EXPERIMENT NO.

:-01
AIM :
Analysis of 1-D structural members and verification of the same through manual
Calculation.

INTRODUCTION:
ANSYS is a general purpose finite element modeling package for numerically solving
a wide variety of mechanical problems. These problems include: static/dynamic structural
analysis (both linear and non-linear), heat transfer and fluid problems, as well as acoustic and
electro-magnetic problems.
Here we are concerned with the 1-D structural members and for the analysis of 1-D
member which is shown in fig we use the software called ANSYS. The main screen when we
open the ANSYS is as in fig. We will apply all the process of analysis from the left side
menu, ANSYS Main Menu.
In general, a finite element solution can be done into the following steps.

 Defining types of analysis.

 Defining types of elements.
 Defining real constant (if required).
 Defining material properties.
 Development of model.
 Mesh generation.
 Application of load.
 Defining boundary condition.
 Solution.

Main Screen
Procedure of 1-D structural member analysis:
Step-1: ANSYS Main Menu (on the left side)>Preferences

Step-2: Main Menu>Preprocessor>Element Type>Add/Edit/Delete

Step-3: Main Menu >Preprocessor>Element Type>Add/Edit/Delete>Add…

Step-4: Library of Element Types>Link>2D Spar 1

Step-5: Library of Element Types>Link>2D Spar 1>Close

Similarly we can select other two elements.

Step-6: Real Constants>Add/Edit/Delete>Real Constants>Add…

Step-7: Real Constants>Add/Edit/Delete>Real Constants>Add…>OK

Then enter the values of the cross-sectional area and initial strain for each element one by
one.

Similarly we can select Real constant for other two elements.

ELEMENT NO. AREA(mm2) LENGTH(mm) MODULUS OF

ELASTICITY(N/mm2)*103

1 900 80 70

2 400 90 105

3 200 70 200
Step-8: After enter all the values of area and initial strain close

Step-9: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Material Props

Step-10: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Material Props> Material Models> Structural> Linear> Elastic>
Isotropic

Step-11: Enter the values of modulus of elasticity in EX and in PRXY. Press OK.

Similarly we can select data for other two elements.

Step-12: Material>New Model…

Step-13: Define Material ID>and Follow the same procedure for the remaining materials.

Step-14: Main Menu >Preprocessor >Modeling>Create>Keypoints>In Active CS

Give the x, y and z coordinates of all the points. Press OK.

Similarly we can give other keypoints.

The points on the ANSYS screen will be shown as in fig.

Step-15: Main Menu >Preprocessor >Modeling>Create>Lines>Lines>Straight Line

Select one node and then move the cursor to the next node, left click the mouse, and the line
will be created.
Following the same procedure one will have the desired lines between nodes.

Step-16: Main Menu >Preprocessor >Meshing>Mesh Tool>Element Attributes>Line>Set

Step-17: In MAT and REAL set 1, 2, 3,… as per requirements one by one. Press OK.

Similarly we can select data for other two elements.

Step-18: Again in Mesh Tool Dialog Box>Line>Set>NDIV>1.

After Meshing the final output on the ANSYS screen will be as in fig.
Step-19: Main Menu >Preprocessor >Loads>Define Loads>Apply>Structural>
Displacement >On Nodes

Apply the required constraints to each node. And the final output will be as in fig.
Step-20: Main Menu >Preprocessor >Loads>Define
Loads>Apply>Structural>Force/Moment >On Nodes

Step-21: Plot control>Numbering

Step-22: Solution>Solve>Current LS

After using the above step the solution done is explored on the screen.

Step-23: Main Menu>General Postproc>Plot Result>Deformed Shape>Deformed

+undeformed

After giving Plot Deformed shape the output will be as under shown in fig.

Step 24: Plot Result>Contour Plot>Nodal Solution>DOF solution>Displacement vector

sum>OK
Step 25 : List>Areas

Step 26 : General Postproc>List>Nodal Solution

Step 27 :

1) Main Menu> General Postproc> Element type> Define table> Add> By sequence
no.> LS,1> OK.
2) Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot result> Contour plot> Nodal solution>
Stress> Von Mises stress> OK> Element table> OK.
Main Menu> General Postproc> List Results> Nodal Solution> DOF solution> Displacement
vector sum> OK
CONCLUSION:

The results obtained from Ansys software of this Experiment are quite similar to
results obtained from Analytical method. So from this we can conclude that the Ansys gives
the similar and accurate results in very less time than Analytical formulation of the problem.
 EXPERIMENT NO. : 2

AIM:
Analysis of 2D trusses, their formulation and use of software.

INTRODUCTION:
In general, a finite element solution can be done into the following steps.

 Defining types of analysis.

 Defining types of elements.
 Defining real constant (if required).
 Defining material properties.
 Development of model.
 Mesh generation.
 Application of load.
 Defining boundary condition.
 Solution.

Steps for solving 2D Truss Model:

1. Main screen
2. Main Menu> Preferences> structural> OK

3. Defining element type.

Main Menu> Preprocessor> Element type> Add> Link> 2D spar 1> O K
4. Apply the real constant
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Real Constants> Add> O K
5. Main Menu> Preprocessor> Material Props> Material Models> Structural> Linear> Elastic>
Isotropic

6. Modeling of the part.

(i) Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Key points> in active CS

(ii) Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Lines> in active coordinates.
7. Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Mesh Tool> Global (Set)> Line set> Element
division= 1> OK> Mesh> Pick all.
8. Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define loads> Apply> Structural> Displacement> On
nodes>
(1) Pick node1 > OK> All dof> Displacement value=0> apply

(2) Pick node 2> OK> All dof> displacement value= 0> OK
9. Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define loads> Apply> Structural> Force/Moment>
On nodes>
a. Pick node> OK> force value=100000> OK
b. Pick node> OK> force value= -200000> OK
10. Main Menu> Solution> Solve> Current LS> OK
11. a) Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Result> Deformed Shape> Deformed shape only

b) Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Result> Contour Plot> Nodal Solution> DOF
solution> Displacement vector sum> OK
c) 1) Main Menu> General Postproc> Element type> Define table> Add> By sequence
no.> LS,1> OK.
2) Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot result> Contour plot> Nodal solution>
Stress> Von Mises stress> OK> Element table> OK.
d) Main Menu> General Postproc> List Results> Nodal Solution> DOF solution>
Displacement vector sum> OK
e) Main Menu> General Postproc> List Results> Element Data> OK
CONCLUSION:
The results obtained from the formulation analytical method of the trusses were compared
with the results obtained from the model which was constructed with the ANSYS finite
element program. It was observed that the results are quite similar to each other.

Data FE Analysis Analytical

u1 0.0000 mm 0.0000 mm

v1 0.0000 mm 0.0000 mm

u2 0.0000 mm 0.0000 mm

v2 0.0000 mm 0.0000 mm

u3 58.284 mm 58.28 mm

v3 -30.000 mm -30.000 mm

Min. stress value -6000 N/mm2 -6000 N/mm2

Max. stress value 2828.4 N/ mm2 2828.4 N/ mm2

Problem: A small railroad bridge is constructed of steel members, all of which have a cross-
sectional area of 3250 mm2 & modulus of elasticity is 2*1011 N/m2. A train stops on the
bridge, and the loads applied to the truss on one side of the bridge are as shown in fig.
determine the nodal displacements and element stresses by software.
CONCLUSION:
The results obtained from the trusses are listed below:
 EXPERIMENT NO.: 3

AIM:
Preparation of 3 D model of a part and its analysis.

INTRODUCTION:
ANSYS is a general purpose finite element modeling package for numerically solving
a wide variety of mechanical problems. These problems include: static/dynamic structural
analysis (both linear and non-linear), heat transfer and fluid problems, as well as acoustic and
electro-magnetic problems.

In general, a finite element solution may be broken into the following three stages.

1. Preprocessing: defining the problem:

The major steps in preprocessing are given below:

 Define keypoints/lines/areas/volumes
 Define element type and material/geometric properties
 Mesh lines/areas/volumes as required
The amount of detail required will depend on the dimensionality of the analysis (i.e. 1D,
2D, axisymmetric, 3D).

2. Solution: assigning loads, constraints and solving:

 Here we specify the loads (point or pressure), constraints (translational and rotational)
and finally solve the resulting set of equations.

3. Post processing: further processing and viewing of the results:

In this stage one may wish to see:

 Lists of nodal displacements

 Element forces and moments
 Deflection plots
 Stress contour diagrams
 Consider the part as shown in fig. Prepare 3 D model of the part and do the analysis.
Pressure P is acting in vertically downward direction and value of P is 1000 N/cm 2,
Young’s modulus E=200 GPa,

Plate is fixed with help of two bolts of 5 mm.

Steps for solving 3D model:
12. Main Menu>Preferences>structural>OK

13. Defining element type.

Main Menu>Preprocessor>Element type>Add>Solid>8node 185
14. Main Menu>Preprocessor>Material Props>Material Models>Structural>Linear>
Elastic>Isotropic

15. Modeling of the part.

(iii)Main Menu>Preprocessor> Modeling>Create>Volumes>Block>By 2Corners & z
(iv) Main Menu>Preprocessor> Modeling>Create>Volumes>Cylinder>Solid Cylinder
(v) Main Menu>Preprocessor> Modeling>Create>Volumes>Cylinder>Solid Cylinder
Main Menu>Preprocessor> Modeling>Operate>Booleans>Subtract>Volumes>pick
volume>Apply>pick two cylinder>OK

(vi) Main Menu>Preprocessor> Modeling>Create>Volumes>Block>By 2 Corners &z

(vii) Main Menu>Preprocessor> Modeling>Create>Volumes>Block>By Dimensions
Main Menu>Preprocessor> Modeling>Operate>Boolean>glue>Volumes>pick all

-This step will generate complete model as a single volume.

16. Main Menu>Preprocessor> Meshing>Mesh Tool>Global (Set)>SIZE Element Edge
Length=0.2>OK>Mesh>Pick all.
17. Main Menu>Preprocessor> Loads>Define
loads>Apply>Structural>Displacement>On Areas>pick area >OK>All
dof>Displacement value=0 >OK
18. Main Menu>Preprocessor> Loads>Define loads>Apply>Structural>Pressure>On
Areas>pick area>OK>PRES value=1000>OK
19. Main Menu>Solution>Solve>Current LS>OK

20. Main Menu>General Postproc>Plot Result>Deformed Shape>Def + undeformed

- Plot Result>Contour Plot>Nodal Solution>DOF solution>Displacement vector
sum>OK
- Plot Result>Contour Plot>Nodal Solution>Stress>Von Mises Stress>OK
CONVERGENCE TEST:
Convergence means beginning with a mesh discretization and then observing and
recording the solution. Then we repeat the problem with a finer mesh (i.e. more elements)
and then compare the results with the previous test. If the results are nearly similar, then the
first mesh is probably good enough for that particular geometry, loading and constraints. If
the results differ by a large amount however, it will be necessary to try a finer mesh yet. In a
solid mechanics problem, this would be done by creating models with different mesh sizes
and comparing the resulting deflections and stresses.

Finer meshes come with a cost however: more computational time and large memory
requirements.

SUMMERY OF CONVERGENCE TEST:

Sr.No. Element Edge No. of Elements Maximum Maximum

Length Displacement Stress

1 2 476 0.051089 37376

2 1 1185 0.075552 46175

3 0.5 8737 0.101893 59252

4 0.4 17940 0.106713 70170

5 0.3 42779 0.110729 74747

6 0.25 63837 0.112070 82019

7 0.2 125835 0.113903 88000

CONCLUSION:
With the help of ANSYS, we can prepare the 3 D part models and analyze them. With
the help of convergence test we can analyze the model with refinement of mesh and can
obtain desired accuracy for the solution. For above given case, for element edge length 0.2,
maximum stress is 88000 N/cm2 and maximum displacement is 0.114 cm.
 EXPERIMENT No.: 04

AIM:
Beam Analysis Problems And their verification.

Problem:

Determine axial and radial deformation in Beam as shown in Figure.

6m 2m
I=4×10-4 m4

F = 5 × 103 N

E = 200 × 103 MPa

Solution through software:

Here we are concerned with the 2-D structural members and for the analysis of 2-D
Beam member which is shown in fig. we use the software called ANSYS. The main screen
when we open the ANSYS is as in fig. We will apply all the process of analysis from the left
side menu, ANSYS Main Menu.
 Main Screen

Procedure of 2-D Beam member analysis:

Step-1: ANSYS Main Menu (on the left side)>Preferences

Step-2: Main Menu>Preprocessor>Element Type>Add/Edit/Delete

Step-3: Main Menu >Preprocessor>Element Type>Add/Edit/Delete>Add

Step-4: Library of Element Types>Beam>2D Elastic 3

Step-5: Library of Element Types>Link>BEAM3>Close

Step-6: Real Constants>Add/Edit/Delete>Real Constants>Add.

Step-7: Real Constants>Add/Edit/Delete>Real Constants>Add…>OK

Step-8: After enter all the values of area and initial strain close
Step-9: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Material Props

Step-10: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Material Props> Material Models> Structural>

Linear> Elastic> Isotropic

Step-11: Enter the values of modulus of elasticity in EX and in PRXY. Press OK.
Step-12: Main Menu >Preprocessor >Modeling>Create>Keypoints>In Active CS

Give the x, y and z coordinates of all the points. Press OK.

Similarly we can give other keypoints .

The points on the ANSYS screen will be shown as in fig.

Step-13: Main Menu >Preprocessor >Modeling>Create>Lines>Lines>Straight Line

Step-14: Main Menu >Preprocessor >Meshing>Mesh Tool>Element Attributes>Global>Set
Step-15: Mesh Tool Dialog Box>Line>Set>NDIV>1.

After Meshing the final output on the ANSYS screen will be as in fig.

Step-16: Main Menu >Preprocessor >Loads>Define Loads>Apply>Structural>

Displacement >On KPs.
 Apply the required constraints to each node. And the final output will be as in fig.

Step-17: Main Menu >Preprocessor >Loads>Define

Loads>Apply>Structural>Force/Moment >On Keypoints
Step 18 : Solution>Solve>Current LS
After using the above step the solution done is explored on the screen.

Step-19: Main Menu>General Postproc>Plot Result>Deformed Shape>Deformed

+undeformed

After giving Plot Deformed shape the output will be as under shown in fig.
Step 20: Plot Result>Contour Plot>Nodal Solution>DOF solution>Displacement
vectorsum>OK
Step 21 : General Postproc>List>Nodal Solution

CONCLUSION:
The results obtained from Ansys software of this Experiment are quite similar to
results obtained from Analytical method. So from this we can conclude that the Ansys gives
the similar and accurate results in very less time than Analytical formulation of the problem.