R. K. MALIK’S JEE (MAIN & ADV.), MEDICAL + BOARD, NDA, IX & X
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CHAPTER — 1 : MEASUREMENT OF ANGLES
In Geometry angles are measured in terms ofa right angle. This, however, is an inconven-
ient unit of measuremsent on account of its size.
In the Sexagesimal system of measurement a right angle is divided into 90 equal parts
called Degrees. Each degree is divided into 60 equal parts called Minutes, each minute
into 60 equal parts called Seconds.
The symbols 1°, 1’, and 1” are used to denote a Degree, a Minute, and a Second respec-
tively.
Thus 60 Seconds (60") make One Minute (1'),
60 Minutes (60') make One Degree (1°),
and 90 Degree (90°) make One Right Angle.
This system is well established and is always used in the practical application of Trigo-
nometry, It is not however very convenient on account of the multipliers 60 and 90.
On this account another system of measurement called the Centesimal, or French, sy
tem has been proposed. In this system the right angle is divided into 100 equal parts,
called Grades; each grade is subdivided into 100 Minutes, and each minute into 100
Seconds.
‘The symbols 1¥, 1, and 1° are used to denote a Grade, a Minute, and a Second respec-
tively.
Thus 100 Seconds (100’) make One Minute (1),
100 Minutes (100’) make One Grade (18),
100 Grades (100) make One Right Angle.
This system would be much more convenient to use than the ordinary Sexagesimal system.
As a preliminary, however, to its practical adoption, a large number of tables would have
to be recalculated. For this reason the system has in practice never been used.
DETAILED SOLUTIONS TO MEASUREMENT OF ANGLES BY SL LONEY
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1.5 To convert Sexagesimal into Centesimal Measure, and vice versa.
Since a right angle is equal to 90° and also to 100*, we have
90° = 100%.
210 ang it= 2
10
Hence, to change degrees into grades, add on one-ninth; to change grades into degrees,
subtract one-tenth.
e
1.
36° =(s6+ 230) = 40%,
LY
and eae =(8t-75%64) = (64 - 6-4) = 57-6",
\
If the angle does not contain an integral number of degrees, we may reduce it to a
fraction of a degree and then change to grades.
In practice it is generally found more convenient to reduce any angle to a
fraction of a right angle. The method will be seen in the following examples;
Reduce 63° 14'51”to Centesimal Measure.
iv
Solution : We have BI" = 55 = 85
14.8
and 14 51" = 1485 = So
63° 4’ 51" = 63.2476" = &
= 0.70275 rt. angle
= 10-2758 = 708 27.5) = 708 27 50".
Reduce 94° 23° 87 "to Sexagesimal Measure.
‘948 23° 87° = 942387 right angle
30
84-81483
60
Fe aapg Minutes
48.8898
degrees
3.3880 seconds,
94® 23' 87" = 84° 48’ 53-388".
ANGLES OF ANY SIZE.
‘Suppose AOA’ and BOB’ to be two fixed lines meeting at
right angles in O, and suppose a revolving line OP (turn-
ing about a fixed point at 0) to start from OA and revolve
in a direction opposite to that of the hands of a watch.
For any position of the revolving line between OA and
OB, such as OP), it will have turned through an angle
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AOP,, which is less than a right angle.
For any position between OB and OA’, such as OP, and angle AOP,, through which ithas
turned is greater than a right angle
For any position OP,, between OA’ and OB, the angle traced out is AOP,, ie
AOB + BOA’ + A'OP,
ie, 2 right angles + A'OP,,
so that the angle described is greater than two right angles.
For any position OP, between OB’ and OA, the angle turned through is similarly greater
than three right angles.
When the revolving line has made a complete revolution, so that it coincides once more
with OA, the angle through which it has turned is 4 right angles.
Ifthe line OP still continues to revolve, the angle through which it has turned, when it is
for the second time in the position, OP,, is not AOP, but 4 right angles + AOP,,
Similarly, when the revolving line, having made two complete revolutions, is once more
in the position OP,, the angle it has traced out is § right angles + AOP,
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If the revolving line OP be between OA and OB, it is said to be in the first quadrant; if it
be between OB and OA, it is in the second quadrant; if between OA’ and OB, it is in the
third quadrant; if it is between OB’ and OA, it is in the fourth quadrant.
What is the position of the revolving line when it has turned through
(i) 225°, (i) 480°, and (iii) 1050°?
(@) Since 225° = 180° + 45°, the revolving line has turned through 45° more than two
right angles, and itis therefore in the third quadrant and halfway between OA’ and
OB.
(ii) Since 480° = 360° + 120°, the revolving line has turned through 120° more than one
complete revolution, and is therefore in the second quadrant, i. between OB and
OA’, and makes an angle of 30° with OB.
(iii) Since 1050° = 11 x 90° + 60°, the revolving line has turned through 60° more than
leven right angles, and is therefore in the fourth quadrant, i.e. between OB’ and
(OA, and makes 60° with OB’
SOLVED MPLES
Express in terms of aright angle the angles
1. 60° 2. 75°15 8. 63°17'25",
4, 130°30% ‘5. 210°31'30” 6. 370°20°48".
Solutions.
DETAILED SOLUTIONS TO MEASUREMENT OF ANGLE
60 2
1. 60° = — rt. angle = = (right angle)
90 3
- nso, M301 _ 301
2. 15° 18' = 75° + 15! = 75° + =" = 69 (rt angle)
7° 95 "= 63° * 9g Oe
3. 63° 17 25°= 63° 17 Gy = 63 36
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45569 1569,
= 720x990 “* *"€!= Gag00
261° 261
130° 30 = 130 2 = 3x90 Tangle
29 jight angle=1 > rt. angl
gp Tight angle=1 55 rt. angle
rt. angle
30' 63' 63° 25251°
210° 31' 30” = 210° 31 60 210! 2 210° 120 120
= 75251 angie 2 ot angl
= PE we angle =2 SEE rt angle
7° 20 48” = 370° 48° any. 104
370° 20' 48” = 370° 20' 60 = 370' 5
104, 26°
= 370° 5x60 370° 75
27776
* 90x75
27776
= 3875
388
3375
rt, angle
rt, angle
rt, angle.
Express in grades, minutes, and seconds the angles.
7.30° 881° 9.138°30"
‘10, 35°47'15" IL. 235° 12'36” ‘12, 475° 13'48"
Solutions.
a P 100" _ 100° 3¢ 33° 93.3"
90 3
138° 30"
= 153° 88! 88.8"
iso? 68°
= 35+ =35
ed
35°47 15" = 35°47 5 re 0
2863 10" _ 2863
=X oy = 3976 88.8"
63
*5x60
21° 23521 10% 23521
joo 100 “9 90
= 261" 34’ 44.4"
3
235° 12' 36" = 235° 12 5
= 275
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DETAILED SOLUTIONS TO MEASUREMENT OF ANGLE CHAPTER - 1 : MEASUREMENT OF ANGLES
69°
300
«, 23° _ 47528" 47523x 10
= 475° + 709 = “100 = —100x9
47523"
90
= 5288 9'33.3"
AT5° 13’ 48) aree+ 13 © 415° +
Express in terms of right angles, and also in degrees, minutes, and seconds the
angle
13. 1208, 14, 458 3524” 15, 398 45°36"
16. 2558 89" 17. 758 0'5%
Solutions.
13. 1208 =
45° 35 24"
= 40° +. 81716 « 60"
40° 49' + .0296 x 60"
(0° 49 1.776"
= 0. 453524 rt, angle.
39-4536 9°
39% 45' 36" = 39.4536" = foes = 35° 30’ 29.664"
39-4536
89 45' 36” = 39.4536" rt, angle
2558 89" =
255-0809
289° 8
2558 8 => rt. angle
= 2.550809 rt. angle.
5 5 x 9°
17. 758.05" Te = 683.10045° = 683° 6 1.62"
9-000:
Again 7580 5" ae rt. angle = 7.590005 rt. angle.
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DETAILED SOLUTIONS TO MEASUREMENT OF ANGLE R. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES
Mark the position of the revolving line when it has traced out the following
angles:
1 L
18. ‘ right angle. 19.35 rightangle, 20. 13 5 right angles.
21. 120% 22, 315° 23. 745°
24. 1185° 25. 1508. 26. 4208,
27. 875% 28, 8758
Solutions.
: rt.angle = 5 rt. angle = (90° + 30°)
Here, since the revolving line makes an angle more than one and less than two rt. angles
with the original line, hence it will be in the second quadrant.
1
3.5 rt angle = 3 rt. angle + 45°
Here, since revolving line makes an angle greater than three and less than four rt. angles
with the given line, hence it will lie in the fourth quadrant.
1 1
13 5 rt. angle = 12rt, angle +1 3 rt. angle
1
Here, since the revolving line makes three complete revolutions and 15 rt. angle with
the base, hence revolving line is in second quadrant,
120° = 90° + 30°.
Here, since revolving line makes an angle greater than one rt. angle and less than 2 rt.
angles, hence it will lie in the second fourth quadrant.
315° = 270° + 45° = 3 rt. angle + 45°
Here, since the revolving line makes an angle greater than three and less than four rt.
angles with the given straight line, hence it will lie in the fourth quadrant.
745° = 2x 360° + 25°
Here, since revolving line makes two complete revolutions and an angle of 25° from its
original position, hence in the final position revolving line will lie in the first quadrant,
1185° = 3< 360° + (90° 15%)
Here since, revolving line makes three complete revolutions and an angle of 15° more
than a right angle with its original position, hence it will lie in the second quadrant.
~
a
Z
é
3
2
a
»
B
a
g
a
3
4
te
6
ep
B
&
4
g
I
=
e
Z
g
e
al
3
&
3
8
a
2
é
&
a
soe = 0 it ats
150% = 7pp,rt-angles=1 5 rt. angles
1
Here, since revolving line here makes an angle of > rt. angle more than a rt. angle, hence
revolving line will lie in the second quadrant.
420 1
4208 = 755 Tangle = 4 = rt. angles
Here, since revolving line makes one complete revolution and an angle of 18°, hence in the
final position the revolving line will be found in the first quadrant.
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portangles = 8.7541 angles
Here, since revolving line makes two complete revolutions and an angle of 67.5
the revolving line will lie in the first quadrant,
y 875
8158 7
1
How many degrees, minutes and seconds are respectively passed over in 11 5
minutes by the hour and minute hands of a watch?
Solution. Since, in 60 minutes, the minute hand turns through 360°.
i00 360 100°
=p minutes it turns through “> *
In
3 = 66" 40"
Since, in 720 minutes, i.e. in 12 hrs. the hour had turns through 360°.
100 360, 100°
++ In => minutes the hour had turns through 755 «=
50°
=p 5°93" 20
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The number of degrees in one acute angle of a right angled triangle is equal to
the number of grades in the other; express both the angles in degrees.
Solution: Suppose the first acute angle is x°
Henee, other actual angle = x
But
First acute angle = 47
and, second angle
a
3
4
te
6
ep
B
&
4
g
I
=
e
Z
g
e
al
3
&
3
8
a
2
é
g
Prove that the number of Sexagesimal minutes in any angle is to the number of
Centesimal minutes in the same angle as 27: 50.
Solution. Let any angle is x*
x = 602"
Again, Fa
aT
30 72750
60x
Required ratio = 75957 =
9
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31. Divide 44°8’into two parts such that the number of Sexagesimal seconds in one
part may be equal to the number of Centesimal seconds in the other part.
Solution. Suppose one part is 2°
Hence other part is (44° 8’ -x°)
x° = 60 x 60x" = 3600x"
(662-15x) (10) _ (662 15x)100000"
(44° 8-2") = (**), (I a
2 :
(662-162)100000" _ se59,
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27 x 36x = ( 1324 -30x) 100
‘972x = 132400 - 3000x
3972x = 132400
132400
== 972 = 38
1
Hence, oneppartis 93 4 = 93° 20°
and other part is ( 44° 8' - 33° 20) = 10° 48
CIRCULAR MEASURE
A third system of measurement of angles has been devised, and it is this system which is
used in all the higher branches of Mathematics,
‘The unit used is obtained thus;
‘Take any circle APB’, whose centre is O, and from any
point A measure off an are AP whose length is equal to the
radius of the circle, Join OA and OP.
‘The angle AOP is the angle which is taken as the unit of
circular measurement, ie. itis the angle in terms of which
in this system we measure all others.
This angle is called A Radian and is often denoted by 1°.
DETAILED SOLUTIONS TO MEASUREMENT OF ANGLE
1.10 Itis clearly essential to the proper choice of a unit that it should be a constant quantity;
hence we must shew that the Radian is a constant angle. This we shall do in the following
articles.
[EY Tae0rem
‘The length of the circumference of a circle always bears a constant radio to its diameter.
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‘Take any two circles whose common centre is O. In the
larger circle inseribe a regular polygon ofn sides, ABCD.
Let OA, OB, 0C,... meet the smaller circle in the points a,
8, 6d, ... and join ab, be, ed, ..
‘Then, by Geometry, abcd.... isa regular polygon ofn sides
inseribed in the smaller eircle.
Since Oa = 0b, and OA = OB, the lines ab and AB must be
parallel, and hence
AB OA
ab ~ Oa"
Also the outer polygon ABCD... being regular, its perimeter, ie. the sum of its sides, is
equal to n.AB. Similarly for the inner polygon.
Perimeterofthe outerpolygon _nAB_AB_ OA
Perimeteroftheinnerpolygon nab ab Oa =
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This relation exists whatever be the number of sides in the polygons,
Let the number of sides be indefinitely increased (i.e. let n become inconceivably great) so
that finally the perimeter of the outer polygon will be the same as the circumference of the
outer circle, and the perimeter of the inner polygon the same as the circumference of the
inner circle.
The relation (i) will then become
Circumference of outer circle _ OA
Circumference of inner circle ~ Oa
Radius of outer circle
Radius of inner eirde
Circumference of outer circle
Radius of outer cirele
_ Circumference of inner circle
Radius of inner circle
Since there was no restriction whatever as to the sizes of the two circles, it follows that
the quantity
Cibcumference of any circle
Radius of that circle
DETAILED SOLUTIONS TO MEASUREMENT OF ANGLE
is the same for all circles.
Hence the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its radius, and therefore also to its
diameter, is a constant quantity.
_ Circumfere!
In the previous article we have shown that the ratio" is the same for all
Diameter
circles. The value of this constant ratio is always denoted by the Greek letter x [pro-
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NEWTONC R. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES
nounced “Pi”), so that x is a number.
Circumference
Diameter
We have therefore the following theorem;
Hence, = the constant number a.
The circumference of a circle is always equal to x times its diameter or 2r times
its radius.
1.18 Unfortunately the value of x is not a whole number, nor can it be expressed in the form of
avulgar fraction, and hence not in the form of decimal fraction, terminating or recurring.
‘The number ris an ineommensurable magnitude, i.e. a magnitude whose value cannot be
exactly expressed as the ratio of two whole numbers,
Its value, correct to 8 places of decimals, is
314159266...
22,
The fraction > gives the value of x correctly for the first two decimal places;
for 2 = 314285.
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355
The fraction 775 is a more accurate value of x, being correct to 6 places of decimals; for
5
Tig = 314159203.
35:
(N.B. The fraction _ may be remembered thus; write down the first three numbers
repeating each twice, thus 113355; divide the number thus obtained into two parts and
let the first part be divided into the second, thus 113)355(
‘The quotient is the value of x to 6 places of decimals.
‘TD sum up. An approximate value of x, correct to 2 places of decimals, is the
22
fraction “"; a more accurate value is 3-14159
By division, we ean show that
= 31830988
The diameter of a wheel is 28 cm.; through what distance does its centre move
during one revolution of the wheel along the ground?
DETAILED SOLUTIONS TO MEASUREMENT OF ANGLE
Solution. The radius r is here 14 cm,
:. circumference = 2nr. 2n.14 = 28x em.
22
circumference = 28 x “—- em. = 88 em. approximately.
If we give x the more accurate value 3:14159265...,
circumference = 28 x 3-14159265... cm. = 87-96459 em.
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What must be the radius ofa circular running path, round which on athlete must
run 5 times in order to describe 1760 metres?
1
Solution: The circumference must be = x 1760, ie. 352 metres.
Hence, ifr be the radius of the path in metres, we have
2nr = 352
176
r =— metres,
22,
7 we have
= 1O*T _ 56 mot
7 => = 56 metres.
1
‘Taking the more accurate value — = 31831, we have
= 176 x “31831 = 56-02256 metres.
UO AED. BO
1.
If the radius of the earth be 6100 km., what is the length of its circumference?
Solution, Radius of the earth = 6400 kms.
So, its circumference = 6400 » 2x kms,
400 » 2 x 3.14159265 kms.
(0212 kms. (approx)
The wheel of a railway carriage is 90 cm. in diameter and makes 3 revolutions in
second; how fast is the train going?
Solution. Circumference ofthe wheel = 90x 2% ems, = 428° ems,
7 7
1980
In 1 see. the wheel runs =3 x =~ ems,
7 ae cms. = 848,2 cms
Speed of the train = 848.2 ems/sec.
Amill sail whose length is 540 cm. makes 10 revolutions per minute. What distance
does its end travel in an hour?
22
Solution, Circumference of the wheel ofthe mill = 2 « “> x 540 ems
2x 22%540x10
In one minute the wheel runs =— ems.
2x 22 540 x 10x 60
In one hour the wheel will run through = ~~" * "00°
in one hour the wheel will run throug 7100x1000 =
= 20.36 kms,
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4, Assuming that the earth describes in one year a circle, of 149,700,000 km. radius,
whose centre is the sun, how many miles des the earth travel in a year?
Solution. Distance travelled by the earth
= circumference of this circle
= 2.149700000x kms,
= 299400000 « kms.
299400000 x 2 kms.
94060000 kms. (approx)
1
The radius of a carriage wheel is 50 cm., and in the ofa second it turns through
80° about its centre, which is fixed; how many km, does a point on the rim of the
wheel travel in one hour?
1
Solution. Since, in > sec. radius rotates by an angle of 80°
i 22 80
Hence, in 5 sec. the end point move = 2 x > 50x 355 ems
So in one hour, the end point will move
_ 2% 22x50 «9x 80x 3600
* 7x B60 x 3x 10000
= 23 kms. (approx)
ms.
( TaEorEM]
‘The radian is a constant angle.
‘Take the figure of Art. 9. Let the are AB be a quadrant of the circle, i.e. one-quarter of the
circumference.
By Art. 12, the length of AB is therefore a where r is the radius of the circle.
By Geometry, we know that angles at the centre of any circle are to one another as the ares
on which they stand,
ZAOP _ atc AP
Hence Thon = wena
ie, ZAOP =2 ZAOB,
But we defined the angle AOP to be a Radian,
Hence aRadian = = , ZAOB
=~ of aright angle.
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DETAILED SOLUTIONS TO MEASUREMENT OF ANGLE CHAPTER - 1 : MEASUREMENT OF ANGLES.
Since a right angle is a constant angle, and since we have shown (Art. 12) that nis a
constant quantity, it follows that a Radian is a constant angle, and is therefore the same
whatever be the circle from which it is derived
[HGQUMAGNITUDE OF A RADIAN]
By the previous article,
2 180!
a Radian = 7 «a right angle = ——
= 180° x -3183098862... = 57-2957795°
= 57° 17' 448" nearly.
2
1.17 Since a Radian = = of a right angle,
x
B
so that, 180° = 2 right angles = x radians,
and 360° = 4 right angles = 2n radians.
Hence, when the revolving line (Art. 6) has made a complete revolution, it has described
an angle equal to 2x radians; when it has made three complete revolutions, it has de-
scribed an angle of 6 radians, when it has made n revolutions; it has described an angle
of 2nx radians.
therefore a right angle = 5 radians,
1.18 In practice the symbol “c” is generally omitted, and instead of “an angle r™ we find writ-
ten “an angle 7.”
The student must notice this point carefully. If the unit, in terms of which the angle is
measured, be not mentioned, he must mentally supply the word “radians.” Otherwise he
will easily fall into the mistake of supposing that x stands for 180°, It is true that. x
radians (n°) is the same as 180°, but 7 itself is a number, and a number only.
1.19 To convert Circular Measure into Sexagesimal Measure or Centesimal Measure and vice
versa
‘The student should remember the relations
‘Two right angles = 180° radians,
The conversion is then merely Arithmetic.
@ 0-45n° = -45 « 180° = 81° = 908,
DETAILED SOLUTIONS TO MEASUREMENT OF ANGLES BY SL LONEY
40° 15° 36”
40-26 x 5. = 9936n radians.
180
¥ 15° 36" = 40.1536g = 40.1536 «
40° 15' 36" = 40.1536g = 40.1536 200 TAdians
= -200768z radians,
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The angles of a triangle are in A.P. and the number of grades in the least is to the
number of radians in the greatest as 40 : r; find the angle is degrees.
Solution. Let the angles be (x -y)°, 2°, and (x + 9)
Since the sum of the three angles of a triangle is 180°, we have
180 =x-y+x+y=3r,
. x =60
Hence, required angles are
(60-y)°, 60°, and (60 +y)°,
10
Now (60-9) = = x (60-9,
x j
and (60 + 99° = 755 x (60+) radians.
Hence 2- » * gp (60+) 40:7,
200 60-9 _ 40
x 60+y ~ x"
ie 5 (60- ) =60+y,
ie y =40
‘The angles are therefore 20°, 60°, and 100°.
Express in the three systems of angular measurement the magnitude ofthe angle
ofa regular decagon.
By Geometry, we know that all the interior angles of any rectilinear figure together with
four right angles are equal to twice as many right angles as the figure has sides.
Lat the angle of a regular decagon contain x right angles, so that all the angles are
together equal to 10r right angles.
The corollary therefore states that
10x +4 =20,
DETAILED SOLUTIONS TO MEASUREMENT OF ANGLES BY SL LONEY
so that x & right angles.
But, one right angle = 90° = 100 = + radians,
Hence, the required angle = 144°
= 160% = = radians.
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=a
Express in degrees, minute and seconds, ae
_ 180°
3 700
Solution,
Express in degrees >
Solution, 42180" _ 240°
Express in degrees 107.
Solution, —10.x° = 10 180° = 1800
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Express in degrees 1%
Solution. 1 a = 180« 31831 = 57° 17' 44.8"
Express in degrees 8°
Solution. 8°= 8° x =! = 458° 2158.4"
Express in grades, minutes and seconds « i
n°
Solution.
olution.
ae
Express in grades om
Solution, 22 = 7*2006 9394 337 93.3"
6 6
Express in grades 10z¢.
Solution. 10a" = 10 x 200* = 20008
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Express in radians 60°
Solution, 60° = 60 x
Express in radians 10°30‘
1105
Solution, 110° 30° =—— x
10 “180° 360
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Express in radians 175° 45's
Solution,175° 45°
180
3857°
7
Solution.47°25°36' =
Express in radians 395°
395)
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Express in radians 110 30.
; ¢_ 1103
Solution.110g. 30° = 110.3 = 5055 x
Express in radians 3458 25/36"
Solution.345" 25' 36" = 345, 2536"
3452536 "
= Soon 7 = 1726268 x
The difference between the acute angles of a right-angled triangle is =
5
radians; express the angle in degrees.
Solution. Suppose the actue angles of right angled triangle are x° and y°,
DETAILED SOLUTIONS TO MEASUREMENT OF ANGLE
Hence, required acute angles are 81° and 9°
2 3
One angle of a triangle is | x grades another is 5 x degrees, whilst the third
x
is radians; express them all in degrees.
sition, “ap so axe.
Solution. 5 =3xxi>=5
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NEWTONCLASSES.NET CHAPTER - 1 : MEASUREMENT OF ANGLES
mek 12x"
= x 180° =
75 7 75 *8O= 5
3..,3.,,2, 2.
BRty et ye = 180
& 6x + 15x + 24x = 180 x 10
or 45x = 1800
or x=40°
Hence, three angles of the triangle are 24°, 60° and 96°.
i
The circular measure of two angles ofa triangle are respectively ; and 5;what
is the number of degrees in the third angle?
Solution. One angle of the triangle = ; 8.64789"
Second angle ofthe triangle = + = 19.09859°
Hence, third angle of triangle = 180° — (28.64789° + 19.09859°)
= 0182,25352° = 132° 15' 12.6"
The angle ofa triangle are in A.P. and the number of degrees in the least is to the
number of radians in the greatest as 60 to x; find the angles in degrees.
Solution. The three angles are in AP; if y is common difference, let these angle be
(x+y)®, x and (xy)
xt+ytxtx-y = 180°
or x =60°
According to the Question,
(e-y!s(xty)x 5 =60:8
180 ~
or R(x-y) = (x49) Tey x60
or 3(x-y) =(x+y)
or dy = 2x
or yaad ie y=30°
Hence, three angles are 30°, 60° and 90°.
The angles of a triangle are in A.P. and the number of radians in the least angle
is to the number of degrees in the mean angle as 1: 120. Find the angles in radi-
ans.
Solution. The three angles are in (A.P) and y is common difference, let these angles be
(x+y), 2° and (x-y)®
xtytaex-y = 180°
x = 60°
Smallest angle , = (
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DETAILED SOLUTIONS TO MEASUREMENT OF ANGLE R. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES
Hence smallest angle
and biggest angle
Find the magnitude, in radians and degrees, of the interior angle of
@ aregular pentagon
(ii) aregular heptagon
Gii) aregular octagon
(iv) a regular duodecagon, and (v) a regular polygon of 27 sides.
Solution.
(@ Angle of regular pentagon (2x5 —4)rt, angle
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1.
Angle of regular heptagon = > ( 2x7 —4) rt, angle
10x 90 4 900x0° _ Sx®
27 R85 = a0 * 4
Gii) Angle of the regular octagon = 5 (8« 2-4) rt, angle
masse = 52
4
(iv) Internal angle of the 12 sided regular polygon
1 axe
= jp (122 -4)rt. angle
= 150° = 5
(v) Internal angle of the 17 sided regular polygon
1 L
= (172- =
771% 2-4) rt. angle = 158.
= 2700x n° _ 15a
“17x80 "IT
The angle in one regular polygon is to that in another as 3:2; also the number of
sides in the first is twice that in the second; how many sides have the polygons?
Solution. — Suppose the second regular polygon has x side
‘Thus, the first regular polygon has 2x sides
«. Each angle of the first polygon = 2**2-%) rt, angle
DETAILED SOLUTIONS TO MEASUREMENT OF ANGLE
and each angle of the second polygon
rt. angle
4x-4 2-4
Since,
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NEWTONCLASSES.NET CHAPTER - 1 : MEASUREMENT OF ANGLES
4x-4 _ 6x-12
oz 8
or 4x—4 = 6x12
or Qe =8
, x
Hence, the number of sides in the first and second polygons is respectively 8 and 4,
The number of sides in two regular polygons are as 5: 4, and the difference be-
tween their angles is 9% find the number of sides in the polygons.
Solution, Let the number of sides in first regular polygon = 5x,
Number of sides in second regular polygon = 4x.
One internal angle of 5x sided polygon = + (2 x 5x —4) rt. angle
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One internal angle of 4x sided polygon = 7— (2 x 4x4) rt. angle
++ Difference between two internal angles
Wx-4_ 2-1
=U bx x
) x90
10x-4~10x +5)
d=
or
Hence, number of sides are 10 and 8 respectively,
Find two regular polygons such that the number of their sides may be as 3 fo 4
and the number of degrees in an angle of the first to the number of grades in an
angle of the second as 4 to 5.
Solution, Suppose the two polygons have respectively 2x and 4x sides,
= 8x-4
<. One angle of each 8 PHangles, and AS rt. angles.
But according to the question
5
gS
4
te
s
g
g
j
a
a
5
e
Z
g
E
3
&
a
a
3
a
a
Ox- 7
a4 99 = 84 09-4:5
3x 4x
30x-20 82x-16
x90 = x
= 0 = I x 100
900x - 600 = 800x - 400
100x
x=2
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NEWTONC 20 R. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES
26. The angles of a quadrilateral are in A.P. and the greatest is double the least;
express the least angle in radians,
Solution. Let the smallest angle of quadrilateral is (x ~ 3y)*.
So angles of quadrilateral are (x - 3y), (x -y)%, (x +) and (x + 3y)°
K-Gy+x ytxrytx4 dy =2n,
t
or nos
2
Hence, smallest and biggest anlges of quadrilateral are
g-m] alfo]
Hence, smallest angle
Find in radians, degrees, and grades the angle between the hour hand and the
minute hand of a clock at
(i) halfpast three
(ii) twenty minutes to six
(iit) a quarter past eleven.
Solution. Since, the circumference of the watch is divided into 60 divisions.
each division = 6°.
() At3.30, the minutes hand will be at 30 minutes and hour hand will in the middle of
15 minutes and 20 minutes
1 i
difference between two hands = (30-17 5) = 12 5 minutes
25
Hence, angle between the hands = 6 «=> = 75
mp, ba°
=15, =~=
180° 12
, 1OF 250"
= 15° = = 885
(ii) At twenty minutes to six, hour needle will remain in advance of minute needle by
DETAILED SOLUTIONS TO MEASUREMENT OF ANGLES BY SL LONEY
5 35
(10+ 5) mts. = x6
=T0°
_ 70x10" 0n° _ Tp°
az) 180 ~ 18°
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NEWTONC CHAPTER - 1 : MEASUREMENT OF ANGLES 2
(iii) At 11-15 minutes, needle will remain in advance of hour needle by 15 + of ) minutes,
1 _ 225x108 _
2 2x9
Find the times
(i) between four and five O’ clock when the angle between the minute-hand and
the hour-hand is 78%,
(Gi) between seven and eight 0’ clock when this angle is 54°,
Solution. (i) Since, at 4 0” clock minute hand remains behind the hour hand by 120°
So that the difference between two needles remains 78°, minutes needles has to move
120° - 78° = 42°,
or (120+78°)= 198° more than the hour hand
Minute-hand moves 42° more in
60x42 5 7 ates
ao a
Minute-hand moves 198° 330 more in
60% 198
730 6 minutes,
Required time at z past 40’ clock and 36 minutes past 4.
(ii) Since, at 7 O' clock needle remains behind the hour needle by 210°.
So that difference between the two hands remains 54°, minute hand has to move
210° - = 54° = 156°,
120° + 54° = 264° more than the hour needle.
But minute hand moves 330° more in 60 mts.
60x 156 4
Minute hand move 156° more in = 330 mts = BT mts.
bs
5
g
g
g
3
a
z
zg
5
3
4
te
s
EB
g
gz
j
a
a
5
e
Z
g
E
al
3
g
a
a
3
3
FA
g
60x 264
Minute hand move 156° 264° more in = —-7— 48 mts
4
Hence, required time is 28 ++ mts. past 7. and 48 mts. past 7
1.21 Theorem:
‘The number of radians in any angle whatever is equal to a fraction, whose numerator is
the are which the angle subtends at the centre of any circle, and whose denominator is the
radius of that circle.
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NEWTONC R. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES
Let AOP be the angle which has been deseribed by a line
starting from OA and revolving into the position OP.
Where centre O and any radius, describe a circle cutting
OA and OP in the points A and P.
Let the angle AOB be a radian, so that the arc ABis equal
to the radius OA.
By Geometry, we have
_ZAOP_— ZAOP _areAP are AP
‘A Radian = ZAOB ~ arc AB ~ Radius
are AP
so that ZAOP = Radius of a Radian.
Hence the theorem is proved.
\Find the angle subtended at the centre of a circle of radius 3 em. by an are of
length Lem.
ar 1
Solution: The number of radians in the angle adi
Hence,
the angle = = = radian
1
8
1
3
2.
= right angle
60°
x
x 90° =
|r
1 22
=19—* =.
Foon taking equal to =
Inacircle of 5 em. radius, what is the length of the are which subtends an angle
of 93°15 at the centre?
Ifzem. be the required lengh, we have
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Solution: = number of radians in 33° 151
= % (Art. 19)
133 |
= 720 *
133
188 oy 188 ar
= 28 sem, « 98, 2 on, ner
= 26
= em. nearly
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|Assuming the average distance of the earth from the sun to be 149,700,000 km.,
jand the angle subtended by the sun at the eye of a person on the earth to be 32
find the sun’s diameter.
Let D be the diameter of the sun in km.
Solution:
The angle subtended by the sun being very small, its diameter is very approximately
equal to a small are of a circle whose centre is the eye of the observer. Also the sun sub-
tends an angle of 32’ at the centre of this circle.
Hence, by Art. 21, we have
D
9700000 = Bumber of radians in 32"
= number of radians in 2
ee
~ 15” 180” 675
p = 299400,000
=a km
299,400,000 22 ;
= G75
35 Hence, the five parts of the circle subtended at the centre angles 4x Qn Ie 19" 4 Bae 35° 35’ 35 ' 35 35 The perimeter of a certain sector of a circle is equal to the length of the are of a semicircle having the same radius; express the angle of the sector in degrees, minutes, and seconds. Solution, Suppose radius of circle be r. Hence, arc of the semi-circle will be ar. Circumference of sector = 2r + Arc or mr = 2r+ Arc or Are =r(n-2) —2)° 180° Angle of sector = teat = (n-2)x ) 65° 24" 30.24" At what distance does a man, whose height is 2 m., subtended an angle of 104 Solution. In the diagram AB is the man and C is the required point at a distance of x meteres from B Let required distance be x meters. 10 _ 2p 380 60 “xYou might also like
