Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • Asme MFC 3M PDF

    Uploaded by

    Alina Smochina
    2 views68 pages

    Original Title

    220215918-ASME-MFC-3M.pdf

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    2 views68 pages

    Asme MFC 3M PDF

    Uploaded by

    Alina Smochina

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 68
    ASME STANDARD Measurement of Fluid Flow in Pipes Using Orifice, Nozzle, and Venturi ASME MFC-3M-1985 (REDSION OF ASME MEC-3M-1982) SPONSORED AND PUBLISHED BY THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS United Engineering Center 345 East 47th Street New York, N.Y. 10017 Sa 1.5.0. Consultants 4019-1038 Street, Oued Irot Demoaetrandirm: ‘Dawe of saree: Deewnpee 37,1985. ‘This Standard will be revised when she Society approves she isuance of a new edition, There will bbe no addenda or written interoresatione of the requirements of this Standaed istued te thi Eaton Second Prinsing ~ April 1987 Includes Errata ane index “This coe or staan was developed under procedures acceded a meting the crite for Amer: an National Stands. The Consensus Committee that approved the coce OF sare wor lancet to syste that indiviguas from cometent and concerned invents Revé hed otDOCIUANY YO 87 ‘ate. The proposes code or standars ast made sel for pubic rewer and eoMmENC WEN DHE aes an opportunity for ddriorst pvbic Input from industry, acagerte, eegulatory a3ences, 93 the public atta "ASME does not" [ASME does not take any postion with reset 10 the vatidity of any patent rights assed in con nection with any items mentioned in tha docarert, ond oes not undertake 19 syure anyone ting 2 standard saint labty for infringement of any a0piicable Letters Patent, nor assume any such bitty. User ofa cae or standard are exoressy advised hat deteiinetion of he valcity of any such Daten rights, ane the rik of infingement of sch Fights ently thei Own rexporEBty, Participation by federat agency wearesentativets of person(s) effaced with indurry i nt 0 ben tecpreted as goverment or indutty endorsement ofthis code or standard. "ASME does not ecapt any rxponebitky Tor interpretations of thi document made ty ind porove.” “ete.” oF “enone any item, consieuction, Brepreibyy deuce, of No pa ofthis document may be reproduced i any for, in an aacionsc revieal system or etheraiee, without the prior witten perinion ofthe publisher, Ccopytight © 1905 by THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS ‘All igh Reserved Prinses in USA, ewer Unts} now there has been no U. S. Standard covering all of the measurements of fluid flows theough closed conduits and pipes and using differential pressure cevices (prinary elements), Most people have used far guidance the ASHE “Fluid Meters". The International Standards Organization (150) developed a generat use standarc 150 9147, but incorporating expressions for discharge coefficients that the A.S.M.E. Fluid Meters Research committee determined covers a considerably broader span of fluids and flawing conditions and reduced the uncertainty in the prediction of the discharge coefficient, This Standard has been prepared by the ASME Standards Committee for the Measurement of Fluid Flow in Closed Conduits in JR, Arithaetical mean deviation gram the mean Tine L 5 in 7 of the profile (see 1S0/h 458) RyRy Rernotde number reterrec to Dor € dimensiones t Temperature of the flowing fluie 2 ¢ F T absolute temperature of the ficwing #16 ‘ « *R Ju tean axtal veieeity of the fui in the pipe ws furs fy Expansion Factor (See ¢ (41) dimers icntess 2 Gay (vaperi compressibility factor dimension’ Fes ap Thermal expansion Factor oF the pipe ee wart iain F ape Thermal eApansion facter of the prinsey cevice . mm'*e invin’ 2 Dianeter ratio, 6 = wo Ganensioniers Jaocn,,) Ditverential pressure (see note | below blo 0H 29. outhl Pressure Toss Fs Togint e011 Expansion factor cinensseniees 07,1 Expansion factor based on uPsicesn pressure | cinenssontess! 6,074] Expansion factor based on ccuns tren cinensroniees pressure £ eenteopic exponent cinensisnters x, Isenteapic eazonent based on apeirean dimensionless! *; Tsentropic exponent Based an ccunstrean dimeneientess! tq ean isentropic exponent cinensicniess Ju Absolute viscosity of the flue BOT Paes gens? bt Rote) vo Kinematic viscosity of the fluid, v= u/s art m/s tes Relative pressure loss eimensiontess log Bensity of flowing fluia mo? kom loge oy Density of #luid at bace cond: tions mo kg/m? Voy/ tt? rayagh Density oF waten 21 4B ane 18.476 psiay nt kg/m? Tegtt? + Pressure ration += py/>, dimers ioniess + Total angle of the divergent dinensioniess| radian deoree Tupscript , Feters to the wpatrean conditions Souscript 4 refers to the damstrean conci tions i fference Note ': In the US systen of units the inl,0 is a pressure unit and is equal to the between the pressure at the bottom of 2 céiuma of water one iach high, at 2 temperature of 68°F, at a standard gravity of 9, = 32.17405, and the standard atmospheric pressure (14.496 psi) en top of the water, One iaH,0 = 0,24864107 KPa. Note * replaces the pre 1 In this Standard for US practice the centipoise is used for absolute viscosity and us US unit, Idy/FL SS Hep = CIby/Ft 5) CL.4BB16s 10%) Cb ,es) (a,e1.aBu164 10%) Also, upp? —S— —= < ar 92.17805 Note *: In this Standard customary U.S. units Cin, psia, ete) are given in the for the convenience of the user. They are often given in brackets (1 after the ST units. 2.2 Pressure Measurement: Definitions 2.2.1 pressure tap: Hole or annular slot in a flange, fitting or the wall of a pipe, or throat of a primary device uhich is flush with the inside surface. 2.2.2 static pressure of a fluid ¢lowing through a primary device: Pressure measured by Connecting a pressure measuring device to a pressure tap in the plane of the differentia) pressure taps. (Only absolute static pressure is used in the equations presented in this Standarc.) 2.2.3. differential pressure: Difference between the static pressure measured on the upstream side and on the downstream side of 2 primary device Cor in the throat for a ventuci tube er nozeled, For installations other than horizonta) the lead lines must be installed in accordance with 10 2186 or API RPSSO to eliminate errors due to ehevation differences between the taps. The term ‘differential pressure’ 1s applicable only rf the pressure taps are in the positions specified by this Standard for each standard primery device. 2.2.4 pressure ratio: the absolute static pressure at the downstream pressure tap, divided by the upstream tap pressure 1 vy /D, ven 2.3 Prumary devices: Definitions 2.9.1 orifice on threat: Opening of minimum cross-sectsonal ares in a primary element, Standard primary element orifices are circular and co: with the meter run. 2.3.2 orifice plate: Imtn prate im which & circular concentric hove as deen machined. Standard orifice plates are described as ‘thie plate™ and ‘with sharp square edge,” because the thickness of the plate 1s smal! compared with the hole diameter ibore) and because the upstream edge of the orifice is sharp and square. 2.3.3 nozzle: Primary element which consists of a convergent inlet connected to a eylindrics? gection generally called the "throat.* 2.3.4 venturi tube: Element which consists of a cylindrical entrance sections followed by a convergent inlet connected to a cylindrical section called the *Yhroat™ anc 4 conical expanding section called the "divergent". If the convergent inlet is conical, the element is called a ‘classical venturi tube.” 2.3.5 diameter ratio of a primary element in a given pipe: The diameter of the orifice on throat of the primary element divided by the internal diameter of the measuring pipe upstream of the primary element, or of the lead-in section of 3 ventur However, when the primary element has a cylindrical section upstream, equivalent in dianeter to that of the pipe Cas in the case of the classical venturi tubed, the dianeter ratio (. ratio) is the quotient of the throat diameter divided by the dianeter of this cylindrical section at the plane of the upstream pressure taps. MEASUREMENT OF FLUID FLOW IN PIPES USING ORIFICE, 2ZLE, AND VENTURI :ASHE MFC-3M 1985 2.4 Flow: Definitions 2.4.1 rate of flow of fuid passing through a privary device: Mass or volume of fluid passing through the orifice or throat ger unit time; in all cases it is necessary to state explicitly whether the mass rats of flow exoressed in mass per time unit, or the volume rate of flow, expressed in voi-ne per time unit, is being used. 2.4.2 Reynolds number A dimensionless parameter used to define the flow crofile condition--it expresses a Patio between inertia and viscous forces. In this Standard it is referred to: = either the upstream condition of the flvic and the upstream diameter of the pipe, tee. SI units US units fy = 22s ta rps Bed «een Yi, Fao - ~ or the onifice or throat dianeter of the crimes devices Hote Rg = Rpt at Ee 2) The value of the votume rate of fou may be subs: ‘utes at Flawing oF base condi tions to obtain the Reynolds number 3.2 Method of sizing the bore of the selected Primary Element If st is necessary to have a closely specified OF (h,! for_a given slow rate, the bore diameter, d, must be calculated carefully, using Eq 1SCb) as shaun below. 14, on the other hand, flaw calculation need only have accurate values for d and B, under flowing conditions 3 21% value for 8 (and therefore d) can be obtained by using the value of 1.0 for both F, and cLY} and 0.6 for C for orifices in Eq 18¢b) with rah, Measured values for d afd 0 can then be used, corrected as in Eq 164 and 14h, ror the flaw calcutation, In the accurate sizing of the tore of any primary element it is necessary to use an iterative procedure because the discharge coefficient, C, the expansion factor « {Y), ang the effect of temperature Cthermal expansion) on 0 and d are not initially kncwe. These values are all f (4/0) ratio dependent. It is therefore neceseary tu iterate for ® and then solve for the measured bore at a reference temperature (20°C or eB°F). By substituting the relationship #708 = g?, Eq $1 may be rearranged to equate incur design factors to the B-dependent functions for iteration az: where all of the terms on the right hand side ot the equation are hacun and constant at the design cengi tions F, is tne thermal expansion correction factor: 2 Fo=fae Tae bev tie TE se] é aye Seon) Fenn [earl Senn . | Trignt sree ov 9 18) (Eq iSpy The bore 13 then dneze = Peate Onese Once G has been determined the actual measured dimensions cf d and D shovid be used to calculate the flow rate as shown in clause 3. 3.3 Computation of Flow rate 42> Except for Venturi tubes, within the limits of this standard, C is dependent on Rp, which is itself dependent on g,. Jn such cases, the final value of Cy and hence of qq, is to be obtained By iteration drom an initial chosen vatue of C Cor Ry).” Generally it may be convenient ta adopt the value of C at a Reynolds number selected at 80% of the maximum flou of the system being considered. 1b) ap represents the differential pressure, as defined under 2.2.3. ©) d,D, and # im the formulae, are the values at flowing conditions; measurements taken at other conditions shail be corrected for any possible expansion or contraction of the primary device and the pipe due to the values o (uid Leaperatuce during the measurement, It must be assumed that the primary device is at the same temperatuce as the pipe. ‘The 0 anc a values at any flowing temperature can be calculated with the equations: O= U1 tag, ft teas?) Speas (Eq 16a) De ES 6 ay CE ~ thegs?? gers (Eq 146) The true 6 can be calculated by the ratio of 4/0 from these equations. ‘These values are then used (9 calculate the discharge coefficient C, and the gas expansion facter ¢ (Y) for use tn the equations 11 or 12 to calculate the flas cate for any oP, knowing the density, p, and viscosity, vy at the flowing conditions. 6) It, however the flow rate (Eq 11 or 12) is to be calculated sing the valves of dugje and Dazzer @ Single combined correction factor may be calculated a8)° ee Normally the temperature taegg iS assumed to be 20°C (68°F) ‘meas €) It is necessary te Know the density and the viscosity of the fluid under the conditions of the flow measurement. 3.4 Determination of gas (vapor) density The density of the gas (vapor) is required to be known at either the plane of the upstream pressure tap or the plane of the downstream tap; it can either be measured directly with a densitometer or calculated from the fluid properties and equations of state. 4 useful relation using (deal specific gravity ist $1 us a5 8: 98) p= a.agaqo7e107? Fe p= 2.60825 (Eq 16 uhere compressability Z is found in tables, calculated from one of the equations of state, or determined through generalized diagrams. For calculating the density of a gas or vapor at base conditions (a) the base temperature, pressure and the compressibility factors are substituted into the above equations. 3.4.1 The static pressure of the fluid shall be measured in the radial plane of the upstream or the downstream pressure tap, by means of a separate pressure tap or by connecting in common with the differential pressure measurement (see 6.2.1 for description of tap holes) or by means of a carrier ring taps (as described in 6.2.4). Flow in or out of the pressure measurement line may cause an error in the differential pressure measurement. Separate taps may reduce this error if it is occurring. 3.4.2 Although the temperature of the fluid foom which the density and viscosity can te determined is preferably the one ip the upstream pressure tap plane, @ well or protcusioa located there would introduce errors, It may be assumed that the Uuansireain 40d upstream lemperatures are the same providing, fer gary thet p,/p,20.78) ané therefore the Lenperature of the fluid shall be measured downstream of the primary device. The therncneter well shall restrict the flow minimum white still providing an accurate measure af the tenperature of the flowing fluid, The distance between it and the primary device shall be at Teast equal to 9D and a maximum of 15 2. 3.4.3 Any method of determining reliable values of the pressure, temperature, Viscosity and density of the flurd is acceptable providing the locations of pockets, wells, protrusions, ete. are within the requirements of this Standard, and do not interdere with the distribution of the flo. (See Section 6.2. ‘ GENERAL MEASUREMENT REQUIREMENTS @.) Primary device 4.1.1 The primary device shall be manufactured, installed and used wn accordance with this Standard When the manufacturing characteristics and conditions of use of the prinary devices are outside the Timits given in this Standard, it is necessary to calibrate the primary device under, as nearly as practical, the actual conditions of use, After the calibration, additional uncertainties may be calculated only insofar as this Standard Is followed. If this Standard is not followed ne quidance can be given. 4-1,2 In order to avoid greater uncertainties thas those given in this Standard, it is recommended that a primary device used for continuous flow meaturement be visually checked periodically, more often if inspection shows the edge sharpness, surface roughness of plate flatness has changed enough to Tack conformity with thie Stan 8. 4.1.3 The coefficient of thermal expansion of the material used in the primary device fapc) and of the pive (an) must be known if flewing temperature 1% different from tnSt at which the diameters were measured, (See 3.3¢ and d) 4.2 Type of sig 4.2.1 The fluid may be either compressible (gas) or considered as incompressible Cigquid). 4.7.2 ‘The 4luid shall for all practical purposes he phycically and thermally homogeneous and of single phase through the primary device. 4.2.3 The density and viscosity of the fluid at the flowing conditions must be knowns see 43.4 for determination of density, Knowing the pressure and temperature. " 4.3 Elgw conditions 4.3.1 The rate ef flow shall be constant or, in practice, vary only Slightly and slowly with time, This Standard does not provide for the measurement of pulsating flow. Note: See 150 Technical Report 3313 "Measurement of pulsating siuig #1ow by jeans of oritice plates, nozzles or venturi tubes, in oarticulan in the case cf Singsorda) pr eguare wave intermittent periodic toe fluctust ior 4.3.2 The uncertainties specified in this standard are valid only when there is no Change of phase through the primary device. 1 liquid vaporization is experiences in the primary element, it may be corrected by increasing the static pressure or by reducing the temperature, Relocsting the tiow control valve to downsirean of the Gevice may De a possibiz solution. [4 condensation 1s occurring with compressible fluid flow, the static pressure should be reduced or the temperature increased, om both. To predict whether or not there is 2 phase change, the ftw computation shalt be carried out sumption that the expansion is isotherms] i4 the fluid 16 Tiquidy or isentropic 14 the fluid is a gas “because the temperature oF the transrticn is so critical). 4.3.3 14 the Fluid 1s @ gas, the pressure ratio Fy /F, shall be equal to or gceater than 0.75. 5. INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS 5. Benerat 5.t.1. The method of measurement applies only to fluids flowing through a pipe Line of Circular cross-section 5.4.2 The pipe shall run fuil at the measuring section, 5.1.3 The primary device shall be installed in the pipe Tine st a position such thet the Flow conditions inmedistely upstream approach those of a fully Geveloved profile ad are free from switl (see 5.4). Such conditions may be expected ic exist if the installation conforms to raquirenents given in this section $. 5.1.4 The primary device shail be installed between tus sections of steaight cylindrical pipe in which there is no ebstruction or branch connection (uhether or not there is flow into or out of such connections curing measurement) other than thos: specified in this Standard. The pipe is considered steaignt when it appears to be reasonably so by visual inspection. (See ANSI 836.10 and ASTH AS30). The required minimum straight lengths of Pipe, which conform to the description ebuve, vary according to the piping arrangenent, the type of primary device and the diameter ratio. They are specified in table 2 for orifice plates and Table é for venturies.. 5.1.5 The value for the pipe diameter D to be used in the computation of the dianeter ratio shall be the arithmetic mean of measurements made on at least four equally Separated diameters in the plane of the upstream tap. (See 3.3c) The upstream pipe is said to be circutar and cylindrical when no diameter in any plane differs by more than 0.25% from the arithmetic mean of measucements made on at least four diameters, Gistributed in each of at least three cross-sections themselves distributed over a length of 6.5 D. Two of these cross sections shall be at distances 0D and 0.5 0 from the upstream tap, and one being in the plane of the weld in the case of a welded neck construction even when the weld is farther upstream than 0.50. Care should be taken not to make a D measurement at a ring gap or a gasket. No diameter of the downstream straight length measured over a length of at least 2D Gosnstream of the primary element, shall differ from the mean diameter of the upstrear straight length by more than 20. 5.2.2 Location of primary device and rings 5.2.2.1 The primary device shall be placed in the pipe in such a way that the fTuig figs from the upstream face towands the downstream face (see the arrow “flow direction* on the appropriate figure? 5.2.2.2 The orifice plate shall be perpendicular to the center-line of the pipe to within s 1, 5.2.3.3 Eccentricity The eccentricity of the orifice bore d to the upstream pipe bore Dican result in a positive aias error in the discharge coefficient. In line sizes greater than nomins! 1000m (4in} the following equation for maximum eccentricity towards the measuring taps can be used to maintain the coefficient uncertainty given in this Standard: 0,00: 0. + 2.38 «Eq 19) In Tine sizes o¥ nominal Pum (Bin? or less, an eccentricity towards the taps should be no greater then D.Gom (0.03inJ, For eccentricities in other directions, away from the tags, an eccentricity of 1,5% 0 may be allowed. FANE ORIFICE BORE, reance eur cine onifice PLATE OB FLANGE Bone Pure oD, Figure 1, Eccentricity of installed orifice 14 5.2.4 Assembly, cings, and gaskets 5.2.4.1 When seal rings for orifices or carrier rings for corner tap orifices sre used, they shall be so centered that at ne point do they protrude inte the pipe. 5.2.4.2 Gaskets oF sealing rings, if vsed, shall be made and inserted im such 3 way that they do not protrude at any point ineice the pipe or across the prescuce tap oF slot ishen corner taps are used. Their compressed thickness ss)! De used 1m determining the location of the pressure tape fur orifice installations 5.2.4.3 If gaskets are used between the primacy device and the annular chamber rings, they shail not protrude inside the annuler chamber. 5.2.4.4 The maximum allowable recess or gap preceding or following the orifice plate, in the orifice flange, ring type Joints, carrier rings, or between the eng of the pipe and the plate, the length of which, measured parallel to the axis of the pipe, is 130 [0.8in} for flange or Duby? taps. 5.3 ‘The upstream lengths of pipe given in this Standand for gives uncertainties are based on dats taken in 1927 and ansivzed in the 1930's. These uncertainties are to be (reated as bias error limits as cuthined in MEC-2, Sune gdditinnal data taken recent years have indicated that these lengths may not be long enough. Additional Gata will improve the confidence in the required lengths and will be used in a revision as soon as it is availatle, Unt) then, for important flew measurements it is recommended to: 1) Always use lengths as much longer than specified as practical, and 2) Use #low conditioners, or 3) Calibrated in-situ or in a calibration installation as nearly as possible identical to the planned flow measurenent 5.4 Upstream and downstream straight lengths for installation between varicy Fittings and the primary device 5.4.1 The straight lengths listed in Table 2.6 are the miniqum acceptable lengths and may be subject to an additional uncertainty of up to 0.5% on the discharge coefficient, except as noted, 5.4.2 When the straight lengths are equal to or Tonger than twice the values given in Table 2 &é no additional uncertainty is indicated. 3.4.3 When either the upstream or the downstream straight lengths are shorter than the values given in table 2&6 this Standard gives no information by which to predict the value of any further uncertainty to be taken into account. 5.4.4 The values mentioned in table 2 &é shal be fully open. It is recomended that control of the rate of flow be effected by valves located downstream of the primary device. Isolating valves located upstream shall be preferably of the gate on ball type, full bore, and shall be fully open. 5.4.5 After a single change of direction 5 3.5 5 fra 5? 6 wot ¢ 2 alas)? pas |e 3 : wl ¢ 3 0.50) 7 wo 4 5 [20 5 s i] 8 3 oss] 8 |i 4 5 fee 5 10 se}? z o.4o} 8 13 45 5,5] 24 5 it 2 |? 308 ees} 163 & lz ‘ 13 a 3.3 0.70) 44 18 5.8 65/31 ? 15 2 | 10 BS 0.75) 18 = jar & 7 Jas " 1" | 32 4 Hinimun upstream Fittings straight length required For al) | Abrupt symmetrical reduction having a di 15 B values | ratio 2 0.5 Note 1) These lengths require no additional uncertainty, but the uncertainties for shorter lengths are not well enough known to be given in this Standard. Note 29 These lengths require no additional uncertainty Note 2) The insertion of 5 to 10D straight Yengths detueen the tuo bends is sufficient to make the combined effect the same as the single bends in the left coluan 5.5 Flow conditioning devices NOTE: Since many upstream piping and fitting configurations will recutt im a swirl, ane suit may take 50 to 1uu D straight lengins to die out uy itself, it is peccamended that a Mow conditioner be used uhenever possible on important flow measuring installations, Flaw conditioners are used to enable the use of shorter upstream lengths. Flow conditioning devices of the types described below will provide installations with zero additional uncertainty providing the straight pipe length between the i sturbance and the conditioner, and the straight pipe length between the conditioner and the primary element, are equal to at least the lengths shown in Table 2. See @ 5.4.3. and 15.8. The upstream lengths (C') and downstream lengths (C) are given for the configuration for which the effects have Deen sufficiently documented. The effectiveness of flow conditioners, for the reduction ct required upstream lengths of pipe, given in this Standard for given uncertainties, are based on data taken in the 1920's and 1930's, (These uncertainties are to be trested az Dias limit errors as covered by ANSIYASME MFC-2M). Some additional data taken in recent years have indicated that these lengths may not be long enough. Additional dats will improve the Lonfidencs in the lengths required with cooditigners. Until thea, for important Flow measurenents, it is recommended tor 1) Always use lengths as much longer than specified as practical, and 2) Use 4low conditioners, or 3) ibrated in-situ or in a calibration installation as nearly as possidle identical to the planned flow measurement FIGURE 2-Condi tioners Type A Tube Bundle Flow Conditioner Type 8: Zanker “Straightener* Type C: Sprenkle “Straightener” 5.5.1 Types of conditioning cevices The three standardized types of conditioners, A, © and C are shown in figure 2, It should be noted that these cevices create approximately the following pressure losses: st us. In the case of Types AS 8 py? aq? : on’ sees f= 4.089 2 b= 0.0029RE ou? - 100.2 (Eq 20) 2 oe, ony In the case of Type C: with unbevelled upstream holes, ou? Ge ou = 4 Le 11,35 h = 0.00899 pu 106nm (450) 130m (0.5in} Ine minimum size of tap holes shall be dam [0,25in} 6.2.4.5 The pressure tap holes shall be circular and cylindrical, These holes mzy increase in diameter at any location away from the inner wall. 4, however, they are decreased, this decrease may not occur for at least 2.5 hole diameters away from the pipe inner wall, 6-2.2 angular position of pressure taps for flange and D & 0/2 orifices 6.2.2.1 The axis of the upstream tap and that of the downsteeam tap may be loceted in different axial planes. (see 5.4.5). 4.2.2.2 However, attention is called to the fact that, in all cases, the reading of differential pressure obtained by these pressure taps shall be in accordance with the definition of 2.2.3. 4.2.3 SPACING OF PRESSURE TAPS 6.2.3.1 The spacing (2) of a pressure tap is the distance between the centerline of the pressure tap and the plane of one specified face of the orifice plate. hen installing the pressure taps, due account Aas to be taken of the thickness of the gaskets and/or sealing material, which are to be used, 4.2.3.2 The location of the pressure taps uith respect to the oritice plate defines the type of standard installation; flange, D aad D/2, corner. 6.2.3.3 The location of corner taps is described in 6.2.4, 6.2.3.4 QRIFICE PLATES WITH ELANGE TAPS (see fia 4 The spacing t, of the upstream tap is nominally 25.4 mm U1 in] and is measured from the UPSTRESH face of the orifice plate. The spacing 4% of the dounstream pressure tap is ominaily 25.4 mm C1 in} and is measured from the DOWNSTREAM iace of the orifice plate. D, b/2 taps Flange teps ALLOWABLE VARIATION & mm ALLOWABLE VARIATION + in o 4 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Figure 4: Location for Orifice Flange and 0 & 0/2 Pressure Taps ry 6.2.3-5 ORIFICE PLATES WITH 0 AND D/? TAPS (see tig 4) Both t, and ¢, spacings are measured from the UPSTREAM face of the orifice plate. The spacing t, of the upstream pressure tap is nominally equal to 0, but may be DeS% without modification of the flow coefficient. ‘The spacing 4, of the dounstream pressure tap is nominally equal to 0-5D, but may be 0.5 D + Imm (4.040in) without modification of the discharge coefficient: [for the purposes of this Standard 4;=(4,-£)=0.470, where ty is the distance fram the downstream face of the plate to the center of the tap hole]. 4.2.4 ORIFICE PLATE WITH CORNER TAPS (see fig 5) 6.2.4.1 The spacing betueen the centerlines of the taps and the respective faces of the plate iS to be selected so that the tap holes break through the wall flush with the faces of the platecsee 6.2.4.5) 6.2.4.2 The taps may be either single taps or annular slots. Both types of taps can be located either in the pipe, its flanges, or in carrier rings aS shown in figures ¢ and 5. 6.2.4.3 The diameter Cx) of single taps or the width (J) of annular slots are given below, The minioum dianeter is determined in practice by the likelihood of accidental blockage and satisfactory performance. Clean fluids and ste For 83 0.65: 0.005 Dz aor js 0.030 For 8 > 0.65 0.01 0s aor ss 0.020 For any values of 6 For clean fluids: Imm (0.08ia} + a or J s 10mm (0.8 ind For steam with annular chambers: Imm (0.05in) < a or js 10mm (0.SinI For steam and for liquefied gases with single taps: Sn (0.18in) 2 oF J 5 39mm (0.5in} 4.2.4.4 The annular slets usually break through the pipe over the entire perimeter, with no break ir continuity, Jf not, each chamber shall connect with the inside of the pipe by at least four openings, the axes of uhich are at equal angles, to one another and the individual opening area of each is at least 12mm? (0.02in7). 1 caenec cng f: Thickness of the slot cr Length of upstream ring c’tength of downstream ting bi Diameter of the cing * Ji Width of the upstream ang Aounctresm anaular clots a: dianetee of individual tap roles. si distance from carrier ring to upstream steo ulice ate FIGURE 5, Corner Taps 6.2.9.5 1f individual pressure taps, as shoun in figure Sb, lower portion, are used, the centerline of the taps shail cross the center-line of the pipe at as near a right angle (90°) as possible. 14 there are several individual pressure taps for the same upstream or downstream axial plane, their center-Tines shall form equal angles with each other, around the pe. The diameters cf individual pressure taps are given in 6.2.4.3. The pressure taps shall be circular and cylindrical over a length af least 2.5 times the diameter of the taps, measured from the incer wall of the pipe. 6.2.4.6 The inner diameter hoof the carpiae rings muct he equal to or greater th the diameter 0 of the pipe to ensure that they do not pretrude into the pipe. The inner diameter must net Be geeater than 1.00250. See 9 5.1.5, 4 5.2.1.2 and € 5.2.1.3 for allowable step. The lengths c and ¢’ of the upstream and dounstream rings (figuee 5) shall not be greater than 0.5 9. The length # shalt be greater than or equal te twice the width a of the annular stot, The area of the cross section of the annular chanter g xh shal? be greater than or equal to half the total area of the opening connecting this chamber to the inside of the pipe. 4.2.4.7 All surfaces of the ring which can be on contact with the measured fluid shall be clean and have & good machined finish. 6.2.4.6 The pressure laps commectiny the annular chambers to the secongary devices are pipe-wall taps, circular at the point of breakthrough and with diameters 43) between 4 and 10mm {0.15 and 0.Sin} (See ¥ 6.2.1.5) 6.2.4.9 The upstream and downstream carrier rings are not necessarily symmetrical in relation to each other, but they shall both comply with the foregoing specifications. $.Z.4.10 The diameter of the pipe to be used for the calculation of the diameter ratio, and hence the flow-rate, is to he measured ax defined in € 5.1.5, the carrier ring being regarded as part of the primary device. The mean diameter of the carrier ring b shalt be used in the calcubation. This also applies to the length requirement given in 4 5.2.1.1 so that the length s is to be taken from the upstream edge of the recess formed by the carrier ring. 6.3 Coefficients and corresponding uncertainties for orifice plates. 4.341 Limits of use, roughness Cor corner taps) shal} conform to the values in table 5. TABLE 5 ~ Upper Limite of celative coughness of the upstream pipe for Corner tap orstice plates * ss [once | 034 | ese [ose [oa [oes [es] os |e? | Conner taps asfsss | iz9]fsooles [rr fee [as [az] ao 10% k/D The value of X , uniform equivalent roughness, expressed in length units, depends cn several factors such as height, distribution, angularity and other geometric aspects. of the roughness elements at the pipe wall. A full seale pressure Toss test of a sample length of the particular pipe should be racried tut te determine the value of K taticfactorily. However, approximate values of k for different materials can be obtained #rom the various tables given in reference literature, and appendi> A gives value of k for 3 variety of materials, as derived from the Colebrock formula. Most of the experiments on which the values of C given tor corner Laps in the presi Standard are based, were carried cut in pipes with a relative scughness k/Ds3.S410 Pipes with higher relative roughness may be used If the roughness for at least 10 0 upstream of the orifice plate is within a maximum roughness of Sun [350vial ‘or the Limits given in table 5 for corner taps). 4.3.2 Contficients 4.3.2.1 DISCHARGE coEFENCIOM ‘The discharge coefficient € is given by the equation: (Eg 23) © = 0.5959 + 0.0312 p?°* = 0.1940 e* + G.opDeL, o*c1-B4)7# -0.0397 Lie? + 91.71Bt** uheret L, = dimensiontess correction for upstream tap location = £,0°'ymeasured from upstream face. ue +f ounstraint aot, ue . . noone = E07, + dounstream +. FOR SI_UITS, a” and 0’ in millimeters For Corner Taps: Ly = Wye (Bq 26 = 0.5957 + 0.0312 87°! ~ 0.1060 BY + 4.71 BIT RQ ee? For Flange Taps: (O/t © 58.6 nal, = Lj = 25.4 07 «Eq 25a) C= 0.5959 + 0.031287" - 0.2040" + 2,2860¢0- 'B4Cr-p4)™* = 0.8560¢0/) 8? + 9N.74BT FAQ TE Fos Flange Tape: (S08 2 0) 2 S@Aimm, L, = 0.4992, Lp = 25.8 (OOF (Eq 288) © = 0.5959 + 0.0312 p?** - 0.1840 5 + 0.0390 Bfti-84)"! - 0.856060") 3 Bes ge pF 4 91,7287 Ry” For D & 0/2 Taps: L, = 0.6333, Ly = 0,47 (Eq 26) C= 0.5959 4 0.0312 p7" - 0.1840 pt + 0.0990 8*¢1- 4"? - 0.01886 62 + 91,71 BITE RQ e?F FOR US WNITS, ¢ and D in inches, For Corner Taps: (ea 28 © = 0.8959 + 0.0312 p7-? - 0.1640 Bf 91,71 87°F Ry For Flange Taps: 2 2.3 inches), L, = Lj sq 254) C= 0.5959 + 0.0312 82°? ~ 0.1840 9° + 0.0900 OtR4c1~ BAS! ~ 0.0337 DMB? 91.71 BEF RQ TF For Flange Taps: (2 «0 < 2.9) inches Uy= 0.4999, Ly «07 «Eg 25) © = 0.5959 + 0.0012 87°! = 0.1840 8° + 0.0390 B4c1- a4"! = 0.0337 vfs? + 91.71 BPE RQ er? For D & D/2 Taps: L, = 0.4933, Ly (Eq 26 C = 0.5959 + 0.0312 87°! = 0.1840 Bf + Dt = 0.01584 87 + FL.71 Bt Ry Os This formula is to be used only for tap arrangements defined in sub-sections 6.2.3.4, 6.2.3.5, OF 6.2.4. In particular, it es not permitted to enter into the equation pairs Of values of , and tf which do not match one of the three standardized tap arrangements This formula ts valid, and so are the uncertaintirs, as given nereunder, when the measurement matches all of the limitations stated in 6.3.1, and the general installation requirements as stated in section 5. 6.3.2.2 EXPANSION FACTOR For the three tap arrangements, the empirical formulas for computing the expansion factors are as follows: » = 1 = (41 + 0.9584) ap/ep, Y, = Cat + 0.9584) (£9 27) Wie, he «Eq 28) egefreth -s0.4140,955 22 yy {.. Seow “60.40.3584 a Pa KP fTOR/E, 2 27.7389 78ST a unere subscript 1 indicates upstream and subscript 2 indicates downstream This formula is applicable only within the cange of the limits of use given in clauses 6.3.1 and 6.3.3.1. Test results for the determination of « LY] are known for air, steam, and natural gas only. However, there is no known abjection to using the same formula for other es and vapours for which the isentropic exponent is Known, or can be calculated. However the formula is applicable only if p,/p, # 0.75 6.3.3 Uncertainties 6.3.3.1 UNCERTAINTY OF DISCHARGE COEFFICIENT Any equations may be used for calculating the distharge coefficient providing ther give results that agree with the equations in 6.3.2.1 above within the uncertainties given below. The percentage uncertainty (Bias limits) of the value of C (beyond any known error in By Dy Rpy andx/D) is equal to: For Sdnm sD < 900m (Zin s Ds 36in) (Nominal sizes? 6 0.2 0.6 = 0.75 10000 < Ry = 10% 0.69% %4 See example below. 2000 + R, = 10000 00.6 + The uncertainties given here are only valid for the Equations 23 through 26, Example: The uncertainty, for Rp = 12 000 and & = 0.53, 15 0.6%, and for 8 = 0.74, is 0.74% NOTE! 5 5.4.3 nal_ingor n. 6.3.3.2 UNCERTAINTY OF EXPANSION FACTOR then 8, ep/p (h/pl, and ¢ are assumed to be Known without error, the percentage Uncertainty of the value cf « (Y] +s equal tor st us 4 app O.1ad np % 6.4 Pressure loss au th) The pressure lose, au (ll, fur the orifice plates described in this Standard is approximately related to the differential pressure op Ch} by the equation, 1-8 _ cyt IB" «gg? tae Lop ne EE cag 289 Timpet c0? pit 8? This pressure loss is the cifference in static pressure between a wail pressure measured on the upstream Side of the primary device, where the influence of the proach impact pressure adsacent to the plate becomes negligible Capproximately 10 Upstream of the primary device) and that meacured on the downstream side of the device where the static pressure recovery by expansion of the jet may be considered as just completed (approximately 40 downstream of the primary device). ASME FLOW NOZZLES There are thee (3) types of lena radius style ASE Flow Noxzles covered by the Standard. These are = ASME High beta ratio norzte (0.50 ¢ 8 = 0.80) - ASHE Low beta ratio nozzle (0,20 5 6 < 0.80) ~ ASME Theoat Tap flow nozzle (0.25 sp < 0.50) 1$8 (now International Standards Organization 180) 1932 flow nozzles ang Venturi Nozzles generally are net manufactured in the United States ang have not been included in this Stanuarg. Tnfurmetiun on these designs are provided in 160 S147 or ASME Fluid Meters. Uni le this Standard covers details of the ASME throat tap nozzle, the user is directed te ANSIZASME PIC 6 fer additional Information as to construction, use and inspection of the ASHE throat tap nozzle. 7.1 RECOMMENDED PROPORTINNS FOR ASME NOZ7LES Figure 6 illustrates the proportions ef each of the three types of ASME flow nozzles with respect to throat and pipe inside dianeter. a2 7.1.1 Entrance Section - al) ASHE flew nozzles covered dy this Standard are long radius style nozzles which have the shape of a quarter ellipse in the entrance section, The value of the major axis and the minor axis of the ellipse are: shown in Figure & for each type of flaw nozzle. The maior center line of the ellipse shall be parallel to the centerline of the nozzte within one tenth (0.3%) percent. The ellipse shall terminate at a point no greater than D regardless of the value of the minor axis. The profile of the ellipse may be checked by means of a template. 7.4.2 Throat Section - The throat section shall have a diameter (d) and a length as shoun in Figure 6, The value d) shall be the average cf four equally spaced Capproximately 48 degree) meacurements of the threat diameter taken in each of three equally spaced intervals along the length of the throat section and covering at Teast 3/4 of the throat length. The throat shall be as cylindrical as possiole. No diameter shall differ by more than 0.05% from the average diameter d. Under no circumstances shal! the throat diameter increase toward the nozzle exit end. A decrease in diameter (d) toward the exit end is acceptable if within the 0.05% variation allcied fron the average diameter (d?. 7.1.3. Exit End Section - The exit end section shalt be as shown in Figure 6. High 6 Nozzie Low 6 Nozzt¢ Low p Nozzle, with throat taps 0.50.29 = 0,00 0.20 5 6 < 0.50 125s p< 0.50 o,= 02 nee ned r= 072 s/ed trys 2/26 Sieg sr, # 2/3d UF 4 0.80 or ¢ 0/3 0.63 ¢ Ly = 3/4d 48 2b o-Caednmlt/dio}) Sam 1/8ial « € = Lwalt/2ind dy = 574d Dont i/Bin} «ty 2 0.18D Somtizein) + t, 2 0.150 ts aa = 38009/2i0) aonb Zoints 62 Sant t/4i03 T= 174d Figure 6, ASME NOZZLES 3.4 General Requirenents for the ASME flaw nozzles - PuLALI The distance drm the pipe reside diameter and the outside diameter of the noazie thecat shall be greater than or equal to Samil.125i0), 7a It 1s reccamended that ¢ shoulder for centering of the nozzle assembly in the pipe be provided. if this shoulder 1s provided, it should be no larger in outside Giameter than D-0.Ge0b ang should be no longer than t, x 2. In no case stall the Centering shoulder cover any part cf the downstream tap. 2.1.4.2 The thirknece “1 chali he eufficieat to pe throat from the strains of machining or installation, vent distortion of the nozzle. 7.34.4 The surface of the inser face of the nozzle shall be polished or machined smooth and shall have @ maximum rovghoess of O-8ym.f22uin}. The exit end must not have reunding or burrs. 7.1.4.5 The downstream ‘ovisice) face cf the nozzle shall be cylindrical and machined smooth of otherwise censtructed ©o ac to elimmmate ay pockets of pits which might retain debris or matter which may be found in the flowing media. F.1d. ASME long radius nezzics may be made from any suitable material erovides th. the material dees not wear eacily and the nozzle Femaias dimensionally stable, 7.2 PRESSURE TAP REQUIRENENTS 7.2.1 General Requirements - ASHE long radius flow nozzles shall use taps which conform Co Use requirenente of © 6.2.) 8A ¥ 6.2.2 nErein. 7.2.2 Upstream Tap - The upstream taps) shall be located in the pipe wall at a distance D (40.20,-0.19) from the plane of the inlet face of the nozzle. 7.2.3 Downstream Tap ~ Throat tap nozzles shal? have tapts) as shawn in Figure é. Nozzles without throat tap(s) stall be used with wail tap(s tocated at 9.50 (: 0.010) from the plane of the inlet face of the nozzle. (Under certain installation geometries thic cperificstion places the tap dawnetresm of the nozzle, which 1 cot Permitted.) Under no circumstances may any part of the downstream tap be located downstream of the plane of the nozzle exit end. 2.8 INSTALLATION REGUIRENENTS 7.341 Pipe ~ ASHE flow nozzles which are used im accordance with this Standard shalt be used with pipe conforming to 5.2.0. In addition to the requirements of 5.2.0, the Pipe internal surface roughness should not exceed Gumt300uin) over an area of 40 preceding and 2D following the plane of the inlet face of the nozzle. If boring and/or honing (machining) 1s required, such machining should extend {or & distance of at least 4D upstream and 2 D duwnstream of the plane of the inlet face of the nozzie. ‘The machined portion shall be tapered into the unmachined portion of the pipe at an included angle of less than 30 degrees. The depth of the machining should be: the minimun required to cblain the surface finish. The machined inside diameter (0) of the pipe should be uniform throughout the machined length 20.25%. All machining should be accomplished after al} necessary welding of flanges, pressure taps or other melded attachnonte hac heen accomplished. 2.3.2 Flanged installation - ASME nozzles shown in Figure 6 are designed to be installed between raised face pipe flanges. Nozzles may also be used with other style of +langes if such use docs not interfere with the flowing media. 7.3.3 Installation without (Manges ~ ASME nozzles may also be installed directly in pipe conforming te this Standard by welding or pinning the nozzle to the pipe inside Gianeter. If such 9 method if used, care should be taken to ensure against any protrusions into the flowing media upstream or downstream of the nozzle. 2.3.4 Centering - The suzzle shall be manufactured so that the clearance between the nozzle shoulder and the pipe inside diameter shall be uniformly greater than Bra 0.02016) of the pipe into which it is installed. 7.3.5 Straight Piping Lengths - The upstream and downstream straight piping requirements for ASME nozzles are the same as giver in 5.4 herein for orifice plates. 7.3.6 Flow Conditioners - The flow conditioners as described in 5.5 herein may be used with ASHE flaw qozzles within the limitations and expected results as given. 7.4 ASHE FLOW NOZZLE COEFFICIENTS 7.4.1 Wall Tap Nozzle Discharge Coefficients ~ When used in accordance with this Standard, the coefficient of discharge of ASME flow nozzles with wall (aps is as given by the following formula: C= 0.9975 - 0.00652 106/84)" ap 190.084n-2.06n741 1887, CEQ. 347 ‘The definition given in the last paragraph of 6.4 also applies to the permanent pressure loss of ASME nozzles. 8. ASME VENTURI TUBES There are three types of ASHE venturi tubes covered by this Standard. Each type i identified by the method of manufacturing, the internal suréace of the entrance cone and the profile at the rntersection of the entrance cone and the throat, These three types are described in @ 8.1.1 to € 8.1.3. 190 Venturi Nozzles generally are not manufactured im the United States and have not been included in this Standard, Information on these designs are provided in 180 5147 or ASME Fluid Meters. 8.1.1. ASHE VENTURI WITH & ROUGH CAST CONVERGENT - this venturi tube is manufactured from castings. he throat is machined and the Junctions between the throat, the entrance section and the convergent and divergent sections are rounded. 8.1.2 ASME VENTURI WITH A MACHINED CONVERGENT - This venturi tube 1s manufactured as in @ 8.1.1, except that the entrance section, convergent and throat are machined as one assembly from a bar, forging or other suitable material, The junctions between the Convergent and the entrance sections and throat may not be rounded. 9.1.9. ASME VENTURI UITH A FABRICATED CONVERGENT - This venturi tube is manufactured from formed metal sheet and/or other suitable materials and is usually joined together by welding. The junctions between the convergent and the entrance section, convergent and throat are not rounded. The throat section is machined if necessary to secure the degree of roundness or roughness required herein. 37 PEI"O 40 Gio FY PUR CUIPH/SZIUNIDT 5 ¥ > CUIZEZg IE 9p eK epee Izeymuora Fg F CUIPIUNOSE Jor Z/a Fz > b/d jwugst 5G 5 CUFpIMMOOT Joy Yas Zvae Curorsemose + b7a7 = TY vo ge Figure 7 mcmama! = Saale 134y) ye>¥puD ‘ay aovonsa ion69 Ww9ds9K10 won + quabianua 4 PROFILE OF THE ASME VENTURI TUBE 8.2 GEOMETRIC PROFILES FOR ASME VENTUR) TUBE Figure ? illustrates a cross sectional view of an ASME Classical Venturi Tube. The letters used in Figure 7 are for reference purposes. The venturi is composed of an entrance cylinder A>, connected to a conical convergent section (B), a cylindrical throat section (C), and a conical divergent section (C). All sections are concentric with the center line of the venturi tube, This may be checked by visual examination. 8.2.1 ENTRANCE SECTION - The entrance section shail have an inside diameter (D) anc it shall be at least one inside diameter long. The inside diameter of the entrance section shat] not vary from the matching pipe inside diameter by more than 0.010 anc it shall be concentric with the matching upstream pipe when examined visually, The inside diameter of the entrance section shall be measured in the plane of the pressure taps at a minimum of four C4) equally spaced (approximately a5 degree) measurements Passing through the center line of the section. These measurements must be made so that at least one measurement is taken at or near each pressure tap. No inside diameter measurement shall vary fron the average of these measurements by more than 20.5%. 8.2.2 CONVERGENT SECTION - The convergent section (B) shall be conical with an included angle of 21 21 degrees. The convergent section begins at the plane of the tadius Ry, ends at the plane of the radius R,, and is approximately (2.7(0-0)] Tong when measured on the center line of the venturi. The profile of the convergent section may be checked with a straight template and shall not deviate from the template by more than 20,008D. 8.2.3 THROAT - The throat shall have an inside diameter (6) which shall be round to within 20.1% of the average inside diameter. The throat shall be parallel and cylindrical with the center line of the venturi tube when examined visually. The throat begins at the radius R, and ends at the radius R, and has a length of 1.06 20.05d. The radii at each end of the throat shall be as proviced in 4 6.2.7, 96.2.6 or € 8.2.9 herein and when compared with a template shall not deviate from it by more than 0.020, ‘The inside diameter (d) shail be measured in the plane of the pressure taps at four <4) equally spaced (approximately 45°) measurements passing through the center line of the throat. The location of these measurements may be made beginning at any point fon the internal circumference as long as at least one (1) measurement is taken at or hear each preccure tap. No inside diameter measurement chill vary rom the average cf these measurements by more than 8.2.4 DIVERGENT SECTION - the divergent section ¢E? shall be conical and shat) have an included angle between 7° and 15°. It is reconmended than an angie of 7° be chosen for minimum permanent pressure toss. The smallest diameter of the divergent section shall be not less than the inside diameter , thy internal surfaces shall be Clean and free from all protrusions, encrustations, angvcr welding deposits. 8.2.7 CHARACTERISTICS OF AM ASHE VENTURI WITH ® ROUGH CAST CONVERGENT - The minima length of the entrance section (A) shall be equal to the «maller of 1D or (0.25 D + 250mmC10 in.J). The internal surface of the entrance section (A) and the convergent section FOR ASME VENTURI TUBES UITH A ROUGH CAST OR FABRICATED CONVERGENT - The value of the coefficient of discharge CC) for a venturi tube with a rougn cast or fabricated convergent section is c= 0,984 «Eq. 35) When the venturi is manufactured and used in accordance with this Standard and the following limitations are observed: 81 us 190mm ¢ 0 = 1200mm {din sD ¢ aBind 0.30 4 8 £0.75 2x $08 s Ry s bx 30% Note: Upper limitation of {200m (48in) is recommended as a maximum; however, current data indicates that Venturis may be used up to 21000m (S$in} with retiapility. Fig. 8, Discharge Coefficients of ASME Rough Cast Venturi tubes as a function of RM 8.8.3 COEFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE (C) FOR ASME VENTURI TUES WITH A MACHINED CONVERGENT = The value of the coeéficient of discharge (C) for a venturi tube with a machined convergent section ist c= 0.995 «eq. 38 Unen the venturi is manufactured and used in accordance with this Standard and the following limitations are observed: S0rm s 9 ¢ 200m (2in 0s tdind 0.20 + 6 + 0.78 2x is Ry s 2x 108 8.5.4 EXPANSION FACTOR ¢ (Yl The information given in 47.4.3 also applies to ali venturi tubes covered by Section 8, provided the limits of use as given in 48.5.2 or $8.5.3 are observed. 8.4.1 UNCERTAINTY OF COEFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE (C) - The percentage of uncertainty oF the coefficient of discharge as given in $8.5.2 and ¥8.5.3 is equal to 1.0% regardless of the method of manufacture, 8.4.2 UNCERTAINTY OF THE EXPANSION FACTOR < CY] - The percentage of uncertainty of the expansion factor for ASME venturi tubes as given in 8.5.4, +s equal to the Following expression: st us. ay ay he » 100 = (4#1008") SEs 100 = co.naa + s.eiet) x ¥ 1 ae 8.7 PRESSURE LOSS OF VENTURI TUBES ~ & Ch,7 Figure 9, PRESSURE LOSS ACROSS AN ASHE VENTURI TUBE 8.7.1. DEFINITION OF PRESSURE LOSS (Figure 9) ~ the loss of pressure caused by + Venturi tube, ate specified flow rate, may be measured by determining the pressure in the pipe prior to and subsequent to the installation of the Venturi. AS illustrates by Figure 9, op’ is the difference in pressure measured between a point 1 0 upstrest foom the upttresm end of the Urnturi and a point 6 D dounstrean from the dounstrean end of the Venturi prior to installation of the venturi. apt is the difference in pressure aiter installation at the sane pressure measuring locations. The pressure Voss is equal to ap" ~ ap’. opt =ap’ 8.7.2. UALUE OF THE PRESSURE LOSS ~ The value, t= a, the pressure loss: (1) Decreases as diameter ratio increases. (2) Decreases as Reynolds number increases. (3) Decreases as divergent angie decr es. +4) Roughness of Internal Surface - Pressure lose decr decrease ses as roughness (3) Decreases ae alignment with matching pipe is improved. Pressure loses are generally within S% te 20% of the developed differential pressure as shown in the Charts in Appendix 0. The largest influence on pressure loss is the divergent cone angle and B, Utilizing only these two factors, the formulae shoun below provides estimates for loss as 2 percentage of developed differential pressure. For 15° incluged angie divergent R= 0.494 - G.868 + 0.598" For 7° included angle divergent e = 9.218 - G.a2e + 0.3887 6.8 INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS FOR ASNE VENTURI TUBES 8.3.1 CIRCULARSTY OF PIPE - In the inmediate vicinity of the ASME venturi tube the following shall apply: (1) The average upstream pipe diameter (D/) shall be within 21.0% of the average diameter (D> for at least 2D measured upstream from the entrance section 12) No single measurement of the upstream pipe diameter (D’) shall differ by more than 22.0% from the average diameter (D) of the ASHE venturi entranc: section for at least 20 preceding the entrance section. (3) The average downstream pipe diameter must not be less than 90% of inside diameter of the dounstream end of the diffuser section of the ASHE Ventur is 6.8.2 ROUGHNESS OF UPSTREAN FIFE - The upstream pipe shall not ave & roughness of greater than 1/0 x 107? for at least 2D from the upstream end of the emtrsnce fection of the venturi tube. €.8.3 ALIGMENT OF THE ASHE VENTURI - The offset betiveen the center lines of the upstream pipe and the Venturi shall be lest than ©.0050 and shall be aligned with the upstream piping to within 3°. 8.6.4 RECOMMENDED UPSTREAM STRAIGHT LENGTHS FOR ASYE VENTURIS - Table é gives the minimum straight upstream lengths reconmended by this Standard for which there is an additional 0.5% uncertainty on otscharge coefficient. 8.8.4.1 LIMITATIONS - The limitations given in ¢5.d.1 thrv 85.9.4 apply to the values Given in Tabie 6. All straight lengtns are expreesed in multiples of inside diameter fDi as measured from the upstream tap of the Venturi tube. The pipe roughness for the entire length of reconmended ctraight run should net exceed that of new, commercially available pipe. TAELE ¢ - RECONSENDED STRAIGHT LENGTHS (4), (2 (For 0.8% Addi tional Uncertainty? Dia- | Singte 90°] Two or sore | Tuo or more | Reducer 30 | Expander | Gal! or meter | short | 90° bende } 90° bends | te D over | 0.780 to 0 Gate Vaive Retio | Radius | in the same | in different | a length of | over # — [Fully Open Bendcs? | planets) | planess,a) ] ef 3.50 | length of B wo oe 0.30 6.36 0.5 os? os OS 0.35 o.56?? oS O58 oS ols 9.40 0.56? aS a8 Os 1s oes | es a5 os 1.0 4 aise as 85 os us 1s. 8.55 8 12.5 0.5 1s 0.60 ve 1718 os 13 0.65 ss 23.5 15 25 0.70 2.0 2.5 25 3.5 os | 3.0 28, 3.5 a5 | Hotes: 4) = The radius of curvature of the bend shall be equal to or greater than the pipe diameter. 2) These lengths require no eddi tional uncertainty, but the shorter lengths are not proven sufficiently to be published in this Standard. 3) ~ Data has been published which would suggest that, after two elbows not in the Same plane, less error in coefficient would be found by eliminating al! straight upstream pipe. 4) - The minimum lengths of straight upstream pipe for ASME Venturis are less than those in Table 2 for orifice plates and flou nozzles because they are derived from different experimental resuits. The convergent portion of the ASHE Venturi is designed to obtain a more uniform velocity profile at the throat. 5) - The statements in 5.4.5 regarding Table 2 are also applicable regarding Table 6. © = The insertion of 5 to 100 straight tengths between the two bends is sufficient to make the combined efect the sane as the single bends in the left column. 8.8.5 RECOMMENDED DOWNSTREAM STRAIGHT LENGTHS - Fittings and other disturbances as. indicated by Table 6, situated at least four (4) throat diameters downstream of the throat tap, do not adfect the accuracy of the measurement. 9. UNCERTAINTIES IN THE MEASUREMENT OF FLOW RATE Reference shall be made to the ASME MFFCC Standard ang 180 5168, (Calculation of the uncertainty of a measurenent of flow rate), which give useful general information on this subject. 9.1 Defi ion of uncertainty F161 For the purpase of this Standard the uncertainty is defined as a range of values within which the true value of the measurement is estimated to lie at the 95% probability. In some cases, the confidence level which can be attached to this cange of values will be greater than 95%, but this will be so only where the value of a quantity used in the calculation of flow rate is Known with & confedence level in excess of 98%. In such a case, reference shall be made to the ASHE MFC - IM Standard and 150 5148. 9.1.2 The uncertainty on the measurement of the flaw rate shall be calculated aad given under this aame whenever a measurenent is claimed to be in conformity with this Standard. 9.5.3 The uncertainty can be expressed in absolute or eelative terms and the result Gf the flow measurement can then be given in any cf the following forms: wate of flow = q 24¢ or vate of flow = q (ize) or pate of flae = q within (100 €2% where the uncertainty £q shall have the same dimensions as q while ¢ = 3q/q and is non-dimensional. 9.144 The uncertainty of the flow measurement so defined is equivalent to twice the standard deviation of statistical terminology. Like the latter, it is obtained by combining the uncertainties of the individual quantities used in the flow rate calculation, assuming them to be small and independent of each other, For one single measuring device used in one test, some of these uncertainties may be systematic, of which only an estimate is Known. Their combination is permitted as if they were Fandom errors having % distribution couforming to the Laplace-Gauss normal Taw, 9.4.5 For convenience a distinction is made between the uncertainties associated wit Reasurement equipment of the user and those quantities specified in this Standard. The latter uncertainties are on the discharge coetficient and the expansion factor an indicate the uncertainty over which the user has no control. They occur because smal variations in geometry are allowed and because investigations on which the values are based could not be made under *ideal* conditions. 9.2 Poactical computation of the uncertaint P.2.1 The basic formula af computation of the macs rate of flow aq ist st us 1 28 Pe =i ceo? Om = 9-099 701 90 CY,d' «eq 379 4 a 4 ne OS! Ie * ets In fact, the various quantities which appear on the right-hand side of this formula ace not independent, so that if is not correct to compute the uncertainty of aq irectly from the uncertainties of these quantities. For example, C is @ function of 6, Dy x, Ur vy © (Y] is a function of dy 0, 6p fhy)s Pye However, it is sufficient to calculate the uncertainties of ¢ (Y}, ap (hI, and b, as if independent of each other and also independent of the uncertainties of C ang o, 9.2.1.2 A practical working formula for sqq may then ve derived, which takes account of the interdependence of C, d and D which enters into the calculation as a consequence of the dependence of Con &. It shail be noted that C may also te dependent on the pipe ciameter 0, as well as on the Reynolds number Ry. However, the deviations cf C nue (a thece indluences ate of 2 second arden and are included in the uncertainty on C, Similarly, the deviations of ¢ LY] which are due to uncertainties in the value of 6, the pressure ratio and the isentropic exponent are atso of @ second order and are included in the uncertainty cn ¢ tY). 9.2.1.3 The uncertainties which shall be included in a practical working formula for Bam are therefore those of the quantities C, ¢ LY}, 0, ap (byl, and py 9.2.2. The practical working formula for the uncertainty, faq, of the mass cate of For 81 unites . = z- (fe hy ‘| LTT Ter oS (eae ale) «= In the formula above some of the uncertainties, Tike those on the flow and expansion coefficients, are given in this Standard

    You might also like