Bearing Capacity

(Daya Dukung Tanah)

Dr. Ir.H. Erizal, MAgr

 Definisi
Daya dukung yang diizinkan (allowable bearing cap.)
• tekanan maksimum yang dapat diaplikasikan ke tanah
dimana 2 kondisi diatas dipenuhi.

Daya dukung batas (ultimate bearing cap.)

• tekanan minimum yang menyebabkan keruntuhan geser
(shear failure) pada tanah pendukung secara cepat ke
bawah.
 Footing Performance
Vertical Load
safe load maximum service ultimate
load capacity
Elastic
maximum tolerable
Vertical movement

settlement Plastic

Serviceability
Ultimate Limit State Plunging
Maximum allowable load = Failure
min [safe load, max service load ]
 Limit States

Serviceability Ultimate
Serviceability Limit State

Maximum load at which structure

still performs satisfactorily :
• Settlement
•Horizontal movement
• Rotation
•Sliding

Force (kN)
Applied Load
 Bearing Pressure Definitions
Allowable Bearing Pressure qa=< qFs (settlement)
/A

F Plan Area, A

Ultimate Bearing Capacity qult = Ffail / A

 Foundation Failure

Rotational Failure Force

Resistance
Soil Heave
 Generalized Shear Failure
q

Soil Failure
Lines

Settlement

passive
rigid
radial
shear
log spiral
 Local Shear Failure
q

minor surface
heave only
Settlement

Medium dense
or firm soils
 Punching Shear Failure
q

No surface
heave Settlement

Loose or
Soft Soils
 Methods for calculating bearing
capacity
• Full scale load tests
• Load tests on model footings
• Limit equilibrium analysis
• Detailed stress analysis such as the FEM
method
 Limit equilibrium analysis
solutions for weightless soils:
• Solutions with φ = 0 :
– Prandtl smooth punch : qult = 5.14c
– Prandtl rough punch : qult = 5.7c
• Solutions with φ ≠ 0 :
– Rough punch

passive active

log spiral
 Bearing Capacity for real soils
Exact,
Exact, theoretical
theoretical analytical
analytical solutions
solutions have
have only
only been
been
computed
computed for for special
special cases
cases -- e.g.
e.g. soils
soils with
with no
no weight,
weight,
no
no frictional strength, φφ or
frictional strength, or no
no cohesion,
cohesion, c.c.

Approximate
Approximate solutions
solutions have
have been
been derived
derived by by
combining
combining solutions
solutions for
for these
these special
special cases.
cases. The
The
first
first solution
solution was
was by
by Terzaghi
Terzaghi (1943)
(1943) -- father
father of
of soil
soil
mechanics.
mechanics. Others
Others later
later modified
modified this
this solution.
solution.

The
The failure
failure mechanism
mechanism corresponds
corresponds to to general
general failure.
failure.
Corrections
Corrections are
are applied
applied to
to check
check for
for the
the possibility
possibility of
of
local
local or
or punching
punching shear
shear failure.
failure.
 Jenis pondasi berdasarkan kedalamannya

1. Pondasi dangkal (shallow foundation)

bila kedalaman pondasi, Df , lebih kecil dibanding lebar
pondasi, B
2. Pondasi dalam (deep foundation)
bila kedalaman pondasi, Df , lebih besar/dalam dibanding
lebar pondasi, B
 Terzaghi’s Bearing Capacity Eqn.
For strip footings:
qult = c΄.Nc + σ΄ZD .Nq + 0.5γ΄BNγ

φ΄

c΄
 Terzaghi’s Bearing Capacity Eqn.
For strip footings:
qult = c΄.Nc + q.Nq + 0.5γ΄BNγ

φ
Df q = γγ΄.D
.Df
c
B
soil density, γ΄ (kN/m3)
 Terzaghi’s Bearing Capacity Eqn.
For strip footings:
qult = c΄.Nc + q.Nq + 0.5γ΄BNγ

• Bearing Capacity Factors for soil

cohesion, surcharge and weight
• functions of friction angle, φ
• determine by equation or from graph
 Nc Nq Nγ
40
Degrees
in Degrees

30

20
Ø –– in

10
Ø

0
70 60 50 40 30 20 100 10 20 40 60
80
Nc and Nq 5.7 1.0 Nγ
 General Bearing Capacity Eqn.
(1973, 1975)
Based on theoretical and experimental work:
qult = c΄.NcFcsFcdFci + q.NqFqsFqdFqi + 0.5γBNγFγsFγdFγi

φ΄

c΄
 General Bearing Capacity Eqn.

qult = c΄.NcFcsFcdFci + q.NqFqsFqdFqi + 0.5γBNγFγsFγdFγi

ZD = fγ΄.D
Df σ΄=
q γ.D
c
B
soil density, γ΄ (kN/m3)
 General Bearing Capacity Eqn.

qult = c΄NcFcsFcdFci + qNqFqsFqdFqi + 0.5γBNγFγsFγdFγi

• Bearing Capacity Factors for soil

cohesion, surcharge and weight
• functions of friction angle, φ
• determine by equation or from graph
or Table 3.3
 General Bearing Capacity Eqn.

qult = c΄NcFcsFcdFci + qNqFqsFqdFqi + 0.5γBNγFγsFγdFγi

• Correction factors for footing shape (s),

footing depth (d) load inclination (i );
could have additional base
inclination (b), and ground inclination (g)
• determine from appropriate equations
General Bearing Capacity Factors
(Table 3.3)
50
45 Nγ Hansen

40
Friction angle (degree)

35
30
25
20 Nc
15 Nγ Meyerhof
10 Nq

5
0
1 10 100 1000
Nc, Nq and Nγ
 Wall on
Shape Factors Column on
Strip Footing Square Footing
Bird’s Eye View

For non-strip footings :

Fcs , Fcq , Fγs ≥ 1

Failure lines

Failure lines
 Wall on
Strip Footing

Depth Factors

For “buried” footings :

Fcd , Fqd , Fγd ≥ 1

q = γγ.D
.Dff

increasedstrength
failure generally
line length
increases with depth
 VV==1000
906 kN
kN
Inclination Factors
H = 423 kN
For inclined loads :
Fci , Fqi , Fγi ≤ 1

Inclined load = 1000 kN

Load inclination, θ = 25o

Failure surface shallower and shorter

 Terzaghi or General
• General is more accurate
• Applies to a broader range of loading and
geometry conditions
• General is more complicated
 Contoh 1
• Sebuah pondasi bujur sangkar dengan sisi 2.25 m diletakkan pada
kedalaman 1.5 m pada pasir< di mana parameter kuat gesernya c’=0
dan ø= 38o. Tentukan daya dukung ultimit (a) bila muka air tanah
berada di bawah elevasi pondasi, (b) jika muka air tanah berada pada
permukaan tanah. Berat isi pasir di atas muka air tanah adalah 18
kN/m3, berat isi jenuhnya 20 kN/m3.
• Pondasi bujur sangkarÆ qf = 0.4γBNγ + γDNq
• ø= 38o Æ Nγ = 67, Nq = 49
• qf = (0.4 x 18 x 2.25 x 67) + (18 x 1.5 x 49)
= 1085 + 1323 = 2408 kN/m2
• Daya dukung di bawah muka air:
• qf = 0.4γ’BNγ + γ’DNq Æ γ’ = γsat – γw = 20 – 9.8 = 10.2 kN/m3
• qf = (0.4 x 10.2 x 2.25 x 67) + (10.2 x 1.5 x 49)
= 615 + 750 = 1365 kN/m2
 Contoh 2
• Sebuah pondasi jalur didesain memikul beban 800 kN/m pada
kedalaman 0.7 m pada pasir berkerikil. Parameter kekuatan geser yang
tersedia adalah c’=0 danø’=40o. Tentukan lebar pondasi bila faktor
keamanan = 3 dan diasumsikan mungkin muka air tanah mencapai
pondasi. Berat isi pasir adalah 17 kN/m3, berat isi jenuhnya 20 kN/m3.
• ø’=40o ÆNγ=95 dan Nq=64
• qf = ½γ’BNγ + γBNq
= (½ x 10.2 x B x 95) + (17 x 0.7 x 64)
= 485B + 762
• qnf =qf – γD ; qn = q - γD ; F = qnf / qn
= 485B + 762 – (17 x 0.7) = (800/B) – (17 x 0.7)
= 485B + 750 = (800/B) – 12
1 800
• (485 B + 750) = − 12 Æ B = 1.55 m
3 B
Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Shallow Footings with
Concentric Loads
Ultimate Bearing Capacity with Ground Water Effect
Example: Determine the Allowable Bearing
Capacity for A Rough Base Square Footing
Using A Safety Factor Of 3.

d=D=5 ′ γ T = 125 pcf

φ = 20 °
c = 500 psf
γ sub = 63 pcf
B=6 ′
Solution: Assuming A General Shear
Condition, Enter the Bearing Capacity
Chart for φ= 20° and Read Nc = 14, Nq = 6,
Nγ = 3. Also note that formula for bearing
capacity must account for the square
footing and the water table within the
failure zone.
B
qult = (1 + 0 .3 )CNc + [ γ ′sub D + ( γ T − γ sub )d ]Nq + 0.4 γ ′sub BN γ
L
= (1.3)(500)14 + [63(5) + (125 − 63)5 ]6 + 0.4(63)(6)(3)
= 9100 + 3750 + 450
qult = 13,300psf
q ult 13 , 300
q all = = ≅ 4 , 430 psf
3 3
What is the Effect on Bearing
Capacity of Excavation of Soil
Cover Over a Spread Footing?
 Student Mini-Exercise on Bearing Capacity
q ult = cN c + P o N q + 1/2 γ BN γ

Properties and Dimensions Cohesive Soil Cohesionless Soil

(Assume Continuous Rough Footing)
γ = Unit Weight φ = 0° φ = 30°
D = Footing Embedment c = 1000psf c=0
B = Footing Width
qult (psf) qult (psf)

A. Initial Situation γT = 120 pcf, D = 0, B = 5’, 5530 5400

deep water table
B. Effect of embedment D = 5’, γT = 120 pcf, B =
5’, deep water table
C. Effect of width, B = 10’, γT = 120 pcf, D = 0’,
deep water table
D. Effect of water table at surface, γsub = 57.6
pcf, D = 0’, B = 5’
 Student Mini-Exercise on Bearing Capacity
q ult = cN c + P o N q + 1/2 γ BN γ
Properties and Dimensions Cohesive Soil Cohesionless Soil
(Assume Continuous Rough Footing)
γ = Unit Weight φ = 0° φ = 30°
D = Footing Embedment c = 1000psf c=0
B = Footing Width
qult (psf) qult (psf)

A. Initial Situation γT = 120 pcf, D = 0, B = 5’, 5530 5400

deep water table
B. Effect of embedment D = 5’, γT = 120 pcf, B = 6130 17400
5’, deep water table

C. Effect of width, B = 10’, γT = 120 pcf, D = 0’, 5530 10800

deep water table
D. Effect of water table at surface, γsub = 57.6 5530 2592
pcf, D = 0’, B = 5’
 STUDENT EXERCISE NO.5

Footing Bearing Capacity

Objective:

Find the Allowable Bearing Capacity Using a Safety Factor = 3, for

the Condition Shown Below.

Rough Base Footing 10′ × 50′

Final Grade

4′ Sand
30′ 10′ γ = 115 pcf
φ = 35°
C=0
 SOLUTION TO EXERCISE No. 5
Length 50
Footing Width
= 10
=5>9
Water Level 30 − 4
= = 2.6
Width 10

∴Use Rectangular Formula

∴ = 2.6 > 1.5 Footing Widths below
Footing Base
∴No Water Effect
36,340
qult = γ DN q + 0.4γ BNγ Qall =
3
= 12,113 psf

= (115)(4)(37) + (0.4)(115)(10)(42)
= 17,020 + 19,320
= 36,340 PSF
How is bearing capacity theory
related to the “rule of thumb”
equation for stability;
6 C
SAFETY FACTOR = γ H

H γ = Unit
Weight
Soft clay layer cohesion = C
Compact Sand
 Spread Footing Design
Bearing Capacity
• Explain how footing embedment, width, and
water table affect footing bearing capacity

Activities: Bearing capacity

analysis