Arun Kumar Day3 PDF

CSIR NET PREPARATION TOOLS AND
TECHNIQUES
G.Arunkumar
Webinar
Organized by the Deparment of Mathematics,
The Standard Fireworks Rajaratnam College for Women,
Sivalasi.
19.04.2020
PLEASE MUTE YOUR MIC AND VIDEO
G.Arunkumar (IISER Mohali) Webinar: SFR College, Sivakasi. 19.04.2020 PLEASE MUTE YOUR MIC AND
Question 1
What is it mean to you to clearing CSIR NET/JRF Exam?
Resources
Don’t look for complete solutions and answers. This won’t help you at all.
Discuss with friends and make your own solutions.
1 Here you will get all the previous year questions :
https://annamalaimaths.wordpress.com/downloads-2/
2 CSIR Questions hints and solutions:
https://nbhmcsirgate.theindianmathematician.com/
3 Some good lecture notes topic-wise to understand the concepts:
https://kconrad.math.uconn.edu/blurbs/
4 A place to ask your doubts:
https://math.stackexchange.com/search?q=csir
If you want it.
Work for it,
It’s that simple.
PART 1
MATHEMATICS UNDERSTANDING
AND
HOW TO USE THEM IN ANSWERING A QUESTION
Simple problem from group theory
1. Clear understanding
The number of group homomorphisms from
the symmetric group S3 to Z6 is
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 6
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 6
1. What are some known homomorphisms of Sn ?
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 6

i) Trivial homomorphism, ii) Sign homomorphism.
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 6

2. What are all the subgroups of Z6 ?
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 6

i) H = {e}, ii) H = {0, 3} iii) H = {0, 2, 4} iv) Z6 .
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 6

i) H = {e}, ii) H = {0, 3} iii) H = {0, 2, 4} iv) Z6 . Divisors of 6 are
1,2,3,6.
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 6

1,2,3,6.
3. Normal subgroups of S3 :
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 6

1,2,3,6.
i) {0}, ii) A3 , iii) S3 .
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 6

1,2,3,6.
i) {0}, ii) A3 , iii) S3 .
4. Does there exists a homomorphism f : S3 → Z6 such that ker f = {e}?
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 6

1,2,3,6.
i) {0}, ii) A3 , iii) S3 .
4. Does there exists a homomorphism f : S3 → Z6 such that ker f = {e}?
NO
Does there exists a homomorphism f : S3 → Z6 such that
ker f = {0}?
ker f = {0}?
1 f is 1-1 if and only if ker f = {e}.
ker f = {0}?

2 f : A → B, |A| = |B| then f is 1-1 if and only if onto.
A = Set of peoples, B = Set of names.
ker f = {0}?

2 f : A → B, |A| = |B| then f is 1-1 if and only if onto.
A = Set of peoples, B = Set of names.
3 S3 is non-abelian and Z6 is abelian (even cyclic).
Ingredients
1 Understanding of homomorphisms and normal subgroups of Sn .

2 Understanding of subgroups of Zn .
3 Properties of homomorphisms
What you are expected to know to solve such a problem

Clear understanding of objects like Sn and Zn . Some other such objects
are An , Klein four group, D2n , GLn (F), Q8 , . . .
1 An is the only normal subgroup of Sn for all n ≥ 5 and n = 3.

2 Z (Sn ) = {e} for all n ≥ 3.
Let G be the group G = Z2 × Z3 . Then
a) G is isomorphic to S3 ,
b) G is isomorphic to a subgroup of S4 ,
c) G is isomorphic to a proper subgroup of S5 ,
d) G is not isomorphic to a subgroup of Sn for all n ≥ 3.
1. o(1) in Zn is n.
1. o(1) in Zn is n.
2. Let (x, y ) ∈ G1 × G2 = {(a, b) : a ∈ G1 , b ∈ G2 }. What is o((x, y ))?
1. o(1) in Zn is n.
mn
Exercise: o((x, y )) = lcm[o(x), o(y )]. Also, [m, n] = (m,n)
Exercise: In, Zm × Zn , o((1, 1)) = [m, n]
1. o(1) in Zn is n.
mn
3) Elements of S3 are of the form (abc) [order=3], (ab)(c) [2], (a)(b)(c)
[1]. 3, 2 + 1, 1 + 1 + 1.
1. o(1) in Zn is n.
mn
[1]. 3, 2 + 1, 1 + 1 + 1.
4) Elements of S4 are of the form (abcd) [4], (abc)(d) [3], (ab)(cd) [2],
(a)(b)(c)(d) [1].
1. o(1) in Zn is n.
mn
[1]. 3, 2 + 1, 1 + 1 + 1.
4) Elements of S4 are of the form (abcd) [4], (abc)(d) [3], (ab)(cd) [2],
(a)(b)(c)(d) [1].
4) Elements of S5 are of the form (abcde) [5], (abcd)(e) [4], (abc)(de) [6],
(abc)(d)(e) [3], (ab)(cd)(e) [2], (ab)(c)(d)(e) [2], (a)(b)(c)(d)(e) [1].
DAY 2
Which of the following groups are isomorphic?

a) R and C b) R∗ and C∗ c) S3 × Z4 and S4 d) Z2 × Z2
and Z4 e) Q and Z f) S3 × Z2 and A4

a. Exercise: (R, +) and (C, +) are isomorphic. (Internet!!! This involves

axiom of choice.)


axiom of choice.)
b) Number of elements of finite order?


axiom of choice.)
c.Exercise: In G1 × G2 . Then Z (G1 × G2 ) = Z (G1 ) × Z (G2 ).
d) G = Z2 × Z2 is not cyclic. o((0, 0)) =?, o((1, 0)) =?, o((0, 1)) =?,
o((1, 1)) =?.


axiom of choice.)
o((1, 1)) =?.
e) Q is not cyclic.


axiom of choice.)
o((1, 1)) =?.
e) Q is not cyclic.
f) S3 × Z2 has an element of order 6.
Let Z12 be the cyclic group of order 12 and let a be one of its generator.
The order of the element (a7 , a6 ) ∈ Z12 × Z12 is
a)2 b)5 c)6 d)12 e) none of the above.
Let Z12 be the cyclic group of order 12 and let a be one of its generator.
The order of the element (a7 , a6 ) ∈ Z12 × Z12 is
a)2 b)5 c)6 d)12 e) none of the above.
n
a. Let a ∈ Zn then o(a) = (a,n) .
Determine which of the following cannot be the class equation of a group

(a) 10 = 1 + 1 + 1 + 2 + 5
(b) 4 = 1 + 1 + 1 + 1
(c) 8 = 1 + 1 + 3 + 3
(d) 6 = 1 + 2 + 3

(a) 10 = 1 + 1 + 1 + 2 + 5
(b) 4 = 1 + 1 + 1 + 1
(c) 8 = 1 + 1 + 3 + 3
(d) 6 = 1 + 2 + 3
1. What is class equation of a group?

(a) 10 = 1 + 1 + 1 + 2 + 5
(b) 4 = 1 + 1 + 1 + 1
(c) 8 = 1 + 1 + 3 + 3
(d) 6 = 1 + 2 + 3

2. What is the number of ones represents in the class equation?

(a) 10 = 1 + 1 + 1 + 2 + 5
(b) 4 = 1 + 1 + 1 + 1
(c) 8 = 1 + 1 + 3 + 3
(d) 6 = 1 + 2 + 3

Question: Suppose two groups G1 and G2 of order n have the same class
equation. Does G1 and G2 necessarily isomorphic?

(a) 10 = 1 + 1 + 1 + 2 + 5
(b) 4 = 1 + 1 + 1 + 1
(c) 8 = 1 + 1 + 3 + 3
(d) 6 = 1 + 2 + 3

equation. Does G1 and G2 necessarily isomorphic? NO

(a) 10 = 1 + 1 + 1 + 2 + 5
(b) 4 = 1 + 1 + 1 + 1
(c) 8 = 1 + 1 + 3 + 3
(d) 6 = 1 + 2 + 3

3.Lagrange’s theorem on the order of subgroups of a group.

(a) 10 = 1 + 1 + 1 + 2 + 5
(b) 4 = 1 + 1 + 1 + 1
(c) 8 = 1 + 1 + 3 + 3
(d) 6 = 1 + 2 + 3

3.Lagrange’s theorem on the order of subgroups of a group.
4. Class equations of some well-known groups.
Ingredients
What you are expected to know to solve such a problem

1 Understanding of the concept of class equation.
2 Knowledge of class equations of well-known groups.
3 Lagrange’s theorem
Problem which require one simple idea
Suppose λ 6= 0 is an eigenvalue of the following matrix A.

 
40 −29 −11
−18 30 −12
26 24 −50
Which of the following must also be an eigenvalue of A?
a) λ + 20 b) λ − 20 c) 20 − λ d) −20 − λ.

 
40 −29 −11
−18 30 −12
26 24 −50
a) λ + 20 b) λ − 20 c) 20 − λ d) −20 − λ.
a. Range of A = Linear span of the columns 2 and 3.

 
40 −29 −11
−18 30 −12
26 24 −50
a) λ + 20 b) λ − 20 c) 20 − λ d) −20 − λ.

b. Therefore A is not a bijection as a linear transformation from R3 to R3 .

 
40 −29 −11
−18 30 −12
26 24 −50
a) λ + 20 b) λ − 20 c) 20 − λ d) −20 − λ.

c. An n × n matrix A is invertible if and only if A is a bijection if and only
if det A 6= 0 if and only if 0 is not an eigen value.

 
40 −29 −11
−18 30 −12
26 24 −50
a) λ + 20 b) λ − 20 c) 20 − λ d) −20 − λ.

c. An n × n matrix A is invertible if and only if A is a bijection if and only
if det A 6= 0 if and only if 0 is not an eigen value.
Let n be a positive integer.

Define
Hn = {A = (aij ) ∈ Mn (R) : aij = ars if i + j = r + s}.
Then the dimension of Hn as vector space over R is equal to

a) n2 b) n2 − n + 1 c) 2n + 1 d) 2n − 1.
Let n be a positive integer.

Define
Hn = {A = (aij ) ∈ Mn (R) : aij = ars if i + j = r + s}.
Then the dimension of Hn as vector space over R is equal to

a) n2 b) n2 − n + 1 c) 2n + 1 d) 2n − 1.
a. Try to visualize the given condition aij = ars if i + j = r + s and we are

done!!!
DAY 3
Irreducible polynomials
Definition
If F is a field, a non-constant polynomial is irreducible over F if its
coefficients belong to F and it cannot be factored into the product of two
non-constant polynomials with coefficients in F.
Definition
Examples:
Definition
Examples:
1. Linear polynomials are irreducible over any field F.
Definition
Examples:
2. f (x) = x 2 + 1 is irreducible over R.
Definition
Examples:
2. f (x) = x 2 + 1 is irreducible over R. (f has no root in R.)
Definition
Examples:
3. f (x) = x 3 + x + 1 is reducible over Z3 , but irreducible over Z2 .
Definition
Examples:
3. f (x) = x 3 + x + 1 is reducible over Z3 , but irreducible over Z2 .(f has
root in Z3 but not in Z2 .)
Definition
Examples:
Definition
Examples:
f (x) has a zero in F then f is reducible over F.
Definition
Examples:
f (x) has a zero in F then f is reducible over F. TRUE
Definition
Examples:
Proof: f (x) = g (x)(x − α).
Definition
Examples:
Proof: f (x) = g (x)(x − α).
Equivalently, if f is irreducible over F then f has no root in F.
Definition
Examples:
Proof: f (x) = g (x)(x − α).
f (x) is reducible over F then f has a zero in F.
Definition
Examples:
Proof: f (x) = g (x)(x − α).
f (x) is reducible over F then f has a zero in F. FALSE
Definition
Examples:
Proof: f (x) = g (x)(x − α).
Definition
Examples:
Proof: f (x) = g (x)(x − α).
4. f (x) = x 4 + 2x 2 + 1 = (x 2 + 1)2 is reducible over R.
Definition
Examples:
Proof: f (x) = g (x)(x − α).
4. f (x) = x 4 + 2x 2 + 1 = (x 2 + 1)2 is reducible over R.
FALSE
Let f be a polynomial over F. Then
f is reducible over F if and only if f has a root in F
FALSE
f (x) = x 4 + 2x 2 + 1 = (x 2 + 1)2 is reducible over R. But has no root in R.
FALSE
f (x) = x 4 + 2x 2 + 1 = (x 2 + 1)2 is reducible over R. But has no root in R.
TRUE
Let f be a polynomial over F such that 2 ≤ deg f ≤ 3. Then
Equivalently, if 2 ≤ deg f ≤ 3, then f is irreducible over F if and only if f

has no root in F.
Irreducibility over R
Any polynomial of degree at least 3 over R is reducible over R.
Irreducibility of polynomials of degree 2 or 3 over Q
Rational root test

Let f (x) = a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2 + · · · + an x n be a polynomial with integer
coefficients with an 6= 0. Suppose α = qp (written in the reduced form) is
a root of f (x) Then
1 p is an integer factor of the constant term a0 ,
2 q is an integer factor of the leading term an .
Rational root test

Example : Show that the polynomial x 2 + x + 2 is irreducible over Q.

Let α = qp be a rational root of f (x) then p divides 2 and q divides 1.
Therefore the possible choices of α are ±1 and ±2. Clearly none of these
numbers are roots of f (x). Therefore f (x) is irreducible over Q.
Rational root test

Example : Show that the polynomial x 2 + x + 2 is irreducible over Q.

Let α = qp be a rational root of f (x) then p divides 2 and q divides 1.
Therefore the possible choices of α are ±1 and ±2. Clearly none of these
numbers are roots of f (x). Therefore f (x) is irreducible over Q.
Exercise: Check whether the polynomials x 3 + 7x + 3 and x 3 + 7x + 4 are
irreducible over Q or not.
Irreducibility of polynomials over Q
Eisenstein criterion
coefficients. Suppose there exists a prime p such that the following
conditions are satisfied:
1 p divides ai for 0 ≤ i ≤ n − 1,
2 p does not divide an , and
3 p 2 does not divide a0 , Then f (x) is irreducible over Q.
Eisenstein criterion
coefficients. Suppose there exists a prime p such that the following
conditions are satisfied:
1 p divides ai for 0 ≤ i ≤ n − 1,
2 p does not divide an , and
3 p 2 does not divide a0 , Then f (x) is irreducible over Q.
1. x n − p is irreducible over Q.
2. x 19 + 6x 10 − 9x 4 + 75 is irreducible over Q.
3. Prove that p(x) = x 4 + 2x 3 + 2x 2 + 2x + 2 is irreducible over Q.
4. Show that the polynomial 3x 4 − 10x 2 + 15 is irreducible over Q.
5. Show that the polynomial 2x 5 − 4x 2 − 3 is irreducible over Q.
Irreducible over Q does not imply the irreducibility over Z

Consider the polynomial f (x) = 2x + 6 ∈ Z[x] then f (x) is reducible over
Z. Because f (x) = 2(x + 3) and both 2 and x + 3 are non-units in Z[x].
But f (x) is irreducible over Q because 2 is a unit in Q.
Gauss Lemma
Let f (x) be a primitive polynomial in Z[x] then f is irreducible over Z if
and only if f is irreducible over Q.
Mod p irreducibility test
Let p be a prime and suppose that f (x) ∈ Z[x] with deg f (x) ≥ 1. Let
fp (x) be the polynomial in Zp [x] obtained from f(x) by reducing all the
coefficients of f (x) modulo p. If fp (x) is irreducible over Zp and
deg f (x) = deg fp (x) then f (x) is irreducible over Q.
1. x 3 + 7x + 3 is irreducible over Q.
1. x 3 + 7x + 3 is irreducible over Q. Take p = 2

2. 5x 4 − x + 4 is irreducible over Q.
Eliminating options
Let A be a 3 × 3 matrix such that det A = 6 and trace of A is equal to 0.

If det(A + I ) = 0, then the eigenvalues of A are
a) −1, 2, 3 b) −1, 2, −3 c) 1, 2, −3 d) −1, −2, 3.
Thanks for your attention.

Arun Kumar Day3 PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Arun Kumar Day3 PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CSIR NET PREPARATION TOOLS AND

What is it mean to you to clearing CSIR NET/JRF Exam?

(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 6

(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 6

1. What are some known homomorphisms of Sn ?

(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 6

1. What are some known homomorphisms of Sn ?

(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 6

1. What are some known homomorphisms of Sn ?

(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 6

1. What are some known homomorphisms of Sn ?

(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 6

1. What are some known homomorphisms of Sn ?

(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 6

1. What are some known homomorphisms of Sn ?

(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 6

1. What are some known homomorphisms of Sn ?

(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 6

1. What are some known homomorphisms of Sn ?

(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 6

1. What are some known homomorphisms of Sn ?

1 f is 1-1 if and only if ker f = {e}.

1 f is 1-1 if and only if ker f = {e}.

1 f is 1-1 if and only if ker f = {e}.

1 Understanding of homomorphisms and normal subgroups of Sn .

What you are expected to know to solve such a problem

1 An is the only normal subgroup of Sn for all n ≥ 5 and n = 3.

Which of the following groups are isomorphic?

Which of the following groups are isomorphic?

a. Exercise: (R, +) and (C, +) are isomorphic. (Internet!!! This involves

Which of the following groups are isomorphic?

a. Exercise: (R, +) and (C, +) are isomorphic. (Internet!!! This involves

Which of the following groups are isomorphic?

a. Exercise: (R, +) and (C, +) are isomorphic. (Internet!!! This involves

Which of the following groups are isomorphic?

a. Exercise: (R, +) and (C, +) are isomorphic. (Internet!!! This involves

Which of the following groups are isomorphic?

a. Exercise: (R, +) and (C, +) are isomorphic. (Internet!!! This involves

Determine which of the following cannot be the class equation of a group

Determine which of the following cannot be the class equation of a group

1. What is class equation of a group?

Determine which of the following cannot be the class equation of a group

1. What is class equation of a group?

Determine which of the following cannot be the class equation of a group

1. What is class equation of a group?

Determine which of the following cannot be the class equation of a group

1. What is class equation of a group?

Determine which of the following cannot be the class equation of a group

1. What is class equation of a group?

Determine which of the following cannot be the class equation of a group

1. What is class equation of a group?

What you are expected to know to solve such a problem

Suppose λ 6= 0 is an eigenvalue of the following matrix A.

Suppose λ 6= 0 is an eigenvalue of the following matrix A.

a. Range of A = Linear span of the columns 2 and 3.

Suppose λ 6= 0 is an eigenvalue of the following matrix A.

a. Range of A = Linear span of the columns 2 and 3.

Suppose λ 6= 0 is an eigenvalue of the following matrix A.

a. Range of A = Linear span of the columns 2 and 3.

Suppose λ 6= 0 is an eigenvalue of the following matrix A.

a. Range of A = Linear span of the columns 2 and 3.

Let n be a positive integer.

Hn = {A = (aij ) ∈ Mn (R) : aij = ars if i + j = r + s}.