Governing And Performance of Hydraulic Turbines — — 24.1. INTRODUCTION ; 1. Governing of turbines. In the preceding chapter, we discussed the constructional details and working of hydraulic turbines. As hydraulic turbines are usually coupled to electrical generators which run Iso remain constant, irrespective of hich the quantity of water striking at a constant speed, it is essential that the speed of the turbine should al: variation in the load. A device is provided in the turbine by means of wt led the governor and the process the vanes is automatically changed as the output changes. This device is cal is known as the governing of turbines. 2, Performance of turbines. Hydraulic turbines often work under varying conditions of head, speed, output and gate opening. The performance of the turbine changes with these variations. To predict the behavior of a turbine under varying conditions and to know the performance of the turbines of the same: type but working under different conditions, a scientific study is made. The results obtained from the tests on turbines are expressed in terms of unit quantities and specific quantities. These quantities are very useful in predicting the performance. The characteristic curves of the turbines are usually drawn to see the effect of varying conditions on the performance. This chapter deals with the performance of the turbines under varying conditions as well as governing of turbines.242, GOVERNING Lita eeu 3 in the preceding chapter, ich moves : | eat the nozzle, there is spear (ot oe a the quantity of water coming out the spear changes the opening in the nozzle St ‘As stated earlier, the nozzle a Mot be nozzle, The velocity ofthe jt, however, Sea te penstock. A defector is provided at the tip ‘saad eee: wate ben | the spear adjusts the discharge ; the nozzle tl ’ ea a. Sr iicics ny ts aa when the nozzle is being pri spear and the deflector operate automatically by an oil-pressure hii as yl “a Fig. 24.1 (a) shows the governing mechanism of an impulse turbine. It consists of ag centrifugal governor or pendulum which is driven by the turbine main shaft by a belt, As the increases, the balls of the governor move outward and as the speed falls, the balls move inward, pendulum operates a small control valve, The actual work of moving the spear or the deflector is 4 servo-motor, Sometimes there are separate servo-motors for the spear and the deflector, The nergy forthe servo-motor is a positive rotary oil pump working at a pressure of abut 15 atPump. OIL SUMP ‘Eservo moror (@) FOR PELTON WHEEL ay @ SERVO MOTOR sone ‘SHAFT- ecu (a) FOR REACTION TURBINE GOVERNING(@) FOR REACTION TURBINE GOVERNING MECHANISM q driven from the turbi Fig. 24.1, Governing Mechanisms consider separate iy shaft, Some energy is stored inthe ait vessel provi ly the decrease in load and the increase in load. 1, Decrease in Load The speed of ae peed of the turbine increases as the load decreases if the mput remains unchanged. As the speed jement of the sleeve increases, the attached to ne governor starts moving faster. This causes upward mov the moves the bell crank aod movement of sleeve causes the lowering of the main lever, which in tum fe also push , lownward. This brings the deflector in front of te jet. The lowering of the main 4 pushes the piston of the control valve in downward dieation, Te downward motion of piston opens the entrance to the pipe 1 and oil under pressure enters the left side of the piston in the servo- motor. The servo-motor piston moves tothe right side and it causes the movernent ofthe spear inthe to the right, Thus the quantity of water entering the turbine 1s reduoed and the normal speed of the i is restored. The forward motion of t! aies the cam, The cam moves the bell-rank lever flector away from the noz2 upward, This removes the de! Je, It may be noted that the deflector deflects the: excess waler away from the turbine inlet only during the transition period during which the nozzle is being a ded above the pump. Let us he servo-motor piston act: Ba Ae etic incre, be main lever moves unwed Tas FETE 0 valve upward, This opens the entrance to the pipe 2 and oil ee 1 ‘of the servo-motor piston. The piston moves to the left and the spear ‘an increase in flow through the nozzle. The increase is maintained, GOVERNING OF REACTION TURBINES arying the area of flow between Iso moves to the .d discharge increases the output and ~The discharge in a reaction turbines is controlled by v \ " ‘The guide vanes are connected to the regulating ring through links. The regulating ring ‘a regulating lever through two regulating rods. The regulating ring 1s connected to the regul which is operated by a servo-motor [Fig. 24.1 (b)]. The servo-motor, pendulum, oil sump, contro ‘system of pipes are similar to that in the governing arrangement of an impulse turbine. H ponent parts are stronger as the greater energy is required to move the gates as compared in the nozzle, e As the load on the turbine decreases, the piston in the servo-motor moves to the right, nent necessary to close the gates. The quantity of water entering the runner is thus closure of the gates may cause excessive water hammer, the gates are closed (not shown in the figure) is usually provided to by-pass excess disch: i $ i arge directly the period when the gates are being closed gradually. Thus the relief valve acts like @ turbine. When the load on the turbine increases. the procece je espe 4k | As the Kaplan turbine is also a reaction ae there is an important difference bewween the id bin, 8 Ban ordinary Faction turbine, the runnt . an turbine req! 7 , ee Beate with a servo-motor is provided to turbine. In an ordinary reaction terconnected to ensure the correct vanes are adjustable. Thus the governin; discharge but also varying the vane angles. An extra contro ‘unner control ly in : the vw ee in De eb for the angles in usually inside the change corresponding to a certain gate opening. The servo-motor shaft or in the coupling of the turbine. i rf +245, RUN-AWAY SPEED ¥ 4 ible speed of ‘The generator connected to a turbine should be designed for the maximum possi turbine. The maximum possible speed in a turbine occurs when the load is suddenly disconnected and goveming mechanism also fails. In such a situation, the runner of the turbine races up. The attained is called the run-away speed, The run-away speed under no-load conditions and with all nozzles) fully opened is about double the working speed. All the rotating parts of the turbine windings of the generator should be designed to withstand the run-away speed. 246. SURGE TANKSsmall storage tank with . Its connected to the pressure the surge tank ig 2h tuPine. The surge tank placed as close tothe tuine as possible above the mm St #8 suitable evel Supply esceggam Wale eve in the When the load ae ae steady, i Velocity of ‘water in the iS constant. The normal alg os line is shown by the SUPPLY ‘SURGE TANK Tower tte level in the surge tank is RESERVOIR 0 lan the supply reservoir; the difference of levels being equal to the loss of head duc to friction, As the Toad on the turbine increases, more water is drawn and the hydraulic gra- dient line is indicated by the line obb. The increased demand of water is met with by the fall of water level in the Fe-242: See surge tank (from level n to 5). Thus the surge tank supplies the extra water needed. ‘When the load on the turbine decreases, the gate openings are partly closed and the d reduced. The pressure rises at the turbine end of the conduit and the hydraulic gradient daa, The extra water is stored in the surge tank (from level nto a). The raised water level in the reduces the velocity in the conduit. Thus the surge tank reduces the water hammer effects and at’ Fime supplies extra water inthe case of increased demand and stores extra wale when it is no the turbine in the case of decreased load. Besides the plain cylindrical tank described above, other types of surge tanks are also pown in Fig. 24.3. Fig. 24.3 (a) shows a simple conical surge tank, the wo these types are S|FLUID MECHANICS, HYDRAULICS AND ee ks under conditions of constant head, sj tant. The following variations in the : IN WORKING CONDITIONS s far, it has been assumed that the turbine wor In practice, these conditions seldom remain cons usually occur in practice. 1. The head and the output may change. In this case, remains constant. oat q 2. The head and the speed remain constant. In this case, the output is varied by the movement of gz ‘or needle. These are the normal operating conditions, and the curves drawn for these conditions ar called operating characteristics curves. 3. The speed may vary depending upon the load, but the head and gate opening remain fixed. conditions are possible only in the laboratory and in the test turbines. In practice, such cond are seldom encountered. The curves obtained for such conditions are known as characteristics curves. ; E d 4, The head and speed vary. There may be a variation in the relationship between head and the spe 1 E the speed is adjusted so that the efficie There i usually a large variation in speed when the variation in head is comparatively small, 5; When the gates (or nozzles) are fully opened and the load on the turbine is sudden , turbine attains the run-away speed. ly removed, the Out of the J cases mentioned above, on| ‘ This stage in the working conditions is, however, exceptio ly the first two are of practical importance. In the first c