Chai pier Basi : ic C ‘om puter Organ zatio F aw _ fasMg Flys dasi Inputting. The process of entering data and instructions into the computer system Storing. Saving data and instructions to make them readily available for initial or additional processing whenever required Processing. Performing arithmetic operations (add, subtract, multiply, divide, etc.) or logical operations (comparisons like equal to, less than, greater than, etc.) on data to convert them into useful information (Contre on net si)ig Flys Basie Ovsrations of 2 * Outputting. The process of producing useful information or results for the user such as a printed report or visual display * Controlling. Directing the manner and sequence in which all of the above operations are performedBasic Orgs nt Program and Data Storage Unit ‘Secondary ‘Storage i Primary ‘Arithmetic Logic Unit Central Processing Unit (CPU) Information (Results) — Indicates flow of instructions and data Indicates the control xercised by the ‘contro! unitAn input unit of a computer system performs the following functions: 1. It accepts (or reads) instructions and data from outside world 2. It converts these instructions and data in computer acceptable form 3. It supplies the converted instructions and data to the computer system for further processingAn output unit of a computer system performs the following functions: 1. It accepts the results produced by the computer, which are in coded form and hence, cannot be easily understood by us 2. It converts these coded results to human acceptable (readable) form 3. It supplies the converted results to outside worldThe storage unit of a computer system holds (or stores) the following : 1 . Data and instructions required for processing (received from input devices) 2. Intermediate results of processing 3. Final results of processing, before they are released to an output device* Primary storage Used to hold running program instructions Used to hold data, intermediate results, and results of ongoing processing of job(s) Fast in operation Small Capacity Expensive Volatile (looses data on power dissipation) {Contd on net si)(Contes om prevas se.) * Secondary storage * Used to hold stored program instructions * Used to hold data and information of stored jobs * Slower than primary storage « Large Capacity * Lot cheaper that primary storage * Retains data even without powerArithmetic Logic Unit of a computer system is the place where the actual executions of instructions takes place during processing operationControl Unit of a computer system manages and coordinates the operations of all other components of the computer system| « . = * Itis the brain of a computer system * tis responsible for controlling the operations of all other units of a computer systemProvide means of communication between a computer and outer world Also known as peripheral devices because they surround the CPU and memory of a computer system Input devices are used to enter data from the outside world into primary storage Output devices supply results of processing from primary storage to usersInput ins Input cal Output Devices and Devices external Memory world Input data coded Processed data in internal form in internal form Results of processing in human. acceptable form* Keyboard devices * Point-and-draw devices Data scanning devices Digitizer Electronic cards based devices Speech recognition devices Vision based devices* Allow data entry into a computer system by pressing a set of keys (labeled buttons) neatly mounted on a keyboard connected to a computer system * 101-keys QWERTY keyboard is most popular“The says OR ‘ys oudPolearieer * Used to rapidly point to and select a graphic icon or menu item from multiple options displayed on the Graphical User Interface (GUI) of a screen * Used to create graphic elements on the screen such as lines, curves, and freehand shapes * Some commonly used point-and-draw devices are mouse, track ball, joy stick, light pen, and touch screenCommonly used in personal computers and workstationsClick buttons Ball to be rolled with fingers Commonly used in laptop (notebook) computersClick button Stick Light indicator Commonly used for video games, flight simulators, training simulators, and for controlling industrial robotsPen-based point-and-draw device Used to directly point with it on the screen to select menu items or icons or directly draw graphics on the screen Can write with it on a special pad for direct input of written information to a system Pressure on tip of a side button is used to cause same action as right-button-click of a mouse* Most simple, intuitive, and easiest to learn of all input devices * Enables users to choose from available options by simply touching with their finger the desired icon or menu item displayed on the screen * Most preferred human-computer interface used in information kiosks (unattended interactive information systems such as automatic teller machine or ATM)Data scanning Input devices that enable direct data entry into a computer system from source documents Eliminate the need to key in text data into the computer Due to reduced human effort in data entry, they improve data accuracy and also increase the timeliness of the information processed Demand high quality of input documents Some data scanning devices are also capable of recognizing marks or characters Form design and ink specification usually becomes more critical for accuracyduleljs Seals « Input device that translates paper documents into an electronic format for storage in a computer * Electronic format of a scanned image is its bit map representation * Stored image can be altered or manipulated with an image-processing softwareA flat-bed scanner Ahand-held scanner* Monitors * Printers * Plotters * Screen image projector * Voice response systems* Soft-copy output * Not produced on a paper or some material that can be touched and carried for being shown to others * Temporary in nature and vanish after use = Examples are output displayed on a terminal screen or spoken out by a voice response system + Hard-copy output * Produced on a paper or some material that can be touched and carried for being shown to others + Permanent in nature and can be kept in paper files or can be looked at a later time when the person is not using the computer + Examples are output produced by printers or plotters on paper* Monitors are the most popular output devices used for producing soft-copy output * Display the output on a television like screen * Monitor associated with a keyboard is called a video display terminal (VDT). It is the most popular 1/0 deviceMonitor A video display terminal consists of a monitor and a keyboardMost common output devices for producing hard-copy outputCharacter printers that form characters and all kinds of images as a pattern of dots Print many special characters, different sizes of print and graphics such as charts and graphs Impact printers can be used for generating multiple copies by using carbon paper or its equivalent Slow, with speeds usually ranging between 30 to 600 characters per second Cheap in both initial cost and cost of operationCharacter printers that form characters and all kinds of images by spraying small drops of ink on to the paper Print head contains up to 64 tiny nozzles that can be selectively heated up in a few micro seconds by an integrated circuit register To print a character, the printer selectively heats the appropriate set of nozzles as the print head moves horizontally Can print many special characters, different sizes of print, and graphics such as charts and graphs (Continued on net si)(Contes om prevas se.) Non-impact printers, Hence, they cannot produce multiple copies of a document in a single printing Can be both monochrome and color Slower than dot-matrix printers with speeds usually ranging between 40 to 300 characters per second More expensive than a dot-matrix printerAN tnget printersPage printers that print one page at a time Consist of a laser beam source, a multi-sided mirror, a photoconductive drum and toner (tiny particles of oppositely charged ink) To print @ page, the laser beam is focused on the electro statically charged drum by the spinning multi-sided mirror Toner sticks to the drum in the places the laser beam has charged the drum’s surface. Toner is then permanently fused on the paper with heat and pressure to generate the printer output Laser printers produce very high quality output having resolutions in the range of 600 to 1200 dpi {Continued on net si)(Contes om prevas se.) Can print many special characters, different sizes of print, and graphics such as charts and graphs Are non-impact printers Most laser printers are monochrome, but color laser printers are also available Low speed laser printers can print 4 to 12 pages per minute. Very high-speed laser printers can print 500 to 1000 pages per minute More expensive than other printersA lager driers« Hardware refers to the physical devices of a computer system. * Software refers to a collection of programs * Program is a sequence of instructions written in a language that can be understood by a computer * Software package is a group of programs that solve a specific problem or perform a specific type of job* Both hardware and software are necessary for a computer to do useful job. They are complementary to each other * Same hardware can be loaded with different software to make a computer system perform different types of jobs * Except for upgrades, hardware is normally a one- time expense, whereas software is a continuing expense * Upgrades refer to renewing or changing components like increasing the main memory, or hard disk capacities, or adding speakers, modems, etc.Most software can be divided into two major categories: * System software are designed to control the operation and extend the processing capability of a computer system * Application software are designed to solve a specific problem or to do a specific task» Make the operation of a computer system more effective and efficient * Help hardware components work together and provide support for the development and execution of application software * Programs included in a system software package are called system programs and programmers who prepare them are called system programmers « Examples of system software are operating systems, programming language translators, utility programs, and communications software* Solve a specific problem or do a specific task * Programs included in an application software package are called application programs and the programmers who prepare them are called application programmers * Examples of application software are word processing, inventory management, preparation of tax returns, banking, etc.HARDWARE (Physical devices/components ofthe computer system) SYSTEM SOFTWARE (Software that constitute the operating and programming environment ofthe compute system) ‘APPLICATION SOFTWARE (oftware that do a spec task or solve a specicprolem) USERS (Normally interact with the system via the user interface provided by the application software) Relationship among hardware, system software, application sofware, and users ofa ‘computer system,