0.0053 1 *33 x 100 = 1.89% x 100 TOR DIAGRAM diagram is a sketch ing to any position ol diagram represents the pi ‘on the piston may be obtaine , the abscissa of the i or figure which shows the pressure of | f the piston during the suction stro ressure head and the abscissa rep d directly from the indicator di ndicator diagram is used to reprepressure in the suction ), it is represented by The pressure in the delivery (gauge) and is represented by : Tength of stroke is L. The area Fig. 253. indienne Ds diagram is L(H,+H,) Proportional to the work done. From Eq. (25.2), the work done per seco second = BM 0H, + 4) ‘per second = a. Area of indicator diagram p is double-acting, neglecting the area of the piston rod, work d ‘Wice the area of the indicator diagram, Suction head is limited to 10.3 m of water if the atmospheric m. In practice, however, because of separation, the suction There is no such limitation on the delivery head,"pipes. Because of inertia and the acceleration (or i Ecce in the cylinder. If the length of connecting F ‘of the crank, the motion of the piston is simple harmonic, Let us has moved through an angle @ from the inner dead centre (Fig, 25,1) and f be the time taken by the crank to rotate throughout the angle @, @=or ear displacement of the piston from the beginning of the suction stroke, reos@ = r—rcos wt aed 7" = Fos wt) V = orsin wt = or sin @ « av pen, F = dt P= Oreos = wrcos 8 Of liquid in the pipe, A be the area of the piston and a be the Since volume of water flowing in the pipe is equal to AV = ay v=A/axyses an fe =o 7608 8) = ae th of the pipe and p, be the pressure due to acceleration of Force = Mass x Acceleration al (A Pa X= a x i SN La eer. ee pace Pa head due to acceleration, H, = = a= Aare)equations have I the'actusl longth of tho conoscting rod UC RG (), the motion is not simple harmonic. Te ce eee re (25.11) to (25.13) are modified as JA gp a me terre gl H, =0 Ha = -Aorr[i = Fs pipes is discussed tof acceleration on the suction and delivery% the piston at the beginning of the suction stroke ig. 25 . i _ it should create not only a negative pressure equal to the suction eal water. Let the acceleration head be ‘H,,'. Thus the total negative (i) stroke is (H, + Has) To avoid separation, the absolute pressure at the below the vapour pressure. i ‘ig and ‘a,’ be the length and the cross-sectional area of the suction Pipe ), the acceleration head at the beginning of the suction stroke, i eA oP t a,X 8 ‘as lxA Negative pressure H, = Hy + Has = H, + Sard (ar) s Absolute pressure Hy’ = Haom ~ Hs — Ags At the middle of the stroke, as the acceleration head is zero, the negative pressure is the end of the stroke, the water causes a positive pressure on the piston when itis the vacuum pressure in the cylinder. The negative pressure head at the end of the stroke is ’ oy, aes cr (ar) Hy - Hos = H, - sfs P © beginning of the , as in the case of suction pipe. Let ‘1° ca of livery pipe, respectively. : re at the beginning of the delivery stroke, , Ae Ha + Ha = Hat 7 rn) pressure at the middle of the delivery stroke = Hg essure at the end of the delivery stroke. WA Ha-Ha = Ha ~ oF @ rn "The absolute pressure at the end of delivery stroke is given by » +Hy—Haa). This absolute press- ‘should not be less than the vapour e to avoid separation. The indicator diagram modified for acceleration head is shown in Fig. ‘The modified diagram is represen- id by a’a’c’c’. It will be noted that the ta of the indicator diagram remains ed by acceleration. Thus the total © remains the same. The maina stroke, whi Da s ei may ad eitin, amp he n Tha dono me r is 3 m above the water level in the tal ease } iginning of the suction stroke, The a R From Eq. (25.14), total negative pressure is given by epost H, + Hoy = Hs + a (wr) 2 ‘ by wae 10 x /4 x (010 le 4 | Boast a/4 x (0.08) * 981 died = 3+ 340= 6.40. m = Atmospheric pressure = 103 - 640 = 3,90 m of water . weciprocating pump — Negative head has a25.3. A single-acting reciprocating pump ycm. The delivery pipe is 8 cm in diameter and 30 m long. | ‘at which the pump can run so that separation does r ure = 101.043 kN/m?. It may be assumed that the ; 04.525 KN/m (2.5 m of water ). on, From Eq. (25-17), Gauge pressure at the end of the delivery stroke * g UA i wi 448 ae 30 x 15? ots = 30-20%? x 0.30 x wo = 30-3 ex 981 x xo 3B ot Absolute pressure = 10.3 + 30 - 3.23 w = 403 - 3.2307 For no separation 40.3-3.23 w = 2.50 cs w = 3.42 rad/sec. Now w = 20N/60 a _ 60x 3.42 _ 32:75pm. 2xnT= 103 + 30-330 = 403 - 3230" 2x" OF FRICTION se ofthe frictional resi aga is further modified. The stance to the flow of liquid in the suction an i head loss due to friction is given by ye sm 1? Hy=f ag pe at any instant. But from Eq. (oof Art 2 ; isthe velocity in the piFig. 25.5. Effect of friction and acearea of the diagram during delivery stroke fx la (Ao?) 2eda ay = HyxL+2Lx area = (i, + Hat 2 Hy + % Male ; the maximum ordinate of the friction parabola for the delivery pi AN ¥ ‘ TBE (i + ae 5 a +5 Mal A ee ero = (a + Hy+ i: ys + 2 |Rises ; tom ~ H, ~ i ©? ros Lye teate Hf ; 2Y 2g ee ! eeoves that the minimum absolute pressure coous when @ = 0, ie atthe beg sole. on Can Occur at the beginning of the suction stroke if the absolute (H,’ is less m. The absolute pressure is given by Hy = Haom~ Hy—Has The minimum absolute pressure in the delivery stroke occurs at the end of the deli Hy = Hom + Ha- Hai be observed that the friction in pipes does not affect the minimum absolute pre or it head is a maximum at the ends of the stroke and zero at the mn frictional head is zero at the ends and a maximum at the centre of the stroke. Of course, of friction. : t ey h cies the velocity head in the delivery pipe the been neglected. If it is(@) Suction stroke Eq. (25:11), Hap = 2 XA rim eee = —5 % 5/4 ese ®/4 x (0.075) x 9.81 From Eq. (25.19), Hp = ot i is x ds | ay oe R = joer x 007s | * (ny XO. Pressure at the beginning of the stroke = 5 + 3.02 = 802m " Pressure at the middle of the stroke 4 Pressure at the end of the stroke (& Delivery stroke r. " la X o se n Ha = qe“Hn 0.04 x 30 td = 79.62 x 0.075 Be peainpe tis 0K - 30 + 18.1 [4 «x x? x (0.15)7] = 2.89 m = 48.1 m (gauge) Be etlats of the stroke = 30 + 2.89 = 32.89 m (gauge) e at the nd of the stroke = 30-18.1 = 11.9 m (gauge) the indicator diagram, using Eq. ced 20), [1 yg ey 2 Hy + 5 H4| L sfo+m 300 «aml done per second, using Eq. (25.21), 11.20 x yAN/60 11.20 x 9.81 x n/4 x (0.15) * 0.97 kW