding Unrelated Sentences ‘Some writes include too many ideas in one paragraph, Remember that a paragraph should {ocus on just one controling ides. Every sentence must support the topic sentence in some way. These ‘supporting sentences help maintain the nity of the paragraph. ”‘Types of Supporting Sentences Good writers use many diferent kinds of supporting sentences. Good supporting sentences perform the following fenctons: 1, Supporting sentence explain. ‘Topic sentence: ‘There are many supper senices for students a the university. Supporting sentence; These senices, such as tutoring, ae general fre for students, (explains the support services avallable for students atthe university 2. Supporting sentences describe. Topic sentence: 1 il neve forget my chidhood hore Supporting sentence: The house had alarge entrance with asia starcase inthe center. (describes the writers childhood home) 3. Supporting sentence give reasons. ‘Topic sentence: Not takings one ofthe mast important study silt earn. Supporting sentence: Reviewing good notes before atest wil help students become more familia withthe information. (gives reason that note taking is an important study silo lean) ‘4. Supporting sentences give facts ‘Topic sentence: Jogging is nat as easy a it appears. ‘Supporting sentence: Ninety-seven percent of people cannot jog thre miles without stopping. (gives fact about jogging) 5. Supporting sentence give examples. ‘Topic sentence: Brasil has many natural sources, Supporting sentence: Brazil i one of the leading producers of baute, a principal ingredient ‘or ‘making aluminum, (gives an example of Brazile natural resources)Identifying Supporting Sentences Read the following paragraphs. For each umbered sentence, write good supporting sentence or ‘unrelated sentence below the paragraph. Then explain your answer. Paragraph 5 — ‘The Features of a Good Restaurant (Certain qualities are typical of good restaurants, These restaurants rovidefastand friendly service, with servers who ae friendly and ‘courteous at all times, They make sure that customers needs are met ‘throughout the meal, 1 Sine customers re choosing o eat ot, ‘obviously the quality ofthe food is important. A good rstaurart uses fresh ingredients in ts dishes. 2 Some ofthe best quality cheeses can bbe imported from France, 3 Good restaurants also have aplesant stmosphere. They ae clean and well maintained and they also pay attention to detals such as decor, lighting, and musi AU _UNIT 4+ introduction to ParagraphsParagraph 6 —_————— Visiting Washington, DC (One of my greatest vacations was spent in Washington, DC. 1 The ist thing | did on my arrival sto vst some of the Smithsonian Institutions museums, These museums were gigati, with elaborate ‘marble floors and pilars that reached dizzying eight. Ispent thre days isting these muscu, which ae fie to the publi, ad then I sw some Ampresive memorils. The Lincoln Memorial wes immense. After reading ‘the Gettysburg Addies tthe Lincoln Memorial I decided to walk down the National Mall tothe Washington Monument. Iwas moved bythe sae ‘nd simplicity ofthe tall, rectangular stone tower, or obls, dedicated to the memory of the frst president of the United States. 2 My inl day fn ‘Washington was spent just walking around, Because it was Apri Leven {otto see the famous cherry blossoms in bloom. 9 Although Aprilis a month, sometypes of tres do not bloom until ate summer. Cleary, “Washington, DC hasa lot o offer its vistors!| Building eter Sentences: or further practice, go Pract 2 on page 214 In Append Grammar for Writing Checking for Verbs and Fragments “Look atthe verbs in these exaue, TreyseereinEngish mates, | whee shen? % viens rownin ageing 4 sperm meyitewninicton | % Tetouan he corer does ot have 9058 wo ang bakings nthe Ueda Ener are 94) ante et | Rumnawietawtbaldiinn [iwc | ‘The word fragment means apiece of something | * Japan many different kinds of car, baths ben oer veatin Ageing \ | Thehoue onthe comeznot gorge. | | two aang lds ithe United Aa Etats he BA Ada the Ox Tve. When witing, aways check or proafead each Sentence to make suet has aver, 20 UNIT» introducon tororagraphsCLEIIRERD checking for Fragments ‘Read the sentences. The subject in each clases underined. Circle the verb that goes with each subject. Ifthe subject has aver, pata check marin he core esr. Mayr ising pata check mea Jn the fragment column and add an appropriate ve inthe corte lee. correct fragment Sentence era ei Eee a ‘Students @ncountean incredible amount of new ety cere gh 2 Some leaner this problem by wing ash cards, 2. Whatare fash ears and how do you use hem 4. Aflac card smal card for lerning vocabulary 5, Learners write the new word on one side ofthe card, and ———— ——_bhyadefinition onthe other side. ———— _« Serious learners ash card every dey oF two toleam new vocabulary Grammar for Writing Nouns and Noun Forms ‘There are two kinds of nouns: count and non-count. Ifyou cn count a noun (five sandwiches, tine ideas), then it has a singular frm (candwic, idea) and plural form (sandwiches, deas) If you ‘cannot count a noun (pollution, art, hai) it generally has ony one frm. ‘When writing, pay attention 1 adjectives that are used only with plral nouns. Here are some examples: these methods several people unerous cases otens many reasons ‘othr decsions A.common error isto forget to use the plural form ofthe noun, Study this example with three Many sleet attended the recent meeting in Seoul. At het meeting there were mary presentation about the numerous effect of cate change nEditing for Noun Forms Read the sentences. Look tthe nouns that re bored there is an error in noun form, make a “crecton shove the word The fst coe bas been done for yo, families 1 Mor thn 42 milion [fly inthe Unie Sates face the dally challenges of taking care of| sheild] 2. Ii only logical that this [umber] wil grow in the future as the [popUTaton] soars 2. Mos the [BEI who take care ofthe parents o ther fal [BEBE] wok regular ob alldsy. “4. About49 percent of those who cat for thet [Era take care of thes own EE] 5. Over 70 percent of [GREET ]are women and nearly one-third ofthese [HOMER] are over the age of. provide care for an average of four our] day, even[ yi]Connecting Topic Sentences and Supporting Details Ina paragraph good supporting detail support the topic sentence. Supporting details ae related tthe topic sentence that they support CRETINTERE erainstorming for topic Sentences For each topic below, brainstorm ideas for a topic sentence. 1. A happy, surprising moment in your life ‘Toph sentence — 2. A famous person you would like to meet "Topleentence: 3. Good study habits ‘Topic sentence;‘Asking the Right Questions (Choos one ofthe topic sentences you created in Activity 13. Wit question frit using he fppoprit intrrogave (queioa) words Iyoucanol think ft et thre guests peeps your top tentence weak For more rate, repeat that with oar ther top sentence. 1. Topic sentence_ One of the best days of my Ife occurred last year. Ss Who was involved inthe event? are What happened? wea When did this event happen? eet Where did the event happen? Whyt Why was it the best day? ery How did you feel at the time? 2, Topic sentence: Who? What? Wher? Where? Why Others 24 UNIT 1+ itroducton to ParagraphsWriting Supporting Sentences {Look at your topic sentence and questions from Activity 14, Wit supporting sentences that answer ‘ach question that you wrote ‘Tope sentence: ee erence eres ase i eat aeraWriting a Paragraph Sra ae a ea aes meracen seers nese Plena fer 26 UNIT «introduction to ParagraphsConcluding Sentences ‘A concading sentence concludes, of wrap up, paagraph, Features of a Concluding Sentence ‘A conclading sentence hes thee main features 1. His wualy the last sentence ofa paragraph, 2 Iles the reader know that the paragraph has ended. 3 Itbrings the paragraph toa logical conclusion by doing onc ofthese two actions: 4 Restating the main ides ofthe topic sentence ‘ook tthe conchding sentence in Paragraph 6, "Visiting Wshington, DC: arty, Washington, OC ha ot tor ists! Offering suggestion, giving an opinion, or making a prediction. ‘Look at the concluding sentence in Paragraph 1, “Changing «Tron Your Ca Fotoning these ses wi have you back on he odin ine. (prediction) Transitions with Concluding Sentences ere i alist of transitional words and phrases that are commonly used atthe begining of ‘concluding sentences. fasaresult for thi reason Inthe end because ofthis hence overall certainly incondlusion surely clearly indeed therefore for these reasons in sum thus Examples: In conduson,sucestl businesses are the resto he action of good werkes (Overall buying used car has more advantage than buying a new ca ‘Traction bones appear throughout this book to help you ean where you can add transtions words, For more information on connectors and transitions, see the Brief Writers Handbook with Actes, poges 220-222, eoWriting Concluding Sentences Go back to Paragraph 2 (page 12) and Paragraph 5 (page 18) Wete a concluding sentence fr each paragraph. Use a different typeof concluding statement for each one nd try to use transitional words and phrases, Citle the function ofeach concluding statement. 1. Paragraph 2 (page 7) ‘What does the concluding statment do? O restatesthemainiden fers suggeston C1 gles an opinion C1 makes prediction LWT R ELUM WALL Wth acta acedeele tele) a) {Good paragraph have four key features in common. 1. A paragraph has a topic sentence that states the main idea. ‘The topic sentences ikea short summary ofthe paragraph It ete the reader know what the paragraph wil be about I contains the main subject and controlling ides 2. All of the sentences are about one topic. Each sentence ofthe paragraph relates othe topic sentence and its controlling ide. Focusing on ‘one topic helps to maintain the coherence ofthe paragraph 3. The first sentence of a paragraph is indented, Remember thatthe fist line of paragraph starts about a half inch in from the margin. 4. The last sentence, or concluding sentence, brings the paragraph to a logical ‘conclusion. ‘Sometimes the concluding sentence is restatement ofthe topic sentence. A other times, writes offer a suggestion, opinion or prediction based on their purpose. 228 UNIT + introduction to ParagraphsAnalyzing the Features of ragraph Discuss the Preview Questions with a classmate. Then, rea the paragraph and answer the questions that fallow Preview Questions 1, What do you know about professional cycling? 2. Do you know of any recent problems inthe sport? Paragraph 7 ‘The Dark Side of Cycling ‘The legal drg use that has plagued the word of profesional eying for decades must be stopped. Cerin drogs help yl ride faster and farther than normal. Some ofthe drugs work by increasing the number are blood ‘els inthe body While the drugs might hep the athletes to perform betes, ‘here canbe teribl side elects For example nthe year and half before the 2004 Tour de France, nine profesional yas died from overdoses of egal «drugs Several profesional baseball plyesin the Unlted States have ako been ‘nwolved in iar rug controversies. Despite the danger, more and more yet are turing to these drugs to glnan advantage over thelr competition, tis unfortunate that these ales value winning more than theives to plogue: to cause ‘sere probiene an overdose: 100 "nc medi © tomany dhs, a controversy: 3 Csageerent abotPost-Reading 1 What isthe top ofthe paragraph? 2, Whats the topic sentence? ‘3. Whatis the conchuding sentence 44 tthe concluding semence a restatement, a suggestion, an opinion, ora prediction? 5. Which sentence does not belong? 6. Explain why the sentence you have chosen doesnot belong, 7. What isthe writers main purpose for writing this paragraph? 8 Can you suggest any ways to improve this paragraph? ‘Bulding Better Sentences: For further practice, go to Practice 3on page 234 In Appendix 1. 130° UNIT 1+ inoduction to ParagraphsBringing It All Together ‘Read the paragraph. Underline the topic sentence ofeach one. The circle the sentence that isnot 004 supporting sertence (There is one in each paragraph.) Write a concluding sentence onthe lines that fllow each paragraph. If possible, use transitional words and phrases from the box on page 27 and ‘Useful Vocabulary for Better Writing on pages 226-229. Paragraph 8 —<<—$<— ‘Teunamis ‘Trunamis are group of waves that are born from natural ‘Phenomena suchas landsides, eruptions from volcanoes, and, most typically earthqukes. They can occur in lakes or oceans, The major danger ofteunamisisthesize ofthe waves, While regular ocean waves ae crated by wind, tsunami ge ther tart from extremely powerfl shake ups in the ert, Inthe qpen wate, they can reach a width of 100 kilometers. As ‘tsunamis get closer to shore, they slow down but grow in height Some ‘tsunamis can be as tala 30 meters. Earthquakes are scarier than tsunamis. ‘The force ofa tsunami can destroy countess homes and other structures before finally subsides,Paragraph 9. Guitars “There are thee varieties of guitars that most musicians play: clectri, acoustic, and bas, An electric guitars appropriately named appropitely: because it must be plugged into an electric amplifier to generate sound. aaa ‘An acoustic guitar, on the ether hand, canbe played by isl. Both produces similar melodic sound, Abas guitars rpclylagerthan | melding | an acoustic or electri guitar, andi produces much deeper notes. Bass & _ultars are fun t play Electric and acoustic guitars typically have six strings, while bass guitars usually have fou strings Building Better Vocabulary Word Associations Circe the word or phrase that s mos closely related to the word or phrase on the left. Ifnecesary, use dictionary to check the meaning of words you do not know. 4 5 1 pe on necessary 2. tohighlgh" tohide toshow 2. tocevate tomove downward tomove upward 4. courteous pate rude 5 sim veybig veryexpenive «pam tobegin tocnd 17 ede tects usually bad aly good 32 UNIT + introduction to Paragraphs8 ajack for your ear {for your house 9. appropriately comely possibly 10, asassinate entertain ka 11, to bloom Daildings flowers 22. innotine ever ‘icy 13. thus however therefore 14, acontroversy dlsagreement snimportant 15 stuck cannot move cannot read 16, fosas veryold very young ‘conection ped apace atime with without “Indicates words that are part of the Academic Word List See pages 224-225 for a complete lit. Using Collocations Fill in each blank with the word or phrase on the left that most naturally completes the phrase on the right necessary, use a dictionary to check the meaning of words you do not know. 1 ferlto ‘A sporescar appeal scerain ype of estomer 2. dinner seatbelt fasten your 3 busines / vehi totows 4, become / gin topper 5: key/ plague oe a ae 6. souvenir / wide a selection of things 7. ow ay w. In contact with person8. inon tospil sue _______your shirt 9 metal sharp /sharpmetl a edge 10 of wits Tmaware________ hesitation. 1, leading! presentation eneofthe producers 12, decide face w. ____the challenges ofthe ture 13, employer / meal prospective. 14 fori canbeipyou____ several ways 1, slowly imely tna ation Original Student Writing Writing Your Own Paragraph ‘Choose one ofthe topic sentences from Activity 1, page 6, and develop it into a paragraph, Follow these _guldelins + Indent the fire sentence of your paragraph. + Start with atopic sentence, + Include a controlling dea in your topic sentence. «+ Ada supporting sentences that relate tothe controling idea inthe topic sentence + Bd with aconduding sentence. + Use at east wo ofthe vocabulary words or phrases presented in Activities 20 and 21. ‘Underline these word and phrases in your paragraph. + Include the fou features of well-written paragraph from page 28. you need idea for werds and phrases, see the Useful Vocabulary for Better Writing on pages 226-229. ‘34 UNIT 1 + introduction to Fareaaohs‘Your topic. ———E— EEE Brainstorm area: ee ee eeeMANZE Peer Editing Exchange books with a partner and look at Activity 22. Read your partner’ paragraph, Then use Peer Edting Sheet 1 on NGL. Cengage com/GW3 to help you comment on your putacr’ parageaph- ‘There is sample in Appendix 2. Be sure to offer suggestions and comments that wll help your Partner improve his or her writin, Use your partner's comments as you revise your own paragraph. Tips for Peer Editing Fellow these ips for fective per eting + Begin by saying something postive about your partner’ work, + Answer the questions completly onthe Pee Eating Sheet. Be speci. + Make suggestions in drt but constructive way. Do not wrt general comments such a “This sb” or"You dont make any sense” Instead, se specifi seemens such s+ This part ‘s confusing bese." or What do you mea o sy her?” + Remember you are commenting on the wring. ot the writer. Keep your emment focused nwhatyouTave read Additional Topics for Writing PHOTO ‘TOPIC: Look t the photo on pages 2-3, Write about a very happy time in your lif, Explain wha the ‘event was, why it made you so happy, and how you fet daring this me. ‘TOPIC 2: Write paragraph about an animal you find intersting. Describe the animal and explain wy you lke this animal. ‘TOPIC: wit bout a recent lm you have seen Give the name ofthe film and abi sumamary of ‘the fli plot. ‘TOPIC 4: Write a paragraph explaining how to do wellon final exam, List the steps. student should take in preparing forthe exam. ‘TOPIC: Write a description of your favorit car. What brand isthe car? What are te fetures of the ‘car? Why ist your favorite? 36 UNIT + introduction ta Paragraph(Timed Writing How quickly can you writen English? ‘son atest. tis important to feel comfortable. times, Timed-writing practice can make You fel beter about writing quickly a English, |paeteeereeee a | % Relthepegaph udines and he wing pomp, 3. Beainstorm ideas fr five minutes. | 4. White a short paragraph (sx to ten sentence) 5: You have 25 minutes to wate your paragraph [Pereeeeees [+ Renmei gv your ugraph ie + Double space your paragraph | + Wie agi poe you we nt ns ompu, * Tacudea topic sentence that consis of the main ubect and controling iden, | ++ End your paragraph with a one-sentence eonclision. | * Try to give yourself few minutes before the end ofthe activity n review your work: Check for ‘ling, verb tense, and subject-erb agreement mistaen, Describe why you like a particular restaurant, L ”