Forest Ecology and Management 140 (2001) 65±74

Developing and testing of a method for the analysis and assessment

of multiple forest use from a forest conservation perspective
Thorsten Mrosek*,1
University of GoÈttingen, Department of Forestry, Institute of Forest Policy,
Environment Protection and Landscape Management, BuÈsgenweg 5, D-37077 GoÈttingen, Germany
Received 19 July 1999; accepted 17 December 1999

Abstract

The goal of this study was to develop a method for analyzing and assessing multiple forest use from a forest conservation
perspective and to test this method as a case study at a local forest management unit (Haliburton Forest & Wild Life Reserve
Ltd., Ontario, Canada).
The method adopts a model concept and consists of the de®nition of a target system for forest conservation, the design of a
set of criteria and indicators, the assessment of indicator performance, and the formulation of action plans. Implementation of
the method, the state of the forest, and the impact of multiple forest use are analyzed and assessed.
The formulated target system for forest conservation contains the goal of integrated, sustainable and natural forest
management; the objectives of protection of natural processes, naturalness and natural diversity; and operational targets. The
development of the set of criteria and indicators including measurement units is mainly based on the concept of protection of
natural processes, but is modi®ed and extended.
The examined forest management unit shows good to very good performance for most of the indicators. Overall, the state of
the forest can be assessed as good to very good, with only minimal impact caused by the multiple forest use operation. The
method is suitable for analyzing and assessing multiple forest use. It contributes to the evaluation of new forest management
concepts and forest conservation assessment methods, and supports approaches of certi®cation and criteria and indicators for
sustainable forest management at the local level. # 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Sustainable forest management; Forest conservation; Concept of protection of natural processes; Criteria and indicators;
Certi®cation; Selection cut silviculture system

1. Introduction increasingly recognized in recent years. Since the

The importance of concepts in sustainable and
nature-oriented forest management has become
*
Tel.: ‡1-416-921-2076; fax: ‡1-416-978-3834.
E-mail address: thorsten.mrosek@utoronto.ca (T. Mrosek).
1
Present address: University of Toronto, Faculty of Forestry,
Earth Sciences Centre, 33 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario,
Canada M5S 3B3.
United Nations Conference on Environment and
Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro in 1992,
a variety of international (e.g. the Montreal and Hel-
sinki processes) and national processes have been
initiated in order to develop and implement criteria
and indicators for sustainable forest management
(Wijewardana et al., 1998). In addition to governmen-
tal institutions, non-governmental organizations such
as the Forest Stewardship Council (Forest Stewardship

0378-1127/01/$ ± see front matter # 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
PII: S 0 3 7 8 - 1 1 2 7 ( 0 0 ) 0 0 2 7 7 - 2
66 T. Mrosek / Forest Ecology and Management 140 (2001) 65±74
Council, 1994) have developed new, nature-oriented
forest management and certi®cation standards.
Canada has assumed a leadership role in the inter-
national discussion and is a major player in this
process, because of its large forest area of 453 million
hectares (Canadian Council of Forest Ministers,
1996). Sustainable forest management (SFM) con-
cepts and certi®cation systems such as the Canadian
Standards Association (CSM) SFM and the FSC
Principles and Criteria have been developed, but there
is still a need for model forests and case studies for
integrated, sustainable and natural forest management
at the local level, in particular, that test their applica-
tion (Bull, 1993; Carrow, 1994, 1997).
Haliburton Forest & Wild Life Reserve Ltd.
employs an integrated, sustainable and natural forest
management concept. As well, it is the ®rst forest
company in Canada certi®ed by the FSC. The goal of
this forest company is to enable multiple forest use in a
limited area while still guaranteeing ecological and
economical sustainability (Schleifenbaum, 1993;
Stecker, 1995).
The goal of this article is to present a method for the
analysis and assessment of multiple forest use from a
forest conservation point of view. The application of
this method is used as a case study to examine whether
forest conservation objectives are suf®ciently consi-
dered by the company. The presented method is
oriented mainly to the concept of protection of natural
processes. This concept consists of a nature-oriented
forest management system that tries to mimic natural
forest processes and to minimize the impact of forest
practices (Sturm, 1993, 1995; Sturm and Westphal,
1995).
This article will examine and study Haliburton
Forest & Wild Life Reserve Ltd. in a critical way;
contribute to the evaluation of new forest management
concepts and forest conservation assessment methods;
and support approaches of certi®cation and criteria
and indicators for sustainable forest management at
the local level.
2. Methods
2.1. Study area
Haliburton Forest & Wild Life Reserve Ltd. lies
in the Great Lakes Ð St. Lawrence Forest Region
in Ontario, Canada. It is located in the Haliburton
Highlands, ca. 300 km northeast of Toronto, Ontario.
The soils are characterized by rock formations of
the Canadian Shield and the most common soil type
is Sherborne Till. The property covers 23,800 ha,
of which 19,000 ha are forested area. The most
common forest types are tolerant hardwoods,
dominated by Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.)
and Beech (Fagus americana Ehrh.). The forest
consists of 33 tree species, includes around 50
lakes and 250 wetlands, and is characterized by an
associated diversity of wildlife (Schleifenbaum,
1993).
The forest history of this region is characterized by
intensive removal of White Pine (Pinus strobus L.)
after the settlement phase around 1863, and by high-
grading of Yellow Birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britt.)
and other tree species such as Sugar Maple (Acer
saccharum Marsh.) from 1945 to 1970. These forest
management practices led to heavily altered forests in
which stand quantity and quality were reduced (Stitt,
1994).
Since 1984, Haliburton Forest & Wild Life Reserve
Ltd. has been managed under a sustainable, multiple
forest use concept. This concept aims to integrate
forest use and forest conservation in a limited area
while still guaranteeing ecological and economical
sustainability. Forest use forms such as timber harvest-
ing, hunting, and ®shing are combined with recrea-
tional use and aspects of forest ecology and
conservation. The speci®c forms of use are: timber
use; semi-wilderness camping; snowmobiling; moun-
tainbiking; ®shing; hunting and trapping; hiking;
outdoor education and other special events
(Schleifenbaum, 1993).
2.2. Method
The method for analyzing and assessing multiple
forest use from a conservation point of view compares
a desired state with the existing state (Plachter, 1991,
pp. 181±182). The desired state is the natural forest for
a speci®c area, and the existing state is the managed
forest of this area.
In this context, a hierarchical target system for
forest conservation is formulated, oriented to the
goal of the natural forest model, and based on the
existing literature. The objectives for forest conser-
 T. Mrosek / Forest Ecology and Management 140 (2001) 65±74
Fig. 1. Formal structure of the method for the analysis and assessment of multiple forest use from a forest conservation perspective (modified
from Sturm and Westphal, 1995).
vation are part of the company's comprehensive
target system for the integrated management
concept.
The objectives are divided into a number of criteria.
A set of descriptive or measurable indicators is
assigned to each criterion (Lammerts van Bueren
and Blom, 1997). The development of the set of
criteria and indicators and the formulation of
measurement units focuses mainly on the German
concept of protection of natural processes (Pro-
zeûschutzkonzept) (BuÈrger-Arndt, 1996; FaÈhser,
1995; Sturm, 1993, 1995; Sturm and Westphal,
1995). Some indicators and measurement units are
modi®ed. In addition, some criteria and indicators
related to forest area and wildlife from a Canadian
concept (Keddy and Drummond, 1996) and some
aspects of multiple forest use are extended. These
indicators completely depict the entire target system.
They are measured using ordinal units and are
assessed ®nally with regard to target achievement
(Fig. 1). The performance of each indicator measured
by its unit is transformed in a basic way into a level of
target achievement. The measurement units from 1,
very good to 5, very bad are the inverse of the levels of
target achievement of 5, very good to 1, very bad. An
assessment of indicator performance is graphically
presented (BuÈrger-Arndt and Hondong, personal com-
munication).
67
3. Results
3.1. Target system
The hierarchical target system for forest conserva-
tion (Fig. 2) de®nes the strategic and abstract goal of
integrated, sustainable and natural forest use, and the
objectives of naturalness (de®ned as the existing state
of a forest in comparison to the natural forest) (Ander-
son, 1991) and natural diversity (Scherzinger, 1996),
with special regard to natural processes (Sturm, 1993,
1995). A number of operational targets put these
theoretical objectives into concrete terms concerning
forest management practices (FaÈhser, 1995; Sturm and
Westphal, 1995).
3.2. Criteria and indicators
The set of criteria and indicators consists of 8
criteria and 24 indicators (Fig. 3). Indicator perfor-
mance is measured by applying ®ve measurement
units formulated for each indicator. A detailed
description of the range of the ®ve measurement units
is presented in this paper, for selected indicators only
(Fig. 4).
Concerning Criterion 1 (forest area size and forest
road density), it can be stated that because it abuts
Algonquin Provincial Park, the forest area of the
68 T. Mrosek / Forest Ecology and Management 140 (2001) 65±74

Fig. 2. Target system for forest conservation.

examined forest company is part of a relatively closed
forest area of a size more than 100,000 ha. There is
very limited forest fragmentation and the road density
is low, being 5 m/ha for forest roads and 4 m/ha for
trails. For these reasons, both indicators 1 and 2 are to
be assessed as very good (unit 1) (Fig. 4). The optimal
forest area size of 100,000 ha was chosen in order to
provide suf®cient habitat for wolf (Canis lupis L.)
used as an indicator species (Keddy and Drummond,
1996).
 T. Mrosek / Forest Ecology and Management 140 (2001) 65±74 69

Fig. 3. Criteria and indicators of the method for the analysis and assessment of multiple forest use from a forest conservation perspective
(modified and extended from Sturm and Westphal, 1995; modified from Keddy and Drummond, 1996).

Concerning Criterion 2 (area zoning with different
use intensities and reference areas), the forest com-
pany shows a simple area zoning of two different
intensities of land use: productive and non-productive
forest area. Although the non-productive forest, cover-
ing 23.7% of the total forest area, is not managed and
has an indirect protected status, explicit protected
areas and reference areas are lacking. For this reason,
Indicator 1 is assessed as average (unit 3).
Concerning Criterion 3 (naturalness of soils),
neither mechanical soil treatments nor chemical appli-
cations take place and old forest sites are not converted
to other land uses at the examined forest company.
Therefore, all the indicators are to be assessed as very
good (unit 1).
Concerning Criterion 4 (naturalness of forest com-
munities), the natural tree species composition was
found by analyzing the historical data of the ®rst land
survey in 1863, in combination with the consideration
of ecological characteristics of individual tree species
(Farrar, 1995; Chambers et al., 1997). The natural
forest types and their development phases for this
region were analyzed as well (Anderson and Rice,
1993; Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, 1998).
70 T. Mrosek / Forest Ecology and Management 140 (2001) 65±74

Fig. 4. Exemplary measurement units for some selected indicators.

The naturalness of the tree species composition is
fundamentally high, but a shift towards tolerant hard-
woods has occurred. For example, the area of stands
dominated by P. strobus was reduced from 11.5% in
1863 to 2.4% of the forest area, and the area of B.
alleghaniensis stands was reduced from 12.1% in
1863 to 2.4% in 1992. The area of stands dominated
by A. saccharum and other shade tolerant tree species
like F. americana increased from 28.3% in 1863 to
76.6% in 1992. This shift in the tree species composi-
tion shows only the trend in the main productive forest
for which up-to-date inventory data is available, repre-
senting 52% of the total forest area. The reasons for
this development are the intensive use and high grad-
ing of some tree species in past forest history, as well
as the impact of the selection cut system in recent
years. Indicator 1 is assessed as good (unit 2) (Fig. 4).
Regeneration occurs naturally and planting does
not take place in the examined forest company. For
this reason, Indicator 2 is to be assessed as very good
(unit 1).
Concerning Criterion 5 (naturalness of forest devel-
opment conditions), the performance of four of the six
indicators is very good. These are: Indicator 1 (spon-
taneity of regeneration); Indicator 3 (intensity of
tending operations); Indicator 5 (acceptance of natural
processes); and Indicator 6 (continuity of stand devel-
opment). Natural regeneration is relied upon and no
tending operations occur. Natural processes (in terms
of natural disturbances) are accepted and no clear
cutting takes place. Therefore, these indicators are
assessed as very good (unit 1).
 T. Mrosek / Forest Ecology and Management 140 (2001) 65±74
Indicator 2 (spontaneity of stand development) aims
at identifying natural forests without any harvesting
activities. An analysis of the forest history and of the
actual forest area of the forest company leads to the
conclusion that at least 10% of the forest area has not
been harvested for a minimum of 50 years and consists
of natural forests characterized by high spontaneity of
stand development. For this reason, the indicator is
assessed as average (unit 3) (Fig. 4). Indicator 4
(nature-oriented harvest operations) is characterized
by the negative impact of the silvicultural practices of
the forest history. The selection cut silviculture system
which is now being practiced, aims at restoring the
stand quantities and qualities over the medium to long
term. The Indicator is assessed as good (unit 2).
Concerning Criterion 6 (diversity of ¯ora and biotic
elements), the performance of three of the indicators is
very good. Indicator 2 (diversity of vertical structures)
and Indicator 3 (diversity of horizontal structures) are
assessed as very good (unit 1), because they represent
the natural vertical and horizontal stand structures
determined by the natural disturbance regime of the
tolerant hardwoods forest type. Indicator 5 (typical
small structure elements) is assessed as very good
(unit 1), because the whole range of natural small
structure elements (e.g. large rocks, ponds, creeks) is
present. The points of criticism concerning the shift in
the tree species composition have already been pre-
sented. This development leads to reduced tree species
diversity and to a homogenization of the stands
towards a dominance of shade tolerant hardwoods.
For this reason, Indicator 1 is assessed as good (unit 2).
Concerning Indicator 4 (typical presence of dead
wood), it is problematic that the old growth phases
of the natural forest development are not represented
in a suf®cient way and that despite the dif®culties of
measurement, the quantities and quality of dead wood
are too low. Based on previous forest management
policies, only two wildlife trees per hectare are left.
For this reason, this indicator is assessed as average
(unit 3).
Concerning Criterion 7 (diversity of fauna), both
Indicator 1 (diversity of avifauna and large carnivores)
and Indicator 2 (nature-oriented hunting) are assessed
as very good (unit 1). The absolute diversity of these
animal groups is high and close to the historical
species composition and no species is endangered
or threatened. Hunting takes place in a sustainable,
71
nature-oriented way and has no detrimental impact on
wildlife populations (monitoring indicates average
population densities and ¯uctuations within normal
parameters). The only exception is the decreasing
population of Wood duck (Anix sponsa L.) because
of habitat loss, which underlines the importance of
cavity trees in the old growth phase. A restoration
program is in place in order to protect and encourage
this species.
Concerning Criterion 8 (nature-oriented recrea-
tional use), both indicators show a good performance.
Indicator 1 (recreational use facilities), is assessed as
very good (unit 1), because the road density of <10 m/
ha is low and >30% of the lakes with a high suitability
for recreation are without any use. The total number of
3.5 visitors per hectare is acceptable and major dis-
turbances are avoided by effective multiple use of
recreational facilities. One point of criticism is that a
comprehensive recreational use management concept,
including impact assessments on wildlife is lacking.
Therefore, Indicator 2 (intensity of recreational use) is
assessed as good (unit 2).
3.3. Assessment
The total assessment of the forest management unit
is shown as a basic assessment pro®le (Fig. 5).
An analysis of the criteria and indicators leads to the
result that the examined forest company, Haliburton
Forest & Wild Life Reserve Ltd., achieves the for-
mulated objectives of its target system of forest con-
servation, and is rated overall good to very good, with
only a few points of criticism. Overall, the state of the
forest can be assessed as good to very good with only
minimal impact caused by the multiple forest use
operation.
3.4. Action plans
The identi®ed main points of criticism lead to the
formulation of action plans. Haliburton Forest & Wild
Life Reserve Ltd. has implemented most of the
recommendations as a result of this study.
Since only a simple area zoning of two different
use intensities in the form of productive forest and
non-productive forest area exists, the establishment
of an area zoning system was recommended. Zones
of different use intensities such as nature reserves,
72 T. Mrosek / Forest Ecology and Management 140 (2001) 65±74
Fig. 5. Assessment profile with levels of target achievement for the criteria and indicators, with level 5, very good; level 4, good; level 3,
average; level 2, bad; level 1, very bad.
natural forest reserves, forest out of regular use, and
reference areas were developed. A core of natural
forest reserves without any use, functioning as refer-
ence areas, was designated on 4.2% of the total forest
area. Forest out of regular use with no, or only
extensive use, was designated on 23.7% of the total
forest area. It is recommended that the number and
area of natural forest reserves as reference areas be
increased to at least 10% over the medium to long
term, in order to achieve suf®cient representation of
the whole range of natural forest communities and
their forest development phases.
There is need for a modi®cation of the silviculture
system in order to decrease the dominance of tolerant
hardwood stand types, thus encouraging tree species
such as P. strobus and B. alleghaniensis, and restrict-
ing shade tolerant tree species such as A. saccharum. It
was recommended that the declining tree species P.
strobus be protected and the development of a restora-
tion program be implemented. Both have happened as
a result of this study.
In principle, the selection silviculture system is
assessed as progressive and positive from a forest
conservation perspective, but it is important to recog-
nize that it represents a limited range of natural forest
development phases and has an impact on the tree
species composition. It is recommended that a whole
range of suitable and nature-oriented silviculture sys-
tems (e.g. single tree selection, group selection and
small clear cuts) be developed in order to mimic the
disturbance regimes of the natural forest types and to
meet the requirements of speci®c tree species.
Keeping in mind the understocking of the stands,
the insuf®cient representation of the old growth phase
and the quantity and quality of dead wood in parti-
cular, it is recommended that the area of old growth
stands, the number of old and dying trees, and the
amount of dead wood should be increased over the
medium to long term. In order to achieve this objec-
tive, more nature reserves and forest out of regular use
should be designated. Furthermore, an increase in the
number of wildlife trees from an actual two per
hectare to at least ®ve per hectare and a guarantee
to protect them over the long term is recommended.
Concerning recreational use, it is recommended that
a comprehensive management concept be developed
in order to coordinate the different use activities and to
restrict the establishment of recreational use facilities.
This will assist in achieving forest conservation objec-
tives and minimizing the impact on wildlife in parti-
cular. A ®rst approach to a recreational use planning
concept with four zones of different use intensity was
developed as a result of this study.
4. Discussion
The target system is of special importance for this
method (Waldenspuhl, 1991, p. 28). A model state of
the natural forest is de®ned as a quality standard and as
a framework for objectives for nature-oriented forest
management practices. These objectives are formu-
lated in a normative way. For this reason, the target
system can only be a compilation of up-to-date expert
 T. Mrosek / Forest Ecology and Management 140 (2001) 65±74
opinions of the scienti®c community (Sturm and
Westphal, 1995, p. 31). The strategic overall goal
and major objectives in particular are dif®cult to
assess and justify in an objective way.
Concerning the criteria and indicators, it is dif®cult
to design an optimal and objective set of criteria and
indicators at this time. There are a variety of different
approaches of criteria and indicators at different
levels, and the process of designing, improving and
adjusting these sets of criteria and indicators is still in
development. There is still a lack of ®eld testing for all
criteria and indicator concepts (Wijewardana et al.,
1998). Furthermore, the formulation of measurement
units of each indicator is problematic for qualitative
indicators in general and for quantitative indicators in
particular. Therefore, the presented method can only
be a ®rst approach and should be improved and
adjusted in the future.
A sophisticated assessment method is not used in
this concept, in order to avoid problems related to the
aggregation of conservation indices. Instead, a basic,
graphical assessment pro®le for presenting the whole
range of criteria and indicators and their performance
is used. This allows the easy analysis of all aspects of
forest management, the identi®cation of points of
criticism and the development of action plans.
5. Conclusion
The goal of this study was to develop a method for
analyzing and assessing multiple forest use from a
forest conservation perspective and to test this method
as a case study at the forest company, Haliburton
Forest & Wild Life Reserve Ltd. The method of the
modi®ed concept of protection of natural processes is
suitable when analyzing and assessing the state of
forests and the impact of forest management practices.
The study contributes to the evaluation of new forest
management concepts and forest conservation assess-
ment methods, and supports approaches of certi®ca-
tion as well as criteria and indicators for sustainable
forest management at the local level.
Acknowledgements
The study took place at the Haliburton Forest &
Wild Life Reserve Ltd. in Ontario, Canada, as part of
73
the thesis submitted to the Department of Forestry,
University of GoÈttingen, in Germany. I have to thank
Prof. Dr. R. BuÈrger-Arndt (Institute for Forest Policy,
Environment Protection and Landscape Management,
University of GoÈttingen) for scienti®c supervision and
support in Germany. Furthermore, I would like to
thank H. Hondong (Centre for Nature Conservation,
University of GoÈttingen) for valuable discussions and
advice as well as Dr. B. Stecker (Faculty of Forestry,
University of Applied Sciences of Eberswalde) for
support in the project organization. I thank Dr. P.
Schleifenbaum (Haliburton Forest & Wild Life
Reserve Ltd.) for his scienti®c supervision in Canada
and technical support. Finally, I thank Prof. Dr. D.
Balsillie (Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto)
and M. Johnson for the review and editing of the
manuscript.
References
Anderson, J.E., 1991. A conceptual framework for evaluating and
quantifying naturalness. Conserv. Bio. 5, 347±352.
Anderson, H.W., Rice, J.A., 1993. A Tree-marking Guide for the
Tolerant Hardwoods Working Group in Ontario. Ont. Min. Nat.
Resour. Science and Technology Series, Vol. 8. Queen's Printer
for Ontario, Toronto, 227 pp.
BuÈrger-Arndt, R., 1996. Zukunftsziele im Waldnaturschutz. For-
stwissenschaftliches Centralblatt 115, 80±89.
Bull, G., 1993. Waldnation Kanada. Allgemeine Forstzeitschrift 48
(4), 174.
Canadian Council of Forest Ministers, 1996. Criteria and Indicators
of Sustainable Forest Management in Canada. Technical Report
1997. Natural Resources Canada Ð Canadian Forest Service,
Ottawa, 137 pp.
Carrow, J.R., 1997. Canada's quest for sustainability: options,
obstacles and opportunities. For. Chron. 73 (1), 113±120.
Carrow, J.R., 1994. Integrated resource management Ð a case of
unrealized potential. For. Chron. 70 (1), 19±21.
Chambers, B., et al., 1997. Field Guide to Forest Ecosystems of
Central Ontario. Ont. Min. Nat. Resour., Queen's Printer for
Ontario, North Bay, 200 pp.
FaÈhser, L., 1995. Das Konzept der Naturnahen Waldnutzung im
Stadtforstamt LuÈbeck. Der Dauerwald 12, 2±6.
Farrar, J.L., 1995. Trees in Canada. Fitzhenry and Whiteside Ltd.,
Markham and Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources
Canada with Canada Communication Group, Ottawa, 502 pp.
Forest Stewardship Council, 1994. Forest Stewardship Principles
and Criteria for Natural Forest Management, Board Approved
Version. FSC, Oaxaca, 20 pp.
Keddy, P.A., Drummond, C.G., 1996. Ecological properties for the
evaluation, management, and restoration of temperate decid-
uous forest ecosystems. Ecol. Applications 6.3, 748±762.
74 T. Mrosek / Forest Ecology and Management 140 (2001) 65±74
Lammerts van Bueren, E.M., Blom, E.M., 1997. Hierarchical
Framework for the Formulation of Sustainable Forest Manage-
ment Standards, Tropenbos, Wageningen, 82 pp.
Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, 1998. A Silvicultural Guide
for the Tolerant Hardwood Forest in Ontario. Ont. Min. Nat.
Resour., Queen's Printer for Ontario, Toronto, 500 pp.
Plachter, H., 1991. Naturschutz. Fischer, Stuttgart, 463 pp.
Scherzinger, W., 1996. Naturschutz im Wald. Ulmer, Stuttgart, 447 pp.
Schleifenbaum, P., 1993. Haliburton Forest and Wild Life Reserve
Ltd.. Ein Forstbetrieb in Ontario stellt sich vor. Allgemeine
Forstzeitschrift 48 (4), 175±176.
Stecker, B., 1995. Integriertes Resourcen-Management am Beispiel
eines Modellbetriebes in Ontario. OÈ sterreichische Forstzeitung
6, 60±61.
Stitt, M.P., 1994. The Forest and the Trees. Historical Roots of the
Haliburton Forest and Wild Life Reserve Ltd., Haliburton
Forest and Wild Life Reserve Ltd., Haliburton, 40 pp.
Sturm, K., 1995. Naturnahe Waldnutzung in Mitteleuropa. Der
Dauerwald 12, 6±21.
Sturm, K., 1993. Prozeûschutz - ein Konzept fuÈr naturschutzger-
È kologie und Naturschutz
echte Waldwirtschaft. Zeitschrift fuÈr O
2, 181±192.
Sturm, K., Westphal, C., 1995. Zwischenbericht zu GesamtoÈkolo-
gischer Vergleich graphischer Papiere Ð Teil O È kobilanz
Waldwirtschaft Ð BuÈro fuer angewandte WaldoÈkologie,
Duvensee, 70 pp.
Waldenspuhl, T.K., 1991. Waldbiotopkartierungsverfahren in der
BRD. Verfahrensvergleich unter besonderer BeruÈcksichtigung
der bei der Beurteilung der Naturschutzwertes verwendeten
Indikatoren. Schriftenreihe des Instituts fuÈr Landespflege der
UniversitaÈt Freiburg 17, Freiburg, 261 pp.
Wijewardana, D., Caswell, S., Palmberg-Lerche, C., 1998. Criteria
and Indicators for Sustainable Forest Management. XI. World
Forestry Congress. Antalya, Turkey, 13±22 October 1997,
Proceedings, Vol. 6, Section G. Policies, Institutions and Means
for Sustainable Forestry Development. <http://www.fao.org/
forestry/include/frames/tri.asp?sectionˆ/forestry/foda/wforcong/
default.htm>. November 1999.