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Notes & Reviewer On Election Laws (For Final Exam)
Notes & Reviewer On Election Laws (For Final Exam)
Election – an embodiment of the popular will, the expression of the sovereign power of the people.
Components:
Choice or selection of candidates to public office by popular vote
Conduct of the polls
Listing of votes
Holding of Electoral campaign
Act of casting and receiving the ballots from the voters
Counting the ballots
Making the election returns
Proclaiming the winning candidates
Regular election – refers to an election participated in by those who possess the right of suffrage
and not disqualified by law and who are registered voters.
Special election – is when there is failure of election on the scheduled date of regular election in a
particular place or which is conducted to fill up certain vacancies, as provided by law.
Political Parties – an organized group of persons pursuing the same ideology, political ideas or
platforms of government including its branches and divisions.
Types of Political Parties
A. Registered Parties:
1. Dominant Majority Party – usually the administration party; entitled to a copy of election
return
2. Dominant Minority Party – entitled to a copy of election return
3. Majority Political Party
4. Top 3 Political Parties – entitled to appoint principal watcher and a copy of the certificate
of canvass
5. Bottom 3 Political parties – entitled to appoint principal watcher
B. Non-registered parties
Criteria to Determine the Type of Political Party
1. Established Record of the said parties, showing in past elections
2. Number of Incumbent Elective Officials
3. Identifiable political organizations and strengths
4. Ability to fill a complete slate of candidates
5. Other analogous circumstances
Grounds for Challenging the Voter
1. Illegal voters ( Not Registered / Using the name of another / disqualified )
2. Based on certain illegal acts (Vote buying)
Acquisition of Juridical Personality
It is acquired upon registration with the COMELEC.
Forfeiture of Status as a Registered Political Party
The status shall be deemed forfeited if the political party, singly or in coalition with others,
fails to obtain at least 10% of the votes cast in the constituency in which it nominated and
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supported a candidate/s in the election next following its registration. There shall be notice
and hearing.
2.3 Convicted by final judgment for violating the oath of allegiance to the Republic
2.6 Permanent residents in a foreign country or those who have acquired the right to reside abroad
and continue to avail of the same right
Nuisance candidate
Violation of sec 73 of OEC with regard to certificate of candidacy
Violation of sec 78 which is material misrepresentation of reqts under sec. 74.
* Disqualifications (from continuing as a candidate or from holding the office if already elected):
Any candidate, who in an action or protest in which he is a party is declared by final decision of a
competent court guilty of, or is found by the Commission of having:
Given money or other material consideration to influence, induce or corrupt the voters or public
officials performing electoral functions.
Committed acts of terrorism to enhance his candidacy
Spent in his election campaign an amount in excess of that allowed by the Omnibus Election Code )
Solicited, received or made any contribution prohibited under this Code
Violated any of the following sections: Section 80, 83, 85,86,261
Permanent resident of or an immigrant to a foreign country shall not be qualified to run for any
elective office UNLESS he/she has waived his/her status as a permanent resident/immigrant of a
foreign country in accordance with the residence requirement provided for under election laws.
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Effect of a Disqualification case (under RA 6646)
Any candidate who has been declared by final judgment to be disqualified shall NOT be voted for.
The votes cast in his favor shall not be counted.
If the candidate is not disqualified by final judgment before the election and receives the highest
number of votes in the election, the court or COMELEC will continue with the trial and hearing of
the action, inquiry or protest. Upon motion of the complainant or intervenor, the court or
COMELEC may order the suspension of the proclamation of the candidate whenever the evidence of
his guilt is strong.
Nuisance Candidates
A. The term refers to candidates who have no bona fide intention to run for the office for which the
certificate of candidacy has been filed and would thus prevent a faithful determination of the true will
of the people.
B. Power of COMELEC
May refuse to give due course to or cancel a certificate of candidacy of a nuisance candidate. This
can be done motu proprio or upon verified petition of an interested party.
2.There should be a showing that:
Certificate of candidacy has been filed to put the election process in mockery/disrepute or
To cause confusion among the voters by the similarity of the names of the registered candidates
Other circumstances which clearly demonstrate that the candidate has no bona fide intention to run
for the office…
Petition to deny due course to or to cancel a Certificate of Candidacy
B. The petition should be filed not later than 25 days from the filing of the certificate of candidacy.
C. It should be decided not later than 15 days before the election, after due notice and hearing.
2) It includes:
A. Forming organizations, associations, clubs, committees or other groups of persons for the purpose
of soliciting votes and/or undertaking any campaign for or against a candidate.
B. Holding political caucuses, conferences, meetings, rallies, parades or other similar assemblies for
the purpose of soliciting votes and/or undertaking any campaign or propaganda for or against a
candidate.
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C. Making speeches, announcements or commentaries or holding interviews for or against the
election of any candidate for public office.
3) When the acts enumerated above are NOT considered an election campaign/partisan political
activity.
If the acts are performed for the purpose of enhancing the chances of aspirants for nomination for
candidacy to a public office by a political party, aggroupment, or coalition of parties.
Important Features:
1) Repeal of Sec. 67 of the OEC – Now, any ELECTIVE official, whether national or local, running
for any office other than the one which he is holding in a permanent capacity shall not be considered
ipso facto resigned from his office upon the filing of his certificate of candidacy.
2) Lifting of the Political Ad Ban – Written and Printed Materials (8.5” W x 14L”)
Letters
Posters (2’ x 3’) in common-private poster areas ( not more than 10 public places per political party
or independent candidate, 12’ 16’), private places and public places
Television: 120 minutes for candidate for nationally elective office and 60 for local
Radio: 180 minutes for candidate for nationally elective office and 90 for local
COMELEC free space (3 national newspaper for nationally elective officials and 1 national
newspaper for local) and airtime
(3 national television networks for nationally elective officials and 1 station for local ) : equal
allocation for all candidates for 3 calendar days
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P 10 for president / vice president
P 3 for other candidates for every voter currently registered in the constituency
P 5 for independent candidates and political parties
Voters
Qualifications
Age: 18 years old and over.
Residence
He /she should have resided in the Philippines for one year and
Resided in the city/municipality wherein he proposes to vote for at least 6 months immediately
preceding the election.
Residence Requirement
If the transfer of residence is due to any of the following reasons, the person concerned will be
deemed NOT to have lost his original residence:
B. Educational activities
A: No more, because 8189 (7) provides for such only for the May ’98 elections
Disqualifications
A. If sentenced by final judgment to suffer imprisonment for not less than 1 year and such disability
was not removed by plenary pardon or has not been granted amnesty. However, any person
disqualified to vote shall automatically reacquire the right to vote upon expiration of 5 years after
service of sentence.
B. Any person who has been adjudged by final judgment by competent court or tribunal of having
committed any crime involving disloyalty to the duly constituted government such as rebellion or
any crime against national security:
1. UNLESS restored to his full civil and political rights in accordance with law.
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2. However, he shall regain his right to vote automatically upon expiration of 5 years after service of
sentence.
B. Decisions may be appealed to the RTC within 5 days from receipt of notice of decision.
C. RTC will decide the appeal within 10 days. Decision is final and executory.
D. Note: Relate this to Article IX of the Constitution which provides that the COMELEC has no
jurisdiction over questions involving the right to vote.
E. Exclusion is through sworn petition and not later than 100 days before regular election; 65 days
before special election
Deactivation/ Reactivation
Exclusion/ Inclusion
Cancellation of Registration in case of Death
New voters
Annulment of Book of Voters
Transfer of Residence
How is challenge to right to register effected?
Deactivation means removing the registration records of persons from the precinct book of voters
and place the same, properly marked and dated in indelible ink, in the inactive file after entering the
cause of deactivation.
Affidavit
Not later than 120 days before regular election and 90 days before special election
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Annulment of Book of Voters is through verified petition; notice and hearing; not prepared in
accordance with law or prepared through fraud, bribery, forgery, impersonation, intimidation, force,
any similar irregularity or which contains data that are statistically improbable
Postponement of Election
Causes
Violence
Terrorism
Loss or destruction of election paraphernalia/records
Force majeure
Other analogous causes
Effect
It is impossible to hold a free, orderly and honest election in any political subdivision
COMELEC can postpone the election (when decided by a majority vote of the COMELEC sitting en
banc, RA 7166):
A. Motu proprio
B. Upon a verified petition by any interested party, after due notice and hearing
Failure of Election
Causes
Force majeure
Violence
Terrorism
Fraud
Other analogous causes
Under RA 7166, the causes for the declaration of the failure of election may occur before or after the
casting of votes or on the day of the election.
B. Election was suspended before the hour fixed by law for the closing of the voting
C. Elections results in a failure to elect (after the voting and during the preparation and
transmission of the election returns or in the custody or canvass thereof)
AND the failure or suspension of the election would affect the result of the election
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Remedy
COMELEC can call for the holding or continuation of the election not held, suspended, or which
resulted in a failure to elect. The election should be held not later than 30 days after the cessation of
the cause of the postponement or suspension of the election or failure to elect. This is decided by the
COMELEC, by a majority vote of its members, sitting en banc.
Incumbent sectoral representatives in the House of Representatives who are nominated in the party-
list system shall not be considered resigned
Party List Reps constitute 20% of the total number of the members of the House of Reps including
those under the party-list
How do we determine the number of party list seats in the House of Reps?
There are presently 208 legislative districts, according to the Veterans Federation Case
The 5 major political parties are now entitled to participate in the party list system
Parties receiving at least 2% of the total votes cast for the party-list system shall be entitled to one
seat each
No party shall be entitled to more than 3 seats
Currently, there are 260 seats. So 20 % of 260 is 52 seats. But this is only a ceiling.
A list with 5 names should be submitted to COMELEC as to who will represent the party in the
Congress. Ranking in the list submitted determines who shall represent party or organization.
Rules for Appreciation of Ballots
Liberal Construction in favor of the validity of the ballot
Look at the ticket slate, consider locality or literacy rate
Rule 211 of the OEC
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Incumbency / Surname
Cannot ascertain – STRAY VOTE
Pre-Proclamation Controversies
Definition
A pre-proclamation controversy refers to any question pertaining to or affecting the proceedings of
the board of canvassers which may be raised by any candidate or by any registered political party or
coalition of political parties before the board or directly with the COMELEC.
It would also refer to any matter raised under Sections 233, 234, 235, and 236 of the Omnibus
Election Code in relation to the preparation, transmission, receipt, custody, and appreciation of the
election returns. (Board of canvassers have original jurisdiction while COMELEC have appellate
jurisdiction)
When election returns are delayed, lost or destroyed (Sec.233)
Material defects in the election returns (Sec. 234)
When election returns appear to be tampered with or falsified. (Sec. 235)
Discrepancies in election returns (Sec. 236)
C. Those that can be filed with COMELEC directly are the ff:
Issue involves the illegal composition or proceedings of the board of canvassers, as when a majority
or all of the members do not hold legal appointments or are in fact usurpers
Issue involves the correction of manifest errors in the tabulation or tallying
of the results during the canvassing
Recount
There can be a recount under the grounds of 234-236. The returns involved will affect the results and
the integrity of the ballot box has been preserved
Matters relating to the preparation, transmission, receipt, custody and appreciation of the election
returns, and certificate of canvass, should be brought in the first instance before the board of
canvassers only.
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Summary nature of pre-proclamation controversy
Pre-proclamation controversies shall be heard summarily by the COMELEC.
Its decision shall be executory after the lapse of 5 days from receipt by the losing party of the
decision, unless restrained by the SC.
Effect of filing petition to annul or suspend proclamation
It suspends the running of the period within which to file an election protest or quo warranto
proceedings.
President
Vice-President
Senator
Member of the House of Representatives
BUT: The appropriate canvassing body motu propio or upon written complaint of an interested
person can correct manifest errors in the certificate of canvass or election returns before it.
BUT: Questions affecting the composition or proceedings of the board of canvassers may be
initiated in the board or directly with COMELEC.
All pre-proclamation cases pending before the COMELEC shall be deemed terminated at the
beginning of the term of the office involved and the rulings of the boards of canvassers concerned
deemed affirmed.
B. This is without prejudice to the filing of a regular election protest by the aggrieved party.
The COMELEC determines that the petition is meritorious and issues an order for the proceedings to
continue or
The Supreme Court issues an order for the proceedings to continue in a petition for certiorari.
Election Contest
Original Jurisdiction
COMELEC has ORIGINAL jurisdiction over contests relating to the elections, returns, qualifications
of all elective:
Regional
Provincial
City officials
Appellate Jurisdiction
COMELEC has APPELLATE jurisdiction over all contests involving:
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A. Elective MUNICIPAL officials decided by trial courts of GENERAL jurisdiction
A. This only applies to questions of FACT. ( Flores v. COMELEC, 184 SCRA 484)
B. It does NOT preclude a special civil action of certiorari. (Galido v. COMELEC, Jan. 18,1991)
2) Jurisdiction
A. Pre-proclamation controversy
B. Election contest
3) In some cases, even if the case (involving municipal officials) began with the COMELEC
before proclamation but a proclamation is made before the controversy is resolved, it ceases to be a
pre-proclamation controversy and becomes an election contest cognizable by the RTC.
4) However, in some cases, the SC has recognized the jurisdiction of COMELEC over municipal
cases even after proclamation. Relate to the provision in RA 7166 allowing pre-proclamation
controversy proceedings to continue even after a proclamation has been made.
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Vote buying and vote-selling
A. Covered acts
B. Purpose of acts
1. To induce anyone or the public in general to vote for or against any candidate or withhold his vote
in the election or
2. To vote for or against any aspirant for the nomination or choice of a candidate in a convention or
similar selection
Proof that at least one voter in different precincts representing at least 20% of the total precincts in
any municipality, city or province has been offered, promised or given money, valuable
consideration or other expenditure by a candidate relatives, leaders and/or sympathizsrs for the
purpose of promoting the election of such candidate.
Proof affects at least 20% of the precincts of the municipality, city or province to which the public
office aspired for by the favored candidate relates. This will constitute a disputable presumption of
the involvement of such candidate and of his principal campaign managers in each of the
municipalities concerned in the conspiracy
Coercion of a subordinate
A. Who can be held liable
1. public officer
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4. employer/landowner
B. Prohibited acts
Appointment of new employees, creation of new position, promotion or giving salary increases:
A. Who can be held liable: Any head/official/appointing officer of a government office, agency or
instrumentality, whether national or local, including GOCCs.
B. Prohibited acts
D. Exceptions
Upon prior authority of COMELEC if it is satisfied that the position to be filled is essential to the
proper functioning of the office/agency concerned AND that the position is not filled in a manner
that may influence the election
In case of urgent need, a new employee may be appointed. Notice of appointment should be given to
COMELEC within 3 days from appointment.
Prohibition against release, disbursement or expenditure of public funds
A. Who can be held liable: Any public official or employee including barangay officials and those of
GOCCs/subsidiaries
B. Prohibited acts:
The release, disbursement or expenditure of public funds for any and other kinds of public works
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C. Period when acts are prohibited:
D. Exception
B. Exceptions
Causing the printing of official ballots and election returns by printing establishments not on contract
with COMELEC and printing establishments which undertakes unauthorized printing
Tampering, increasing or decreasing the votes received by a candidate or refusing after proper
verification and hearing to credit the correct votes or deduct the tampered votes (committed by a
member of the board of election inspectors)
Refusing to issue the certificate of voters to the duly accredited watchers (committed by a member of
the BEI)
Person who violated provisions against prohibited forms of election propaganda
Failure to give notice of meetings to other members of the board, candidate or political party
(committed by the Chairman of the board of canvassers)
A person who has been declared a nuisance candidate or is otherwise disqualified who continues to
misrepresent himself as a candidate (Ex. by continuing to campaign) and any public officer or private
individual who knowingly induces or abets such misrepresentation by commission or omission.
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If the chairman of the BEI fails to affix his signature at the back of the official ballot, in the presence
of the voter, before delivering the ballot to the voter. (under RA 7166)
Prescription of Election Offenses
Election offenses shall prescribe after 5 years from the date of their commission
If the discovery of the offense is made in an election contest proceeding, the period of prescription
shall commence on the date on which the judgment in such proceedings becomes final and executory
Jurisdiction of courts
RTC has exclusive original jurisdiction to try and decide any criminal action or proceedings for
violation of the Code.
MTC/MCTC have jurisdiction over offenses relating to failure to register or vote.
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