Impact of Free Jets a a 22.1. INTRODUCTION A stream of fluid emerging from a nozzle is called a i : ey jet. The jet posses i it velocity. Wien a jet strikes a plate or a vane, it exerts a force on it, The Bcoetntana hae eal wie is due to change in momentum. The impulse-momenti i evaluate the hydrodynamic force. mmentim Principle (Refer Chapter 7) ean be used to As was stated in Chapter 7, resultant external force actin, i ion i: = ig on a fluid di ial the rate of change of momentum in that direction. The ae eh coriperot ceri aed . F’, = p Q[Vx,— Vx] where Q is the discharge, p is the mass density, Vry is the initial velocity and Viz is the final velocity. Similarly, F', = pQ[V2-Wil It may be noted that F”, and F’, are the components of the force acting on the fluid. The components of thrust exerted on a plate or a vane are equal and opposite to F’, and F’,. Thus Fy = — F’, = p Q[Vx, - Vx] (22.1) Fy = -F’y = pQ(Wi- Wr) ---(22.2) where F, and F, are the components of thrust. While using Eqs. (22.1) and (22.2), the signs of the velocity components must be considered because these are vectors. This chapter deals with the application of the impulse-momentum equation for evaluating the hydro dynamic force on the stationary and moving vanes. It may be noted that as the jet is free, the pressure is atmospheric. 22.2. THRUST ON A STATIONARY FLAT PLATE HELD NORMAL TO THE DIRECTION OF JET Fig. 22.1 shows a jet striking a flat plate. The plate is stationary and is held normal to the centre line of the jet. Let the velocity of the jet be V and its cross-sectional area be ‘a’. As soon as the jet strikes the plate, it is divided into two portions, one portion going upward and the other portion going downward. Because of friction at the plate surface, the ‘velocity Of jet at the exit (kV) is less than that at the point where it strikes. Thus the value of the constant ‘k’ is760 FLUID MECHANICS, HYDRAULICS AND HYDRAULIC My, less than unity. However, if the plate is smooth, the friction is very small and the value of ‘k’ js tere taken as unity. From Eq. (22.1), assuming the plate to be smooth, force on the plate in x-direction or F, = pQlv-0) F, = paV(V) = paV? , ; 2 Tt may be noted that as the jet leaves in the direction normal to x-axis, the final velocity Componeni, x-direction is zero. 22.3, THRUST ON A STATIONARY FLAT PLATE HELD INCLINED TO THE DIRECTION gy JET Let us now consider the case when the plate an ) is inclined at an angle @ to the direction of jet 1 4 (Fig. 22.2). After striking the plate, the jet leaves the plate tangentially with a velocity kV. As stated before ‘k’ is unity for a perfectly smooth plate. Let us apply the impulse-momentum equation in the direction normal to the plate. Force in normal direction (F) = pQ[Vsin@-0) or F = paV?sino w(22.4) The force F can be resolved into two com- ponents, Fy = Fsin® = paV?sin?9 +-(22.5) Fy = Foos@ = paV* sin 9 cos @ (228) As in the previous case, the work done is zero. As the liquid strikes the plate, it gets divided into two Portion Q; and Q,. The values of Q, and Q) can be obtained as follows. The resultant force in the direction tangential to ¢ frictional resistance is assumed to be zero. Applying the impulse-momenn tangential to the plate, i he plate is zero because the tum equation in the direction 9 = pQVeos8-(p 0, V-p0,¥) or 21 - O: - Qcos = 0 .(a) Also, from the continuity of flow, 21+0.=9 ob) Solving Eqs. (a) and (b), 21 = (Q/2)(1 + cos 6) [22.7 (@)) Q2 = (Q/2)(1-cos 6) (22.7 (6)) _ Illustrative meee ie of water with a velocity of 30 m/sec strikes a flat plate normal to the xis of jet. If the diameter ofthe jet is 5 cm, Sind the force exerted by the Jet on the plate. . Solution. From Eq. (22.3), F = paV? = 1000 x\(n/4) x (0.05)? x 30 x 30 = 1767.15Nstrative Example} A jet of water with a velocit , i . axis of jet. If the cross-sectional area of the ext is 2 a 35 msec strikes a flat plate inclined at 30° cnt, : pr iso calculate the components of the force in the direction hemala Deg bite a on ihe PH sind the ratio in which the discharge gets divided after striking the plate jet. solution. From Eq (22.4), F = paV?sing = 1000 x 25 x 104 x 35 x 35 x 05 = 1531.25N From Eq. (22.5), F, = Fsind = 1531.25 x 0.50 x 765.625 N From Eq, (22.6), F, = Fcos® = 1531.25 x V3/2 = 1326.1N From Eqs. [22.7 (a) and 22.7 (b)], Qi _ ltcos@ 1 + ¥3/2 Q) ~ 1-cos@~ 1-3/2 ~ 13.98 22.4. THRUST ON-A MOVING FLAT PLATE HELD NORMAL TO THE DIRECTION OF JET (@) Single plate yw Let us now consider the case when a flat plate held normal to the jet moves with a velocity w in the direction of the jet. The effective velocity with which the jet strikes the plate is the relative velocity (V~ u). The plate moves away from the jet before it strikes it (Fig. 22.3). The principle of relative motion can be applied to such a case. According to this principle, the plate is brought to a -f.---] pseudo-stationary position before applying the impulse- momentum equation. This is accomplished by applying 2 velocity (- u) to the whole system. This brings the plate to a pseudo- stationary position. The effective velocity with which the jet strikes the plate is (V - u), which is equal to the Fig. 22.3. relative velocity of the jet with respect to the plate. The mass of fluid striking the plate per second is given by M = pa(V-#) Thrust exerted on the plate in the direction of the jet is given by F = pa(V—w) [(V-W) -0} = pa(V-u)? «o(22.8) Work done by the jet per second = Thrust x u = pa(V-u)tu (22.9) (b) Series of plates v i Tt may be noted that the above case of a single plate is not practically feasible because the distance between the nozzle and the plate will go on increasing. However, if a series of plates is fitted on the wheel, there is always one plate or the other facing the jet (Fig. 22.4). Thus the entire fluid issuing from the jet strikes the plate. The mass of fluid striking the plates is given by M=pav‘Thrust (F) on the plates is given by ; paV((V—«)-0} paVv(V-u) — ...(22.10) Work done per second Fxu pav(V-u) — ---(22.11) Evidently, the input to the whee! is equal to the kinetic energy of the jet. Thus Input = 4 x paV(V) Efficiency of the wheel, _ Work done “Input paV(V~u)u ; x pa(V) or n= or n= au) +=s(22.12) For a given jet velocity, the efficiency will be a maximum if 4 ay _ ae? or a ee Va w) | =0 duly? W-4u 50 or w= V2 For the maximum efficiency of the wheel, the jet velocity. The maximum efficiency is given by 2(V/2) (V=V/2) _ L 650% Tmax = v2 peripheral speed of the wheel (u) is equal to one-half the 22.5. THRUST ON A MOVING PLATE INCLINED TO THE DIRECTION OF JET (a) Single plate Let us consider a flat plate inclined at an angle @ to the axis of the jet and moving with ity wis L ; g with a velocity w in the eecien jet fe. 22.5). As in the case of a flat plate held normal to the direction of jet, the effective bets which the jet strikes the plate is (V—u). The mass of fluid striking the plate per second is M = pa(V—u) The component of the effective velocity normal to the plate just before the impact is (V — uw) sin @ and that after the impact is zero. Thus the thrust on the plate in the direction perpendi- cular to the plate is given by F = pa(V-u)[(V-4) sin@-o)meres Oe EKER JETS Fapavau'sing (22.13 The component of the thrust in the direction of the jet is given by (22-13) 7 A whsine 22.14) = ap (V-u)?sin? @ Work donc per second = Fy Xu 4 [p @(V—u)? sin? 6] x u (22.15) sary st lates ressions for the thrust developed and je i i sot ta ovsopee he ov sn Bias he es et F = paV(V-w)sin’@ --(22.16) Work done per secon [p a V(V—w) sin? 6) x w +(22.17) Illustrative Exam; 1A jet of water 5 cm in diameter and with a velocity of 15 m/second strikes a flat plate held normal to the direction of the jet. Find the force exerted by the jet if the plate moves with a vad of 5 m/sec in the direction of the jet, What is the force exerted if the plate is inclined at 30° to Find the force exerted if there is a series of plates held normal to the jet. Solution. From Eq. (22.8), F = pa(V-u)* = 1000 x (m/4) x 0.05 x 0.05 (15-5) = 196.35 N When the plate is inclined, from Eq, (22.13), F = pa(V—u)’ sind = 1000 x (m/4) x 0.05 x 0.05 (15-5)? x 0.5 = 98.17N When there is a series of plates, from Eq. (22.10), F =paV(V-u) = 1000 x 2/4 x 0.05 x 0.05 x 15 x (15-5) = 29452. 22.6.\WHRUST ON A STATIONARY CURVED VANE WHEN THE JET STRIKES AT THE CENTRE OF A SYMMETRICAL VANE, Let us consider the case when a horizontal jet of cross-sectional arca ‘a’ and velocity V strikes the curved vane at the centre (Fig. 22.6). The vane is symmetrical. The jet leaves at an angle 6 to the x-axis. From the impulse-momentum equation, F, = paV(V~(- Veos 8)] or F,= paV[1+cos 0} — «..(22.18) Tt may be noted that when the jet leaves the vane at tips, ithas the velocity component in the negative direc- tion. However, if the shape of the vane is such that the velocity component at the tip is in the same direction as the jet, there will be a negative sign before cos @ in Eq. (22.18).meres Oe EKER JETS Fapavau'sing (22.13 The component of the thrust in the direction of the jet is given by (22-13) 7 A whsine 22.14) = ap (V-u)?sin? @ Work donc per second = Fy Xu 4 [p @(V—u)? sin? 6] x u (22.15) sary st lates ressions for the thrust developed and je i i sot ta ovsopee he ov sn Bias he es et F = paV(V-w)sin’@ --(22.16) Work done per secon [p a V(V—w) sin? 6) x w +(22.17) Illustrative Exam; 1A jet of water 5 cm in diameter and with a velocity of 15 m/second strikes a flat plate held normal to the direction of the jet. Find the force exerted by the jet if the plate moves with a vad of 5 m/sec in the direction of the jet, What is the force exerted if the plate is inclined at 30° to Find the force exerted if there is a series of plates held normal to the jet. Solution. From Eq. (22.8), F = pa(V-u)* = 1000 x (m/4) x 0.05 x 0.05 (15-5) = 196.35 N When the plate is inclined, from Eq, (22.13), F = pa(V—u)’ sind = 1000 x (m/4) x 0.05 x 0.05 (15-5)? x 0.5 = 98.17N When there is a series of plates, from Eq. (22.10), F =paV(V-u) = 1000 x 2/4 x 0.05 x 0.05 x 15 x (15-5) = 29452. 22.6.\WHRUST ON A STATIONARY CURVED VANE WHEN THE JET STRIKES AT THE CENTRE OF A SYMMETRICAL VANE, Let us consider the case when a horizontal jet of cross-sectional arca ‘a’ and velocity V strikes the curved vane at the centre (Fig. 22.6). The vane is symmetrical. The jet leaves at an angle 6 to the x-axis. From the impulse-momentum equation, F, = paV(V~(- Veos 8)] or F,= paV[1+cos 0} — «..(22.18) Tt may be noted that when the jet leaves the vane at tips, ithas the velocity component in the negative direc- tion. However, if the shape of the vane is such that the velocity component at the tip is in the same direction as the jet, there will be a negative sign before cos @ in Eq. (22.18).When the jet strikes at one tip, from Eq. (22.22), F, = 2p aV 708 @ = 2paV? cos 15° = 2 x 1000 x 2/4 x 0.03 x 0.03 x 10° x 0.966 = 136.57N ; iustrative Example(i2.5) A jet of 5 cm diameter strikes tangentially on acurved vane. The tangent at the inlet is in x-direction. If the tangent at the aiiet end makes an angle of 60° with the x-direction and the velocity of the jais 30 m/sec, find the force exerted by the jet on the vane in the direction of jet. Solution. (Refer Fig. 22.8) From the impulse-momentum equation, F, = paV[V—Vcos 60°] 1000 x 7/4 x 0.05 x 0.05 x 30° (1 -0.5) = 883.57N 228. JET iG AT THE CENTRE OF THE MOVING CURVED VANES uw (@) Single Vane . When the jet strikes the moving vane, the effective velocity is the relative velocity (V— 1). “The mass of the fluid striking the vane per second is given by M = pa(V-u) From the impulse-momentum equation applied to the symmetrical vane shown in Fig. 22.9, F, = palV—u) [(V-u) + (V-H) cos 6) Fig. 229 or Fe = pa(V—u}? (1 +005 8) Work done on the vane per second =F,xu = pa(V—uy (1 +c0s 8) u 3 1 2_ pav Input of the jet =9 (pavy) V° = 2 Work done Efficiency of the jet. 1 = ~~ qnput 2(V-up (+608 8) 4 = Vv For a given jet velocity V, the efficiency will be a maximum when 4020 du ay-w?s 08) «0 4[ we dusay or -2(V-wu + (V-u? =0 or V-w=2u or ua V/3 Hence for the maximum efficiency, the velocity of the vane is one-third the jet velocity, (6) Series of Vanes af ie In this case, there is always one vane or the other facing the jet and the entire fluid is utilized, The may of fluid striking the vanes per second is given by M=paV Thrust exerted by the jet on the vane, F, = paV[(V—u) + (V—x) cos 0] = paV(V-u) (1 +cos 8) 022, Work done per second = Fy Xu paV(V-u) (1 +cos 8)u " Input per second zMv? = 3p av? Hiiciency-of the wheel; — 24 Vid wl + ces 8) 1 3 ppav _ 2u(V-u) (1 +c0s 8) or ie ae The efficiency is a maximum if dy du = ° d_ [2u(V—w) (1 +c0s @) or V-2u=0 or u=V/2 ke Hence for the maximum efficiency of the wheel, the peripheral speed (1) is one-half the velocity ofthe Mma = 2/2) (V— v2) (4 +008 0) v = [L+oos@ 2 If the vanes are semi-circular, @ = 0, = 1+ Now = AS 2 1 or 100% Thus the theoretical maximum efficiency of the wheel is 1 i friction and (00%. In practice, because 0! i- P exactly sem other losses, the maximum efficiency is always less than 100%. Moreover, the vanes are notited to 160° to 165° so that the . lar. eof dertection is limit so that the jot comin cla. The ana of ing the next bucket. This principe is used in Pelion Whose eet eet ine the derivation of above expressions thas been assumed theta the buckets are seocah nee Je not smooth, the expressions developed will be modified. The relative velocity sre ree euskets a ies the coefficient less than unity. Eq. (22.26) becomes ty at the exit is K(V— 1), Eve pa(V-u)*(1 +k cos 0) takeay 122.26 (a) IMustrative Exampl jet of 15 cm diameter strikes at th. i sane. The velocity of the JECis 15 msec. Find the thrust if the vane moves ur AS smooth semi-spherical will be the thrust on a wheel fitted with a series of such vanes? locity of 5 m/sec. What Solution. From Eq. (22.26), F, = p a(V~u)* (1 +005 8) = 1000 x n/4 x 0.15 x 0.15 x (15-521 +1) = 3534.29N | For a series of such vanes, Eq. (22.27) gives F, = paV(V-u) (1 +cos 8) = 1000 x n/4 x 0.15 x 0.15 x (15-5) (1+1) x 15 fog: ! I? = 5301.44N 29. ue STRIKING THE MOVING CURVED VANES AT ONE END AND LEAVING AT THE ‘@ Single Vane ) “Let us now consider the case when the jet strikes the moving curved vane at one tip and leaves at the other (Fig. 22.10). The effective velocity with which the jet strikes the vane is the relative velocity (V,). The relative velocity V, may be obtained by drawing the velocity triangle at the inlet. The jet leaves the vane with the relative velocity V,,. The absolute velocity V; at the exit may be obtained from the velocity triangle at the outlet. Fig. 22.10 also shows the velocity triangles. Symbols The following symbols are used in the velocity triangles: V, V, = Absolute velocities of the jet at the inlet and outlet respectively. Peripheral velocities of the vanes at the inlet and outlet respectively. ; Relative velocities at the inlet and outlet respecti- [ IMFACL UF FREE JET? 4, uy = Vn Va = vely. : Vj Vq = Velocities of flow at the inlet and outlet respectively. Vin Vy = Velocities of whirl at the inlet and outlet respectively. = at the inlet and outlet respectively. ; = ope ase ech the absolute velocities make at the inlet and outlet respectively. abov i throughout in this text. / te Poel iat oa esl with the direction of motion of vane. The velocity of whirl it may is the component of the absolute velocity in the direction of motion. The velocity of flow is the component e t of the absolute velocity normal to the direction of motion.768 FLUID MECHANICS, HYDRAULICS AND HYDRAULIC y, A irecti ion i in thi from the left to right. The direction of motion is taken in this text e h E It is worth mentioning that in this case also, the relative velocity weproah ve art 28 adopted but usually it is more convenient to use the’ velocities of flow and whirl < = Se the triangles. This latter approach is known as velocity triangle approach, and is exp! ‘a - below. " The jet enters the vane without shock if the relative velocity Vy makes an ‘angles with the Aliretion motion. The jet glides over the vane and leaves with a velocity Vj. If the Set is smooth, the rae velocity remains constant, i.e., V;1 = V,. The jet will leave the vane without shock if the relative Velo, Vp makes an angle with the direction of motion. . [Note. The relative velocity is the vectorial sum of the absolute velocity and the reverse of the Periphery velocity]. : my Te thrust on the vane in the direction of motion may be obtained by using the velocity triangles ang the impulse-momentum equation. The mass of fluid striking the vane per second is given by M = pal, Force on the vane in the direction of motion is given by Fy = pav,[Vy-(- Vad] My Velocity = pia V, (Vy + Van) «(22.28 Eq, (22.28) is applicable when the angle B is less than 90°. If the angle B is greater than 90°, Fe = paVv,(Vy—Vii) +-(22.29) However, when the angle B is 90°, F F, = pav,V,, Thus, the general expression for the thrust is Fy = pav, (Vy + Vy) +-(22.30) Let us consider the case when uw = 14. Work done per second = = F, x : = Pav, (Vy t Vudu +2231) Use plus sign when B <90°. Obviously, the work done is lso equal tothe change in the kinetic energy. Thus Work done per second = 30 av,) (V2~V,2) -(22.32) Equating two values of work done from Eqs. (22.31) and (22,32), 2, + Vaibu = V2 — we -o[22.32 (@)] Now Input = Kinetic energy at inlet 1 = Flav, v? Efficiency of the vane, 1 = Work done input 2(Vy + Vai) or = du n= - 7 ye «(22.33 @] | 2 Using Eq. 2232 (@, = V-Vi gn v --.[22.33 (b)]a It may be noted that the ssions are applicable ane Var ie. there is no thicios, if re is fiction, take Vi, =p yo ( Series of Vanes ea If a series of vanes is dilly tothe rim of a wheel, thenest always one vane or the other fz je jet (Fig. 22.11). Thus the entre {uid is utilised. This arrangement of vanes is used in radial flow turbines (Refer to Chapter 23). Depending upon whether the jet enters the outer periphery or the inner periphery, the turbine is termed the inward flow or outward flow, respectively. Fig. 22.11 shows a part of the periphery of an inward flow impulse turbine. Fig. 22.11. Let R and R, be the radii of whee! at the inlet and outlet respectively. Let « be the angular velocity of the wheel. Then u=OR= “60 +-(@) w= on, = 2 g, (0) where N is the speed of the wheel in rp.m. Let M be the mass of fluid striking per second. The momentum in the tangential direction at the inlet is M V,, and the moment of momentum at the inlet about the centre is MCV, R). The moment of momentum at the outlet is (-MV,1 Ri). f T = Change of moment of momentum T = MV, V-(-MV, Ri) =M(VyR + VwRi) where M is mass of fluid striking per second. Work done on the wheel per second = Torque x Angular Velocity = MVR + Vi Ri) @ From Eqs. (a) and (b), u=OR and uy = OR; Therefore, work done per second = M(Vyu + Vor M1) . ° ‘The above equation has been developed on the assumption thatthe angle Bis less than 90°. If the angle _Bis greater than 90°. Work done per second = M (Vet Ver ti) The general expression for the work done on the wheel is given by 22.34) Work done per second = M(Vyu + Vor i) oe Eq, 22.34 is the well-known Euler momentum equation for turbines. Torque on the wheel, orUse plus sign, if B < 90°. Work done Input MV u + Voi a1) MV?/2 2% (Vy uw + Voi ta) - Ne yr Ray, Important Note on Units ‘The reader should carefully note the units. If M is expressed in ke/sec, the work done in N-m/se,, Eq, 22.34 can also be expressed as Work done per unit mass = Vyu + Vi 22344 It will give work done in N-mv/kg Alternatively, the work done is expressed as Efficiency of the wheel (q) = Work done per unit weight = a + Vain) 122.34 If the unit weight is newton, the work done per unit newton is in N-m/N. If the unit weight is kilonewton, the work done per unit kilonewton is in KN-m/KN. Work done by a weight W of fluid per second Ww Fe Wy u £ Vin a1) ++-[22.34 (9) If Wis in newton/sec, the workdone is in N-m/sec (Watts). However, if W is in kilonewton/se, tk workdone is in KN-m/sec (kilowatts). Of course, W=70=p20 where Q is the discharge and 000 kg/m? and y= 9810 N/m? for water. Illustrative Example wheel having radial blades has the inner and outer radii of 30 cm and 60 cm respectively. The jet enters the blades at v rT 35° the outer tip with a velocity of 40 m/sec vy at an angle of 30° to the tangent and ue leaves the blades with a velocity of flow <0 4 — : Ey of 8 m/sec. If the angles of the blades at entrance and exit are respectively 45° a and 35°, find the work done per kg of 'NLET VELOCITY TRIANGLE OUTLET VELOCITY TRIAN water eniering the wheel, the speed of — the wheel and its efficiency. & Solution. (Refer Fig. 22.12), From the inlet velocity triangle, V; = Vsin30° = 40 x 0.50 = 20 m/sec \ Vy = Vos 30° = 40 x —- = 34.64 m/sec 2 y, Velocity shown as ‘a’ = aa = Vy = 20m/sec ‘Thus u=aVW-au = 34.64 - 20 = 14.64 m/sec * uk ., Now uw Rk; 30 1 Therefore, maaue 7.32 m/sec. From the outlet velocity triangle, Vi 8 . épeltylae OA po Be 2: Velocity marked as ‘b = 3s 07 = 11.43 m/sec Vi = b - uy 11.43 - 7.32 = 4.11 m/sec. As the component V,,, is in the negative ditection, plus sign will be taken in Eq. (22.34). Thus Work done =M(Vyu + Vy uw) = 1 (34.64 x 14.64 + 4.11 x 7.32) per unit mass = 537.21 N-m/kg We 4 Efficiency of the wheel = Mork done = et = 0.6715 mu x 1x 40 x 40 = 67.15% 14.64 a Angular speed of the wheel, @ = 7 = 0.60 7 24.4 radians/sec Speed = AA x 0 = 233 np.m. sit saa