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    Analysis of Structures

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    kiri132

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    bon Car Aause London South Bank University Analysis of Structures (Desiga and Analysis of Stractures) BSc 3 — Civil Engineering BSc 3 ~ Architectural Engineering © Dr Mahmood H Datoo Room BRT-601 sudo sk Beam Moment Distribution ate 130) Computer Aided Analysis, 21 - 29 Beam Deflection a1 - 3.30 Frames — Bending Moment Diagrams 4.1. - 4.17 Unit Load Method 51 - 5.40 Plastic Section Properties 61 - 622 Beam Plastic Analysis, A128 Complex Stress Bl - 8.29 iteri 91 - 9.18 eaeeoaneeoo FeO ee AOC ee A Oe O AO ADCeODOD0ND Beam Moment Distribution Notes ‘The moment distribution method is a procedure for determining, using simple computations, the end moments in members of Inéewrminate srucures. The methed Is Dased on the Principle thatthe algebraic sum of moments at a joint must equal to ero fr the joint o be in equiv, ly ‘clamped. Clamps are introduced to prevent rotations ofthe joints, The elect of introducing: Tn the moment distbution method, every joint that i¢ free to rate or dgplace i iii ‘lamps sto produce a set of fixed end moments (FEM) in a loaded span of a member. ‘The clans the jointsare now relewsed intra, I the algebraic sum of moments at fl is not zero, then there willbe out of balance moment. This will cause the joint to rotate ani there is equilibrium thee. The rolation will cause moments tobe developed at the far end of ‘the members meeting atthe joint, ‘The out of balance moment at each j Which balances each join in tum whilst keeping clamped all the other joint inthe structure is then determined ng on Heative pocaduse ‘The moments are distributed tothe far end of the members in proportion o their bending (lexural) stiffness. This iterative procedure is continued until the erro of the out of are small enough tobe neglected ‘The ret of de analyses for dhe determination of bending moment diagrams, axial and shear forces (reactions. say) in the members are then oblained from simple static considera In order t carry out this iterative process, a consistent sign convention must be usd. Also, certain structural parameters have to be determined: cary-over factors and distribution factors, eam Moment Dinsbton: Note 12 Sign Convention ‘All quantities wil be considered positive if they ae clockwise actions: moments, rotations, and displacements of one end ofa member relative tothe other. oe Max at 4 ce ‘The load P onthe member will cause the fixed end moments Mas and Maas shown above. In order forthe joints A and B to be clamped with no relative translation, the moments will Ihave to act in the directions shown, According t0 the sign convention adopted for the ‘moment distribution analysis, moment Mag is negative (since its eeting anticlockwise) and -moment Maa is postive (since it is acting clockwise). Thus, both these moments are causing, hogging bending moment on the beam. I, say. Man > Mas, then the fixed end moment diagram, drawn on the tension side of the member, would be ofthe form: As For rotations, referring to the diagram below, according 0 the sign convention adopted for the moment distribation analysis, 8, is positive (since i is acting in the clockwise direction) and 4, i negative (since its acting in the anticlockwise direction) Stitfness and Carry-over Factors If join at one end of a member is rated through an angle due 1 an applied moment there, then there willbe & moment develope at the far end of the member. The moment developed at the far end of the member due to a rotation atthe near end will be some proportion ofthe ‘moment at the near end. The ratio of the moments at he ends of a member is called the carry: over factor. Plnned-fixed member Consider a member of constant EI and length L that is pinned at one end and fied at the ‘other Itcan be shown by using te unit load wet, say, 4 by sloped equations oF ‘moment area method, or any oler structural analysis technique, that the clockwise rtation 4EL , can be effected by applying aclockwise moment My = 470, at A; this in tun induces a kre monet Mu #2219, he Bed eB, Na ha erin ton te fixed end ‘het 2 iced ie sites actor fora unio menbe Cons and enh L, and i given the notation K. Pane ped member Sow coi amen cna an gh Lis ped Bod eds. Ain. by ny sun sca ana hie ican besa tha he ces ton 9, be eel by apying ache moment = 3, at sce eae Bs Pinned, there willbe a rotation there, but no development of any moment due tothe applied ‘moment at end A, Ma" SEO nde sites tris mateo ae of 22, No a he matt sess 3 ot Note also that inthis cae of a pinned:pinned member, the carry-over factor is zero and tere is no moment developed at the far end, in which case then, a modified stiffness of the member is used, Similaly then, a modified stifness value is to be used for cases when it is Jknown that there can be no carry-over moments atone end of a member (asi the case for a member with an overhang, see Example 3 in these notes) in Exam eam Moment aibton: Noes is Distribution Factor ‘When joint out of balance, we aced to determine the proportion of the out of balance ‘moment carted by the individual members meeting a the joint If the jin rotates through an angle to reach an equlibium position, then the corresponding momeats will be distibuted among the members according to their bending (exural stiffness. Consider three members meeting a joint X, where an extemal postive momeat M is applied. ‘Members BX and CX are fixed at one end, and member AX is pinned at one end. Each ‘member is of a uniform section. Atte joint X, each member will rotate by the same amount, for compatibility considerations. We need to determine the proportion of the moment M. catied by each member. Now, from equilibrium considerations, equating extemal and inernal moments: (M = Mua + Map + Mie Bul fom the siffness relationship sen earlier, we get May 3 FRube = Ku Fal My = “pala o Kate Mg Mele 0, «0 ‘eam Monee Dison: Noes 16 [Note the: forthe member AX pinned at the far end, the modified stfiness value hasbeen sed, Therefore: M=(Ky + Ky Kec Py EK bs M_\— Toint stiffness And so: ‘The parameter A is called the distribution factor, DF. Note that at any join, the x tribution factors must sam t ait. Usually, the members meeting at joint willbe ofthe same mesial having the same Young’s ‘modolus (E) value. Also, since the distribution factor isa ratio of stffnsses of a member in tens of #2, hen the omen fas of can ect in te ean of he distribution factor; hence: ‘Beam Maen isbton- Notes 12 ‘Fixed End Moments (FEM) ‘Fixed end moments wil be developed atthe ends ofthe member dve to an externally applied "oad in which all the joints are intially clamped. If he joints are allowed to translate at the ‘sme tine, dew an additonal ied end rosea will be developed. In general, fixed end moments are hogging (on transversely loaded members) where the joints ‘do not translate In eases of joint translations, the fixed end moments may be hogging or sagging depending on the diretion ofthe relative movement ofthe joints ‘The fixed end moments ae determined from standard structural analysis techniques. For the ‘commonly used load conditions, and for a member of constant bending sltinss I and length L, te fixed end moments are given below: Given inexanr Fixed End Moments for Uniform Members Man Maa w 1 | _w. wie A 5 Te cy bho | wv | | | 1 4 B | E : » +1 Ql 5 wit 4 oe 12 Beam Monen Debton Nts Me Free Moments ‘The free moments ina loaded span ae the bending moment values ofa loaded span, which, in the atsence of the clamps atthe member ends, is now simply supported. The beading ‘moments for a simply supported member are easily found from static equilibrium conditions. ‘The fina! bending moment value is then the sum of the fixed end moments and the free ‘moments taking into consideration whether the moments are sagging or hogging. Shear Caleuations ‘Aer having determined the final bending moments in a member, the shear valuet can then be determined by simple statics. Consider a loaded span fixed at both ends subjecteé 10 a transverse loading condition a M, id ‘Taking aromcnts aboot the lft end A. wo obtain the sheas atthe sight eu Bs (Ry *L)+M yg = Pat Ob+M y a PtQb+Ma-My = IN DF 7 T r n = a z 5 FEM “#8 a 20 20 Bal 24 4 a) 14 co 2 7 ry 7 Bal 35 35 4 6 co 18 3 18 3 Bal Ls Ls 09 09 co 08 “os | 08 05 Bal 03, 02. oa 04 Finale | 1 79 20 a an 10 ‘The maximum free moments. which are sagging (that is tension on the bottom of the member) ae: ee sco M3 (ening pbs teen ea con Ma! nmin rite Tefal ae a teAn whats Qnonenn) ee (eimer tbc: Sncitenmnenmp) Cant soon 7- (2-7 enn tein 0-822) 15 sinc 210) 2 41 Moment Dribton: Worked Example Drawing the bending moment diagram (RN m) on the tension side: 4 » ‘Shear calculations: IAB: 15 » (a, x4)415+29=0 Ry =-110 Ry =0~(-11.0)=110 BC 29 4 36 Dim (ey x4) A= (96x4%2)+29 Re =(0x4) -69.0=750 (Re x2) +10=(40%2) 41 Ry =40-278=122 ‘Shear table Span AB BC oD. End | AB BA | BC cB cD DC Shears |-1L0 110 [690 730] 278 122 Reaction | -11 30 103 2 ‘Shear fore diagratr (kN): 1s Beam Moment isbn: Worked Example 16 Question 2 Use the moment distribution method to draw a dimensioned sketch ofthe bending moment = = OF L 2 1 1 | | 3 a 2 2 | FEM | 30 OOS | Max=24 +6. 8 FEM® = 33 90 30 ry 2 bal co | ba Ico wal co oe Ty S bal ase Hes Py ons Fini fea [soso] 0 | Uden (ones Ghar 1 Th? Complete. ‘The maximum fee moments, which ae sagging (Uist ie tension on the botom of the rember a: WL _80%3 -u vax a mid spns ina between Bow Eo c pan: » po 3) Myo=Rex1=100 (evaximum under point oad nea in-between) pe= E25 109 (maximum at mid-span; parabelic in-between) “The final bending moments are: was shea vnc pn (222) 3 enone) nC: aC=s0(eamnons) AD “enone under pont toad = 120 (s0 S225 sa) 8 cension on boron 4 InDE: ‘at E= 79 (tension ontop) )=39 Gension on btm) Drawing the bending moment diagram (KN m) onthe tension side ‘Shea calculations In AB: Beam Moment Distibua: Wore Example La WBC. Py 50 <= (Ry x3)+90: s0x1.5)+24 Re =80-313=487 Inc: (x4) 60=(160%3}+50 175 Ry =160-1175=425 IDE: (hy AGl279=(240623)r60 Ry -09.0 Rg = (24x6)-69=750 Beau Mynen Disituion: Worked Eanple Ls Shear table ‘Span AB Be @ DE End [AB BA [BC caleD be] DE ED Shears [0 240/313 aa7[u7s_| 2s|eo 750 Reaction [O 35 166, 12 5 Shear force diagram (KN) 7 a @ “ Compete Aes Anais: Noes 2 Computer Aided Analysis Notes ‘Analysis of structures can be avery tedious operation if done entirely by hand caleulstions ‘The process becomes complex for multi-redundant structures. Over the years, various methods have been developed to simplify the hand calculations forthe analysis of redundant structures; one such technique isthe moment distribution. ‘Structural analysis forthe determination of forces, moments displacements in individual members i very conveniently solved for by the application of matrix methods and basic strength of materials. The most popular and convenient technique is the matix stiffness method. The concept of the matrix stiffness method is very straight forward but the hand ‘computations involved is petitive and vedious. A computer is therefore used to speed up the process “The increasing power, availablity and falling prices of the computers have had a direct effect ‘on the engineers in their approach to structural analysis. There are numerous software available on the market for structural analyses that run on a personal computer. The matrix stiffness method is almost universally used for the structural analyses of frames. (Naturally, all software must give the same answers for the same problem. However, each software will have a different way of modeling a structure. With Graphical User Inerface now as the standard computer operating sytem, most of the modelling is done through the licking ofthe mouse. The engineers job of modelling a sueture is now even easier dhan it used 10 be as industry standard software now invariably have a graphical interface. Generally speaking, the better the graphics, the more it costs. We willbe looking atthe modelling of plane frames, that is, the structure is all ying on one plane and the loads are applied inthe same plane. There are thee steps involved: modelling (data input, analysis (he actual number crunching) and output (the results). It is insretive t Jook at a particular (simple) example to highlight the discussion, The determinate frame showin below is pinned atthe left column base and is on rollers (simple support) atthe right column base. The fame i subjected to side load of 6 KN at the tp left ‘comer, @ downward load of 24 KN a the horizontal member mid span, and a downward uniformly distributed load of 3 KNim on the horizontal member. All the members are of ‘constant section and of the same material. We want to model this on the Strand7 to get the bending moment diagram, aa 3m ‘Modelling ‘The frame must be wholly and aocurately described in the manner thatthe software is set-up {or correct imerpretation ofthe modelled frame. The user has to pay particular attention the ‘units for each item, Most programs have a default system of units for each item. The following items need to be somehow described: + frame geometry + section properties + material properties + applied loads + supports Prame geometry: nodes ‘The frame geometry is described by discrete nodes representing the section centoid, The positon of a node is deserhed by coordinates referenced to an axes system. For plane frame analysis, only two coordinate values are requited 1 fix a nodal postion, Generally, & cartesian axes system is used (although for non siaight members, a polar or esindrcal axes system may be more suitable) The cartesian axes sytem is one in which the thee axes are ‘mutually perpendicular ani it follows a Right-Hand-System (RHS). Thus, using the RHS, positive X into postive Y serews into postive Z; or positive ¥ into positive Z: screws ito positive X; or positive Z imo postive X serews into positive Y. The axes forming the plane ofthe frame will be taken es the X and Z axes [Computer Aided Ansys: Noes 23 “The nodal coordinates are defined inthe global axes system. A global axes system, implicit by its global nature, is therefore common to all the members inthe frame, regardless ofthe ‘member inclination. A convenient origin is chosen forthe global axes. Iris nt neessary tht this origin should ie on the frame. The most convenient location isthe extreme left bottom position, thus ensuring all the coordinates have a postive vale, For the example, the global axes origin is chosen te at the base of the left column, ‘The global axes system is denoted by the capital letersX, Y and Z. ‘There must be sufficient nodes to define completely the frame geometry. In this case, only four nodes would be nseded; Nodes 1,2, 4 and 5. Generally, itis good practice to define a node atthe extremities of a member, atthe location ofthe point loads and at the exttemities of a distributed loading on @ member. In some computer packages, itis not estential to define & node atthe extremities ofa distributed loading on a member, as offset positions ofthe distributed load from the member extremities can be input from which the calculations are then adjusted accordingly. ‘Additional nodes must be positioned at locations where specific output i required. Tus, if ‘he bending. moment or the displacement at a particular location is needed, then a corresponding node must be placed there, For the example then, five nodes will be needed, The actual coordinate valves will depend on the length units se bythe user inthe program. Thus: Node Computer Aided Ansys Notes aa Frame geomety: dements ‘The actual member is represerted by an element connected by two nodes, each being a the section centroid. The order in vhich the nodes are connected (topology) implicitly defines the clement axes system. Thus, an element connected from Node A to Node B will have & different element axes directions than the same element connected from Node B to Node A. ‘Thus the element topology hasto be carefully defined, ‘The element axes is sometimes referred tas the loeal axes. The element axes system is also usualy cartesian axes sytem. The element axes system is denoted bythe small lters x,y and ‘The clement positive x-axis (ometimes refered to as the beam principal axis) is the line Joining Node A to Node B, wit the origin at Node A. The element y-axis and element z-axis then forms a right hand system Its extremely important thatthe users absolutely clear as to the element axes system used, as some output (forces and moments) are given in the element axes (or in planes dependant on the local axes) and the directions of the ouput is thus dependant onthe correct interpretation ofthe element axes “This follows a RHS cartesian system, with the positive z-axis coming out ofthe paper. For the modeling of a horzontal member, the user is therefore encouraged to stick to defining ‘the first node (Node A) as being the left node, and the second node (Node B) as being the ‘ight node. change inthis order, sty from Node B to Node A, will change the directions of the local element axes (and the principal planes) “The local element axes for a vertical member is defined as B Computer Atel Analysis: Noes 2s ‘Again, this follows a RHS cartesian system, with the postive zaxis coming out of the paper. For the modeling of a verical member, the user is therefore encouraged to stick to defining the first node (Node A) as being the lower node, and the second node (Node B) as being the "upper node. A change in tis order, say from Node B to Node A, will change the directions of {he focal element axes. ‘The local axes for an inclined members defined as Again, this follows a RHS cartesian system, with the positive z-axis coming out the pape. For the modelling ofan inclined member, the user is therefore encouraged to stick to defining the frst node (Node A) as being the lower node, and the second node (Node B) s being the "upper node, A change in ths order, say from Node B to Node A, will change the directions of the local element axes, Fr the example thes, the element nodal connections (opology) for the four elements. keeping to the practice described above, are: Element [Node A L 1 2 2 3 a 4 5 Section properties ‘A section is completely defined by he cross sectional dimensions and the relevant elastic properties ofthe mateial used nly two section property values are required for plane frame analysis. These ae the cross sectional area (A) and the second moment of area about the major bending axis which is the a-axis (a). For space frame analysis, the addtional section property values requied ae the second moment of area about the other minor bending axis that is the yy-axis(ly), and the torsion constant (). By default, most programs expect to have all the four section propery ‘values (AT 3, even if only plane frame analysis requested. [Computer Aided Anise Nter 25 ‘The section properties may ether be directly input by the user, or the user can select industry approved sections from a given database and the section properties will be automaticaly calculated by the program. Alternatively, the user can edit the cross sectional dimensions from given standard sections, andthe program will then calculate the section property values Section material (Only one elastic propery forthe material used is required for plane fame a ‘Young's modulus value (E) ofthe material, ysis: his the For this example, all he members are of the same constant section and ofthe same materia. Since only the bending moment values are of interest, then any section can be chosen from the supplied database forthe cross sectional dimensions and the material property Applied onde All loads are applied in either the global axes direction or the element axes diections. In ‘most cases, for non complicated loading types, the lods are usually applied inthe global axes icetions, 1 a Toad is scting in the same direction to that of a positive global axis direction, then @ positive value of the load is specified. However, ifa load is acting inthe opposite diretion to that of postive global axis direction, then a negative vale ofthe load is specified Point loads (forces, couples, setlement) are usually best applied at a node (although it is possible ro apply it as an element load with offset positions specified). Distributed loads are best applied on an element Inthis example, the following loads are applic: Value [Direction [Location 6 ‘Global X|~ Node 2 24 |" Global ¥| Node 3 3 ‘Global ¥| Element zs Global ¥_[ Element 3 [Compete Aided Anais Notes 2a Supports [Each node hasan associated "degre of freedom" (dof). degree of freedom isan item that i needed at «node to simulate the structural behaviour. Nodal degrees of freedom are usually described in the global axes directions (although it is possible ro deseribe them in the element axes ditetions), FFor a plane frame analysis, each node has three degrees of freedom. In terms ofthe global direction, the degrees of freedom aze: X-displacement, Y-displacement and rotation about the Z-axis (Z-rotation). These three items will completely define the structural response of plane frame subjected to plane loading. ‘A strata suppor is represented by a nodal restrint ofa relevant degree of freedom. Where there is 0 suppor, then the thee degrees of freedom at node are allowed complete free rmovemert. For example, @ pinned support will not allow any X-displacement and Y= displacement, but the rotation about the Z-axis will ree ro occur. Thus, a degree of freedom is either stained (no corresponding movement allowed) or free (coresponding movement isallowed to occu) ‘The globl axes is defined as: 2. Suppor | Deseripion | X-displacement | Y-displacement | _ Z-rottion Fixed Restrained | Restrained | Restrained Vetical simple | Free Restrained Free support = © | rims | ewaes | newnet | Fre a qj > Horizontal Restrained Free Free or simple support In this example, the supports are Suppor Node | Xdisplacement | Y-lisplacenent | Zerotation Pinned 1 Restrained | Restrained Free ‘Simple support 5 Free Restrained Free \Compater Aided Arps Noes Output Haaying modelled the structure correctly, the analysis is then activated. AC this stage, an overall check is made that the data input as been corecly described and all the relevant required dara are available. If there are no errors in the preparation stage, then the analysis will proceed, IF any error is encountered, then these willbe highlighted and the analysis will not proceed, ‘The dots and the extent ofthe ouspu wil be dependent onthe capabilities ofthe program. ‘The following output is usually avilable as «minimum ‘Text + data ipa echo +node displacements + clement end forces Graphical: + axial force diagram + shear force diagram + bending moment diagram + displaced shape Textoupat ‘The data input echo prints out all the input data usually ina tabular form, The default values for any particular data stage input is also echoed. This textual echo is extremely useful and ‘he user must scrutinise it throughly to check dat the structure has been modelled corel. ‘The nodal displacements is usually given in the globel axes ditections. A. negative ‘conclational value indicates « direction opposite to the positive global axis direction. The displacements output for plane frame analysis are the X-displacement (DX), Y-displacement (DY) and Z-o1ation (RZ), ‘The element end forces gives (or plane frame analysis) the axial force (FX), shear force (FY) and bending moment (MZ) at the two end nodes of an element. These values are usually given in the element axes system, or the beam principal planes (dependant on the local ‘element axes) ‘The support reactions are generally given in the global axos. For plane frame analysis, the reactions are force in the X-diretion (FX), fore inthe Y-diection (FY) and moment about the Z-axis (MZ), [Computer Aided Anansi: Noes 29 Graphical ouput ‘A picture ofthe modelled structure from the input data is extremely useful in geting a visual check on the correct modelling. If say, a node has been mistyped, then the structure view ‘would immediately show something is wrong, All sors of relevant information can be requested to be shown or hidden on the structure: e.g node points, node numbers, element numbers, element orientation, loads, supports ete ‘The output results of displacements, forces and bending moments can also be viewed _raphically. This facility will give a quick view of the expected results without having t0 go through the text ouput in dual, Usually, there i a facility for annotating the output values on the structure and on individual elements Beam Defcon Note a Beam Deflections Notes From the enginer’s theory of bending covered in classical Suength of Materials, the relation between the curvature of a beam in bending (fee applied bending moment (M) (cagsing being postive, nd hogging ing neatve) an the ening sites of he constant ston (22), is givenas pono Team neutral plane Tor small deflections, the curvature of the nual plane of the beam is seated to the deflection by the expression Thus, the relationship between the beam curvature, the bending moment and the bending stiffness ofthe bear is M hence EL AY =n ar “The fist inepraion wil give he lope of he sea plane of he Beam, andthe second imegal wl ge he eecon ofthe neu plane ofthe eam Beam Deletions: Notes “Example 1 Determine the maximum vertical deflection, In this ea reaction atthe fixed end need not be determined. Js easier to consider the bending moments from the free eni, as then the Mn =-00(0~2) valid thrghot the hem span, 0 2<6 ‘Substituting the moment expression into the moment-curvature equation: -M = 60(6-2) 1 remeaio 1 srr tesoe eatin: €* Se =-60 2)" 4A bad a 30(6-2) +A aa Inergize defen: EBy =~ sete Ia.s Bly =10{6~2) + Ae+B Beam Defestons: Nous a When z=0 (atte nxed end, tne slope, “0. rom he slope equation: Exrely =-50 (6-2) den ZO Bee en en O=-30(6 ~0)*+F) 0=-3046) +4 A~=1080 Substituting he wonstan A i de defection equation gives Hy =10(6~ 2) +10800+ 8 When 2 4 oof «1008s 2 the slope and deflection equations are given a (atthe fixed end), the deflecion, y=0 6 2160 ark «-s06- +1080 Bay or0fo-<) 10906-2100 Zeg By inspection, the maximum deflection will occur at the free end, where ay, =0-+109u(o)~2100=4320 c= 122 or Btn Wa Tey yery rex Beam Detesons: Notes hed How to Consider move thea L port lowed. Determine the maximum vertical defection. ‘Consider bending moments to the left of the section (as the reactions then need not be ‘determined, The section location is such that all the loads tothe left are included. “When the moment expression is not continuous along the whole span, then singularity functions are introduced. This is done by incorporating |SGHBFEBREKETin the moment Xa 42 afd 6A a {caf Beam Dfestions: Notes Invegrating with respect | ayad' fend emcee Wher 2-6 cette oun From the slope equation: o=4(6)-4QP +4 2 A=-82, ‘Substituting the constant A in the deflection equation, gives Hiyes' [2-4] 822+ B When z=! {atthe fixed end), the deflection, y 5) (0)! -s326)+8 .B-3712 “Ths, the slope and deflection equations are given 44] -832 Bty=4 af -so2eea712 Wea Ely, =0-0-043713 3212 gy (foe Et units in KN and m) a ‘eam Defcon Notes a Example 4 ‘Determine the vertical deflection athe location ofthe couple application, Jn his case, the vial ects wil have tobe detemined ist in one gat he bending moment at any section. As the moments tothe let ofa section st be considered, then the ‘actions a elf support wee wo be obtained, ‘Taking moments about B, the right suppor: (v,x3)}+90. Yad ( 2}+90{e—2]! valid throughout the beam span, O<2 <5 Substituting the moment sxpression into the moment-curvature equation 18290422} Integrating with respect to 2, gives the slope equation: Beam Deleon: Note “ €I yg ahs ola EM de Integrating with respect to 2, gives the deflection equation: Ay=3e'~A5fe-2f + geo +24 B p22 ae dace 2-2 15 -Ve spun tecket = O ‘Subsituting the constant B in dhe deflection eysativn, gives Bly w32)—asfe-2f +z When <=5 (at B), the deflection, y=0 0=3(5)' -4537 +54, “Thus, the slope and defection equations are given a+ Pre ne fea +6 Fly=3' asf] +6 ‘When :-3, ly, = 32) 0412 36 = 25 am (Gor EL units in KN and) ga 7 Beam Defeston: Notes, aut names ALL Togakhe— Determine he maximum verical deflection in the beam, indicating clearly where this occurs. va Ta om a ta rz z In this case, the vertical reacties will have to be determined frst inorder to get the bending ‘moment at any section. As the moments tothe left of a section isto be considered, then the reactions a the lft support need to be obtained. Taking moments about B, Ui ight suppon (Vy, x6)+6=(30x5)+(24x2xd)+ (241) ‘The uniformly distributed load is extended tothe right suppor. At the same time, an equal and opposite load condition is imposed on the extended span to maintain the eulibriunn of the original load concition: oe = 0e—0fe—1}-24--1} 2 26 fos} ESD ap - 24-3] ‘valid throughout the beam spun, 05256 Mm 60e- 30s }-1ofe af saafe-af ofa AP 246] Substiuting the moment expression into the moment-curvatwe equation: Mt =602+30fe—1]+12f2-1) ~12fe—3} ~ofe—4P +24f2-5] Integating wth respect t0 2. gives the slope equation: -efe-4) ales +4 Integrating with respect to 2, gives the deflection equation: iy =-102 45fe-1P sfe-if Les} —afe—aP sale—aP + ace Bun eflein, Nacs ais When 2=0 (at A), te defection, y=0, From the deneston equation: 02-04040-0-0404068 A=0 ‘Substituting the constant B in the deflection equation, gives 00 +5fe-aP font -fe-a} ~afe-aP oles ear (ut B), the defection, y= 10(6) +5) +(6}~() 20) +) +64 swe etsfe-IP +afe-I) ~ale-3) fe +10fe-sf +88 100 + 5f2—1) +[e-11" =a} ale ses 2B “The maxim deflection arcurs where there change of slope a5 When =-0+0+0-0-040+82 1665 When = negative eam Defects: Nove aa When 2=4, a(2) = negative -20f4)' +15(3)' +4(3) -40P 3B ‘Tins, a change of slope: occurs hetween the section and 7=3, and the slope is exactly 2er0 when 333 302! 41-1) +4(¢—1) 0404382 602! +30(2~1) +8(¢—1) 4333-0 02 + deetleale ae stetjeata=0 Be! —Sae! ~ 362-435 By the wial and eror method, for solution between z= and = +0.85)'-0-0+0 +3285) You 21 287 at 2=2.85 from the left support. 7 por or El units in KN and eam Defects: Worked Example us Beam Deflections Worked Examples ‘Question 1 A iform section simply supported beam is subjected to a loading condition a shown inthe 4 “ 4 ‘ al hk +—,—1 “The comesponding bending moment diagrams My and My, are - yt : c = [- : 7 el a eee es Lf 1440, Deayasoyay = 42 For AB: (Sho ma) a bao _ 1440 m0 40 IO the sigh Sy Me viehd nit Lond Deflection: Worked Example 520 Due tothe horizontal force of 204N at C: 2 ———— <_ B fp Pe ‘The coresponding bending moment diagrams Mp and My, ate: Using the volume integrals table For BC: 1 1280, For AB: 2 \4y- a0) =282 o (3) vA 3eD a 0-2-2 Goines) ae 3EF ‘Therefore he tal horizontal deletion, due wo the combined loading is Ny ouazzm =4.22 mm (Jo the night er aR "3940000 Adee nic La - Defeivs Work Eagle 531 Solution Se In order to determine the rotation at C, we apply a unit couple at thet point, and hence obtain the bending moment due to this unit couple Duc to the vertical force of 6DKN at C! 5 © B ce i k——1 The corresponding bencing moment diagrams Mo and Mj, ar: 180 ' | 18 : 1 e @ B a A 1 : T i Using the volume integrals table L Noses 2% (ons 22 1 720 8K) =F For BC: For AB 270 | 720 990 = 270, 720.990 clockwise) aH EL : Unit Lead - Deletion: Worked Examgle su Due to the horizontal force of 20KN at C: c 7 GEee B c L . “ A 7 oy Using the volume integrals table: ForBc: =O For AB: {ant-clockwise) “Therefore, the tou rotation, due to the combined loading is 990160 830830 =I ET” ET” 240,000 = 0.00346 radians 00346x/52 0,198" (clockwise. “UniLaa efestions: Worked Example 535 Question 6 ‘A uniform seston plane frame shown below is fixed at A, rigidly jotted at Band free at and D. The fare is subjected toa Joading condition shown below. Determine in terms of EI: &—thevertical defection at C b thevertical deflection at D © therotation at B sen s0KN c 4 D am a nie Lond - Detection: Wrked Example “ Solution 6 ‘We use the principle of superposition to separate the loads and determine the deflections and rotations separately Ise 30kN Lc A c > c D ge ‘Working inconsistent units of KN, m and adians. Solution 6a In order to determine the vertical deflection at C, we apply a unit vertical force a that point, and hence obtain the bending moment due to this unit force Due tothe vertical force of 15 kN at C: nit Load -eflecone: Worked Example 538 ‘The coresponding hending moment diagrams Mo and Ms. are 30M 2M Using the volume integrals tale: For BD 1 0 For BC: ($}er0010)- 1 20 For AB ayaoys)= 22 a oe a pans $2, 202 Gouparsy aa ‘Due tothe vertical force of 30 KN’ at: x» 1 eT t= i A A +H eo nit aud Defetone: Worked Example 336 The coresponding bending moment diagrams Mp and M, are 0 2 — D c 2 D ie @ A a Using the volame integrals table Forpc: -0 For BD: Unit Load - Defecione: Worked Example san Solution 6b In order to determine the vertical deflection at D, we apply a unit vertical force a that point, and hence obtain the bendirg moment due to this unit force. Due tothe vertical force of 1S kN at C: Is ae ey c > c > + 2 a ‘The corresponding bending moment diagrams My and M, are: 7 Mm 3 4, Using the volume integrals table For BD: For BC: For AB: (upwards Unie Lead efesione Worked Example 538 Dosw teva eof 8 aD ‘ oy cS > A A a w a . M, Using the volume integrals table: For BC: For BD: For AB: Awe 210 , 1080 1350 do wmatds) aa 8 Uni Loud Defestions Worked Example 539 Solution 6e In order to determine the rotation at B, we apply a unit couple at that point, and hence obtain ‘he bending moment due to this unit couple. Due tothe vertical force of 15 kN at C: 1s ie OX c b c > D ‘ ‘ Care aac 2 3 oe Hi M “Using the volume integrals table ForBD: ForBC: ForAB: Load Deletions: Worked Example 540 Due tothe veical force of 30KN at D: 0 | 1 B om c D c > G 4 4 a A Kt e+ z 3 2 3 “The corresponding bending moment diagrams Mp and Mare: 0 1 Comet D c D o iB a a 0 My H M, “Using the volume integrals table For BC: ForBD: =0 For AB (lockowise > C ved loading is Plastic Section Properties Notes 6 Plastic Section Properties Notes Inthe linear elastic analysis, stresses are directly proportional to stains, up to the limit of proportionality of the mats methodology uses the allowable stress derived from the yield stess of the material, coupled With an appropriate factor of safety, as dictated by the design codes Thus, in the linear elastic analysis process the design Plastic analysis can be used for structures made from ductile materials like steel, which exhibit plasticity, Inthe plastic desig, the methodology is to determine the loads tht will ‘cause collase ofthe structure, with te load factored appropriately as dictated by the design ‘codes, for # factor of safety. The element is then designed to allow the material to reach its maximum yield strength, So, in the elastic analysis, the methodology isto determine the stresses due to the applied loads. In the plastic analysis, the methodology is to determine the loads that wil cause collapse. A typeal tensile stress-strain curve for steel is: “The above stress-strain behaviour is @ complex relationship, and it would be very dificult to use it a6 it stands, Hence, an idealised stress-strain relationship is adopted, without a ‘ignficen loss inthe aceuracy forthe determination ofthe collapse loads, in Properties Notes «2 ‘The idealised stress-strain curve is laste Range Consider section subjected to saging moment. Inthe ease range, the strain and sss distribution aretinear (NN — E Taya h: ‘ vee Compoahing A A ey A hob: foe 5 s elastic veutal axis Stress exey eg= riclt Aagth Fig = Yield stron "The clastic neual ais passes through the section centroid, 6. 4 and, are the strins duc to bending: the strain valucs are below the clastic sel strain ‘The bending moment is then increased, with the materi sil in the elastic range, such that, the maximum stain on the surfice just reaches the yield strain, ¢,, and the rest ofthe section undergoes strain below the yield stain (e, uy breal, “Thus when a surface reaches the veld sess, = BEspding Ved GRAM as eiven as So, the ending sess expression can be expressed in Similarly, for bending about the vertical y-axis; My, =F, Plastic Range ‘When the bending moment on the section is now increased beyond its yield moment, the strain increases, but sill remains linear. The top surface has reached its yield stregth, and thus further increases inthe moment simply cause the yield ofthe matral and inceases the depth of the plastic yield. AC other section, where the stains and stresses are below their veld points, the stresses vary linearly and behave in the elastic range. This is plastic behaviour. Nowe the elastic neutral axis now shifts position, Probes ae D7 © lati plastc neural axis Stes” Shress AAs the moment is increased, the plastic region from the top surface increases through the depth, and the bottom surface reaches its yield stain and yield stress. poled ‘ 7 \ clastic -plstic newral axis ‘As the moment is increased, the plastic region ftom the top surface increases more dhrousht the depth, and the botiom surface now also sees an increase inthe plastic region. Note the clase paste nel axis keeps changing. Flore corpo WS eles cole Ye 5 relat “8, e Pe obese pac sual ns ‘otic Seton Popes: Notes as [As the moment in incrsased even more the whole region has now reached the yield stess, and the section is said tobe fll plastic, Horrzn kal foreed Must Belance., fiew Ae Fully erbc f s x Fully yielded Gp Freee aa, f sensanC PVA) ly ret Aenrion = Complernton oe “The fully plastic neural axs, normally refered 10 asthe plastic nual axis, i found to Aivde the setion into two ea areas Wei) Proof for hecrzontal Eyui Re ely 2ASy fee Ax me «eaty) not met iil for te a il moet, (MRSiy mt Map=siny were Yield skies Sis the plastic section modulus abut the b x-axis and ‘isthe plastic section modulus about the y-axis, ‘The plastic section modulus is given by the expression: soBay [st Memant o} Ale About PVA DAG, as (Gul Arew a) 5 isthe mapitde ofthe veil distance rom the horizontal eal ara as the area cent, s.-DAn where 5 isthe magnite ofthe horizontal distance fom the vertical equa are ais othe area cent YM EATY Plc Scion Proper Notes a 66 Shape Factor ‘The ratio ME, the fll plastic moment othe elastic yield moment, of asecton is called the shape factor, SF -Ploike reckon tiolaley Se on Malas nBitlg.srnss’ * “Oloib seckion Mola we Bending Y-AciS Example Calculate the shape factor sbout the horizontal and vertical axes fr the doubly symmetsic rectangular section shown below. 300 Dimensions in mam ‘By insoection, due tothe doubly symmetry ofthe section, the centroids atthe centre of the section. bef 1a = 1600%10° ram > Maximum cheskonc leaner el Pate exon Propet: Notes on By inspection, the horizontal equal axis area isthe G-x axis, 100 20010" 610" mm By inspection, the vertical equal axis area's the Gey axis. 1575 150°" 150 Dimensions nr 5, =SAK, {400%150%75) + (400%150%75)=9%10" mn" x10" x10" [Note that for a doubly symmetsic rectangular section, the shape factor about the axes of symmetry will always be 1.50 Pate Secon Propet: Nees 68 Example 2 Calculate the fl ste moment and the shape factor about the horizontal and vertical axes forthe singly symmetric section shown below. f, =250 Nim? i et 20 Symeticcab on y-Y Wek Syprebicen! on £~0 1 KI 0 Dimensios tn a By inspection, dve to the singly symmetry ofthe section, the centroid lies on the vertical axis of symmetry. The vertical postion has tobe determined fom te fist moment of area, 0% 20)+(20%150)=£000 mun? ~M EACH YL Plat Sesion Peis: Noes Aekiag Moment? ebork 130005 = (10020 160) + (2915075) SecKion aa hotlom of bhe see om “The comesponding vertical distances between the wo rectangular ceri frm the seton cenit ae Fecrolle! axci') Hheerum: Seckron Aten = AL “ we Axis BB parallel to lab it % GC 709 then: S a 1s Tee + An “ at te = nee erie aoe zt ns na") [241° Gonisoxae =144x10 mm" “There are two values forthe elastic section modulus 2,, one coresponding to the top surface snd to the bottom surface: Maxt0e 6 =132%10° mm? 20x10 mn? 2, ay = M8 %, (op) = 7 ‘Thus, the critical Z, =132x10" Plc Seton Proper: Note 10 Clon zoiel Ax Now, the horizontalequal ais area has tobe calculated, as the section isnot symmetric about ‘he hoszong xis Assume the hoizoatl equal ais re ies inthe we (Hew 4-20-2500 20h =2500 sais b= 35 0 Dimensions a mn | Daonce fom PVA toconter of Heat Sepe Feel punto cede/op wee 3 a. =SA5, ipo 63) cop Dai + (203125; Fim PUA bo egual axc3 prin 232.5x10° mm 5. _ 232.5510" oy =176 5, f, =232.5%10" «250= 58.15 10° Noam = 58.1 KNa Bai Seon Pope: Noes on Veiticul Aas By inspection, de othe singly symmetry ofthe section, the centroid lies on the vertical axis of symmetry. toot 206 rsa “There reo es forthe elas section modulus Z, one coreponding tothe igh flange surface and one corresponding tothe ight web surface: t= 730%? ‘The critical value sth lower of the two values a the bending stress is greater on the Fight" Range sirfare where it the furthest away fm the neutra’ axis PlaieSecion Propet Notes on By inspection, the vertical equal axis areas the Gey axis. Dimensions in am SAF =2(50%20%25)+2ft0%150%3)=65x10" mm? My =5y Af, =G5R108 260=1632108 Nun = 163 KNie Plate Scio Pre: Word ample 615 Plastic Section Properties Worked Examples Question 1 Calculate the shape factor about the section horizontal and vertical axes, for the singly symmetric setion show below. Fore 6 Dimensions in mm Solution 1 By inspection, due tothe singly symmetry ofthe section, the centroid lies on the vertical axis ‘of symmetry. The vercel position has 1 be determined from the frst moment of area : ie 7 oS (te a : , i AL. eee 8 : : r oe! A= (606) + (8x4) (1280) 1952 min? Pate Scion Prope: Worked Example ou 1992} = (60x699)2(8x84xs4)+(12x806) — (Plomen€ ube ek Bottom of Sechion Deteace Jeon bother The coneionting veel ice Vtwec ee rectangular cents om the secon centroid are Pat d : Using Pett ces Arorg——g A Tec (Sei (Des), eR) 290s" ft Deporte Faker “Tecticl valve forthe elastic ton modules 2, conesponts othe op sie, whee the bending sess isthe greatest. it isthe furthest away from the horizontal neutral axis O20" = 46.0x10" mm? “yrectell orStunce on y ax corn G ‘Now, de hrzom equ axis area aso be calle, a be eins no syne about the horizontal as, Assume te horizontal eal als rales in he we Plorbic Nebel Are(S. Payee! A. 1992 272 reas =996 (G0x12)+ (61) =996 Anas : ase Section Proper: Worked Example n : fob EY mEGD- 5B. 110° tn? istonce from PVA be Conkvoldl 1x10" "7. 60x10" Shope feckor Z~X Axis ohepe Fector —s as Plas Section Proper: Worked Example 616 By inspection, due othe singly symmetry ofthe section, the centroid lies on the vertical axis of symmetry {See} “The critical value forthe elastic ection modulus Z, corresponds to the bottom flange ‘ighveft surface, where the bending stress is the greatest, as itis the furthest away fom the vertical neural axis 2, (flange) 9 2IO By inspection, the vertical equal axis area isthe Gy axis. 5 Leal = te Yee AKO shape Feckor Plate Scion Properties: Worked Example eis Question 2 Calculate the shape factor about the section horizontal and vertical axes, for the singly symmetic section shown below. 20 joo TY 2 xo abe Dimensions in mm ‘Solution 2 By inspection, due othe singly symmetry of the section, the centoid lies on the vertical axis ‘of symmetry. The vertical postion has to be determined from the frst moment of atea Pic Scion Propet Worked Ean 9 ‘A=(250%50}+(300%20)=18,500 mn? 18 5007 = 250%50%325)+(300%20%150) ‘The comesponding vertical dstnces between the two rectangular centroid from the section centroid are: 7 ak» 1, -[ 25052 , (505.5057) | 2020" (20300.118) [ 2 I+ 2 | 72x10° mt ‘The critical value forthe elastic section modulus Z corresponds tothe bottom surface, where the bending stress isthe greatest, siti the furthest away fom te horizontal neutral _ text 2, (bo1)= 64210" mm* Paste Section Properties: Worked Example 620 ‘Now, the horizontal equal axis area has to be calculated, asthe sections not symmetric bout the horizontal axis, Assume the horizontal equal axis are lies in he ange. ke 20 5,= Ay, 2s0«37x18.5)+(250%13«6.5)+(20%200%168)}=1170510" mn? 5, 170x108 a Z, 64x10" 82 Pst Secon Properties: Worked Example ea By inspection, due to the singly symmetry ofthe section, the centroid lies onthe vertical axis of symmetry. 20 eee | 0 0 aes “The critical value forthe elastic section modulus Z, corresponds tothe op flange righteft surface, where the bending stress is the greatest as itis the farthest avay from the vertical neutral axis Psi Section Properties: Worked Example 622 By inspection, the vertical equal axis area isthe G-y axis, as b——+4 25, Ae 30 >. ato (125x5062.5)+2(10%300%8)=811%10" mm 10" Z," sax Beau Plc Amis Noes on Beam Plastic Analysis: Notes “We will consider the plastic method of analysis as applicable to beams subjected to point Toads and uniformly distributed loads. The beam may be of uniform section or of different ‘setion properties along is span, “When the cross-section of @ member has become fully plastic due (0a bending moment, an ‘increase in the moment causes the member to act as if hinged at this point. That i, at this ‘section whete yielding occurs, large rotations are possible without a significant increase in the applied bending moment, This phenomenon is equivalent to having a "plastic hinge” at the section. ‘The method of plastic analysis involves calculating the loads required to produce sufficient plastic hirges in a structure to turn it into a mechanism, and hence collapse Plastic analysis is based on the following assumptions 1. there m0 instability of members; ‘2. axial fore effets and shear force effects are negligible; hence the fll plastic moment (Mp i aained due to bending only, 3, small deformations occu; although deformed shapes are exaggerated for clarity Position of Paste Hinge Plastic hinges occur at points of maximum elastic moments within a member. So, ina beam of constant section, plastic hinges will develop at: 1. the ends of a member; 2. position of point loads; 2, position of maximum moment in a member having adisteibted load, Principe of Viral Work ‘We will make extensive use of principle of virtual work in plastic analysis. The principe of vital work involves seting up an arbitrary system of loads (Fores, moments) which satisfy ‘equilibrium requirements, and an arbitrary system of displacements (deflections, curvatures, rotations) which satisfy compatibility quirements. PoVW: extemal work done by the loads is equal to intemal work absorbed by the plastic hinges: Dra-DM,6 ‘Suppose that a beam is onthe point of collapse by the formation of plastic hinges. Now, 2 small deformation ofthe collapse mechanism ean occur at cons nt values of applied loads Dring such small deformation, the load P will work by moving through a distance A, say, ‘where a isthe component of displacement along the line of action of P ‘The magnitude of the work dove is PA. For all loads on dhe beam, the total exteinal work sone is PA Note that PA is the product of load P and the component of displacement along the line of| action of P, (Or, PA isthe product of displacement and the component of P acting in the direction of dieplacerent.) PA ic postive ifthe displacoment i the same dvecton as P A is negative ifthe displacement is inthe opposite decent P. PA is zero ifthe line of action of P is perpendicular tothe displacement Now, the work done by the extemal loads willbe sbsorked in the rotating plastic hinges, hich rotate through an angle 8, say, at @ constant momeat Mp, For all such hinges on the frame, the total work absorbed is JOM,@. At esch plastic vinge, the work absorbed must be positive regardless ofthe sense ofthe hinge rotation. Beam Plc Anyi Notes 23. "Theorems Associated with Plastic Analysis [Equilibsium: the system of ending moments mst hein aquiinrim with the applied loads Yield the hening moment at any point on the structure must not exceed the full plastic moment My Mechanism: the bending moment must be equal to the full plastic moment My at & sufficient number of points such that the structure, or pat of it, becomes & mechanism Uniqueness: if the three conditions of equilibrium, yield and mechanism are satisfied simultaneously, then the valve ofthe collapse load is unique ‘The following two corollaries arise from the above theorems: Lower bound/sufe theory (state theory) Her, the collapse load is calculated from equilibrium considerations by assuming a bending ‘moment distebution such thatthe nomen: at any section does noc exceed My $f collapse toad is found such that equilibrium and yield are satisfied, then a safe solution ‘has been obtained: W We. This means that M, has not been exceeded anywhere, but itis also possible thatthe structure has not yet collapsed, since there may not be suicient plastic hinges io produce a structure collapse. Upper bound/uacfe theory (kinematic theory) Her, the collapse load is calculated by assuming a collapse mechanism and then equating the external work done tothe energy absorbed in the plastic hinge. If a collape load is found so that a mechanism is formed, then possibly an unsafe solution has been cbiined: W 2 We, Itmay be that fo the chosen mechanism, the yield criterion is violated (je. the moment at some other section exceeds M,), If so, then an incorrect mechanism has been chosen, and a different mechanism would have formed at a lower collapse lea. Beam Plc Anais Notes 34 So we see that it is possible to ether work fom a lower bound or an upper bound solution 19 unique solution. The lower bound solution method (static theory) is very cumbersome, ‘whereas the upper bound solution method (kinematic theory) is more suitable, Joint of Different Sections If a joint is made of members having different sections sizes, and hence diferent My values, then the critical M, value is of the smallest section size (weaker)member, having the lower value of Mp Distributed Loads When @ simply supported beam is subjected to a uniformly distributed load, the bending ‘moment distribution is parabolic and the maximum value occurs atthe mid-span position When @ span within a continuous beam is subjected to a uniformly distributed load, the bending: moment distribution is parabolic. but the maximum heading: moment may not necessarily occur exactly al the mid-span postin, IF he collapse mechanism invslves a plastic hinge atthe maximum beading moment position, ‘thon the location ofthis hinge will have tobe determine. In practise, the diference berween the exact location of the plastic hinge at the maximums ‘bending moment postion, and the coresponding assumed central location is insignificant in ‘the design of beam plastic analysis. Hence, unless stated otherwise, the lcation of the plastic Fhinge at the maximum bending moment position, for spans subjected to a uniformly sdstibuted load, willbe taken to beat mid-span, [Note that inthe principle of viral work equation, the work done by a uniformly distributed load is the product of the effective load over the uniformly distributed lad length under ‘consideration and the average distance, over that length, through which the nad moves Plastic Hinge and Support Hinge ‘Ata fixed support, the moment is restrained by the resistance of any span rotation in the clastic range. The onset ofthe plastic range will induce rotations until plastic failure, Tha, it plastic hinge develop at fixed support. Beam Plc Analyt Nts a5 ‘Ata simple support, there is no moment restrined as the span is allowed to rotate inthe clastic range. Since the suppor cannot fake any moments, itis not possible to develop a plastic hinge, Such hinges are suppor hinges. Approximation In the calculations, an iil joint rotation is assumed ina chosen mechanism. The subsequent rotations and diplacements must be compatible with the geometry a ‘A rotation of 8, with an adjacent length of Lin a right-angled triangle above will ave the height of Ltand. Now for small, measured in adions, tand=@, sothe height Land is approximatedto L@ Kinematic Theory Calculations Procedures, assume a collapse mectanism ofa span within the whole beam. 2 identify the locations ofthe possible plastic hinges 3) assume aration at one plastic hinge 4 follow through the rotations and displacements at other hinges, conforming compatibility the beam geometry Sa for collapse ofthe whcle beam, given the fll plastic moment of the setion, identity the lowest Ia thot wil ease failure ofthe beam Sb for collapse of the whole beam, given the applied loads, identify the highest fll plastic moment value tat will cause failure ofthe beam ic Analysis: Noes 18 Example 1 Determine the load W that will cause the plastic collapse ofthe uniform section beam shown below. The section fas a fll plastic moment M, = 80 KN. ‘Working in consistent units of KN and on {A plastic hinge can develop atthe fixed supports and B, and under the point load, B. Assume @ rotation atjoiat A, and « mechanism where the plastic hinges occur at positions A, B and. ‘The vertical displacement under the point load is XB= AK and =2tin =20 ‘The rotation at joint C is found from the geometry, compatible with the assumed rotation at joint a: pis) C4 2 ‘The rotation at Bis the sum of the rotations from the contibutions of AB and BC (3 Bam Plc Ansys Note cE From Principle of Virtual Work (3>P4=)°M,6): Wa20(on0)(sorfoe$))-(«-8) From kinematic theorem: W, $120 _AS tis isthe only mechanism possible, the then the eitical load value is also. W, =120 KN. ‘Example 2 ‘Determine the load W that wll cause the plate collapse ofthe uniform section beam shown, ‘below. The section has full plastic moment M, = 60 kN. ow “Werking inconsistent units of KN and sm, Aplastic hnge can develop a the fixed suppor and under the point loads. Beam Piatic Analyses Notes as Mechanism 1 ‘Assume @ rotation at joint 1, and a mechanism where the plastic hinges occur at positions 1, 2 anda, From Principle of Virtual Work (PA = M6): tw 0)-[37%8) (230)+(so{e$)-(co-8) We =1608 : ‘ weaso Frombinemaicheem: —W, 580 Mechanism 2 ‘Assume @ rotation at joint 1, snd a mechanism where the plastic hinges occur at positions 1,3 anda, eam Mats Analy Noses 20 From Pipe of Vitual Work (S1PA= TM, 0) (670)+ 730) =(60x6)-+(60«{0+36) + (60x30) lowe =4809 Was From kinematic theorem: W, $48 “Ths, the collapse load isthe lowest value fom all the possible mechanisms, that W,=48 kN Example 3 ‘A uniform section beam i subjected ta loading condition as shown below. Determine the critical value of the ful plastic mement ofthe section. oN 10KNm iM - © 2m tm tm Working in consistent units of KN and m. [A plastic hinge can develop at the fixed support A, under the point load in span AB, at the ‘continuous support B, and atthe cene span under the uniformly dstbuted lod in span BC. Note thatthe suppor at C is «hinge support, and will thus induce no plastic hinge. Beam Plastic Anais Notes 210 ‘Mechanism 1 (Span AB) ‘Assume @ rotatlon at Joint 1, and a mechanism where she plac hinges occur at postions 1, 2 and 3, From Principle of Virwal Work (SPA =M,8): (60x20)=(u, Pos ‘Consider the forces arising fom the stresses in the directions perpendicular snd parallel tthe Inclined plane For equilibrium of foresin the direction penendicular tothe plane: FaRsRtR oR FxABxt=L[f xBCxtKc0s6]+[f,, xBCxrxsind|+[f, xAC tein} 7, ACE cost] Dividing trough by AB and 1 7 Resco] ~Rnsno[s, AC ssina] [fox AE cso] ac ac Now, fom the geometry ofthe inclined plane, OE cos and SE =sind, thus foals, ct elf, oo inal, xcin® ales, sin Acard Compl Sse Sytem: Notes as For equilibrium of frces in the direction parallel to the plane: Rtk+k + Fie k BRR + Fe FxABxt tafe BR sina] [1 BEwcose]-[ 1x AC xoxo] [ssn] Ac Be. Now, from the geomery ofthe inclined plane, 2 e059 and AC =sind, tus ae tae ap <[f,omasina}-[f, cs a-[p,xsindcoso[, n°] ‘Example 1 ‘The system at point is shown below, Calculate the direct and shear seston the inclined plane. 35 xBCxtesind]-j, xBCxtxcos 0}, sin30}-[40x ACx fy (6225) flue has occured ‘sing the von Mises ie citron RoAfehak 86 = 0564-86) «(86 ~212

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