Bolivia

México

Perú
Guatemala
Uruguay

Ecuador
Colombia

Chile
POWER
DISTAN
CE
the
attitude of
the
culture
towards
these
inequalitie
s amongst
us. Power
Distance is
defined
as the
extent to
which the
less
powerful
members
of
institution
s and
organisati
ons within
a country
expect
and
accept
that
power is
distribute
d
unequally.
 It has to
do with
hierarchic
al society.
This
means
that
members
of the
society to
a large
extent
accept a
hierarchic
al order in
which
everybody
has a
place, and
which
needs no
further
justificatio
n.
Hierarchy
is seen as
reflecting
inherent
inequalitie
s, and the
different
distributio
n of
power

INDIVI
DUALIS
M
is the
degree of
interdepe
ndence a
society
maintains
among its
members.
It has to
do with
whether
people´s
self-image
is defined
in terms
of “I” or
“We”. In
Individuali
st
societies
people are
supposed
to look
after
themselve
s and their
direct
family
only. In
Collectivis
t societies
people
belong to
characteri
sed by an
early
integratio
n and
close,
long-term
commitm
ent to a
strong,
cohesive
‘in-group’.
Society
fosters
strong
relationshi
ps where
everyone
takes
responsibi
lity for
and
protects
fellow
members
of their
group.
Loyalty is
paramoun
t and
overrides
most

MASCU
LINITY 
A high
score
(Masculin
e) on this
dimension
indicates
that the
society
will be
driven by
competiti
on,
achievem
ent and
success,
with
success
being
defined by
the
winner /
best in
field – a
value
system
that starts
in school
and
continues
throughou
t
organisati
onal life.
that the
dominant
values in
society
are caring
for others
and
quality of
life. A
Feminine
society is
one where
quality of
life is the
sign of
success
and
standing
out from
the crowd
is not
admirable.
 The
fundamen
tal issue
here is
what
motivates
people,
wanting
to be the
best
moderatel
y feminine
society.
This
means
that
society is
driven by
a certain
amount of
modesty
and
fairness.
People in
such
societies
value
equality,
solidarity
and
quality in
their
working
lives.
Conflicts
can be
threatenin
g because
they
endanger
the
wellbeing

UNCER
TAINTY
AVOID
ANCE
should we
try to
control
the future
or just let
it happen?
This
ambiguity
brings
with it
anxiety
and
different
cultures
have
learnt to
deal with
this
anxiety in
different
ways. The
extent to
which the
members
of a
culture
feel
threatene
d by
ambiguou
s or
unknown
ating that
as a nation
they see
mechanis
ms to
avoid
ambiguity.
People do
not readily
accept
change
and are
very risk
adverse.
They
maintain
rigid codes
of belief
and
behaviour
and are
intolerant
of
unorthodo
x
behaviour
and ideas.
To
minimize
the level
of
uncertaint
y, there is

LONG-
TERM
ORIENT
ATION
future,
and
societies
prioritise
these two
existential
goals
differently
.
Normative
societies.
which
score low
on this
dimension
, for
example,
prefer to
maintain
time-
honoured
traditions
and norms
while
viewing
societal
change
with
suspicion.
Those
with a
culture
which
that
Uruguay
has a
normative
culture.
People in
such
societies
have a
strong
concern
with
establishin
g an
absolute
Truth;
they are
normative
in their
thinking.
They
exhibit
great
respect
for
traditions,
a
relatively
small
propensity
to save for
the future,
and a
INDUL
GENCE
are
socialized.
Without
socializati
on we do
not
become
“human”.
This
dimension
is
defined as
the extent
to which
people try
to control
their
desires
and
impulses, 
based on
the way
they were
raised.
Relatively
weak
control is
called
“Indulgenc
e” and
relatively
strong

With an
intermedi
ate score
of 53, no
clear
preferenc
e between
Indulgenc
e and
Restraint
can be
establishe
d for
Uruguay.
POWER
DISTAN
CE
individuals
in
societies
are not
equal – it
expresses
the
attitude of
the
culture
towards
these
inequalitie
s amongst
us. Power
Distance is
defined
as the
extent to
which the
less
powerful
members
of
institution
s and
organisati
ons within
a country
expect
and
accept
an
intermedi
ate to high
position
on this
dimension
.
Remnants
of Chile´s
authoritari
an past
linger on
in diverse
fields.
Organisati
onal
arrangem
ents show
taller
pyramids
and low
degrees of
delegation
. Status
symbols
are used
to
underline
power
difference
s. A
hierarchic

INDIVI
DUALIS
M
is the
degree of
interdepe
ndence a
society
maintains
among its
members. 
It has to
do with
whether
people´s
self-image
is defined
in terms
of “I” or
“We”. In
Individuali
st
societies
people are
supposed
to look
after
themselve
s and their
direct
family
only. In
Collectivis
t societies
people
belong to
proportio
n of the
workforce
shifted
their
perceptio
ns. Blue
and white
collar
workers
alike tend
to look for
more
autonomy
and
variety in
their
positions,
are far
more
assertive
than in
the past
and do
not
hesitate to
change
employers
. These
changes
can be
expected
given the

MASCU
LINITY
A high
score
(Masculin
e) on this
dimension
indicates
that the
society
will be
driven by
competiti
on,
achievem
ent and
success,
with
success
being
defined by
the
winner /
best in
field – a
value
system
that starts
in school
and
continues
throughou
t
organisati
onal life.
that the
dominant
values in
society
are caring
for others
and
quality of
life. A
Feminine
society is
one where
quality of
life is the
sign of
success
and
standing
out from
the crowd
is not
admirable.
 The
fundamen
tal issue
here is
what
motivates
people,
wanting
to be the
best
“working
in order to
live”.
People
need to
feel a
sense of
“belongin
g” within a
social
group;
they place
value on
warm
interperso
nal links
and tacitly
search for
the
approval
of their
group.
Conseque
ntly, they
tend to be
supportive
team
members
and
managers
strive for
consensus
. People

UNCER
TAINTY
AVOID
ANCE
should we
try to
control
the future
or just let
it happen?
This
ambiguity
brings
with it
anxiety
and
different
cultures
have
learnt to
deal with
this
anxiety in
different
ways. The
extent to
which the
members
of a
culture
feel
threatene
d by
ambiguou
s or
unknown
societies
show a
strong
need for
rules and
elaborate
legal
systems in
order to
structure
life.
Contrary
to general
practice in
other
Latin
American
countries,
Chile
shows
rather low
corruption
indices. In
line with
its high
Uncertaint
y
Avoidance
score and
to some
extent
also
fostered

LONG
TERM
ORIENT
ATION
future,
and
societies
prioritise
these two
existential
goals
differently
.
Normative
societies.
which
score low
on this
dimension
, for
example,
prefer to
maintain
time-
honoured
traditions
and norms
while
viewing
societal
change
with
suspicion.
Those
with a
culture,
which
said to
have a
normative
culture.
People in
such
societies
have a
strong
concern
with
establishin
g the
absolute
Truth;
they are
normative
in their
thinking.
They
exhibit
great
respect
for
traditions,
a
relatively
small
propensity
to save for
the future,
and a
focus on
INDUL
GENCE
are
socialized.
Without
socializati
on we do
not
become
“human”.
This
dimension
is defined
as the
extent to
which
people try
to control
their
desires
and
impulses,
based on
the way
they were
raised.
Relatively
weak
control is
called
“Indulgenc
e” and
relatively
strong
n. People
in
societies
classified
by a high
score in
Indulgenc
e
generally
exhibit a
willingnes
s to realise
their
impulses
and
desires
with
regard to
enjoying
life and
having
fun. They
possess a
positive
attitude
and have a
tendency
towards
optimism.
In
addition,
they place
a higher
colombia
for everything and social conservatism enjoys quite a following. This is also reflected in religion, which
is respected, followed by many and conservative. Rules are not necessarily followed, however: this
depends on the in-group’s opinion, on whether the group feels the rules are applicable to their
members and it depends, ultimately, on the decision of power holders, who make their own rules. In
work terms this results in detailed planning that may not necessarily be followed in practice.

The combination of high UAI with the scores on the previous dimensions means that it is difficult to
change the status quo, unless a figure of authority is able to amass a large group of people and lead
them towards change.

LONG TERM ORIENTATION

This dimension describes how every society has to maintain some links with its own past while dealing
with the challenges of the present and future, and societies prioritise these two existential goals
differently. Normative societies. which score low on this dimension, for example, prefer to maintain
time-honoured traditions and norms while viewing societal change with suspicion. Those with a
culture which scores high, on the other hand, take a more pragmatic approach: they encourage thrift
and efforts in modern education as a way to prepare for the future.

With a low score of 13, Colombian culture is classified as normative. People in such societies have a
strong concern with establishing the absolute Truth; they are normative in their thinking. They exhibit
great respect for traditions, a relatively small propensity to save for the future, and a focus on
achieving quick results.

INDULGENCE
One challenge that confronts humanity, now and in the past, is the degree to which small children are
socialized. Without socialization we do not become “human”. This dimension is defined as the extent
to which people try to control their desires and impulses, based on the way they were raised.
Relatively weak control is called “Indulgence” and relatively strong control is called “Restraint”.
Cultures can, therefore, be described as Indulgent or Restrained.

Scoring a very high 83 in this dimension, Colombia is shown to be an Indulgent country. People in
societies classified by a high score in Indulgence generally exhibit a willingness to realise their impulses
and desires with regard to enjoying life and having fun. They possess a positive attitude and have a
tendency towards optimism. In addition, they place a higher degree of importance on leisure time, act
as they please and spend money as they wish.
POWER
DISTAN
CE
individuals
in
societies
are not
equal – it
expresses
the
attitude of
the
culture
towards
these
inequalitie
s amongst
us. Power
Distance is
defined
as the
extent to
which the
less
powerful
members
of
institution
s and
organisati
ons within
a country
expect
and
accept
There is
ample
evidence
for Peru´s
high PDI
score of
67 at
organisati
onal level.
In general,
it is
possible
to find
rather tall,
centralise
d
structural
arrangem
ents. By
the same
token,
there are
larger
proportio
ns of
supervisor
y
personnel
and wage
differentia
ls.
centralize
d Inca
empire;
others
point out
that it has
been
fostered
by colonial
and
authoritari
an
governme
nts as well
as the
church.
However,
subordina
tes still
perceive
superiors
as difficult
to access
and do
not trust
them.
Superiors
consider
subordina
tes as
being of a
different
kind and

INDIVI
DUALIS
M
is the
degree of
interdepe
ndence a
society
maintains
among its
members. 
It has to
do with
whether
people´s
self-image
is defined
in terms
of “I” or
“We”. In
Individuali
st
societies
people are
supposed
to look
after
themselve
s and their
direct
family
only. In
Collectivis
t societies
people
belong to
to
highlight
that in
general
people
here find
large
companies
attractive
and that,
particularl
y among
blue collar
workers,
the
involveme
nt with
the
company
is moral –
and not
calculative
.
Managers
endorse
more
traditional
points of
view and
only
slowly
start

MASCU
LINITY
A high
score
(Masculin
e) on this
dimension
indicates
that the
society
will be
driven by
competiti
on,
achievem
ent and
success,
with
success
being
defined by
the
winner /
best in
field – a
value
system
that starts
in school
and
continues
throughou
t
organisati
onal life.
that the
dominant
values in
society
are caring
for others
and
quality of
life. A
Feminine
society is
one where
quality of
life is the
sign of
success
and
standing
out from
the crowd
is not
admirable.
 The
fundamen
tal issue
here is
what
motivates
people,
wanting
to be the
best
cultural
clashes
and
misunders
tandings.
For
expatriate
s, locals
were aloof
or
downright
lazy. The
actual
reasons,
however,
were the
locals
weaker
achievem
ent
motivatio
n, their
preferenc
e for
human
contacts
and family
over
recognitio
n or
wealth,
and the
marginal

UNCER
TAINTY
AVOID
ANCE
should we
try to
control
the future
or just let
it happen?
This
ambiguity
brings
with it
anxiety
and
different
cultures
have
learnt to
deal with
this
anxiety in
different
ways. The
extent to
which the
members
of a
culture
feel
threatene
d by
ambiguou
s or
unknown
that
belonged
to the
Spanish
kingdom.
These
societies
show a
strong
need for
rules and
elaborate
legal
systems in
order to
structure
life. The
individual’
s need to
obey
these
laws,
however,
is weak.
Corruptio
n is
widesprea
d, the
black
market
sizeable
and, in
Vargas
Llosa, “A
logical
conseque
nce of
such
abundanc
e is that
each legal
dispositio
n has
another
that
corrects,
denies or
mitigates
it. That
means, in
other
words,
that those
who are
immersed
in such a
sea of
juridical
contradicti
ons live
transgress
ing the
law, or
that –
perhaps

LONG
TERM
ORIENT
ATION
future,
and
societies
prioritise
these two
existential
goals
differently
.
Normative
societies.
which
score low
on this
dimension
, for
example,
prefer to
maintain
time-
honoured
traditions
and norms
while
viewing
societal
change
with
suspicion.
Those
with a
culture
which
culture is
more
normative
than
pragmatic.
People in
such
societies
have a
strong
concern
with
establishin
g the
absolute
Truth;
they are
normative
in their
thinking.
They
exhibit
great
respect
for
traditions,
a
relatively
small
propensity
to save for
the future,
and a
INDUL
GENCE
are
socialized.
Without
socializati
on we do
not
become
“human”.
This
dimension
is defined
as the
extent to
which
people try
to control
their
desires
and
impulses,
based on
the way
they were
raised.
Relatively
weak
control is
called
“Indulgenc
e” and
relatively
strong

Peru has
an
intermedi
ate score
of 46 on
this
dimension
.
POWER
DISTAN
CE
individuals
in
societies
are not
equal – it
expresses
the
attitude of
the
culture
towards
these
inequalitie
s amongst
us. Power
Distance is
defined
as the
extent to
which the
less
powerful
members
of
institution
s and
organisati
ons within
a country
expect
and
accept
and often
linked to
race and
social
class.
People of
European
extraction
often feel
themselve
s as
“superior”
to those
of local
Indian
extraction,
and this is
largely
accepted
by society
as a
whole.
The
military,
as power
holders,
are also
considere
d an elite
group per
se. They
play an
important

INDIVI
DUALIS
M
is the
degree of
interdepe
ndence a
society
maintains
among its
members. 
It has to
do with
whether
people´s
self-image
is defined
in terms
of “I” or
“We”. In
Individuali
st
societies
people are
supposed
to look
after
themselve
s and their
direct
family
only. In
Collectivis
t societies
people
belong to
Guatemal
a. Since
the
Ecuadoria
ns are a
highly
collectivis
tic people,
belonging
to an in-
group is
very
important.
Combined
with the
high
scores in
PDI, this
means
that
groups
often have
their
strong
identities
tied to
race and
class
distinction
s. Conflict
is avoided,
in order to
group). Of
course,
this is also
linked to
PDI, so
power
holders
determine
the
outcome.
Ecuadoria
ns can
show a lot
of
solidarity
towards
members
of their in-
groups.
Those
perceived
as
“outsiders
” can
easily be
excluded
or
considere
d as
“enemies”
;
foreigners

MASCU
LINITY
A high
score
(Masculin
e) on this
dimension
indicates
that the
society
will be
driven by
competiti
on,
achievem
ent and
success,
with
success
being
defined by
the
winner /
best in
field – a
value
system
that starts
in school
and
continues
throughou
t
organisati
onal life.
that the
dominant
values in
society
are caring
for others
and
quality of
life. A
Feminine
society is
one where
quality of
life is the
sign of
success
and
standing
out from
the crowd
is not
admirable.
 The
fundamen
tal issue
here is
what
motivates
people,
wanting
to be the
best
oriented,
though
collectivis
tic rather
than
Individuali
st. This
means
that
competiti
on is
directed
towards
members
of other
groups (or
social
classes),
rather
than
towards
the
members
of your
own in-
group.
People
seek
membersh
ip in
groups
which give
them

UNCER
TAINTY
AVOID
ANCE
should we
try to
control
the future
or just let
it happen?
This
ambiguity
brings
with it
anxiety
and
different
cultures
have
learnt to
deal with
this
anxiety in
different
ways. The
extent to
which the
members
of a
culture
feel
threatene
d by
ambiguou
s or
unknown
they make
use of
several
mechanis
ms
seeking to
avoid
ambiguity.
Emotions
are openly
expressed;
legislation
is
extensive
and
detailed;
social
conservati
sm
prevails.
Rules are
not
necessaril
y
followed,
however:
this
depends
ultimately,
on the
decision
of power
holders,
of each
group is
very
respected
by their
members,
though
they may
not
necessaril
y respect
another
group’s
tradition.
The
combinati
on of high
UAI and
PDI,
combined
with
Collectivis
m, results
in that the
status quo
will only
change
when a
figure of
authority
(such as
the

LONG
TERM
ORIENT
ATION
future,
and
societies
prioritise
these two
existential
goals
differently
.
Normative
societies.
which
score low
on this
dimension
, for
example,
prefer to
maintain
time-
honoured
traditions
and norms
while
viewing
societal
change
with
suspicion.
Those
with a
culture
which

There is
currently
no score
for
Ecuador in
this
dimension
.

INDUL
GENCE
are
socialized.
Without
socializati
on we do
not
become
“human”.
This
dimension
is defined
as the
extent to
which
people try
to control
their
desires
and
impulses,
based on
the way
they were
raised.
Relatively
weak
control is
called
“Indulgenc
e” and
relatively
strong

There is
currently
no score
for
Ecuador in
this
dimension
.
POWER
DISTAN
CE
the
attitude of
the
culture
towards
these
inequalitie
s amongst
us. Power
Distance is
defined
as the
extent to
which the
less
powerful
members
of
institution
s and
organisati
ons within
a country
expect
and
accept
that
power is
distribute
d
unequally.
 It has to
do with
hierarchic
al order in
which
everybody
has a
place, and
which
needs no
further
justificatio
n.
Hierarchy
is seen as
reflecting
inherent
inequalitie
s, and the
different
distributio
n of
power
justifies
the fact
that
power
holders
have more
benefits
than the
less
powerful
in society.
Status

INDIVI
DUALIS
M
is the
degree of
interdepe
ndence a
society
maintains
among its
members.
It has to
do with
whether
people´s
self-image
is defined
in terms
of “I” or
“We”. In
Individuali
st
societies
people are
supposed
to look
after
themselve
s and their
direct
family
only. In
Collectivis
t societies
people
belong to
This is
evident in
the early
integratio
n and
close,
long-term
commitm
ent to a
strong,
cohesive
‘in-group’.
Society
fosters
strong
relationshi
ps where
everyone
takes
responsibi
lity for
and
protects
fellow
members
of their
group.
Loyalty is
paramoun
t and
overrides
most
other

MASCU
LINITY
A high
score
(Masculin
e) on this
dimension
indicates
that the
society
will be
driven by
competiti
on,
achievem
ent and
success,
with
success
being
defined by
the
winner /
best in
field – a
value
system
that starts
in school
and
continues
throughou
t
organisati
onal life.
that the
dominant
values in
society
are caring
for others
and
quality of
life. A
Feminine
society is
one where
quality of
life is the
sign of
success
and
standing
out from
the crowd
is not
admirable.
 The
fundamen
tal issue
here is
what
motivates
people,
wanting
to be the
best
moderatel
y feminine
society.
This
means
that
society is
driven by
a certain
amount of
modesty
and
fairness.
People in
such
societies
value
equality,
solidarity
and
quality in
their
working
lives.
Conflicts
can be
threatenin
g because
they
endanger
the
wellbeing

UNCER
TAINTY
AVOID
ANCE
should we
try to
control
the future
or just let
it happen?
This
ambiguity
brings
with it
anxiety
and
different
cultures
have
learnt to
deal with
this
anxiety in
different
ways. The
extent to
which the
members
of a
culture
feel
threatene
d by
ambiguou
s or
unknown
ating that
as a nation
they see
mechanis
ms to
avoid
ambiguity.
People do
not readily
accept
change
and are
very risk
adverse.
They
maintain
rigid codes
of belief
and
behaviour
and are
intolerant
of
unorthodo
x
behaviour
and ideas.
To
minimize
the level
of
uncertaint
y, there is

LONG-
TERM
ORIENT
ATION
future,
and
societies
prioritise
these two
existential
goals
differently
.
Normative
societies.
which
score low
on this
dimension
, for
example,
prefer to
maintain
time-
honoured
traditions
and norms
while
viewing
societal
change
with
suspicion.
Those
with a
culture
which
that
Bolivia has
a
normative
culture.
People in
such
societies
have a
strong
concern
with
establishin
g an
absolute
Truth;
they are
normative
in their
thinking.
They
exhibit
great
respect
for
traditions,
a
relatively
small
propensity
to save for
the future,
and a
INDUL
GENCE
are
socialized.
Without
socializati
on we do
not
become
“human”.
This
dimension
is
defined as
the extent
to which
people try
to control
their
desires
and
impulses, 
based on
the way
they were
raised.
Relatively
weak
control is
called
“Indulgenc
e” and
relatively
strong

With an
intermedi
ate score
of 46, no
clear
preferenc
e between
Indulgenc
e and
Restraint
can be
establishe
d for
Bolivia.
POWER
DISTAN
CE
individuals
in
societies
are not
equal – it
expresses
the
attitude of
the
culture
towards
these
inequalitie
s amongst
us. Power
Distance is
defined
as the
extent to
which the
less
powerful
members
of
institution
s and
organisati
ons within
a country
expect
and
accept
al society.
This
means
that
people
accept a
hierarchic
al order in
which
everybody
has a
place and
which
needs no
further
justificatio
n.
Hierarchy
in an
organizati
on is seen
as
reflecting
inherent
inequalitie
s,
centraliza
tion is
popular,
subordina
tes expect
to be told
what to

INDIVI
DUALIS
M
is the
degree of
interdepe
ndence a
society
maintains
among its
members.
It has to
do with
whether
people´s
self-image
is defined
in terms
of “I” or
“We”. In
Individuali
st
societies
people are
supposed
to look
after
themselve
s and their
direct
family
only. In
Collectivis
t societies
people
belong to
ps. Loyalty
in a
collectivist
culture is
paramoun
t, and
over-rides
most
other
societal
rules and
regulation
s. The
society
fosters
strong
relationshi
ps where
everyone
takes
responsibi
lity for
fellow
members
of their
group. In
collectivist
societies
offence
leads to
shame
and loss of
face,

MASCU
LINITY
A high
score
(Masculin
e) on this
dimension
indicates
that the
society
will be
driven by
competiti
on,
achievem
ent and
success,
with
success
being
defined by
the
winner/be
st in field
– a value
system
that starts
in school
and
continues
throughou
t
organisati
onal life.
that the
dominant
values in
society
are caring
for others
and
quality of
life. A
Feminine
society is
one where
quality of
life is the
sign of
success
and
standing
out from
the crowd
is not
admirable.
 The
fundamen
tal issue
here is
what
motivates
people,
wanting
to be the
best
scores 69
on this
dimension
and is thus
a
Masculine
society. In
Masculine
countries
people
“live in
order to
work”,
managers
are
expected
to be
decisive
and
assertive,
the
emphasis
is on
equity,
competiti
on and
performan
ce and
conflicts
are
resolved
by fighting

UNCER
TAINTY
AVOID
ANCE
should we
try to
control
the future
or just let
it happen?
This
ambiguity
brings
with it
anxiety
and
different
cultures
have
learnt to
deal with
this
anxiety in
different
ways. The
extent to
which the
members
of a
culture
feel
threatene
d by
ambiguou
s or
unknown
y
Avoidance
maintain
rigid codes
of belief
and
behaviour
and are
intolerant
of
unorthodo
x
behaviour
and ideas.
In these
cultures
there is an
emotional
need for
rules
(even if
the rules
never
seem to
work)
time is
money,
people
have an
inner urge
to be busy
and work

LONG
TERM
ORIENT
ATION
future,
and
societies
prioritise
these two
existential
goals
differently
.
Normative
societies.
which
score low
on this
dimension
, for
example,
prefer to
maintain
time-
honoured
traditions
and norms
while
viewing
societal
change
with
suspicion.
Those
with a
culture
which
means
that the
Mexican
culture is
normative
. People in
such
societies
have a
strong
concern
with
establishin
g the
absolute
Truth;
they are
normative
in their
thinking.
They
exhibit
great
respect
for
traditions,
a
relatively
small
propensity
to save for
the future,
and a
INDUL
GENCE
are
socialized.
Without
socializati
on we do
not
become
“human”.
This
dimension
is defined
as the
extent to
which
people try
to control
their
desires
and
impulses,
based on
the way
they were
raised.
Relatively
weak
control is
called
“Indulgenc
e” and
relatively
strong
e. People
in
societies
classified
by a high
score in
Indulgenc
e
generally
exhibit a
willingnes
s to realise
their
impulses
and
desires
with
regard to
enjoying
life and
having
fun. They
possess a
positive
attitude
and have a
tendency
towards
optimism.
In
addition,
they place
POWER
DISTAN
CE
individuals
in
societies
are not
equal – it
expresses
the
attitude of
the
culture
towards
these
inequalitie
s amongst
us. Power
Distance is
defined
as the
extent to
which the
less
powerful
members
of
institution
s and
organisati
ons within
a country
expect
and
accept
This
inequality
is
accepted
in all
layers of
society, so
a union
leader will
have a lot
of
concentra
ted power
compared
to his
union
managem
ent team,
and they
in turn will
have more
power
than other
union
members.
A similar
phenome
non will
be
observed
among
business

INDIVI
DUALIS
M
is the
degree of
interdepe
ndence a
society
maintains
among its
members. 
It has to
do with
whether
people´s
self-image
is defined
in terms
of “I” or
“We”. In
Individuali
st
societies
people are
supposed
to look
after
themselve
s and their
direct
family
only. In
Collectivis
t societies
people
belong to
with that
group’s
opinion is
very
important.
Combined
with the
high
scores in
PDI, this
means
that
groups
often have
their
strong
identities.
Communic
ation is
indirect
and the
harmony
of the
group has
to be
maintaine
d, open
conflicts
are
avoided.
The
relationshi
p has a

MASCU
LINITY /
FEMINI
NITY
A high
score
(Masculin
e) on this
dimension
indicates
that the
society
will be
driven by
competiti
on,
achievem
ent and
success,
with
success
being
defined by
the
winner /
best in
field – a
value
system
that starts
in school
and
continues
throughou
t
organisati
onal life.
that the
dominant
values in
society
are caring
for others
and
quality of
life. A
Feminine
society is
one where
quality of
life is the
sign of
success
and
standing
out from
the crowd
is not
admirable.
 The
fundamen
tal issue
here is
what
motivates
people,
wanting
to be the
best
leveling
with
others,
consensus
,
sympathy
for the
underdog
are valued
and
encourage
d.
Conflicts
are
avoided in
private
and work
life and
consensus
at the end
is
important.
Leisure
time is
important
for
Guatemal
ans, it is
the time
when the
whole
family,
clan and

UNCER
TAINTY
AVOID
ANCE
should we
try to
control
the future
or just let
it happen?
This
ambiguity
brings
with it
anxiety
and
different
cultures
have
learnt to
deal with
this
anxiety in
different
ways. The
extent to
which the
members
of a
culture
feel
threatene
d by
ambiguou
s or
unknown
expressed;
there are
(extensive
) rules for
everything
and social
conservati
sm enjoys
quite a
following.
This is also
reflected
in religion,
which is
respected,
followed
by many
and
conservati
ve. Rules
are not
necessaril
y
followed,
however:
this
depends
on the in-
group’s
opinion,
on
whether
the group

LONG
TERM
ORIENT
ATION
future,
and
societies
prioritise
these two
existential
goals
differently
.
Normative
societies.
which
score low
on this
dimension
, for
example,
prefer to
maintain
time-
honoured
traditions
and norms
while
viewing
societal
change
with
suspicion.
Those
with a
culture
which

There is
currently
no score
for
Guatemal
a on this
dimension
.

INDUL
GENCE
are
socialized.
Without
socializati
on we do
not
become
“human”.
This
dimension
is defined
as the
extent to
which
people try
to control
their
desires
and
impulses,
based on
the way
they were
raised.
Relatively
weak
control is
called
“Indulgenc
e” and
relatively
strong

There is
currently
no score
for
Guatemal
a on this
dimension
.