ssl-µ-hX--

[-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-
 Fw.- Fw.- A-Iv-_¿-

ssl-µ-hX--
[-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-

NICHE OF TRUTH
20 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- [-¿-a-hpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw- 21

Cu temIØns\mcp {kjvSmhp≠v˛ Poh≥

\¬In hmbphpw sh≈hpw kuIcys∏SpØn `qansb
PohnXtbmKyam°nb ]caImcpWnI\mb {kjvSmhv. \mw
ChnsS Fßs\ Pohn°Wsa∂pw Cu PohnXØns≥d
]cae£yw Fs¥∂pw ZqX∑m¿ aptJ\ {kjvSmhv \sΩ
]Tn∏n®p. \ΩpsS PohnXØns≥d IW°v acWtijw
\mw {kjvSmhns≥d apºn¬ t_m[n∏nt°≠nhcpw. A∂v
]pWyw sNbvXh\v \∑bpw ]m]w sNbvXh\v Xn∑bpw
{]Xn^ew In´pw. AXn\m¬ {kjvSmhv Xs≥d ZqXcneqsS
\¬Inb \n¿tZia\pkcn®v Pohn°pIbmWv a\pjys≥d
c£mam¿Kw.

haindavatha darmavum dershanavum \ap°v temI{kjv S mhv \¬Inb \n¿tZi

malayalam kwlnXbmWv Jp¿B≥. aplΩZv \_nbneqsS Ah≥
author: B ktµiw a\pjy¿s°Øn®psImSpØp. CXdn™
m.m.akbar hcpw AdnbmØhcpw \ap°nSbn¬ D≠v . temIsc
publishers: apgph≥ {kjvSmhns≥d ktµiadnbn°¬ AXdn™
niche of truth hcpsS _m[yXbmWv. AXn\mbn cq]oIrXamb Hcp
kalabhavan road, cochin- 18 {]kvYm\amWv "\n®v Hm^-v {SqØv'.
first edition: january 1992
second edition: november 2002 \mYm, kXyaX ktµi{]NcWØn\p th≠n
typesetting : creative media bp≈ hn\oXamsbmcp kwcw`amWnXv . \o G¬]n®
illustration: usman DØchmZnØØns≥d \n¿hlWØn\p th≠nbp≈
cover : yoonus Ffnb {iaw. CsXmcp {]Xn^em¿lamb {]h¿Ø\ambn
printing: screenoffset, cochin kzoIcnt°Wta (Bao≥).

price: rs. 100/- UbdIvS¿

20 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- [-¿-a-hpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw- 21

hm-b\
- °
- p-ap-ºv...-

""]-c-a-Im-cp-Wn-I-s≥-d- \m-a-Øn¬-''-
ì"G-I- am-\-h-X-°v- G-I-ssZ-h-hn-iz-m-kw'.- 1989 Un-kw-_¿- 29,- 30,-
31,- 1990 P-\p-h-cn- H-∂v- Xo-b-Xn-I-fn¬- \-S-∂- Fw.-F-kv.-Fw k-tΩ-f-\{]-
ta-bw.- Cu- {]-ta-btØm-S\p-_-\v-[n-®- N¿-®-I-fm-Wv- ln-µp-a-X-Øns≥-d-
A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-I-sf-°p-dn-®v- ]-Tn-°-W-sa-∂- B-{K-lw- tXm-∂n-∏n-®-Xv.-
hm-bn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p.- "i-_m-_n'¬- JWv-U-iv-i- F-gp-Xn-s°m-≠p-an-
cp-∂p.- ]-p-kv-X-I-am-°-W-sa-∂v- ]-e-cpw- B-h-iy-s∏´p.- A-t∏mƒ- A¬∏w-
A-h-Km-l-am-bn-X-s∂- ]-Tn-°-W-sa-∂p-d-®p.-
ssl-µ-h- Z¿-i-\-sØ- ]-e- ho-£-W-ß-fn-eq-sS-bpw- t\m-°n-°-≠-h-
cp-≠v.- am¿-Iv-kn-kv-‰v- ho-£-W-Øn-¬- Cu- Z¿-i-\-sØ- hym-Jym-\n-®- ]e-
Nn-¥-I-∑m-cp-ap-≠v.- cm-lp¬- kmwIr-Xym-b≥, Un.-Un.- sIm-kmw-_n,-
sI. Zm-tam-Z-c≥- F-∂n-h¿- {]-[m-\n-I-fm-Wv.- ]-t£,- C-kv-em-an-I- ho-£
W-Øn¬- ssl-µ-h- Z¿-i-\-sØ- t\m-°n-°-≠- Ir-Xn-Iƒ- C-s√-∂v- Xs∂-
]-d-b-Ww.- A¬-_n-dq-\n-bp-sS- "In-Øm-_p¬- ln-µv'- C-¥-y-°m-cp-sS- BNm-
cm-\pjv-Tm-\-ß-sf-°p-dn-®dn-bm-\p-≈- Xo-{h-am-b- H-cp- {i-a-am-Wv.- C-kvem-
an-I- ho-£-W-Øn-ep-≈- H-cp- hym-Jym-\-Øn-\-t±-lw- {i-an-®n-´n-√.- ]-tcX-
\m-b- Sn.- ap-l-Ω-Zv- km-ln-_n-s≥-d- "`m-c-Xo-b- kw-kv-Im-c-Øn-s≥-d- A-Sn
sbmgp-°p-Iƒ'- Cu- cw-K-sØ- H-cp- hn-e-s∏-´- Im¬-sh-∏m-bn-cp-∂psh∂-
Xn¬- kw-i-b-an-√.- ]-t£-,- A-t±-lw- {]-[m-\-am-bpw- `m-c-Xo-b- kw-kv-Im
c-Øn-s≥-d- krjvSn-bn¬- sk-an-‰n-Iv- kw-kI v- m-cß
- ƒ- F-ßs- \- kzm-[o\n®n-
cn-°p-∂p-sh-∂m-Wv- N¿-®- sN-bv-Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.- Z¿-i-\-sØ-°p-dn-®- N¿®-
A-t±-lw,- A-Xns≥-d- `m-K-am-bn-´p-am-{X-am-Wv- \n¿-h-ln-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.-
 Cu- ]p-kv-X-I-Øn¬- \mw-- Z¿-i-\-Øn-\m-Wv- Du-∂¬- \¬-In-bn-cn-°p- °p-I-bpw- k-lm-bn-°-p-I-bpw- sN-bv-X- ]-c-∏-\-ßm-Sn- C-kvem-an-Iv- sse-
∂-Xv.- B-Zy-`m-K-Øv- F-¥m-Wv- C-∂p- Im-Wp-∂- ln-µp-a-X-sa-∂pw,- tZ-io- {_dn-bp-sS-bpw- A-¥-am≥- C-kv-em-an-Iv- sk≥-d-dn-s≥-d-bpw- {]-h-¿-Ø-I¿,-
b-X-bp-sS- \q-en¬- kv-Ym-]n-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂- tjm-h-\n-k-Øn-s≥-d- A-h- kw-kv-Ir-Xm-£-c-߃- ]-Tn-∏n-®p-X-cm≥- k-a-bw- hn-\n-tbm-Kn-®- lw-k-am-
Im-i-hm-Z-߃- F-{X-tØm-fw- h-kv-Xp-\n-jv-T-am-sW-∂p-am-Wv- ]-cn-tim-[n- kv-‰-dpw,- d-lo-a-bpw...- A-ßs\- t]m-Ip-∂p- ]-´n-I.- {]-tXy-I-am-bn- \-µn-
®n-cn-°p∂-Xv.- ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-ß-fp-sS- B-[n-Im-cn-I-X-sb- kw-_-\v-[n®- ]-d-tb-≠- H-cm-fp-≠v.- t]m¿-´v- ª-b¿- Nn-∑-bm-an-j-\n-se- kzm-an,- {_-lvaNm-
N¿-®-bm-Wv- c-≠mw- `m-K-Øn-ep-≈-Xv.- aq-∂mw- `m-K-Øn-em-I-s´- ssl-µ-h cn- k-a¿-Xv-Y- ssN-X-\y;- A-t±-l-am-Wv- ]-e- km-t¶-Xn-I- i-_v-Z-ß-fpw-
Z¿-i-\-Øn-s≥-d- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-i-n-e-I-fpw- A-h- `m-c-X-Øn¬- h-∂- {]-hmN- F\n-°v- hn-h-cn-®p-X-∂-Xv.- ]p-kv-X-I-ß-fpw- a-‰-pw- X-∂pw- A-t±-lw- k-l
I-∑m-cp-sS- {]-t_m-[-\-ß-f-p-am-bn- F-ß-s\- _-\v-[-s∏-´n-cn-°-p-∂p-sh-∂p- I-cn-®p.- A-t±-l-hp-am-bn- \-S-∂- \o-≠- N¿-®-I-fpw- Cu- ]p-kv-X-I-sØ-
am-Wv- N¿-®- sN-bv-Xncn-°p-∂-Xv.- kzm-[o-\n-®n-´p-≠v.-
Cu- ]p-kv-X-Iw- ssl-µ-h-Z¿-i-\-sØ- A-dnbm≥-th-≠n-bp-≈- H-cp- F-s∂- A-£c - w- ]Tn-∏n-®- F-s≥-d- D-∏˛- ta-te- ho-´n¬- A-_Zv- p-dlnam≥˛
Im¬-shbv-]- v- am-{X-am-Wv.- C-\n-bpw- Cu- cw-K-Øv- K-th-j-W-߃- \-S-t°- A-t±-l-Øn-\v- A-√m-lp- ]-c-tem-I-ku-Jyw- {]-Zm-\w- sN-ø-s´- (B-ao≥)-
≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.- F-¶n¬- ssl-µh- Z¿-i-\-Øns≥-d- aq-ew- {]-hm-N-I-
A-√m-lp- C-sXm-cp- k¬-°¿-a-am-bn- kzo-I-cn-°-s´.- (B-ao-≥)-
{]t_m-[-\-ß-fn¬- h-f-sc- hy-Iv-X-am-bn- I-s≠-Øm≥- I-gn-bp-sa-∂- Dd®-
hn-izmk°m-c-\m-Wv- Cu- teJ-I≥.-
Fw.-Fw.- A-Iv-_¿-
1992 em-Wv- "ssl-µ-h-X- h¿-Ω-hp-w- Z¿-i-\-hpw-'- H-∂m-w- ]-Xn-∏v- ]pdØp-
h-∂-Xv.- B- h¿-j-sØ- G-‰-hpw- \-√- C-kv-em-an-I- {K-Ÿ-Øn-\p-≈- A_q-
-Zm-_n- ap-kv-enw- ssdt‰-gv-kv- t^-m-d-Øn-s‚- A-hm¿-Upw- ]p-kv-X-I-Øn\p-
e-`n-®p.- "am-Xr-`q-an-'-sb-t∏m-se-bp-f-f- ]-e- {]-ap-J- B-\p-Im-en-I-ß-fpw-
]p-kv-X-I-sØ- hn-a¿-i-\m-Xv-a-I-am-bn- hn-e-bn-cp-Øn-s°m-≠v- teJ-\-߃-
{]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®p.- A-h-bn¬- \n-∂v- ]-e-Xpw- ]-Tn-®p-; A-dn-™p.- A-Xn-s‚-
A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬- th-W-sa-∂p- tXm-∂n-b- A-\n-hm-cy-am-b- am-‰-߃- Cu-
]-Xn-∏n¬- h-cp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.- {]-k-Iv-X-am-b- hn-a¿-i-\-߃-°v- hn-a¿-i-I-
sc-°p-dn-®- ]-cm-a¿-i-an-√m-sX- X-s∂- a-dp-]-Sn- ]-d-bm-≥- {i-an-®n-´pap-≠v.-
F¶n-epw,- ]-Øp-h¿-jw- ap-sº-gp-Xn-b- ]-pk -- v-X-I-Øn-s‚- c-≠-mw- ]-Xn∏mbn-
Xs∂-bn-cn-°-Ww- C-Xv- F-∂-Xp- sIm-≠v- au-en-I-am-b- am-‰-ßsf-∂pw- hcp-
Øn-bn-´n-√m-Xm-\-pw.-
ssl-µ-h- Z¿-i-\-sØ-bpw- B-cy˛ {Zm-hn-U- kw-kv-Im-c-ß-f-p-sS- D∞m-
\-]-X-\-ß-sf-bp-sa-√mw- kw-_-‘n-®v- C-Xn-s‚- H-∂mw- ]-Xn-∏v- ]p-d-Øp-h-
∂-Xn-\p- ti-jw- \n-c-h-[n- hn-e-s∏-´- ]-T-\-߃- \S-∂n-´p-≠v.- A-h-bp-sS-
sb-√mw- A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬- Cu- ]p-kv-X-I-Øn-s‚- {]ta-bw- X-s∂- H-∂p-
Iq-Sn- hn-I-kn-∏n-®p- sIm-≠v- F-gp-X-W-sa-∂p-≠v.- A-√m-lp- A-\p-{K-ln-
°-s´- (B-ao≥)-
C-sX-gp-Xm≥- A-\p-{K-ln-®- k¿-h-i-Iv-X-\v- k¿-h-kv-Xp-Xn-I-fpw.- hy-
Iv-Xn-]-c-am-bn- \-µn- ]-d-tb-≠-h¿- H-cp-]m-Sp≠v.- C-sX-gp-Xm≥- k-l-I-cn-
20 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- [-¿-a-hpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw- 21

Xm-fp-If
- n¬-
`m-Kw H-∂v-
[-¿-ahpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw
1. ln-µp-˛C-¥y-˛kn-\v-[p- 19
2. ln-µp-:- \n¿-h-N-\-߃- 14
3. `m-c-Xo-b- Z¿-i-\-߃- 40
4. a-X-hn-`m-K-߃- 72
5. ln-µp- sF-Iyw- 79

`m-Kw c-≠v-
ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-߃-
1. th-Z-kw-ln-X-Iƒ- 90
2. {_m-lv-a-W-߃ 109
3. B-c-Wy-I-߃- 113
4. D-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ- 115
5. th-Zmw-K-߃- 136
6. ]p-cm-W-߃- 139
7. kv-ar-Xn-Iƒ- 149
8. C-Xn-lm-k-߃- 157
9. `-Kv-h-Zv-Ko-X- 167

`m-Kw aq-∂v-
A-Sn-kvY
- m-\i
- n-eI
- ƒ
1. G-I-ssZ-h- hn-izm-kw 180
2. _lp-ssZ-h-k-¶¬-∏w- 201
3. A-h-Xm-c-k-¶¬-∏w- 225
4. ]p-\¿-P-∑-tam- ]-c-tem-I-tam- 250
5. sh-fn-®-Øn-te-°v- 259
 15

`m-Kw H-∂v-
[-¿a- hpw- kw-kI
v- m-ch
- pw-
16 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- [-¿-a-hpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw- 17

-Xw--- a-\pjy-s≥-d- tam-£-sØ°p-dn-®m-Wv- N¿-®- sN-øp-

a ∂Xv.- a-\p-jy-\n-¿-an-X-am-b- A-Xn-cp-I-fpw- h-c-ºp-I-fpw-
a-XØ - ns≥d- Zr-jvS- n-bn¬- A¿-Ya- n-√m-ØX - m-Wv.- tZ-iß-
fp-sS-bpw- `m-j-bp-sS-bpw- PmXn-bp-sS-bpw- A-Xn-cp-Iƒ-°-XoX-
am-bn- a-\p-jy-s≥-d- a-kv-Xn-jv-I-sØ-bpw- a-\- n-s\-bpw- BXv-
am-hn-s\-bpw- \n-b-{¥n-°p-I-bpw- ]cn-h¿Øn∏n-°p-I-bpw sN
øp-∂- i-Iv-Xn-bm-Wv- a-Xw-.- a-Xw- a-\p-jys\- hn-im-e-X-bn-te°v-
\-bn-°p-tºmƒ- `u-Xn-I- {]-Xy-b-im-kv-{X-߃- a-\pjy-s\--
k¶p-Nn-XX - z-Øn-te-°m-Wv- \bn-°p-∂X - v.- C-∏d-™X - v- ssZ-hnI-
t_m-[-\-ß-fp-sS- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-Øn¬- XX-z-ßfm-hn-jv-I-cn-®ncn-
°p-∂- a-X-sØ-°p-dn-®m-Wv-.- C-tX- a-Xw -X-s∂- kzm¿-Y-cmb-
a-\p-jy-cpsS- I-c-hn-cp-Xp-Iƒ-°v- hn-t[-b-am-Ip-tºmƒ-,- a-\pjy-
\n¿-an-X- Z¿-i-\-ß-sf-t∏m-se-Ø-s∂- k-¶p-Nn-X-Xz-Øn-s≥-d-
]Sp-Ip-gn-bn¬- B]Xn-°p-∂p-sh-∂- bm-Ym¿-Yy-Øn-\v- N-cn{X
Øn-s≥-d- G-Sp-I-fn¬- sXfn-hp-I-f-t\z-jn-t°-≠-Xn√.- h¿-Ø
am-\-Im-ew- X-s∂- Cu- h-kv-Xp-X-°p-≈- Pohn-°p-∂- sX-fnhp-
Iƒ- \n-c-Øp-∂p.-
a-Xw- ]-d™p.- "a-\pjy-k-aq-l-ta,- \n-ß-sf- \mw-krjv
Sn-®n-´p≈Xv- H-tc- B-Wn¬-\n-∂pw- s]-Æn¬-\n-∂p-am-Ip-∂p.-
\n-ß-sf- \mw- P-\-]-Z-ßfpw- tKm-{X-ß-fp-am-bn- X-n-cn-®n-´p-≈Xv-
\n-߃- ]-ckv] - c
- w- Xn-cn-®d- n-bp-∂X
- n-\v- th-≠n-bm-Wv.- \n-ßfn¬-
18 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- 19
ssZ-h-Øn-¶¬- G-‰hpw- B-Z-c-Wo-b¿-- \n-ßfn¬- G-‰-hpw- [¿a-
\n-jv-T-bp-≈-h¿- X-s∂-bm-bn-cn-°pw'-1.-
ssl-µ-h- Z¿-i-\-Øn-s≥-d- ASn-kv-Ym-\- {K-\v-Y-ß-fn--epw-
a\pjy-sc-√mw- H∂m-sW-∂- B-i-b-a-pƒ-s°m≈p-∂- kq-Iv-
X-߃- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bpw.- am-\pjn-I- I-c-hn-cp-Xp-Iƒ- A-h-
bn¬- D-®-˛\o-N-Xz-ß-fp-sS- Bi-b-߃- X-n-cp-In-°-b-‰n-sb-¶n-
epw,-- ssZhn-I- t{km-X- p-I-fn¬-\n-∂p-≈-Xm-Ip-∂p- A-h-bpsS-
aq-em-i-b-߃- F-∂v- hyIv-X-am-°n-s°m-≠v- km-tlm-Z-cy-Øn-
s≥-d- B-i-b-ß-fpƒ-s°m≈p-∂- Nn-e- h-N-\-߃- {ip-Xn-Ifn-
epw- kv-ar-Xn-I-fnepw- C-∂pw- \n-e-\n¬°p∂p.-
ssl-µh- - Z¿-i\- s
- Ø-°p-dn-®pw- A-Xn-s≥-d- kn-≤m-¥ß-
1
sf-°p-dn®pw- H-´-\-h-[n- N¿-®-Iƒ- \-S-∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂-
Ime-am-Wn-∂v.- A-Xn\n-√mØ- ]-e- Kp-W-ß-sf-bpw- A-Xn¬-
B-tcm-]n-®p-sIm-≠pw- A-Xn-\p-≈- ]-e- KpWß-sf-bpw- \ntj-
[n-®p-sIm-≠p-am-Wv- Cu- N¿-®-I-fn¬- ]-e-Xpw- ]ptcmKan-°p-
∂-sX-∂-Xm-Wv- h-kv-Xp-X.- ln-µp-a-X-Ø-n-eq-sS- X-ß-fp-sS- cmjv- ln-µp-˛C-¥y-˛kn-\v-[p-
{So-b- kz]v\-߃°v- \n-dw- sIm-Sp-°m≥- {i-an-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-
°p-∂-h-cp-ap-≠v.- Hm-tcm-cp-Ø-cpw- X-߃-°n-jv-S-ap-≈- co-Xn-
bn¬- ssl-µ-h- Z¿-i-\sØ- hym-Jym-\n-°p-∂p.- Cu- hym-Jym- "tem-Im-k-akv-Xm- kp-Jn-t\m- `-h-¥p'-sh-∂- hN-\w- ]-e-t∏m-
\-߃-°n-S-bn¬- b-Ym¿-Y- "lnµp-a-X'-Øn-s≥-d- ap-J-߃- gpw- D≤-cn-°s - ∏-Smdp-≠v.- a-\p-jy- km-tlm-Zc - y-sØbpw- sF-Iy-sØ-
ImWm≥- ]-e-cpw- hn-k-Ω-Xn-°p-∂p.- B- ap-J߃- X-ßfpsS- bpw- Ipdn-®p- ]-d-bp-∂- C-\n-bpw- Ip-td- h-N-\-߃- \-ap-°v- sslµh-
C-Nv-O-°-\p-kr-X-a-s√-∂- h-kv-XpX,- "a-X'-sØ- cmjv-{So-b-h- {K-\v-Y-ß-fn¬ -\n-∂v- D-≤-cn-°m≥- I-gn-bpw.- ]-t£,- C-h-sb-√mw-
Xv-I-cn-°m≥- X-]- n-cn-°p-∂-h-sc- A-kz-kv-Y-cm-°p-∂p.- Cu- C∂v- {K-\v-Y-ß-fn¬- kv-Yn-Xn- sN-øp-∂- tI-h-e- D-≤c-Wn-Iƒ- am-{X-
]-i-vNmØe-Øn-em-Wv- ssl-µ-h- Z¿-i-\-Øns≥-d- th-cp-Iƒ-
am-Wv.- ln-µp-a-X-Øn-s≥-d- t]-cn¬- A-\y-s\- \n-{K-ln-°m-s\m-cpßp-
tX-Sn- \mw- bm-{X- Xn-cn-°p-∂Xv.- bm-{X- Xp-S-ßp-∂-Xn-\p- ap-ºv-
∂- A-tX- I-c-߃-°p-X-s∂ "]m©-P-\y'-I-fn¬- "am-Xm-`q-anx-
C-∂p- Im-W-p-∂ lnµp-a-X-sØ- \-ap-s°m∂v- ]-cn-N-b-s∏-Smw.-
A-Xns≥-d- A-hIm-i-hm-Zß-sf-bpw- Zm¿-i-\n-I- k-¶¬-]-ß-
]pt{Xm- ]r-Yn-hy'- (`q-an-bm-Ip-∂p- am-Xmhv;-- A-Xns≥-d- ]p-{X-∑m-cm-
sfbpw- ]-cn-ti-m-[n-°mw.- Ip-∂p- \-Ω-sf-√mw)-sb-∂- hm-Iy-sa-gp-Xnsh-°m≥- ssh-a-\-ky-sam-
∂p-an-√.- X-X-z-h-N-\-߃- ]m-cm-b-W-ß-fn-epw- {]-`m-j-W-ß-fn-epw-
am-{X-sam-Xp-ßp-I-bm-Wv.- A-s√-¶n¬-,- A-Xn-cp-Iƒ-°-Xo-X-am-bn-
`qanbp-sS- a-°-sf-√mw- k-tlm-Z-c-ß-fm-sW-∂- [m-c-W- h-f¿-Øm≥-
]cym]vX - a
- m-th-≠- h-N\- ß - s- f-gp-Xn-sh-°p-∂- I-cß
- ƒ-°v- F--ßs\-
bm-Wv- A\y-a-X-kv-Y-s≥-d- s\-©p- Ip-Øn-°o-dm≥- I-gn-bp-∂-Xv?-
ssl-µ-h- Xo{hhmZn-kw-L-S-\-Iƒ- X-ß-fp-sS- Pn-lz-bpw-
1.- Jp¿-B≥- 49:-13 Xqen-I-bp-ap-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv- sh-dp-∏n-s≥-d- XX-z-im-kv-{Xw- ]-Tn-∏n-
20 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-
°m≥- am-{Xam-sW-∂- h-kv-Xp-X,-- hm-bn-°m-\-dn-bp-∂-h¿-s°m-∂pw-
]-d-™p-sIm-Sp-t°-≠-Xn-√.- C-Xm- Nn-e- D-≤-cWn-Iƒ-:-˛
"C-u- ln-µp-kv-Ym-≥- ln-µp-°-fp-sS- am-{Xw- tZ-i-a-s√-∂pw- B¿
°pw- B-{K-ln-°p-∂-Xp-t]m-se- H-s°- s]-cp-am-dm-sa-∂pw- [-cn-°p-
∂-h¿- C-∂p- Nn-e-cp-≠v.- cm-jv-{Sw- F-∂- hm-°n-s\- A-Xn-s≥-d- bYm¿-
Y- A¿-Y-Øn¬- a\- n-em-°n-bm¬- am-{X-ta- Cu- cmjv-{Sw- ln-µp-
cm-jv-{S-am-Wv-;- ln-µp-°-fptS-Xm-Wv- F-∂- k-Xy-sØ- a-\- n-em-°m≥-
I-gn-bp-I-bp-≈q'1- .-
"ssh-tZ-in-I- a-X-ß-fpw- A-h-sb- Xm-ßn- \S-°p-∂- ssh-Xm-
fn-I∑m-cpw- aq-Sp-Xmßn-I-fp-am-Wv- C-∂v- `m-c-Xmw-_-bp-sS- I-Æn-se-
I-c-Sp-I-fm-bn-Øo¿-∂n-´p-≈Xv.- B- I-c-Sp-Iƒ- \o-°w- sN-øm-Øn-S-
tØm-fw- Im-ew- `m-c-Xmw-_-bp-sS- I-Æp-Iƒ- I-e-ßn-Ø-s∂-bn-cn-
°pw-.- ssN-X-\y-hpw- Np-dp-Npdp-°-p-ap-≈- bp-h-X-e-ap-d-sb- t\m-°n-
s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂- A-Ωb - p-sS- I-Ænse- I-cS- p-Iƒ- C-\n-b[
- n-I- Imew-
A-hn-sS-bn-cn-°m-\n-S-bn-√.- A-c-bpw- X-e-bpw- ap-dp-°n-s°m-≠v- bph-
P-\-X- A-Sn-sh-®-Sn-sh-®v- ap-t∂m-´p-\o-ßn-s°m--≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv'-2.-
"Cu- cm-Pyw- ln-µp-°-fp-tS-Xm-Wv.- in-h-tk-\- A-[n-Im-c-Øn¬-
h∂m¬- F-√m-hc
- pw- ln-µp-aX
- Ø
- n-te-°v- ]-cn-h¿-Ø\- w- sNøs∏Spw'3.-
"Cu- kw-L-a-m-cw-`n-®-Xv- ap-kv-enw- AXn-{I-a-ß-sf- {]-Xn-tcm-
[n-°p∂-X-n-\p-th-≠n- am-{X-a-√-;- {]-Xyp-X- B- tcm-Kw- ]q¿-W-am-bpw-
th-cdp-Øp- If-bm≥- th-≠n-bm-Wv'4.-
Cu- D-≤-c-Wn-I-fn-se- A-h-Imi-hm-Z-ß-fp-am-bn- \-ap-°v-
kwhZn°mw.-
ln-µp-sh-∂- ]-Zw-:- "ln-µp'-sh-∂- ]-Z-Øn-s≥-d- D¬-]-Øn-sb-
kw_\v-[n-®v- ]-Wv-U-n-X-∑m¿-°n-S-bn¬- c-≠-`n-{]m-b-ap-≠v.- "kn-\v[p'-
sh∂- ]-Z-Øn-s≥-d- cq-]m-¥-c- kw-Pv-R-bm-Wv "ln-µp'--sh-∂X-m-Wv-
{]-_-e-hpw- {]k-Iv-X-hp-am-b- A-`n-{]m-bw.- kn-\v-[p-\-Zo-X-S-hm-kn-
Iƒ,- hn-tZ-inI-fm-¬- kn\v-[p-sh-∂v- hn-fn-°-s∏-´p-sh-∂pw- ]n∂o-Sv-
1.- tI-k-cn- 15˛1˛1989
2. -tI-k-cn- 27˛7˛1987
3.- _m¬-Xm-°-sd-:- Times of India 30-4-1989.
4. tUm.- tKm-b¬:- cm-jv{- So-b- kz-bw- tk-hI
- v- kw-Lv:- - am-Xr-`q-an-bn¬- D-≤c
- n-®X
- v- 14˛2˛1984.-
[-¿-a-hpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw- 21
"k'-,- "l-'-bm-bn- am-dn-sb-∂p-am-Wv- Cu- A-`n-{]m-b-°m-cm-b- ]-Wv-
Un-X-∑m¿- ]-d-bp-∂-Xv.- t]¿-jy≥- `mj-bn¬- "kn'- D-®-cn-°-s∏-Sp-
∂-Xv- "ln'- F∂m-b-Xn-\m¬- kn-\v-[p,- ln-µp-hmbn- am-dn-b-Xm-bn-cn-
°m-sa-∂pw- A-\p-am\n-°p-∂p. "l'- F-∂- i-_v-Zw {Ko°p-Im¿-°v-
D®m-c-W- hn-jaw- krjv-Sn-®-Xm-W-t{X- ln-µp-°ƒ- C-¥y-°m-cmbn-
am-dm-\p-≠m-b- ImcWw1.-
`m-c-Xo-b- ]u-cm-Wn-I- {K-\v-Y-ß-fn-sem-∂pw- ln-µp-sh-∂-
{]tbmKw- Im-Wp-∂n-s√-∂Xpw- G-I-tZ-iw- k-a-Im-en-I-am-b- ssh-
tZ-in-I- tc-J-I-fn¬- Cu- {]-tbm-K-w- Im-Wp-∂p-sh-∂-Xp-am-Wv- CXn-
\p≈- {]-[m\- sX-fn-hv.- `mc-X-Øns≥-d- G-‰-hpw- ]u-cm-Wn-I- tc-J-
sb-∂v- I-cp-X-s∏-Sp-∂- E-tKz-Z-Øn¬ "k-]v-X-kn-\v-[p'-sh-∂m-Wv-
{]tbm-Kn-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.-
C-u- A-`n-{]m-b- {]-Im-cw- ln-µp-sh-∂- ]-Zw-X-s∂- ssh-tZ-
in-I-amWv.- ssh-tZ-in-I- a-X-ß-sf-∂- I-c-Sp-I-sf- \o-°w- sN-øm≥-
cwK-Øn-d-ßp-∂h¿- kz-¥w- \m-a-Øn-se- ssh-tZ-in-I- I-c-Sn-s\-b-
t√- BZy-am-bn- \o-°w- sNtø-≠-Xv?- ]-t£,- A-h¿-°p-≈- sh-dp-∏v-
hn-tZ-itØm-S-√,-- a-s‰-¥n-t\m-sSm-s°-tbm- B-sW-∂m-Wv- a-\- n-
em-°m≥- I-gn-bp-∂-Xv.-
ln-µp-sh-∂- ]-Z-Øn-s≥-d- ssh-tZ-in-I- D¬-]-Øn- \n-cm-I-cn-
°p-∂- ]-Wv-U-n-X-∑m-cp-ap-≠v.- "ln-µp'-sh-∂- ]-Zw- ip-≤- kw-kv-Ir-X-
kw-Pv-R-bmsW-∂m-W-h-cp-sS- hm-Zw.- "lnw'- "Z'- "D'- F-∂- ]-Z-ß-fp-
sS- k-ap-®-b-am-Wv- "lnµp'-sh-∂-s{X- A-h¿- ]-d-bp-∂-Xv.- "lnw'- ln-
am-e-b-sØbpw- "Z',- "D'- F-∂n-h- Z-£n-W- k-ap-{Z-sØ-bpw- (Z-˛- Z£n-
Ww.-- D-˛- D-≤n˛- k-ap-{Zw-)- Ipdn-°p-∂psh-∂pw- ln-µp-hn-s≥-d- A¿-Yw-
ln-am-e-b-Øn-\pw- Z-£n-W- k-ap-{Z-Øn-\pw- C-S-bn-ep-≈-sX-∂m-sW-
∂pw- C-h¿- A-`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.- Cu- A-`n-{]m-b-amWv- _r-l-kv]Zn-
B-K-a-Øn¬- Im-Wp-∂-sX-∂v- B¿.-F-kv.Fkv- ap≥- k¿kwL-Nm-
e-Iv- Kp-cp-Pn- tKmƒ-hmƒ-°¿- ]-d-bp-∂p≠v.- A-t±-lw- D-≤-cn-°p∂p:-
ln-am-e-bw- k-a-cm-`y-bm-h-Zn-µp- k-tcm-h-cw-
Xw- tZ-h-\n¿-an-Xw- tZ-iw- ln-µp-kv-Ym-\w- {]-N-Iv-jy-tX.-
1. Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda Vol, III, Page 228.
22 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-
(tZ-h-∑m-cm-¬- kr-jv-Sn°-s∏-´-Xpw- ln-am-e-bw- sXm-´v- C-µp-
k-tcmhcw- (Z-£n-Wk - a
- p-{Zw)- h-sc- hym-]n-®p-In-S°- p-∂X
- p-am-b- tZi-
1
sØ-bm-Wv- lnµp-kv-Ym-\-sa-∂-v hn-fn-°p-∂-Xv) .-
C-Xn-se- H-∂m-a-sØ- A-`n-{]m-b-am-Wv- {]-_-e-am-bn-´p-≈-Xv.-
G-Xm-bm-epw-˛Cu- c-≠v- A-`n-{]m-b-ß-fn¬- G-Xv- kzo-I-cn-®m-epw-
˛"lnµp'- i_vZw- H-cp- kw-kv-I-m-c-sØ-tbm- a-X-sØ-tbm- Ip-dn-°p-
∂n-s√-∂pw- H-cp- tZ-isØ- Ip-dn-°-p-∂- \m-aw- am-{X-am-W-sX-∂p-am-
Wv- a\- n-em-°m≥- I-gn-bp-∂-Xv.- hntZ-in-Iƒ- C-¥-y-b-n-te-°v- IS-
∂p-h-∂-t∏mƒ- I-≠- hn-{K-l-]q-P-bn-epw- ]n-Xpcm-cm-[-\-bn-ep-a-[n-
jv-Tn-X-a-m-b- P-o-hn-X-k-{º-Zm-b-sØ- C-¥y°m-cpsS- a-X-sa-∂- A¿-
Y-Øn¬- ln-µp-a-X-sa-∂v- hn-fn-®n-´p-≠m-h-Ww.- AXm-bn-cn-°-Ww-
"ln-µp-a-X'-sa-∂- kwPv-R-bp-sS- D¬-]-Øn.- A-X-√m-sX- lnµp-a-X-
sa-∂- H-cp- a-X-tam- Po-hnX-Z¿-i-\-tam- D¬-`-hn-°p-I-tbm- {]-N-cn°p-
Itbm- sN-bv-Xn-´n-s√-∂-Xn-\v- th-tZm-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ-X-s∂- sX-fnhp-
I-fm-Wv.-
C-¥y-bn¬- hy-Xy-kv-X- ho-£-W-ß-fpw- a-X-ß-fp-ap-≠m-bn-´p
≠v.- Ah-bn¬- ]-e-Xpw- ]-c-kv-]-c- hn-cp≤-am-b- B-i-b-ß-fpƒ-s°m-
≈p-∂h - b
- m- Wv.- hn-jWv- p-hns≥-d- ]-Øm-as - Ø- A-hX- m-ca
- m-b- I¬°n-
bm-Wv- Xm-s\-∂-h-Im-i-s∏-´v- {]-Xy-£-s∏-´ an¿-km-Kp-emw- A-lv-a-
Zn-s≥-d- Jm-Zn-bm-\o- a-Xhpw- k-Xy-km-bn-_m-_-bp-sS- Pm-e-hn-Zym-a-
X-hpw- "`-K-hm≥'- c-P-\o-jn-s≥-d- ssew-Kn-I- a-X-hp-sa-√mw- P-\n-®-Xv-
`mc-X-Øn-s≥-d- imZz-e-`q-an-bn¬ -X-s∂-bm-Wv.- ssi-hw,- ssh-jv-
Whw,- im-Iv-Xw,- ssh-Zn-Iw-,- _u-≤w,- ssP-\w,- kn-°v-,- enw-Km-b-
Xw,- th-Zm¥w- Xp-S-ßn- hy-Xy-kv-X- a-X-߃-°p- ]p-d-sa- "tem-Im
b-Xw'- t]mse-bp-≈- ip≤ \n-co-iz-c Z¿-i-\-߃-°pw- `m-c-Xw- P∑w-
\¬-In-bn-´p≠v.- C-¥y-bn¬- \n-e-hn-ep-≠m-bncp-∂- A-\m-Nm-c-߃-
°pw- A-hbp-sS- h-IvX - m-°f - m-b- ]u-tcm-ln-Xy-Øn-\p-saXn-cn¬- i_v-
Zn-®- _p-≤-aX-sØ-bpw- ssP-\-a-X-sØ-bp-sa-√mw- A-h-bp-sS- k-a-
Im-en-I-cm-b- ]p-tcm-ln-X- a-X-°m¿- \-J-in-Jm-¥w- F-Xn¿-Øp-t]m-
∂n-´p-≠v.- i-¶cm-Nm-cy¿- X-s‚- A-ssZz-XaXw- kv-Ym-]n-°m-\m-bn-
_u-≤-˛ssP-\- Z¿-i-\-߃-s°-Xn-sc- i-Iv-X-amb- kw-L-´-\-ß-fn-
1.- am-[-h- k-Zm-in-h- tKmƒ-hmƒ-°¿:- hn-Nm-c-[m-c,-- t]-Pv-:- 116
[-¿-a-hpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw- 23
epw- kw-hm-Z-ß-fn-ep-ta¿-s∏-´n-cp-∂p-sh-∂-Xn-\v- sX-fn-hp-Ifp≠v.- C-
ß-s\- hy-Xy-kvX-ß-fpw- hn-cp-≤-ß-fp-am-b- kn-≤m-¥-ß-sf-sb-√mw,-
-A-h- C-¥y-bn¬- P-\n®p-sh-∂- Im-c-W-Øm¬- am-{Xw- ln-µp-a-X-
sa∂- IpS°o-gn¬- A-Wn-\n-c-Øm-\p-≈- {i-a-am-Wv- C-∂v- \-S-∂p-
sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂-Xv.-
A-X-\p-k-cn-®v- C-¥-y-°-I-Øp-≠m-b- Z¿-i-\-ßtfm- a-X-ß-
tfm- F{X-Xs - ∂- tæ-NOv- a
- m-bn-cp-∂m-epw- ]-hn-{X-hpw- `m-cX - mw-_bpsS-
I-Æn-se- Irjv-W-a-Wn-bp-am-Wv.- AtX-k-a-bw,- ]p-d-Øp-≠m-b- a-X-
ß-tfm- Z¿-i-\-ß-tfm- F-{X-X-s∂- ]-cn-ip-≤-hpw- ]-hn-{X-hp-am-b-
Bi-b-ß-fpƒ-s°m-≈p-∂p-sh-¶n-epw- tæ-Nv-O-hpw- `m-c-Xmw-_-bp-sS-
IÆn-se- I-c-Sp-am-Wv.- Z¿i-\-ß-fn-se- B-i-bß-f√ -- -,- A-Xv- P-\n-®-
kv-Y-e-am-Wv- A-h-b-p-sS- kzo-ImcyX- \n-iv-N-bn-t°-≠-sX-∂- hn-
Nn{X- hm-Z-am-Wv- ssl-µ-h- Xo-{h-hm-Zn-kw-L-S\-I-fpsS- A-Sn-kv-Ym-
\- XXz-sa-∂¿-Yw.- C-Xp- kzo-I-cn-°m≥- _p-≤n-°v- ac-hn∏v- _m-[n-
°m-Øh¿- k-∂-≤-cm-Ip-tam?- k-Xyw- ]-d-™-Xv- Ata-cn-°-°-m-c-
\m-sW-∂- Imc-W-Øm¬- am-{Xw- A-Xv- kzo-I-cn-°m≥- ]m-Sn-s√∂pw,-
]-®-°-≈w- ]d-bp∂-Xv- `m-c-Xo-b-\m-b-Xn-\m¬- A-Xv- kzo-I-cn-°-
W-sa-∂pw- ]dbp∂-Xp-t]m-se- hn-Nn-{X-am-Wv- `m-c-Xo-b- a-X-ß-sf-
am-{X-ta- C-¥y-°mc≥- kzo-I-cn-°m-hq- F-∂- hm-Z-hp-w.-
kz-¥-tØm-Spw- Ip-Spw-_-tØm-Spw- k-ap-Zm-b-tØm-Spw- tZ-i
tØm-Sp-ap-≈- kv-t\-lw- a-\pj-y-s≥-d- P-∑-k-l-P-am-b- hn-I-m-c-amWv.-
H-cp- ap-kv-en-an-s\- kw-_-\v-[n-®n-S-tØm-fw- tZ-i-kv-t\-lw- hn-izm-
k-Øn-s≥-d- `m-K-am-Wv.- am-Xr-cm-Py-sØ- kv-t\-ln-°p-I-bpw- A-Xn-
s≥d- A-`n-hr-≤n-°p-th≠n- b-X-v\n-°p-I-bpw- sN-øp-I-bm-Wv- tZ-i-
kv-t\lw- sIm-≠v- C-hn-sS- hn-h-£n-°p-∂-Xv.- A-\y-cm-Py-Øn-s≥-d-
A-t[m-KXn-°p-th-≠n- b-Xv-\n-°p-I-bpw- Ab¬\m-´p-Im-sc-bpw- A-
hc-p-sS-- kwkv-Im-c-sØ-bpw- sh-dp-°p-I-bpw- sNøp-I-bm-Wv- tZ-i-
kv-t\-l-sa∂v- \mw- a-\- n-em-°p-∂n√.- ]n-d-∂- \m-Sn-s≥-d- \m-e-Xn-
cp-Iƒ-°p-≈n-ep≈-hs - c-√mw- am-em-Ja
- m-cpw- ]p-dØ
- p-≈h
- s
- c-√mw- sN-
Ip-Øm-∑m-cp-amsW-∂- "sh-dp-∏ns≥-d- \o-Xn-im-kv-{X'-am-Wv- tZ-io-
b-X-sb-¶n¬-,- a-\p-jysc-√mw- H-∂m-sW-∂v- ]-Tn-∏n-®- a-X-Øn-s‚--
A-\p-bm-bn-Iƒ-°v- B- tZio-b-X-sb- Po-hn-X-{]-am-W-am-bn- kzo-Icn-
24 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-
°m≥- hn-j-a-ap-≠m-hp-I- kzm`m-hn-I-am-Wv.- C-u- kzm-`m-hn-I-X- tZi-
t{Zm-l-am-sW-∂v- hym-Jym-\n-°p-∂-h¿- "am-Xm- `q-anx- ]p-t{Xm- ]r-Yn-
hy'-sb-∂- h-N-\w- H-∂p-Iq-Sn- a-\ n-cp-Øn- hm-bn-®p-t\m-°-s´.-
ssZ-h-am-Wv- a-\p-jy-s\- krjv-Sn-®-Xpw- ]-cn-]m-en-°p-∂-Xpw-
kw-l-cn-°p-∂-Xpw- ]n-∂o-Sv- D-bn¿-sØ-gp-t∂¬-]n-°p-∂-Xp-sa-√mw-
F-∂m-Wv- aX-hn-izm-kn-Iƒ- hniz-kn-°p-∂-Xv.- Cu- \n-e-bv°v,- ssZ-
h-am-Wv- G-‰-hpw- henb- A-\p-{K-l-Zm-Xm-hv.-- A-h-\m-Wv- \µn- sN-ø-
s∏-Sm≥- G-‰-hpw- A¿-l-\pw.- ssZ-h-Øn-s≥-d- B-Pv-RIƒ-s°-Xn-
sc- kz-¥w- ]n-Xm-thm- am-Xm-thm- t\Xm-thm- kz-¥w- C-Nv-O-Xs∂-
bp-tam- ]-d-™m-epw- A-Xp- h-en-s®dn-™v- {kjv-Sm-hns≥-d- I¬-]
\-Iƒ- in-c-km-h-ln-°W -- -sa-∂m-Wv- a-X-ß-sf-√mw- ]Tn∏n-°p∂Xv.-
`q-an-bn-ep-≈- k-I-e-Xn-t\-°m-fpw- h-ep-Xm-Wv- kz¿-K-sa-∂pw- B
kz¿-K-Øn-te-°p-≈- h-gn-bn¬- s]-‰-Ω-tbm- ]n-d-∂- \m-tSm- B-cp-X-
s∂- hn-e-ß-Sn-®p- \n-∂m-epw- B- hn-e-ßp-I-sf- X-´n- am-‰p-I-tbm- ]n-
gp-sX-dn-bp-I-tbm- sN-bv-Xv- kz¿-K-Øn-te-°p-≈- {]-bm-Ww- Xp-S-cp-
I-X-s∂- th-W-sa∂pw- ]-Tn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv- B- {k-jv-Sm-hm-Wv.- "s]‰-
Ω-bpw- ]n-d-∂- \m-Spw- kz¿K-tØ-°mƒ- a-l-Ø-cw'- F-∂- ap-{Zm-hm
Iy-sØ- AXn-s≥-d- G-‰-hpw- e-fn-X-am-b- am-\Øn¬- t]m-epw- AwKo-
I-cn-°m≥- hnizm-kn-Iƒ-°v- I-gnbm-Xn-cn-°-p-∂-Xn-s≥-d- Im-c-Ww-
CsXm-∂p- am{X-a-m-Wv.- s]-‰-Ω-tb-°m-fpw- ]nd∂- \m-Sn-t\-°m-fpw-
kz¿-K-am-Wv- alØ-c-sa∂v- hn-iz-kn-°p-I-bpw- {]-N-cn-∏n-°p-I-bpw-
sN-øp-∂Xp-sIm-≠v- tZ-i-kv-t\-l-Øn-t\m- Iq-dn-t\m- C-Sn-hp- ]-‰psa-
s∂m-∂pw- kw-i-bn-t°-≠-Xn-√.-
a-s‰m-cp- {]-iv-\w- kw-kv-Im-c-Ønt≥-d-Xm-Wv.- H-cp- Im-cyw- \mw-
a-\ n-em-°p-I.- ssZ-hn-I- t_m-[-\-߃-°p- am-{X-ta- kv-Ym-bn-bpw-
kp-i-Iv-X-hp-am-b- kw-kv-Im-c-Øn-\v- A-Sn-Ø-d- ]m-Im≥- I-gn-bq.- a\p
jy-cp-sS- Pohn-X- co-Xn-bpw- cq-]-hpw F-ß-s\-bm-I-W-sa-∂v- ]-Tn-∏n
t°-≠-Xv- {k-jv-Smhmb- ssZ-h-amWv.- tZ-io-b- kw-kv-Im-cw- F-∂-
k-¶¬ - ]- w- X-s∂- b-Ym¿-YØ - n¬- an-Yy-bm-Wv.- hn-Im-cß - f- n¬- am{Xw-
k-v-Ym-]n-°-s∏-´- C-Ø-cw- an-Yy-Iƒ-°v- H-cn-°-epw- kv-Ym-bo-`m-h-a-h-
Im-i-s∏-Sm≥- I-gn-bn-√.- ap-kv-enan-\- v- ap-kv-en-ambn- \n-e-\n-∂p-sIm-
≠p-X-s∂- F-¥p-sIm-≠v- C-¥y≥- kw-kv-Im-cw- kzo-I-cn-®p-Iq-Sm-
[-¿-a-hpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw- 25
F∂- Kp-cp-Pn- tKmƒ-hmƒ-°-dp-sS-1 A-`n-{]m-bw- A-Xp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂-
A¿-Y-an-√m-Ø-X-m-Wv.- C-kv-emw- ]p-tcm-ln-Xa-X-ß-sf-t∏m-se-
P]hpw- ]qP-bpw- G-Xm\pw- I¿-a-ßfpw- am-{Xw- {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-
Hcp- a-X-a-√.- AXv- a-\p-jy-Po-hn-X-Øns≥-d- F-√m- ta-J-e-I-fn-te-
°pw- hy-Iv-X-amb- sh-fn-®w- ho-ip-∂p.- Po-hn-X-Øn-s≥-d- G-sX-¶nepw-
ta-Je - - a-Xa
- p-IvX
- a
- m-°p-Is
- b-∂X
- v- ap-kve
- n-an-\v- Nn-¥n-°m≥- t]mepw-
I-gn-bn-√.- C-kv-em-an-I- kw-kv-Im-cw- C-kv-em-an-I- hn-izm-k-Øns≥-d-
`m-K-a-m-Wv.- hkv-{X[m-c-Whpw- Po-hn-X-co-Xn-bp-sa√mw-X-s∂- C-kv-
em-an-I- kw-kv-Im-c-Øn-\-\p-k-cn-®v- ]-cn-h¿-Øn-∏n-°p-I- ap-kv-en-
ans≥d- _m-[y-X-bm-Wv.- cm-a-s\-bpw- Ir-jv-W-s\-bp-sa-∂-√- ssZ-h-
a-√m-Ø- B-sc-bpw,-- ap-l-Ω-Zv- \-_n-(k-)-sb-t∏m-epw- Bcm-[n-°m≥-
ap-kv-en-w-Iƒ-°v- I-gn-bn-√.- h-kv-{X-[m-c-W-ssi-en-bn-tem- Po-hn-X-
co-Xn-bn-tem- C-¥y-°v- kz-¥amb- H-cp- kw-kv-Im-c-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-
sh-∂v- Ncn-{Xw- \-sΩ- ]-Tn-∏n-°p-∂p-a-n√.- E-tKz-Z- Im-e-Øv- kv-{Xo-
I-fpw- ]p-cp-j-∑mcpw- X-e-∏m-hv- [-cn-®n-cp-∂p2sh-¶n-epw- B- B-Nmcw-
kzo-I-cn°m≥- C-∂p-≈-h¿- k-∂-≤-c-√.- ]-e- co-Xn-I-fpw- cq-]-ß-
fpw- k-a-\z-bn-®- \m-Sm-Wv- ]-≠p-ap-X¬-t°- C-¥y.- A-Xp-sIm-≠p-X-
s∂- C-kv-em-anI- kwkv-Im-cw- h-en-s®-dn-™v- `mcXo-b- kw-kv-I-m
cw- kzo-I-cn-®m-te- b-Ym¿-Y- C-¥y-°m-c-\m-hp-I-bp≈q-sh-∂- hm-Z-
Øn-¬- bm-sXm-cp- I-g-ºp-an-√.-
"ln-µp'-sh-∂- ]-Z-Øn-\v- B-Zy-Im-eØv- - A-¿-Yw- C-¥y°m-c-
s\∂mbn-cp-∂p.- C-¥y-bn¬- P-\n-°-p-I-bpw- h-f-cp-I-bpw- sN-bv-X-h
sc-√mw- B- A¿YØn¬- ln-µp-°-fm-Wv.- ]-t£,- cm-a-s\-bpw- Irjv
W-s\-bpw- tKm-amXmhn-s\-bpw- B-cm-[n-°p-∂-h≥- am-{X-am-Wv- C∂-
sØ- A¿-Y-Øn¬- "lnµp'.- Cu- \n¿-h-N-\-am-Wv- "ln-µp- a-Xw'F∂-
kv-Ym-]-\- a-X-Øn-\v- P-∑-w \¬InbXv.-
kn-\v-[p\-Zo-X-Skwkv-Im-cw-:- `m-c-Xo-bkw-kv-Im-cw- ssh-ZnI
kw-kv-Im-c-am-sW-∂v- h-cp-Øn-Øo¿-°m-\p-≈- sIm-≠p-]n-Sn-®- {i-
a߃- \-S-°p-∂-Xn-\n-sS-bm-Wv- kn-\v-[p-\-Zo-X-S-kw-kv-I-m-c-sØ-
°pdn®- hn-h-c-߃- e-`n-®-Xv.- 1856˛¬- ap¬-Øm≥-˛I-dm-®n- dq-´n¬-
sd-bn¬-thsse≥- \n¿-an-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\n-S-bn-¬- F-©n-\o-
1.- tKmƒ- hmƒ-°¿-:- hn-Nm-c-[m-c- t]-Pv-:- 575 ap-X¬- 585 h-sc- t\m-°p-I.-
2.- `m-c-X- hn-Pv-Rm-\-tIm-iw- hm-:- 1,- t]-Pv-:-181
26 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-
b-dm-b- tUm¨- {_¨-S¨- F∂- Cw-•ojp-Im-c-\m-Wv- kn-\v-[p-\-
Zo-XS- kw-kvI- m-cØ
- n-s≥-d- A-Sb
- m-fß
- ƒ- B-Zy-am-bn- I-s≠-Øn-bXv.-
A-t±-l-hpw- k-tlm-Z-c≥- hn-eyw- {_¨-S-Wpw- \-K-cm-h-in-jv-S-ß-
fn-se- C-jv-Sn-I-I-ƒ- sIm-≈-sN-bv-Xp-sIm-≠v- X-ßfp-sS- sd-bn¬th-
sse-\p-I-fn¬- ssa-ep-Itfm-fw- Zq-cw- C-jv-Sn-I- hn-cn®p.- 1870˛¬- B¿
°n-tbm-f-Pn-°¬- k¿-th- Hm-^v- C-¥y-bp-sS- U-b-d-Iv-S¿- P\dem-
bn-cp-∂- A-e-Iv-km-≠¿- I-Ænw-Kv- lmw-,- tam-l≥-P-Zm-tcm- lm-c-∏-
kw-kv-Im-cw- ]-T-\ hnt[-b-am-°n-sb-¶n-epw- 1921˛¬- k¿- tPm¨-
am¿-j-¬- B¿-°n-tbm-f-Pn- ta-[m-hn-b-m-bn-cp-∂-t∏mƒ- am-{X-amWv-
th-≠{X- {]m-[m-\y-tØm-sS- im-k{v- Xo-bam-b-- ]-T\- w- \-S∂- X -- v.- _n.kn-
2500˛m-am-≠n-\-Sp-Øm-Wv- ssk-\v-[-h- kw-kv-Im-c-Øn-s≥-d- D-®n-sb-
∂m-Wv- `-q-cn-]-£w- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-cp-sS-bpw- A-`n-{]m-bw1.- A-øm-bn-
c-tØm-fw- h¿-jw- ]-g-°-ap≈- Cu- kw-kv-Im-cw- \-K-c-kw-hn-[m-
\w,- hm-kv-Xp-hn-Zy,- I-c-Iui-ew,- sI´nS- \n¿-amWw,- ip-No-I-c-Ww,-
Ir-jn,- I-®-hSw,- I-∂p-I-m-en- h-f¿-ج- Xp-Sßn-b- cw-K-ß-fn-se-
√mw- A-kq-bm¿-l-am-b- h-f¿-®- t\-Sn-bn-cp-∂p2.- Cu- kw-kv-Im-c-
Øn-\v- ssh-Zn-I-kw-kv-Im-c-hp-am-bn- bm-sXm-cp- _-\v-[hp-an-√.- _n.-
kn.- 1200¬-- C-¥-y-bn-te-°v- I-S-∂p-h-∂- B-c-y-∑m-tcm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv-3
C-¥-ymN-cn-{Xam-c-w-`n-°p-∂-sX-∂m-bn-cp-∂-p- kn-\v-[p-\-Zo-X-S- kwkv-
Im-c-sØ-°p-dn-®- Adnhp- e-`n-°p-∂-Xn-\p- ap-ºv- hn-Nm-cn-°-s∏
´ncp∂Xv.-
ssh-Zn-I- kw-kv-Im-c-sa-∂dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- B-cy-kw-kv-Im-c-am-
Wv- `m-cX
- Ø
- ns≥-d- ]u-cm-Wn-I- kw-kvI
- m- c
- s
- a-∂- [m-cW
- °
- v- kn\v[p-
\Zo-X-S- kwkv-Im-c-Øn-s≥-d- I-≠p-]n-Sp-Øw- C-f-°w-X-´n-®p.- thtZm-
]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ- cq]w- \¬-In-b- ssh-Zn-I- kw-kv-Im-c-hp-am-bn- kZr-
i-a√mØ- H-cp- kw-kv-Im-cw- kl{km_vZ߃°v apºpXs∂
ChnsS \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p-sh-∂- K-th-j-W- ^-ew- X-ß-fm-Wv- `mcX
Øn-s≥-d- A-h-Im-in-I-sf-∂- A-h-Im-i-hm-Z-ap-∂-bn-°p-∂-h¿-°v-
Akl-\o-b-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n-epw- D¬-J-\-\-߃- A-Xv- h-kv-Xp-X-
bm-sW∂v- sX-fn-bn-®p.-
1.- tKm¿-U≥- ssN¬-Uv-:- a-\p-jy≥- kz-bw- \n¿an-°p-∂p.-
2.- `m-c-X- hn-Pv-Rm-\- tIm-iw,-- hm-fyw-:- 2.- t]-Pv-:- 766.-
3.- tKm¿-U≥- ssN-¬-Uv-:- N-cn-{X-Øn¬- F-¥p- kw-`-hn-®p?-- t]-Pv-:- 194.-
[-¿-a-hpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw- 27
ssh-Zn-I- Im-e-L-´w- _n.-kn- 1200˛\pw- 1400˛\pw- C-S-bn-em-
sW-∂mWv- {]-i-kv-X- P¿-a≥- ]-Wv-Un-X-\m-b- am-Iv-kv-ap-≈-d-S-°w-
]-e- {]-K-Xv-`c-- psSbpw- A-`n-{]m-bw.- F-∂m¬,- ssh-Zn-I- Im-e-L-´-
Øn-\v- ap-ºv- th-Z-ßtfm- a‰-p- B-cy-{K-\v-Y-ß-tfm- ]-Tn-°m-Ø- H-cp-
k-aqlw- C-¥y-bn¬- a-l-Øm-b- H-cp- \m-K-cn-I-X- kv-Ym-]n-®p-sh-∂
Im-cyw- Aw-Ko-I-cn-°m≥- ssh-a-\-ky-ap-≈-,- kv-Ym-]n-X- Xm¬-]-cy-
°-mc- m-b- Nn-e- N-cn-{X-sa-gp-Øp-Im-cp-sS- ]pXnb- I-≠p-]n-Sn-Øw- ssh-
Zn-Ibp-Kw- _n.-kn- 3000˛Øn-epw- ]n-d-tIm-´m-sW-∂mWv.- A-ß-s\-
kn-\[ v- p-\Z- o-XS- - kw-kI
v- m-cw- th-Z˛- ]p-cm-W- Im-eL
- ´- Ø
- n-s≥-d- ]n¥p-
S¿-®bm-sW-∂pw- {_m-lv-a-W- kw-kv-Im-c-Øn-s≥-d- ]-cnW-Xim-J-
bm-sW-∂pw- A-h¿- hm-Zn-°p-∂p.- _m-en-i-ß-fm-b- G-Xm-\pw- sXfn-
hp-Iƒ- C-h¿°v- A-h-X-cn-∏n-°m-\p-s≠-¶n-epw- A-h-sb-√mw-X-s∂-
A-Sn-kvYm-\-cln-X-ß-fm-sW-∂v- a-\- n-em-°m≥- G-sd- ]m-Sp-s]-
tS-≠-Xn-√.-
k-n-\v-[p-\-Zo-X-S-k-wkv-Im-c-Øn-s≥-d- kv-Ym-]-I¿- Idp-Ø-h-cm-
b- {Zmhn-U∑m-cm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂-Xn-\m-Wv- sX-fn-hp-I-fp-sS- ap-gph≥-
]n≥-_-e-hp-ap-≈-Xv.- {Zm-hn-U-∑m¿-°m-I-s´- B-cy∑m-cp-am-bn- F-s¥-
¶n-epw- k-mZr-iy-ßtfm- A-h-cp-sS- a-X-hni-zm-k-hp-am-bn- F-s¥-¶n-
epw- _-\v-[-ß-tfm- D-≈-Xm-bn- a-\- n-em-°m≥- I-gn-bp-∂n-√.- Cu-
{Zm-hn-U- kwkvIm-cw- \-in-∏n-®-Xv- B-cym-K-a-\-am-sW-∂pw- A-X-√-
kn\v[p\-Zn-bp-sS- K-Xn-am-‰-am-sW-∂pw- c≠-`n-{]m-b-ß-fp≠v.- H-∂m-
a-sØ- A-`n-{]m-b-Øn-\m-Wv- sX-fn-hp-I-tf-sd-bp-≈-Xv.- tam¿-´n-a-¿-
hoe¿,- tKm¿-U≥- ssN¬-Uv- Xp-S-ßn-b- {]-K-Xv-`¿- Cu- A-`n-{]m-b-
°m-cm-Wv.-
F-¥m-bn-cp-∂m-epw,- kn-\v-[p-\-Zo-X-S-kw-kv-Im-c-Øn-s≥-d-
Is≠-Ø-temS-p-Iq-Sn,- B-cy-kw-kv-Im-cw- A-Y-hm- ssl-µ-h- kwkv-
Im-c-am-Wv- `m-c-X-Øns≥-d- ]u-c-m-Wn-I- kw-kv-I-m-c-sa-∂- A-h-Im-
i-hm-Z-Øn-\pw- ]n∂oSv- C-¥y-bn-te-°v- I-S-∂p-h-∂-h¿- hn-tZ-in-I
fm-Wv,- A-h¿- ]p-d-Øp-t]m-I-W-sa-∂- B-i-b-Øn-\pw- h-ºn-®- XI¿-
®-bm-Wv- t\-cn-´-Xv.- "`m-c-X- kw-kv-Im-cw- A-Y-hm- ssh-Zn-I- kw-kv-
Im-c'-sa-∂- k-a-hm-Iy-Øn-\v- sX-fn-hp-≠m-°m≥- N-cn-{X-sa-gp-Xn-b-
h-cpsS- Du¿-[i - zm-kw- am-{Xam-Wv,- ssh-ZnI- kw-kvI- m-cs
- Ø- _n.kn
3000˛Øn-\p- ap-ºt- Ø-°v- ]n-Sn-®p-he - n-°m-\p-≈- {i-aØ
- n-\p- ]n-∂n¬-
28 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-
_p≤n-bp-≈-h¿-°v- Z¿-in-°m≥- I-gn-bp-∂-Xv.-
B-cy-a-Xw-:- "hn-tZ-in-I-fm¬- ln-µp-a-X-sa-∂-v hnfn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-
Xn-\p- apºv- B-cy-∑m¿- ]n-¥p-S¿-∂- a-X-sa∂- \n-e-°v- ln-µp-a-Xw-
Bcy-a-X-sa-∂v- hn-fn-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂p.- ]-t£,- ]n-∂o-Sv- A-\m-cy-∑mcpw-
C-tX- a-Xw -X-s∂- kzoI-cn-®-Xn-\m¬- B-cy-a-Xw- C-¥y-b-n-se- `q-cn-
`m-K-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- a-X-am-bn-Øo¿∂p'.-1
B-cy-∑m-¿- sIm-≠-p-h-∂- a-X-am-Wv- ln-µp-a-X-sa-∂¿-Yw.- Bcy-
∑mc√- C-¥y-bn-se- b-Ym¿-Y- B-Zn-a-\n-hm-kn-I-sf-∂v- \mw- a-\- n-
em-°n.- ]n-s∂- B-cy-a-X-Øn-\v- `m-c-Xo-b- a-X-sa-∂- t]-cp- hn-fn°p∂-
sX-ßs- \-bm-Wv?- kn\v[- p-\Z- o-XS- - kw-kvI
- m-cs
- Ø- \-in-∏n-®p-sIm≠v-
A-b¬-\m-Sp-I-fn¬-\n-∂v- IpSn-tbdn-b- A-]-cn-jv-Ir-X-cm-bn-cp-∂p-
Bcy-∑m-sc-∂m-Wv- ]-Wv-Un-X-a-Xw.2
{Z-mh
- n-U¿-°p-ap-ºp-Xs
- ∂- t{]m-t´m- B-k{v- Sn-tem-bU
v- v- hw-i°m-
cmb- Nn-e- hn-`m-K-߃- C-¥y-bn-ep-≠m-b-n-cp-∂p-sh-∂pw- A-`n{]mb-
a-p-≠v.- ]t£,- tam-l≥-P-Zm-tcm-hn-epw- lm-c-∏-bn-epw- a-l-Ømb-
\m-K-cn-I-X- krjv-Sn-®h¿- {Zm-hn-U-cm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂- Im-cy-Øn¬-
Hcp-hn-[w- F-√m- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-cpw- G-Im-`n-{]m-b-°m-cm-Wv.- C-h¿-
G-Xp- h-¿-K-Øn¬-s]-´-h-cm-sW-t∂m- FhnsS- \n-∂v- h-∂-h-cm-sW-
t∂m- hy-Iv-X-a-√.- X-Zzn-j-b-I-am-bn- hn-`n-∂- A-`n-{]mb°m-cm-Wv-
]Wv-UnX-∑m¿.-
sa-Un-‰t- d-\n-b≥- {]-tZ-iØ
- p- \
- n-∂v- h-∂h
- c
- m-Wv- {Zm-hn-U∑ - msc-
∂m-bn- c
- p-∂p- Cu-bS- p-Ø- Im-ew-hs- c- hn-iz-kn-°s - ∏-´n-cp-∂X - v.- kqkn-
b≥,- Fem-ssa-‰v,- _-lq-hn,- lq-dn-b≥,- Im-ssk-‰v `m-jI - f- pw- {ZmhnU-
`m-j-I-fpw- XΩn-ep-≈- km-Zr-iy-hpw-,- A-^v-Km-\n-kv-Ym≥-,- C-dm\n-
se- ]¿-h-X-{]-tZ-i߃,- bq-{-^-´o-kv- ssS-{Ko-kv- \-Zo-X-S-߃- Xp-S-
ßn-bn-S-ß-fn-se- k-v-Y-e\m-a-߃-°v- {Zm-hn-U- cq]-ß-fp-am-bp-≈-
tN¿-®-bpw- A-h¿- sa-Un-‰-td-\nb≥- {]tZ-i-Øp-\n-∂v- h-∂-h-cm-
sW∂v- ]-d-bm≥- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-sc- t{]cn-∏n-°p-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-X3v .-
1. Satyavrata Patel: Hinduism, Religion and way of life Page: 1.
2. tKm¿-U≥- ssN¬-Uv-:- N-cn-{X-Øn¬- F-¥v- kw-`-hn-®p-,- t]-Pv-:- 194.-
3. K.A. Nilakandashasthri: A History of South India. Page 118.
[-¿-a-hpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw- 29
sa-Un-‰-td-\n-b≥- hw-i-P-cm-b- Z-£n-W- bq-tdm-t∏m-bv-Uv- h-w-i-
°mcmWv- (southern europoid race)- {Z-m-hnU-sc-∂- A-`n{]m-b-sØ-
B[p-\nI- \-c-hw-i- im-kv-{X-Pv-R-∑m¿- A-\p-Iq-en-°p-∂n-√.- XmcX-
tay-\- sh-fp-Ø- h¿-K-°m-cm-b- bq-tdm-t∏m-bv-Up-I-fp-am-bn- B-Ir-
Xn-bnepw- {]-Ir-Xn-bn-epw- hy-Xy-kv-X-cm-Wv- {Zm-hn-U-∑m¿.- {Zm-hn-U-
cn¬- a-n-{i-hw-iØn-s≥-d- {]-Ir-Xn-bpw- L-S-\-bp-am-Wv- Im-Wp-∂-Xv.-
I-dp-Ø-tXm- Cfw-X-hn-´p- \n-d-Øn-ep-≈-tXm- B-b- N¿-aw,- I-´n-Ip-d-
™- Xe-ap-Sn,- an-X-am-bn- h-f¿-∂- i-co-c-tcm-a-߃,- ]n--d-tIm-´v- sN-
cn-™v- Hs´m-s°- ]-c-∂- s\-‰n,- h-f-™p-hn-I-kn-®- ]p-cn-I-߃,-
Ip-gn-™- \-b\-X-ew,- D-b-cw- Ip-d-™v- t\-sc-bp≈-tXm- A¬-]w-
\-Sp-hp-b¿-∂-tXm- B-b- aq-°n-s≥-d- ]m-ew,- H-´p-hn-S¿-∂- \m-km-Zzm-
c-߃,- A¬-]w- X-Sn-®- Np-≠p-Iƒ,-- sN-dp-tXm- C-S-Ø-c-tam- B-b-
Xm-Sn-sb-√p-Iƒ-,- km-am\yw- Ip-\n-™- ap-Jw,- \o-≠p-b¿-∂- X-e- C-
h-bmWv- {Zm-hn-U-cp-sS- {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ.- C-h-sb√mw- bq-tdm-t∏m-bv-
Uv- hn-`m-K-Ønepw- \o-t{Km-bv-Uv- hn-`m-K-Øn-epw- Dƒ-s∏-´- Nn-e- {Kq-
∏-p-Iƒ- XΩn¬- tN¿-∂-Xn-s≥-d- e-£-W-ß-fm-sW-∂m-Wv- {]-KXv-`
\m-b- Fw.- s\-kv-Xp¿-°n-s≥-d- A`n-{]m-bw1.- Cu-Pn-]v-Xn-epw- sa-k
s]m-t´m-anb-bn-epw- \m-K-cn-I-X-°v- B-cw`w- Ip-dn-®-Xn-\v- G-I-tZiw-
k-a-Im-enI-am-bn-X-s∂- kn-\v-[p-\-Zo-X-S-Øn¬- \mKcn-I-X- kr-jvSn-
®- {Zm-hnU-∑m¿- Cu- c-≠p- h¿-Kß - f - p-sS-bpw- k-¶c
- k
- ¥
- X
- n-If
- msW-
∂- A-`n-{]m-b-Øn-\v- {]-k-Iv-Xn-bp-s≠-∂m-Wv- a-\- n-em-°m≥
Ignbp∂Xv.-
B-c-y-∑m-cp-sS- X-d-hm-Sv-:- Bcy-∑m-cp-sS- B-Zn-a-hm-k-kv-Y-ew-
F-hn-sS-bm-sW-∂-Xn¬- ]-Wv-U-n-X-∑m¿-°n-S-bn¬- A-`n-{]m-b-hy-Xym-
k-ßf - p-≠v.- ]-t£,- A-h¿ - - C-¥y-°p-]p-dØ- p-\n∂v- h
- ∂- h
- c
- m-sW∂-
Im-cy-Øn¬- H-cp-hn-[w- ]-Wv-U-n-X-∑m-sc-√mw- tbm-Pn-°p-∂p.- C∂
sØ- l-¶-dn,- B-kv-{Sn-b,- s_m-lo-an-b- Xp-Sßn-bn-S-ß-fn¬- tUm.-
]n.- ssK¬kv- B-cy-X-dhm-Sv- Is≠-Øn-b-t∏mƒ- a-s‰m-cp- hn-`mKw-
]-Wv-Un-X-∑m¿- ]m-ao¿- ]o-T-`q-an-bm-Wv- BZy-B-cy-∑m-cp-sS- hm-k-
kvY
- e- s- a-∂v- hm-Zn-®p.- P¿-a≥-Im-c\
- m-b- E-tKz-Z]
- W
- U
v- n-X≥- G-Wkv‰v-
tlm-ao-kv- D-Ø-c-{[p-h-Øn-em-Wv- B-Zn-B-cy-∑m-cp-sS- X-d-hm-sS-∂v-
1. M. Nesthurkh: The Races of Mankind Page 174.
30 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- [-¿-a-hpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw- 31

sX-fn-hp-Iƒ- \n-c-Øn- k-a¿-Yn-°p-∂p-≠v-1. "Nn-e-¿- B-cy-∑m-cpsS-
]q¿hnI- hm-k-kv-Ym-\w- D-Ø-c-bq-tdm-∏m-sW-∂pw- ]iv-Nn-a- bqtdm-
∏m-sW-∂pw- kn-≤m-¥n-®p.- bq-tdm-∏n¬-\n-∂pw- G-jy-bn-seØn-b-
tKm-{X-hn-`m-K-ß-ƒ- {I-ta-W- t]-gv-ky-,- A-^v-Km-\n-kv-Ym≥- F-∂o-
{]-tZ-i-߃ hgn- C-¥y-bn-te-°v- h-∂p-sh-∂m-Wv- a-s‰m-cp- kn-≤m-
¥w.- I-cn-¶-S-en\p- hS-°p-≈- _mƒ-°≥- {]-tZ-i-Øp-\n-∂v- t]-gv-
ky-h-gn- h-∂-h-cm-sW-∂- A`n-{]m-b-am-Wv- Iq-Sp-X¬- km¿-h{Xn-
Iw.- 1988˛¬- tIm-fn≥- sd≥-^yq- F-∂- ]p-cm-X-X-z-]-Wv-Un-X≥- ]p-Xn-
sbm-cp- kn-≤m-¥-ap-∂-bn-®p.- Xp¿-°n-bn-se- A\-tØm-fn-bm- {]-tZ-
i-Øv- Nm-X¬-l-bp-Kw- B-bn-cn-°-Ww- C-t¥m- bqtdm-]y-∑m-cp-sS-
bpw- A-h-cp-sS- aq-e-`m-j-bp-sS-bpw- D¬-`-h-kv-Ym-\-sa-∂pw- Duln-
°p-∂p.- Im¿jn-I- hn-I-k-\-tØm-sSm-∏-am-W-t{X- ]p-Xn-b- `m-j-
Iƒ- D¬-`-hn-®-Xpw- hym-]n-®-Xpw.-- hv-fm-Zn-kv-em-hv- C-√n-®v-kv-hn-Zn-Iv,-
B-d≥-Z¬- Kthm¬-kv-In- F∂o- d-jy≥- `m-jm-]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-cpw- kz-
X-{¥-K-th-j-W-Øn-eqsS- C-t¥m-bq-tdm-]y-∑m-cp-sS- aq-e-tI-{µw- A-
\-tØm-fn-b {]-tZ-i-am-Im-sa-∂v- kn-≤m-¥n-®n-cp-∂p'-2.-
{]-K-Xv-`-cm-b- C-¥y≥- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-cpw-,- B-cy-∑m¿- C-¥-y°p-
]pdØp- \n-∂p- h-∂h - c
- m-sW-∂- A-`n-{]m-b°
- m-¿X- s
- ∂-bm-Wv.- tUm.
F-kv.- cm[m-Ir-jv-W≥,- k¿ B¿.Pn.- `-WvUm¿-°¿,- A-t£m-bv-
Ip-am¿- a-Pqw-Zm¿,- B¿.-C.-kn.- Z-Ø-,- _m-e-Kw-Km-[-c-Xn-e-I≥-
XpSßnb- ]-Iz-a-Xn-I-fp-sS-sb√mw- A-`n-{]m-bw- C-X-s{X.-
_m-eK- w-Km-[c
- X
- n-eI
- s
- ≥-d- ho-£W
- Ø- n¬- B-cy-∑m¿- D-Øc
-{[ph-Øn¬-\n-∂pw- h-∂-h-cm-Wv.- A-t±-lw- F-gpXn-:- "G-‰-hpw- {]m-
-No-\-cm-b- Bcy≥- P-\-X-bp-sS- hm-k-kv-Y-ew- D-Ø-c-{[p--h- {]m-¥-
ß-fn-se-hn-sS-tbm- B-bn-cp-∂p-.- C-Xv- hy-Iv-X-am-°p-∂-Xn-∂p-th-≠-
sX-fn-hp-Iƒ- B-cy-h-¿-K-Øn-s≥-d- G-‰-hpw- {]m-No-\-ß-fm-b- th-Z-
km-ln-Xy-ß-fnepw- sk≥-dv- Ah-kv-X-3bn-epw- D-s≠-∂v- hn-i-zm-k-
tbm-Ky-amw-h-Æw- sX-fn-bn-°m≥- I-gn-bp-sa-∂m-Wv- Rm≥- I-cp-
Xp∂Xv'4.- ku-io-c-Zy-k- Zr-io-cn-Zp-tizm,- Zo¿-Lw- kNt¥-h-cp-W-
1.- hn-iz-hn-Pv-Rm-\-tIm-iw,-- hm-:- 2 ""B-cy-∑m¿''- t]-Pv- 269
2.- `m-c-X- hn-Pv-Rm-\-tIm-iw-,- hm-eyw- 1 ""B-cy-∑m¿''-,- t]-Pv- 180.-
3.- C-dm≥-Im-cp-sS- ]u-cm-Wn-I- th-Z-{K-\v-Yw.-
4.- Bala Gangadara Tilakan: Arctic Home in Vedas, Page 19
ky-[ma1 (C-∂pw- \m-sf-bpw- C-hƒ- Xp-ey-am-bn-Øs-- ∂- h¿-Øn-
°p∂p.- B- Zo¿-L-Im-e-tØ-°v- A-hƒ- h-cp-W-s≥-d- Kr-l-Øn¬-
t]m-Ip∂p'-)- F-∂- EtKz-Z- kq-Iv-X-hpw- CtXm-S-\p-_-\v-[n-®- kq-Iv-
X-ßf- pw- DØ-c{- [p-hØ- nse- D-jx- I
- m-es- Ø- h¿-Wn-°p-∂h - b
- m-sW-
∂m-Wv- tem-Ia - m-\y-Xn-eI
- s
- ≥d- A-`n-{]m-bw.- "B- Zo¿-LI
- m-et- Ø°v-
D-j-kv- h-cp-W-`-h-\Øn¬- t]m-bn- Xm-a-kn-°p-∂p- F-∂p-≈-Xn-\v,-
B-cy-∑m-cp-sS- B-Zn-a-hm-k-kv-Y-eØv- B-dp- amkw- A-\v-[-Im-c-am-
sW-∂m-Wv- A¿-Y-am-sb-Sp-t°-≠-Xv'2.- B-dp- am-kw- ]-I-epw- B-dp-
amkw- cm-{Xn-bp-am-b- {]-tZ-iw- {[p--h-ß-fn-em-b-Xn-\m¬- A-hn-sS-\n-
∂m-bn-cn-°-Ww- B-c-y-∑mcp-sS- hn-hn-[- tZ-iß-fn-te-°p-≈- Ip-Sn-
tb‰w- \-S-∂-Xv- F-∂pw- XneI≥- A-\p-am-\n-°p-∂p.-
B-cy-`m-js - b-°p-dn-®v- K-th-jW
- w- \-SØ- n-b- ]-WU v- n-X∑mcpw-
AXn\v- sk-an-‰n-Iv- `m-j-bp-am-bp-≈- _-\v-[w- Nq-≠n-°m-´n-bn-´p≠v.-
"E-tKz-Z-Ønse- `m-j-sb-∏-‰n- K-th-j-Ww- \-S-Øn-b- ]m-iv-N-m-Xy-
]Wv-Un-X-∑m¿- A-Xn-\v- t]¿-jy≥,- {Ko-°v-,- e-Øo≥,- Sq-t´m-Wn-Iv,-
kv-tem-thm-Wn-Iv- `m-j-I-fp-ambn- _-\v-[-ap-s≠-∂v- I-s≠-Øn.- Ah-
s°-√mw- Iq-Sn- s]m-Xp-hm-b- H-cp- aq-e-`mj-bp-≠m-bn-cn-°-W-sa-∂m-
W-hc - p-sS- A-\p-am-\w.- ssh-Zn-I- kw-kvI
- rX-Øn-\v- am-Xr-Xzw- I¬]n-
°m-\-h¿- X-ø-m-d-√.- Im-c-Ww,-- A-Xn-t\-°mƒ- ]ga- tXm-∂n-°p-∂-
H-∂m-W,v - Gjym-ssa-\d - n-se- t_m-Lm-kt-v Im-b-v (Bogahazkoy) F∂n-
S-Øp-\n-∂v- I-s≠-Sp-Ø- in-em-tc-J-I-fn-se- `m-j'3.-
kn-\v-[p- \-Zo-X-S-Øn-se- en-J-n-X-߃- (Indus scripts) C-Xp-
hsc- hmbn-°m≥- I-gn-™n-´n-√.- A-Xp-hm-bn-°m≥- I-gn-™m¬ `mc-
Xo-b- ss]-Xr-Is - Ø-°p-dn-®- ]-e- A-aq-ey-hn-PvRm-\ß - f - pw- a-\ 
- nem-
°m≥- I-gn-bpsa∂mWv- hn-Z-Kv-[¿- A-\p-am-\n-°p-∂-Xv.- th-Z-ß-fpw-
D-]\
- n-jØ
- p-°f - p-sa-√mw- XpS-°Ø
- n¬- ]-le v- h
- n- en-]n-bn-em-bn-cp∂p-
h-t{X- F-gp-X-s∏-´n-cp-∂-Xv.- {_mlv-a-Wm-[n-]-Xy-Øn-s≥-d- AXn-{]-
k-c-Øn¬-,- h-e-Xp-`m-K-Ø-p-- \n-∂v- F-gp-X-s∏Sp∂- ]-lv-e-hn-bn¬-
\n-∂v- Ah- kw-kv-Ir-X-Øn-te-°v- Xn-cn-™p-t]m-Ip-Ibm-W-t{X-
1.- E-tKz-Zw- 1:123:-8.-
2.- Arctic Home in Vedas, Page 103.
3.- ]n.- Zm-tam-Z-c-]n-≈-:- K-Zy-ssI-c-fn- `m-:- 4 t]-Pv- 161
32 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- [-¿-a-hpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw- 33

D≠m-bXv1.- kn-\v-[n-`m-jm-en-]n- A-d-_n- A-£-c-ß-sf-t∏m-se-bmWv- Sp-∂n-√.- C-¥y-bp-sS- a-Xw- Bcy∑m¿- sIm-≠p-h-∂- Z¿i\-߃-
Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.- kw-kv-Ir-X- `m-j- B-Zy-am-bn- D-]-tbm-Kn-°s∏´Xv- am-{X-am-sW-∂pw- A-h-b-√m-Ø-sX√mw- sshtZ-in-I-hpw- ]pd-Øm-
th-Zßfn-em-sW-∂v- I-cp-Xs - ∏-Sp-∂p.- A-Yh
- m,- B-cy- `- m-jb
- m-b- kwkv- °-s∏-tS-≠-Xp-am-sW-∂p-ap-≈- hm-Z-Øn-\v- bp-Iv-Xnbp-sS-bpw- hkv-
Ir-Xhpw- kn-\v-[n- `m-j-bpw- X-Ωn¬- bm-sXm-cp- _-\v-[-hp-an√.- Cu- Xp-XIfp-sS-bpw- bm-sXmcp- ]n≥-_-e-hp-an-s√-∂v- a-\- n-em°m≥-
"_-\v-[-an√m-bv-a' bpw- Im-Wn-°p-∂-Xv- B-cy-∑m¿- C-¥y°p- ]p-d- th-≠n- am-{X-amWv- B-cy-∑mcpsS- B-Zn-hm-k-kv-Y-e-sØ-°p-dn-®v-
Øp-\n-∂v- h∂-h-cm-sW∂m-Wv-; A-h-cp-sS- `m-j-t]m-epw- C-¥y-°p- A¬-]w- ]-cm-a¿-in-®Xv.-
]p-d-Øp- cq-]-s∏-´-Xm-sW-∂pw.- B-cy-∑m¿- `m-c-X-Øn-\v- ]p-d-Øp-\n-∂v- h-∂p-sh-∂-Xp-sIm≠v-
C-t¥m-bq-tdm-]y≥- `m-j-bm-b- kw-kv-Ir-Xw- kw-km-cn-®n-cp∂- A-hcp-sS- a-X-hn-i-zm-k-Øn-s≥-d- aln-a-tbm- Z¿-i-\-Øn-s≥-d- Hu-Pv-
Bcy-∑m¿- t]-gv-ky-bn¬- (C-dm≥-)- Ip-sd-°m-ew- I-gn-®p-Iq-´n.- ]ns∂- P-ey-tam- Ipd-bp-∂n-√.- a-X-hpw- Z¿-i-\-hp-sa-√mw- tZ-io-b-X-Iƒ-°-
bm-Wv- C¥y-bn-te-°v- h-∂-Xv.- t]-gv-ky-°m-cp-sS- sk≥-dv- Ah-kvX- Xo-X-am-b- h-kv-Xp-XI-fm-Wv.- B-cyZ¿-i-\w- C-¥y-°-I-Øp-≠m-b-
F-∂- {K-\-vY-Øn-se- `m-j-°pw- ssZ-h-߃-°pw- th-Z-ß-fnse- `mj Xm-sW-¶n-epw- ]p-d-Øp-≠m-b-Xm-sW-¶n-epw- A-h-bp-sS- D¬-t_m-
bpw- ssZ-h-ß-fp-am-bn- h-f-sc- km-Zr-iy-ap-≠v.- C-{µ≥,- an-{X≥,- hmbp- [-\hpw- k-n≤ - m-¥ß- f- pw- D-PvP
- z-eß-fm-sW-¶n¬- AXw-Ko-Ic - n-°m≥-
F-∂o- ssZ-h-߃- c-≠n-epw- Im-Wmw2.- hn-th-I-ap-≈-h¿- ap-gp-h≥- k-∂-≤-cm-hpw.- A-tX-k-a-bw,- C-¥y-°-
C-sX-√mw- N-cn-{X-Øn-s≥-db - pw- sX-fn-hp-If - p-sS-bpw- A-Sn-kvYm- I-Øp-≠m-bn-t∏m-bn- F-∂- H-scm-‰- Im-c-W-Øm¬- am-{Xw- G-Xp-
\-Ønep-≈- \n-K-a-\-ß-fm-Wv.- F-∂m¬,- B-cy-∑m-cp-sS- X-d-hmSv- tæ-NO
v- am-b- hn-iz- m-kß- s- f-bpw- sN-bXv- n-Is
- f-bpw- Aw-Ko-Ic
- n-°m\pw-
C¥y-bn¬- Xs∂- I-s≠-ØW-sa-∂v- \n-¿-_-\v-[-ap-≈- Nn-e-cp-≠v.- ]m-Sn-∏p-I-gv-Øm-\pw- hn-Nm-c-t_m-[-ap-≈-h-sc-sbm-∂pw- In-´psa∂v-
Cu- Nn¥m-KX - n-bpsS- P-\b
- n-Xm-hv- B-cy-ka - m-P- kvY - m-]I
- \- m-b- kzm- tXm-∂p∂n-√.- \-tS- kq-Nn-∏n-®-t]m-se- `-K-hm≥- (?)- c-P\o-jn-s≥d-
an- Zbm-\-µ- k-c-kz-Xn-bmWv.- \yq-Z¬-ln- tI-{µ-am-°n- {]-h¿-Øn-®p- ssewKnI-X-bn-e-[njv-Tn-X-am-b- ssZ-h-X-Øz-im-kv-{X-hpw- km-bn-
sIm≠n-cn-°p-∂- C-Xn-lm-kv- ip-≤n- k≥-kv-Ym≥- (N-cn-{X- ip-≤o-I- _m-_-bp-sS- Pme-hn-Zym-ssZ-h-m-h-Xm-c-hp-sa-√mw- P-∑-sa-Sp-Ø-Xv- `m-
c-W- kw-L-S-\)- F-∂- {]-kv-Ym-\-Øn-s≥-d- {]-[m-\- e-£yw- X-s∂- cX-Øn-s≥-d- im-Zz-e-`qan-bn¬-X-s∂-bm-W-t√m.-
B-cy-X-d-hm-Sv- ln-am-e-b-Øn-\n-∏p-d-Øv- {]-Xn-jv-Tn-°p-Ib-m-Wv.- tZ-i-ß-f-p-sS- A-Xn-cp-Iƒ-°-Xo-X-am-bn- a-\p-jy-s≥-d- B-Xv-
s{]m^.- ]n. F≥.- Hm-°v- F-∂- "N-cn-{X-Imc-'-\m-¬- \bn-°-s∏-Sp-∂- amhns\bpw- a-\ n-s\-bpw- a-kv-Xn-jv-I-sØ-bpw- ]-cn-h¿-Øn-∏n-°p-
{]-kv-Xp-X- kw-L-S-\- tem-I-Øp-≈- t]-cp-tI-´- {]-tZ-i-߃- apgp- Ibpw- \nb-{¥n-°p-I-bpw- sN-øp-∂- i-Iv-Xn-bm-Wv- a-X-w.- H-cp- tZ-i
h≥- ssl-µ-h-h-Xv-I-cn-®v- C-Xn-\-Iw- {]-kn-≤n- t\-Sn-bn-´p-≠v.- B-cy- Øp≈h¿-°v- am{Xw- tam-£w,- H-cp- - X-dh - m-´n¬- ]n-d∂
- h
- ¿-°p- am{Xw-
X-d-hmSv- C-¥y-bn-em-sW-∂-Xn-\v- Ip-td- "sX-fn-hp-Iƒ'- C-h¿- D-≤-cn- kz¿-Kw,-Xp-S-ßn-b- hnIrX-X-X-z-im-kv-{X-߃- a-\p-jy-s\- hn-im-e-
°m-dp-ap≠v.- ]t£,- A-h- \q-dp- i-X-am-\-hpw- _m-en-i-ß-fm-sW-∂- X-bn-te-°-√- k-¶p-Nn-X-Xz-Ø-n-te-°m-Wv- \-bn-°p-I-sb-∂p-d-∏m-Wv.-
XmWv- hmkvX - h- w.- Bcy-Xd - h
- mSv- C-¥y-°v- ]p-dØ - m-sW-t∂m- lnµp- a-l-Ømb- Z¿-i-\-߃- A-Ø-c-Øn¬- k-¶p-Nn-X-am-hp-I-bn-√.--Z¿-
a-Xw- ssh-tZ-in-I-amsW-t∂m- kv-Ym-]n-°p-I-b-√- \Ωp-sS- e-£y i-\-Øn-s≥-d- A-\p-bm-bn-I-fm-bn- ]n-∂o-Sv- h-∂h-cm-Wv- a-l-Ømb-
sa-∂-Xn-\m¬- A-htbmtcm-∂-p-sa-Sp-Øv- hn-a¿-in-°m≥- sa-\-s°- Z¿-i\
- ß
- s- f- k-¶p-Nn-Xh
- X
- I
v- c
- n-®X
- v.- sX-‰v- Z¿-i\
- Ø
- nt≥d-X√- ;- A\p-
bm-bn-I-fptS-Xm-sW-∂¿-Yw.-
1.- Bridgett and Raymond Alchiur: The Birth of Indian Civilization
D-≤-c-W-w- ]n.-sI.- tKm-]m-e-Ir-jv-W≥-:- tI-c-f-Øn-s≥-d- kmw-kv-°m-cn-I- N-cn-{Xw.- ln-µp-cm-j{v- Sw-:- "`m-cX
- w- ln-µp- cm-j{v- S-am-Wv'- F-∂- hm-ZØ
- nem
2.- `m-c-X- hn-Pv-Rm-\-tIm-iw,-- `m-:- 1 t]-Pv-:- 180
34 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-
Wv- ssh-Im-cn-I- ssl-µ-h-X- ]-Sp-Øp-b¿-Ø-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Cu-
hm-ZØn-\v- ap-sº-∂-tØ-°m-f-p-a-[n-Iw- kzo-Im-cy-X- e-`n-®p-sIm-≠n-
cn-°p-∂-Xn-\v- ImcWw- ssl-µ-h- Z¿-i-\-sØ-°p-dn-®- Adnhn√mbva
am-{X-am-Wv.- ssl-µ-h- Z¿-i-\-Øn-s≥-d- t]cn¬ cmjv{Sap≠m°p
hm≥ {ian°p∂h¿ A-Sn-kv-Ym-\- {K-\v-Y-ß-fm-b- th-Z-ß-tfm- D-]
\n-j-Øp-I-tfm- {_m-lv-a-W-ß-tfm- B-cWy-I-ß-tfm- ]p-cm-W-ß-
tfm- F-¥n-\-[n-Iw- `-K-h-Zv-Ko-X-t]m-ep-tam- A-h-sc- ]-Tn-∏n-°m-t\m-
A-Xn¬- \n-∂pw- ln-µp-cm-jv-{S-Øn-s≥-d- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\- {]-amW-߃-
D-≤-cn-°m-t\m- k-∂-≤-cm-Im-dn-√.- lnµp-cmjv-{S-sa∂- kz-]v-\-Øn\v-
ssk-≤m-¥n-I- A-Sn-Ø-d- tX-Sn- ssl-µ-h- ASn-kv-Ym-\- {K-\v-Y-߃-
]-c-Xp-∂-h¿-°v- \n-cm-i- am-{X-am-bn-cn-°pw- ^-ew.-
th-tZm-]-\n-j-Øp-°f-- n-sem-∂pw-X-s∂- H-cp- cm-jv-{S-k-¶¬-]w-
ImWpI- km[y-a-√.- I-∂p-Im-en-I-sf- ta-®p-\-S-∂n-cp-∂- \m-tSm-SnI
fm-b- B-cy∑mcp-sS- `m-c-Xm-K-a-\-hpw- C-hnS-sØ- B-Zn-hm-kn-I-fmb-
{Zm-hn-U-cn¬- \n-∂pw- t\-cn-tS-≠n- h-∂- sN-dp-Øp-\n¬-]pw,- Bcy∑m-
cp-sS- {]m-Ir-X- ssZ-h-˛a-X- k-¶¬-]-ß-fp-sa-√m-am-Wv- th-Z-ß-fp-sS-
hn-jb - w.- Po-hm-Xva
- m-hn-s\-bpw- ]c-am-Xva
- m-hn-s\-bpw- Ip-dn-®- Zm¿i\n-
I- N¿-®-I-fm-Wv- D-]-\n-j-Øp-°f-- n¬- \mw- Im-Wp-∂-Xv.- Z-im-h-Xm-c-
I-Y-I-fpw- A-hn-iz-k-\o-b- I-Ym-]m-{X-ß-fpw- \nd™- ]p-cm-W
ßtfm- a-{¥-{]-[m-\-am-b- {_m-lv-a-W-ß-tfm- H-∂pw- H-cp- cmjv{S-
k-¶-¬-]Øn-s≥-d- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\- tc-J-Iƒ- k-a-¿-∏n-°p-∂n-√.- ]ns∂-
bp-≈-Xv- cm-am-b-W- a-lm-`m-c-X-ß-fm-Wv.- Cu- C-Xn-lm-k-߃- cmP-
Ip-Spw-_-sØ-bpw- hw-i-sØ-bpw- Nq-gv-∂p-\n¬-°p-∂- I-Y-Iƒ- A-h-
X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p-s≠-∂-Xv- i-cn-bm-Wv.- ]-t£-,- B-[p-\n-I- cm-jv-{S-
k¶¬-]Øn-\v- B[m-c-am-th-≠- \n-b-a-kw-ln-X-Iƒ- tX-Sn- A-h
bn¬- ap-ßn-Ø∏n-bm-epw- \n-cm-i- am{X-am-bn-cn-°pw- ^-ew.- ln-µp-
cm-j-v{S-Øn-s≥-d- ASn-kv-Ym-\- tc-J-bm-bn- Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-
`-K-h-Zv-K-o-X-bp-sS kv-Yn-Xn-bpw-- X-ssY-h.-
kv-ar-Xn-I-fn¬- km-aq-ln-I-\n-b-a-ß-fpw- cm-jv-{S-\n-b-a-ß-fpw-
{]kv-Xm-hn-°p-∂p-s≠-∂Xv- i-cn-bm-Wv.- ]-t£,- h¿-Wm-{i-a- hyhkv-
Y-bn-e[n-jv-Tn-X-am-b- \n-b-a-ß-fm-W-h- Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂-Xv.- "{_m
lvaW-s\- sIm-√p∂- iq-{Z-s\- aq-∂p- {]m-h-iy-am-bn- Xo-bn-en-´v- Nn{X-
[-¿-a-hpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw- 35
h-[w sN-bv-Xp- sIm-√-Ww.- F-∂m¬,- iq-{Z-s\- a-‰p-≈-h¿- sIm-∂m¬-
H-cp- h¿-j-sØ- X-S-hpw- ]-{¥≠v- ]-ip-°-sf- ]n-g-bm-bn- h-kq-
em°pIbpw- sN-bvX - m¬- a-Xn'1- Xp-Sß- n-- {_mlva- W
- \
- v- H-cp- \n-bahpw-
iq-{Z-\v- thsdm-cp- \n-b-a-hpw- N-Wv-Um-f-\v- a-s‰mcp- \n-b-a-hp-sa-∂-
"kva- r-Xn'I-fn-se- X-Xz- i
- m-kv{- Xw- B-[p-\n-I- C-¥y-bp-sS- \n¿-an-Xn°p-
th-≠- ASn-kvYm-\- \n-b-a-ß-f-h-X-cn-∏n-°m≥- ]-cym-]v-X-amsW-∂v-
ln-µp- dn-ssh-h-enkv-‰p-Iƒ- t]mepw- ]-d-bp-sa-∂p- tXm∂p-∂n-√.-
C-¥y- H-cn-°-se-¶n-epw- cm-jv-{So-b-am-b- H-tc-I-I-am-bn-cn-∂p--
s√-∂-Xn-\v- N-cn-{Xw- km-£n-bm-Wv.- ap-K-f-cpw- A-^v-Km-\n-I-fpw- Cdm-
\n-I-fpw- a‰pw- C-¥ybn-te-°v- I-S-∂p-h-cp-∂-Xn-\p- ap-ºv- ]-c-kv-]-cw-
t]mcm-Sns°m-≠n-cp∂- tKm-{X-ß-fp-sS-bpw- h¿-K-ß-fp-sS-bpw- PmXn-
I-fpsS-bpw- \m-Sp-hmgn-I-fp-sS-bpw- k-aq-l-am-bn-cp-∂p- Cu- cm-Py-Øp-
≠mbn-cp-∂-Xv.- ln-µp-a-Xtam- Z¿-i-\-tam- kwkv-Im-c-tam- N-cn-{X-
Øn-sem-cn-°-epw- H-cp- G-Io-I-c-W- iIvXnbm-bn-cp-∂n-´n-√.- am-XrIm-
ln-µp-cmjv-{Sw- F-∂p- ]-d-bm-hp-∂- H-cp- cm-jv-{Sw- C-¥y-bp-sS- K-X
Im-e- Nc-n{- X-Øn-sehn-sS-bpw- Im-Wp-I- km-[y-a√.- F-tßm-´pw- hf®v-
hymJym-\n-°m-hp-∂- ssl-µ-h- Z¿-i-\-sØ- kzm¿Xv-Y-Øn\p-th-
≠n- hym-Jym-\n-°p-∂-h-cm-Wv- ln-µp-cm-jv-{S-hm-Z-°m¿.- C-hcpsS- th-
Z-{K-\vY
- a- m-b- Kp-cp-Pn- tKmƒ-hmƒ-°d - p-sS- "hn-Nm- c
- [
- m-c'-bp-sS- kvYnXn-
bpw- a-dn-®√ - .- H-cp- B-Xy-¥n-I- tZ-io-bX- b - p-sS- hm-Nm-ea - mb- hmIvt[m-
cWn-I-f-√m-sX- ln-µp-cm-jv-{S-Øn-s≥-d- A-hn-I-e-amb- H-cp- cq-]-tcJ-
t]mepw- A-Xn¬ I-s≠-Øp-I- km-[y-a√ - .- ln-µp-cm-j{v- S-sa-∂- k¶¬-
]-Øn-\v- sshIm-cn-I-am-b- B-th-i-a-√m-sX- ssk-≤m-¥n-I-am-b
bmsXm-cSn-kv-Ym-\-hp-an-s√-∂¿-Yw.-
ln-µp-sh-∂- ]-Z-Øn-\v- Zm-¿-i-\n-I-am-b- bm-sXm-c¿-Y-hp-ap-≠m-
bn-cp-∂n-s√-∂pw- H-cp- tZ-i-°m-sc- hn-fn-°m-\p-]-tbm-Kn-®- kw-Pv-R-
am-{X-am-bn-cp-∂p- A-sX-∂pw- \mw- a-\  - n-em-°n.- ]-t£,- C-∂p- lnµp-
a-X-sa-∂v- ]-db -- -s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- {Zm-hn-U-hn-izm-km-Nm-c-ß-fpw- B-cy-hn-
izm-km-Nm-c-ß-fpw- IqSn-°-e¿-∂- a-X-Øn-\m-Wv.- A-Xm-I-s´- _lp-
ssZ-h-m-cm-[-\- A-w-Ko-I-cn-°p∂p- F-∂- Im-cy-Øn-e-√m-sX- a-s‰m-
1.- Ku-X-a-[¿-Ω- kq-{Xw-:- D-≤-c-W-w- Ir-jv-Wm-\-µ-kzm-an-:- C-¥y-bn-se- h¿-Æ-k-a-cw
36 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- 37

∂n-epw- G-I-X-b-n-√m-Ø- Ip-sd-b-[n-Iw- a-X-ß-fp-sS- k-¶-e-\-am-Wv.-

A-sX¥m-bm-epw- C-∂v- Im-Wp-∂- k-¶-en-X- cq-]-Øn-ep-≈- ln-µp-
a-X-Øn-s≥-d- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-{K-\v-Y-ß-fp-sS- B-i-b-ß-fn¬- ssZ-hn-I-
t_m-[-\-Øns≥d- k-zm-[o-\-ap-t≠m- F-∂X-mWv- \mw At\z-jW-
hn-t[-b-am-°p-∂-Xv.- A-Xp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂- Cu- ]p-kv-X-I-Øn-ep-≈-
"ln-µp'- i-_Zv- Ø
- ns≥d- hn-h£ - - C-∂p- hy-hl
- c
- n-°p-∂- co-Xn-bnep≈-
kv-Ym-]-n-X-- ln-µp-a-XamWv.-

2
ln-µp-:- \n¿-h-N-\-߃-
"ln-µp'-a-X-sa-∂- t]-cn¬- H-cp- a-X-tam- Z¿-i-\-tam- `m-c-Xo-b-
Ncn{XØn¬- \n-e-\n-∂n-´n-s√-∂v- \mw- a-\ n-em-°n.- F-¶n-epw- C∂v-
"ln-µp-a-Xw' Hcp- km-aq-ln-I- bm-Ym¿-Yy-am-Wv-.- A-Xp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂-
N-cn-{X-Øn-s≥-d- Af-hp-tIm¬- am-{Xw- sh-®p-t\m-°n- "ln-µp'- F∂-
H-∂n-s√-∂v- ]-d-bp-∂- k-{º-Zm-bw- i-cn-b√.- C-∂v- ln-µp-a-Xw- F∂p-
]-d-bp-tºmƒ- A¿-Y-am-°p∂-sX-¥m-sW-∂- A-t\-z-j-W-Øn-\v-
AXp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂- G-sd- {]-kIv-Xnbp-≠v.-
ssl-µ-h- a-X-Øn-s≥-d- hy-Xy-kv-X- \m-a-߃- k-Xy-{h--X-]-
t´¬- Xs‚- "lnµp-bn-kw-:- a-X-hpw- Po-hn-X-am¿-K-hpw'-1 F-∂- {K-\v-Y-
Øn¬- hn-h-cn-°p-∂p-≠v.- "B-cy-kw-kv-Im-c-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- A-\m-cy-
kw-kv-Im-c-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- ka-\z-b-Øn¬- \n∂m-Wv- A-`n-\-h- ln-µp-
a-X-X-X-z-ß-f-p-sS- ]n-d-hn-sb-¶n-epw- B-cy-∑m¿- sIm-≠p-h-∂- a-X-
sa∂- \nebv-°v- A-Xn-s\- B-cy-a-X-sa-∂v,- hntZin-I-fm-¬- ln-µp-a-
X-sa-∂v- \m-a-I-c-Ww- sN-ø-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\v- a-p-tº-hnfn°s∏´p'-.-

1. Sathyavratha Patel: Hinduism: Religion and Way of Life.

38 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-
th-Z-ß-sf- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-{]-am-W-am-bn- kzo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬-
ssh-Zn-Ia - w- (Vedic Religion) F-∂v- ln-µp-aX
- X - w- A-dn-bs- ∏-´p.- {_mlv-
a-W≥-,- £-{Xn-b≥,- ssh-iy≥,- iq-{Z≥- F-∂n-ßs - \- P-\ß- s - f \mep-
X-´p-I-fmbn- Xn-cn-°p-∂- k-{º-Zm-b-Øn¬- hn-i-z-kn-°p-∂- a-X-sa∂-
\n-ebv°- v,- km-aqlnI- h-o£ - W- Øn¬- h¿-Wm-{i-a[¿-as - a-∂v- lnµp-
a-Xw- hy-h-l-cn-°-s∏-´p.- {_mlv-a-W∑m-cm-¬- \-bn-°-s∏-Sp-∂- a-Xsa
∂- \n-ebv-°v- B-Zy-am-bn- {_mlva-W-a-X-sa-∂m-bn-cn-°-Ww- ln-µp
a-Xw- A-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv1.-
Km-\v-[n-Pn- ln-µp-a-X-Øn-\v- sIm-Sp-°p-∂- \n¿-h-N-\w- {i-≤n-
°p-I-:- "Rm≥ kz-bw- k-\m-X-\- ln-µp-sh-∂-h-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂p.- I-m-c-
Ww:-- (1)-- Rm≥- th-Z-ß-fn-epw- D-]-\n-j-Øp-°f-- n-epw- ]p-cm-W-ß-fn
epw- a-‰p- ln-µp- a-X-{K\v-Y-ß-fn-epw- A-h-Xm-c-ß-fnepw- ]p-\¿-Pv-P-
∑Øn-epw- hn-iz-kn-°p-∂p.- (2).- C-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- A-]-cn-jv-Ir-X-
co-Xn-bn-e√ - m-Ø,- I¿-°i- a- m-bn- th-Zß
- fn¬- {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°s
- ∏-´- coXn-
bn-ep-≈- h¿-Wm-{i-a- [¿-a-Øn¬- Rm≥ hniz-kn-°p-∂p.- (3)-.- C-∂v-
{]-kn-≤-am-b-Xn-epw- A-[n-I-am-b- A¿-Y-Øn¬- Rm≥- ]-ip-hn-s≥-d-
k-w-c-£-W-Øn¬- hn-iz-kn-°p-∂p.- (4)-.- Rm≥- hn-{K-lm-cm[-\-bn¬-
A-hn-iz-kn-°p-∂n-√'-2.-
km-[p-io-e≥- sI.- ]-c-ta-iz-c≥-]n-≈- ln-µp-a-X-Øn-\v- \¬Ip
∂- hn-iZo-I-cWw- t\m-°p-I-:- "`m-c-X-tZ-i-Øn¬- D-Xv-`-hn-®- k-\m
X-\- [¿-a-im-kv-{X-߃,- B-[ym-Xv-an-I- Z¿-i-\-߃ F-∂n-h-sb-
s]m-Xp-hm-tbm- `mKn-I-am-tbm- kz[¿-am-Z¿-i-am-bn- hn-iz-kn-®v- BZ-
cn-°p-I-bpw- `m-c-X-tZ-isØ- am-Xr-`q-an-bm-bpw- ]p-Wy-`q-an-bm-bpw-
I-cp-Xn- _-lp-am-\n-°p-I-bpw- sN-øp-∂-Xm-tcm- A-bmƒ- ln-µp'-3.-
{io-Zm-tam-Z-c- k-h¿-°¿- X-s≥-d- "ln-µp-Xzw'- F-∂- ]p-kv-X-I-
Øn¬- F-g-pXp-∂p-:-
"B- kn-\v-[p- kn-\v-[p- ]-cy-¥m-b-ky- `m-c-X-`q-an-Im-
]n-Xr-`q- ]p-Wy-`q-iv-ssN-h-k-ssh- ln-µp-cn-Xn-kv-ar-Xm'-
(kn-\v[
- p-XS- w- ap-X¬- k-ap-{Zw- h-sc-bp-≈- `m-cX
- `- q-an-sb ]pWy
1. Ibid-Page 1-3
2. Gandhi M.K: Complete Works Vol XXI, Page 246
3.- km-[p-io-e≥- sI.- ]-c-ta-iz-c≥- ]n-≈-:- ln-µp-[¿-Ω- ]-cn-N-bw,-- t]-Pv- 7-
[-¿-a-hpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw- 39
`qanbm-bpw- ]n-Xr-`q-an-bm-bpw- I-W-°m-°p-∂- B-sf- ln-µp- F-∂p-
hnfn°p∂p)1.-
C-ß-s\- hy-Xy-kv-X-am-b- \n¿-h-N-\-ß-fm-Wv- ln-µp-a-X-Øn\v-
\¬-I-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.- `m-c-X-Øn¬- ]n-d-∂- Z¿-i-\-ß-sf-√mw- ssl-
µ-h-sa-∂- hm-Z-Øn-s\-Xn-c-m-Wv- Km-\v-[n-b≥- ho-£-Ww.- th-tZ-m-]\n-
j-Øp-°ƒ-°v- {]m-am-Wn-I-X- I¬-]n-°m-Ø- H-´-\-h-[n- Nn-¥m-[m-
c-Iƒ- C-¥y-bn¬- ]-n-d-∂-Xm-bn- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bpw.- "cm-a-\pw- Ir-jv
W-\pw- Cu-iz-c-s≥-d- A-hXmc-ß-fm-sW-∂v- hn-iz-kn-°m-Ø- F{X-
tbm- t]¿- ln-µp- [¿-a-Øn-\I-Øp≠v'2 F-∂- Kp-cp-Pn- tKmƒhmƒ-
°-dp-sS- A-`n-{]m-b-Øn-s\-Xn-cm-Wv- A-h-Xm-c-Øn¬- hn-iz-kn-°p-
∂-h-t\- ssl-µ-h-\m-Iq-sh-∂- Km-\v-[n-b≥- ho-£-Ww.- ]-ip-hn-s\-
am-{X-a-√,- \m-K-sØ-bpw- Xp-f-kn-s®-Sn-sbbpw- KwKm-P-e-sØ-bpw-
A-ßs - \- ]-eX- n-s\-bpw- B-cm-[n-°p-∂h - c
- p-≠v ssl-µh- c
- n¬.- hyXy-
kv-X- {]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬- \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂- \m-Km-cm-[-\m- k-{º-Zm-b-ß-
sf-bpw- a-‰p- tZ-h-tZ-h-Xm- hn-izm-k-ß-sf-bpw- Ip-dn-®v- hn-i-Z-am-bn-
F-®v.-F-.- tdmkv,- "ln-µp- ssZ-h-ß-fpw- tZ-h-X-I-fpw'-3 F-∂- {K-\v-Y-
Øn¬- hn-h-cn-°p-∂p-≠v.- X-Zv-hn-j-b-I-am-b- hn-i-Z-am-b- {]-Xn-]m-Z-
\-Øn-\v- C-hnsS- {]-k-Iv-Xn-bn-√.- hn-i-z-m-k-Øns≥-d-tbm- B-Nm-c-
Øn-s≥-d-tbm- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-Øn¬- am-{Xw- ssl-µ-h-X-sb- \n¿-hNn-
°m≥- Ign-bn-s√-∂- bm-Ym¿-Yy-Øn¬-\n-∂m-Wv- tZ-i-o-b-X-sb- ASn-
kv-Ym-\-am-°n-bp-≈- \n¿-h-N-\-߃°p≈- t{]-c-W- e-`n-®Xv.- hnizm-
k- hn-πh-Øn-\p- apºn¬- ]-cm-Pbs∏-Sp-sa-∂-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv- Ip-dp-
h-Sn-I-fpw- I-Tm-cn-I-fpw- {]-tbm-Kn-°p-Isb-∂- X-{¥-Øn¬- A-\pbm-
bn-I-sf- X-f-®n-Sm≥- t\-XrXzw- H-cp-sº-Sp-∂-X-v.-
1. Quoted in `m-c-X- hn-Pvm-\-tIm-iw- hm-fw- 2 t]-Pv- 828.
2.- hn-Nm-c-[m-c- t]-Pv- 576
3. H.A. Rose: Hindu Gods and Goddesses
40 [-¿a
- h
- pw- kw-kvI
- m-ch
- pw- 41
`n∂-a-√.- `m-c-Xo-b- Z¿-i-\-sØ- B-kv-Xn-I-sa-t∂m- \m-k-vXn-I-sa-
t∂m- H-‰-b-Sn-°v- ]-d-bp-∂-Xv- h-f-sc- kq-£n-®p-thWw.- Im-c-Ww,--
`m-c-X- N-cn-{X-Øn¬- BXv-ao-b- Z¿-i-\-ß-fpw- `u-Xn-I- Z¿-i-\-ßfpw-
kzm-[o-\w- sN-e-p-Ønb-Xm-bn- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bp-w.- Im-e-Øn-\-\p-k-
cn-®v- Cu- kzm-[o-\-Øn-s≥-d- A-\p-]m X-Øn¬- G-‰-°p-d-®n-ep-I-fp-
≠m-bn-cp-t∂-°mw.- A-Xp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂- B Xvao-b- Z¿-i-\-߃-
am-{X-am-Wv- `m-c-X N-cn-{X-Øn¬- kzm[o\w- sN-ep-Øn-bn-´p-≈-sX∂-
hm-Zw-t]m-se-X-s∂- `u-Xn-I- Z¿-i-\-ß-fm-Wv- `mc-Xo-b- ]ptcm-K-
Xn-°v- \n-Zm-\-am-b-sX-∂- ho-£-W-hpw- A-Sn-kv-Y-m-\- c-ln-X-am-Wv.-
3 `m-cXo-b- XX-zN - n-¥- km-cmw-iØ
- n¬- B-[ym-Xva- n-Ia
- m-sW-∂pw- cmjv-
{So-b- kwL-S-\-I-tfm- km-aq-ln-I- kv-Ym-]-\-ß-tfm- A-√,- A-Km-[-
am-b- B-Xv-ao-bXbm-Wv- Im-e-Øn-s≥-d- sI-Sp-Xn-I-sf-bpw- N-cn-{X-
Øn-s≥-d- BI-kv-an-I-X-Isfbpw- t\-cn-Sm≥- C-¥y-°p- I-gn-hp-≠m-
°n-s°m-Sp-Ø-Xv- F∂p-ap-≈- tUm.-cm[m-Irjv-Ws≥-d-1 hn-e-bn-cp-
`m-c-Xo-b- Z¿-i-\-߃- ج- H-c-f-hp-h-sc- i-cn-bm-sW-¶n-epw- `u-Xn-I-sa-∂- v- hn-fn-°-s∏-
Sp∂- Z¿-i-\-ß-sfm-∂pw-X-s∂- `m-c-X- ]p-tcm-KXnsb- kzm-[o-\n-
®n-´n-s√-∂- ho-£-Ww- ]-£-]m-X-c-ln-X-am-sW-∂p- ]-d-bmh-X-√.-
Z¿-i-\-sa-∂- ]-Z-Øn-\v- ]p-cm-X-\-∑m¿- I¬-]n-®n-cp-∂- A-¿Yw-
{]-] ©-Øn-s≥-db - pw- a-\p-jy-s≥-db - pw- B-¥c - n-I- kz-`m-hs- Ø-°pdn- ]-c-tem-I-{]m-]v-Xn-bn-tem- C-l-tem-I-\n-tj-[-Øn-tem- Du-
®- ]-T-\-sa-∂m-bn-cp-∂p.- {]-Ir-Xn,- {]-]-©w-,- a-\p-jy≥,- Pv-Rm-\w,- ∂n-\n¬-°p-∂- H-cp- kw-kvI - m- c
- w,- A-s√-¶n¬- tem-Ih - o-£W
- w,- C{X-
Nn-¥,- - {]-XnPvR,- C-{µn-bm-\p-`q-Xn,- Po-hn-Xw- ,- - a-cW- w- F-∂n-hs - b√mw- k-ar-≤h - pw- ssh-hn-[y- ]q¿-Wh - p-am-b- Po-hn-X- {]-Im-iß- ƒ-°v- cq]w-
Z¿-i\- Ø - n-s≥-d- At\z-jW - - ]-cn-[n-bn¬-s]-Sp-∂p.- F-hn-sS- \n-∂mWv- \¬-Ip-sa-∂v-hn-iz-kn-°m≥-X-s∂- {]-bm-k-am-sW-∂pw- ]-c-tem-I-
a-\p-jy≥- h-∂X - v?- F-tßm-´m-Wh - s- ≥-d- bm-{X?- B-cm-Wv- a\pjy≥?- hn-izm-k-Øn¬- A[n-jv-Tn-X-am-b- H-cp- kw-kv-Im-c-Øn-\v- k-l-{km-
a-\p-jy-Po-hn-X-Øns≥-d- A¿-Y-hpw- e-£y-hp-sa-¥m-Wv?- \-∑-bpw- _v-Z-ß-fn-eq-sS- \n-e-\n-∂p-t]m-cm≥- km-[y-am-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂n-√ F∂p-
Xn-∑-bpw- X-Ωn-ep-≈- hy-Xym-k-sa¥v?- F-¥m-Wv- {]-]©w?- {]-]- ap-≈- ]-Wv-Un-‰v- P-h-l¿-em¬- s\-lv-dp-hn-s≥-d-2 ho-£-W-am-I-s´,-
©-Øn-\v- X-p-S-°-tam- H-Sp-°-tam- D-t≠m?- {]-]©-Øn-s≥-d- Imc- ap≥- [m-c-W-bn¬-\n∂p-S-se-Sp-Ø- A-_≤w- am-{X-am-Wv.- ssZ-hn-I-
W-sa-¥v?- Xp-Sß - n-b- H-´\ - h- [
- n- tNm-Zy-߃-°p-≈- DØ-cß - f - m-bmWv- Z¿-i\ - ß
- ƒ-°√ - m-sX,- H-scm-‰- `-uX - n-IZ- ¿-i\
- Ø
- n\pw- Im-eØ
- n-s≥d-
Z¿-i-\-߃- D-S-se-Sp-Ø-Xv.- k-Xy-sa-¥m-sW-∂- A-t\z-j-W-am-Wv- H-gp-°n-s\- \n-b-{¥n-°m-t\m- ]-cn-h¿-Øn-∏n-°mt\m- kv-Ym-bn-bm-
Z¿-i-\-ß-fp-sS- {]-tNm-Z-\w.- hy-Xy-kv-X- co-Xn-I-fn¬- Cu- {]iv\ß- bn- {]-tNm-Zn-∏n-°m≥- t]m-ep-tam- I-gn-™n-´n-s√-∂- bm-Ym¿-Yy-Øn\v-
sf- k-ao-]n-®- Zm¿-i\ - n-I∑- m¿- X-Ωn¬- Nq-Sp-]nSn-®- N¿-®I - f
- pw- kwhm- N-cn-{Xw- km-£n-bm-Wv.- `m-c-X- N-cn-{X-Øn-¬-Ø-s∂- I-s≠-Øm-
Z-ß-fpw- \-S-∂-Xm-bpw- A-Xn¬-\n-∂pw- hn-`n-∂-ß-fmb- Z¿-i-\-߃- hp-∂- Nm¿hm-I-Z¿-i-\-Øn-s≥-d- ]n-≥-ap-d- A-h-Im-i-s∏-Sm≥- AXym-
P-\n®-Xmbpw- tem-I-N-cn-{Xw- hy-Iv-X-am-°p-∂p.- [p\n-I- bpIvXnhm-Zn-Iƒ-°p-t]m-epw- ssh-a-\-ky-amsW-∂- h-kvXp-
`m-c-XØn-s≥-d- Zm¿-i-\n-I- N-cn-{X-hpw- C-Xn¬-\n-∂v- H-´pw- 1. Dr. Radha Krishnan: Indian Philosophy, Vol: 1 Page 24-25
2. Jawaharlal Nehru: Discovery of India Page 71
42 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-
X-Xs∂- C-Xn-\p-≈- sXfn-hm-Wv.-
`m-c-Xo-b- Z¿-i-\-ß-sf- B-kv-Xn-I-sa-∂pw- \m-kv-Xn-I-sa-∂pw-
c-≠mbn- hn-`-Pn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.- "]-X-Rv-P-en-bp-sS- ({In.- ap:150)- A-`n
{]m-b-Øn¬ -"AXp≠v'- F-∂p- hn-iz-kn-°p-∂-h≥- B-kv-Xn-I-\pw-
"A-Xn-√'- F-∂p- hn-iz-kn-°p∂-h≥- \m-kv-Xn-I-\p-am-Wv.- Cu- tem-
I-Øn-\-∏p-d-Øv- H-cp- ]-c-tem-I-ap-s≠∂v- hn-iz-kn-°p-∂-h-sc- Bkv-
Xn-I-sc-∂pw,- A-Xn-s√-∂v- hn-iz-kn-°p-∂-h-sc- \m-kv-Xn-I-sc-∂pw-
hn-fn-®n-cp-∂p-h-s{X.- Im-e-{I-a-Øn¬- Cu- ]-Z-߃-°v- ]p-Xn-b- A¿-
Y-hym-]v-Xn-bp-≠m-bn.- th-Z-ß-fp-sS- B-Xy-¥n-I-am-b- B-[nImcn-IX-
sb- Aw-Ko-I-cn-®- Z¿-i-\-߃- B-kv-Xn-I-sa-∂pw- th-Z-{]-am-W-ß-
fpsS- km-[p-X-sb- tNm-Zyw- sN-bv-X-h- \m-kv-Xn-I-ß-sf-∂pw- \n¿-h-
Nn-°-s∏-´p.- Cu- hn-`-P-\-a-\p-k-cn-®v- kmw-Jyw,- \ym-bw,- tbm-Kw-,-
ssh-ti-jn-Iw,- ]q¿hao amw-k,- th-Zm-¥w F-∂o- Z¿-i\ - ß
- ƒ- Bkv-
Xn-Iß- f - pw- tem-Im-bX
- w,- am[yan-Iw,- ku-{Xm-¥n-Iw,- ssh-`m-jnIw,-
ssP-\w- F-∂n-h- \m-kv-Xn-I-ß-fp-amWv'1.-
`m-c-X-Øn¬- H-´-\-h-[n- Z¿-i-\-߃- cq-]-sa-Sp-Øn-´p-s≠-¶n
epw- {][m-\-am-b- Z¿-i-\-߃- B-sI- B-sd-Æ-am-Wv.- C-h-sb-bmWv-
j-Uv-Z¿-i-\߃- F-∂p- hn-fn-°p-∂-Xv.- \ym-bw,- ssh-ti-jn-Iw,-
kmw-Jyw,- tbm-Kw,- ]q¿-haoamwk,- th-Zm-¥w- F-∂n-h-bm2-W-h.-
Ch-sb- \-ap-s°m-∂v- ]-cn-N-b-s∏Smw-:-˛
\ym-b-Z-¿-i-\w-:- A-£-]m-Z-s\-∂pw- Ku-X-a-s\-∂p-a-dnb-s∏-
´n-cp-∂- _n.-kn- 400˛\pw- 600˛\pw- C-S-°v- Po-hn-®n-cp-∂- hy-Iv-Xn-bm-
Wv- \ym-b-Z¿-i-\-Øns≥-d- D-]-Pv-Rm-Xm-hv.- C-t±-l-Øns≥-d- Po-hn-
X-Im-es - Ø-∏‰ - n-tbm- PohN-cn-{X-sØ-∏‰ - n-tbm- N-cn-{X-]c
- a- m-b- sXfn-
hp-Is - fm-∂p-an-√.- Du-lm-t]m-lß - f - p-sS- A-Sn-kY v- m-\Ø- n-em-Wv- At±-
l-Øn-s≥-d- Po-hn-XI - m-es
- Ø-∏‰ - n-bp-≈- ]-cm-a¿-is - a-∂¿-Yw.- "\ymb-
kq-{X'-ß-sf-∂- \ym-b-Z¿-i-\-Øns‚-- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-{K-\v-Yw- {In-kv-
Xp-hn-\p-ti-jw- c-≠pw- aq-∂pw- \q-‰m-≠p-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬- Ku-X-a≥-
cNn-®-Xm-sW-∂v- I-cp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p.-
eu-In-I-am-b- Zpx-J-ß-sf- X-c-Ww- sN-bvXp-sIm-≠v- \nx-t{i-
1. sI.- Zm-tam-Z-c≥-:- `m-c-Xo-b- Nn-¥- t]-Pv- 119
2.- tUm.- sI.- Ip-©p-Æn-cm-P-:- am-Xr-`q-an- B-gv-N-∏-Xn-∏v-,- 1988 am¿-®v- 20˛26
[-¿-a-hpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw- 43
b-kw- F-∂- ]-cn-]q¿-W-X-bn-se-Øn-t®-cp-I-bm-Wv- a-\p-jy-s≥-d- ]c-
a-am-b- e-£y-sa-∂pw- bm-Ym¿-Yy-sØ-°p-dn-®- i-cn-bm-b- Pv-Rm-\-
Øn-eq-sS- am-{X-am-WXp- km-[y-am-hp-I-sb-∂p-am-Wv- \ym-b-Z¿-i-\-
Øn-s≥-d- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-X-X-zw.- {]]©w- h-kv-Xp-\n-jv-T-am-b- H-c-p- bm-
Ym¿-Yy-am-sW-∂pw- A-hn-`m-Py-ß-fm-b- ]-c-am-Wp-°-fm-Wv- {]-]-©-
Øn-s≥-d- aq-e-L-S-I-sa-∂p-am-Wv- \ym-b-Z¿-i-\-Øn-s≥-d- {]-]-©-
ho£-Ww.-- ]r-Yzn,- A-]v,- tX-P- v,- hm-bp,- B-Im-iw- F∂o- ]-©-`q-
X-ß-fm-Wv- {]-]-©- kr-jv-Sn-bp-sS- aq-e-L-S-I-߃.- {]-amWw,- {]ta-
bw,- kw-i-bw,- {]-tbm-P-\w,- Zrjv-Sm-¥w,- kn-≤-m-¥w,- A-h-b-hw,-
X¿-°w,- \n¿-W-bw,- hm-Zw,- P¬]w,- hn-XWv-Uw-,- tl-Xzm-`m-kw,-
O-ew,- PmXn,- \n-{K-l-kv-Ym\w- F-∂o- ]-Xn-\m-dp- ]Zm¿-Y-ß-fp-sS-
i-cn-bm-b- kz-`m-h-hnti-j-߃- a-\- n-em-°n-bm¬- am-{X-ta- ]-c-a-
am-b- ]-cn-]q¿-W-X- As√¶n¬- \nx-t{i-b-kw- F-∂- A-h-kv-Y-bn-
se-Øm≥- I-gnbq F--∂- {]Jym-]-\-tØm-sS-bm-Wv- Ku-X-a-s≥-d- [¿-
a-kq-{X-߃- B-cw-`n-°p-∂-Xv.- {]-tabw- A-Y-hm- A-dn-b-s∏-tS≠-
hn-j-b-Ø-n-\v,- {]-am-Ww- A-Y-hm- A-dn-hv- t\-Sm-\p-≈- D-]m-[n-I-sf-
A-t]-£n-®v- c-≠mw- kv-Ym-\w- am-{X-ta-bp-≈q.-
i-co-cw,- B-Xv-am-hv,- C-{µn-b-߃,- _p-≤n,- a-\- v- Xp-S-ßn-b-h-
sb√mw- hy-Xy-kv-X-߃- X-s∂-bm-Wv.- Pv-Rm-\w- A-Y-hm- tN-X-\-
bm-Wv- B-Xv-am-hn-s≥-d- e-£-Ww.- Pv-Rm-\- k-ºm-Z-\-Øn-\p-≈- D-]-
I-c-W-ß-fm-Wv- C-{µn-b߃.- i-cn-bm-b- Pv-Rm-\w- t\-Sm-\p-≈- D-
]m-[n-Iƒ-°v- \ym-b-kq-{X-ß-fn¬- Iq-Sp-X¬- {]-m-[m-\yw- \¬-I-s∏-
´n-cn-°p-∂p.- {]-Xy-£w,- A-\p-am-\w,- D-]-am-\w,- i-_-vZw- F-∂n-ß-
s\- \m-ep-X-cw- {]-am-W-ß-fm-Wv- Pv-Rm-\-kºm-Z-\-Øn-\p-≈- D-]m-
[n-I-fm-bn- Ku-X-a-s≥-d- \ym-b-kq-{X-߃- h-c-®p-Im-Wn-°p-∂-Xv.-
C{µn-b-hpw- h-kv-Xp-hpw- X-Ωnep-≈- k-º¿-°-Øn¬- \n-∂p-≠m-
hp∂- hy-Iv-X-am-b- hn-h-c-ß-fm-Wv- {]-Xy-£-Pv-Rm-\w.- B-Im-i-Øv-
Im¿-ta-Lw- Im-Wp-tºmƒ- a-g-bp-≠m-hp-sa-∂v- I-cp-Xm-sa-∂-
hnhcsØ-t∏m-se- {]Xy-£-Øn¬- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bp-∂-Xn-\p-ap-ºv-
A-\-p-am-\n-°m≥- I-gn-bp-∂- hnPv-Rm-\-ß-fm-Wv- A-\p-am-\-Pv-Rm-\w.-
A-dn-b-s∏-´p-I-gn-™- H-cp- h-kv-Xp-hp-am-bn- Xm-c-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-
≠v- a-s‰m-cp- h-kv-Xp-sh-°p-dn-®v- a-\- n-em-°p-∂- A-dn-hm-Wv- D-]-am-
\-Pv-Rm-\w.- A-\p-`-h-kv-Y-s≥-d- B-[n-Im-cn-Ia-- mb- A-`n-{]m-bw-
44 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-
As√¶n¬- B-]v-tXm-]-tZ-iw- F-∂n-h-bm-Wv- i-_v-Z-Pv-Rm-\-sa-∂-
\m-emw- {]-am-Ww- sIm-≠v- hn-h-£n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.- B-]v-tXm-]-
tZiamWv- i-_v-Z-sa-∂v- (B]v-tXm-]-tZ-ix-i-_v-Zx)-1 Ku-X-a-≥- ]-d-
bp-tºmƒ- th-Z-hm-Iy-sa-∂m-Wv- hn-h-£n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-sX-∂pw- A-s√-
∂pw- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-¿-°n-S-bn¬- c-≠-`n-{]m-b-ß-fp-≠v.-
Ku-X-a-s≥-d- \ym-b-kq-{X-߃-°v- H-´-\-h-[n- hy-Jym-\-{K-\v-Y-
ß-fp≠v.- D-tZym-Xc - I
- s
- ≥-d- \ym-bh - m¿-Øn-Iw,- hm-Nk - v]
- X- n-an-{i-s≥d-
\ym-b-h¿-ØnI- Xm¬-]-cySn-I,- {io-I-Wv-T-s≥-d- \ym-bm-e-¶m-cw,- Pb-
¥-`-´-s≥-d- \ym-b-a-Pv-R-cn,- hm-¬-kym-b-\-s≥-d- \ym-b-`m-jyw- F∂n-
h-bm-Wv- C-h-b-n¬- {]-[m\-s∏-´-Xv.- \ym-b-Z¿-i-\-Øns≥-d- A-Sn-kv-
Ym-\{- K-\vY
- ß
- f
- n-sem-∂m- b- n- ]-cn-KW- n-°s
- ∏-Sp-∂- D-Zb
- \- s- ≥-d- \ymb-
Ip-kp-am-Pv-R-en-bn¬- h-f-sc- k-a¿-Y-am-bn- ssZ-hm-kv-Xn-Iyw- hy-Iv-
X-am-°p-∂p-≠v.- `u-Xn-I-{]-]-©-Øn-s≥-d- Im-c-Ww- H-cp- k-tN-X-\-
i-Iv-Xn-bm-bn-cn-°-W-sa-∂pw- A-Zr-jv-Sw- A-tN-X-\-am-b- X-Ø-z-am-
bXp-sIm-≠v- A-Xn-s\- {]-h¿-Øn-∏n-°m-≥- ssZ-h-Øn-s≥d- B-h-
iy-ap-s≠-∂pw- ssZ-hm-kv-Xn-Xz-Øn-\v- th-Z-ß-fn¬- sX-fn-hp-I-fp-
s≠∂pw- D-Z-b-\≥- k-a¿-Yn-°p-∂p'2.-
ssh-ti-jn-I- Z¿-i-\w-: I-Wm-Z-ap-\nbm-Wv- ssh-tijn-I- Z¿-
i\Øns≥-d- D-]-Pv-Rm-Xm-hv.- A-t±-lw- F-t∏mƒ- F-hn-sS- Pohn-®n-
cp-∂psh-∂-Xn-\v- N-cn-{X-]-c-am-b- bm-sXm-cp- sX-fn-hp-an-√.- I-WmZ-
s≥-d- ssh-tijnIkq-{X-ß-fm-Wv- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\- {]-am-W-w.- sshti-
jn-I- Z¿-i-\-Øn-\v- \ymb-Z¿-i-\-tØ-°mƒ- ]-g-°-ap-s≠-∂v- Duln-
°-s∏-Sp-∂p.-
ssh-ti-jn-I- Z¿-i-\-{]-I-m-cw- {Z-hyw-,- Kp-Ww,- I¿-aw,- km-am-
\yw,-hn-ti-jw,- k-a-hm-bw,- A-`m-hw- F-∂o- G-gp- ]-Zm¿-Y-ß-fp-sS-
k-a-\z-bamWv- {]-]-©w.- ]r-Yzn,- P-ew,- A-Kv-\n,- hm-bp,- B-Im-iw,-
Im-ew-,- Zn-°v,- B-Xv-am hv,- a-\- v- F-∂n-ß-s\- {Z-hy-߃- H-º-XmWv.-
cq-]w-,- c-kw,- K-\v[w,- kv]¿ iw,- i-_v-Zw,- kw-Jy,- ]-cn-am-Ww,- ]rY-
Iv-Xzw,- kw-tbm-Kw,- hn`mKw,- ]-c Xzw,- A-]-c-Xzw,- _p-≤n,- kp-Jw,-
Zpx-Jw,- C-O,- tZz-jw-,- {]-b-Xv-\w,- Kp-cpXzw,- {Z-hy-Xzw,- kv-t\-lw,-
1.- \ym-b- kq-{X-߃-:- 1:-1:-7
1.- \ym-b- Ip-kp-amR-v-Pen-:- 1:-1:-7
[-¿-a-hpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw- 45
[¿-aw,- A-[¿-aw,- i-_v-Zw,- kw-kv-Im-cw- F∂nß-s\- C-cp-]-Øn-
\mev- Kp-W-ß-fm-Wv- {Z-h-y-Øn-\p-≈-Xv.-
ssh-ti-jn-I-Z¿-i-\-Øn-s≥-d- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- kw-`m-h-\- A-
Xn-s≥-d- ]-c-am-Wp-kn-≤m-¥-am-Wv.- Cu- ]-c-am-Wp-kn-≤m-¥w- {In-kv-
Xp-hn-\v- ap-ºv- A-©mw- \q‰-m-≠n¬- P-o-hn-®- {Ko-°v- X-Øz-Nn-¥-I-≥-
U-tam-{In‰-kns≥-d- ]-c-am-Wp- kn-≤m-¥-tØ-°mƒ- a-l-Ø-c-am-sW-
∂m-Wv- {]-K-Xv-`-\mb- am-Iv-kv-ap-≈¿- A-`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp∂-Xv.1- ssh-
ti-jn-I-Z¿-i-\-Øn-s≥-d- {]-]©-hymJym-\-am-Wv- ]-c-amWpkn-≤m-
¥w.- A-Xn-ß-s\- kw-{K-ln-°mw-:- Hm-tcm- h-kv-Xp-hpw- A-Xn-s≥-d-
hn-hn-[- `m-K-߃- Iq-Sn-t®¿-∂p-≠m-b-XmWv.- h-kv-Xp-hn¬-\n-∂v- `m-
K-ß-sf- th¿-Xn-cn-°m≥- I-gn-bpw.- Hm-tcm- h-kv-Xp-hn-s\-bpw- sN-dn-
b- sN-dn-b- `m-K-ß-fm-bpw- A-h-sb- ho-≠pw- `m-K-ß-fm-bpw- hn-`-Pn-
°m≥- I-gn-bpw.- C-ß-s\- `m-Kn-®v- `m-Kn-®,-v- `m-Kn°m≥- I-gn-bm-Ø-
A-h-kv-Y-bn-se-Øp-∂- I-W-Øn-s\--bm-Wv- I-Wm-Z≥- ]c-am-Wp-sh-
∂v- hnfn-®-Xv.- ]-c-am-Wp-hm-Wv- {]-]-©-Øn-s≥-d- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\- L-S-
Iw.- c-≠p- ]-c-am-Wp-°ƒ- Iq-Sn-t®¿-∂v- H-cp- Zz-Wp-I-hpw- Zz-W-p-I-
߃- Iq-Sn-t®¿-∂v- {XzWp-I-ß-fpw- A-h- ho-≠pw- Iq-Sn-t®¿∂v- N-
Xp-c-Wp-I-ß-fpw- D-≠m-Ip-∂p.- NXp-c-Wp-I-ß-fp-sS- hn-hn-[- A\p-
]m-X-Øn-ep-≈- Iq-Sn-t®-c-ep-I-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv- hn-hn-[- h-kv-Xp-°-fp-
≠m-Ip-∂-Xv.-
ssh-ti-jn-I- kq-{X-߃-°pw- H-´-\-h-[n- hym-Jym-\- {K-\v-Y
ß-fp≠v.- {]-ik - X v- ]
- m-Zs
- ≥-d- ]-Zm¿-Y[
- ¿-ak
- w-{K-lw,- thym-ai
- n-hs≥d-
thym-a-]-Xn,- {io-[-c-s≥-d- \ym-b-I-µ-fn,- D-Z-b-\-s≥-d- Im-c-Wm-h-en-
F-∂n-h-bm-Wv- A-h-bn¬- {]-i-kv-X-am-b-h.- {]-]-©w- ]-c-am-Wp-hn¬-
\n-∂v- ]-cn-W-an-®p-≠m-bXn-\p- ]n-∂n¬- I-Wm-Z≥- I¬-]n-®n-cn-°p∂-
A-Zr-jvS- Ø
- n-\v- {]-ik - vX
- ]
- mZ≥- {k-jvS- m-hm-b- Cu-iz- c
- ≥ F-∂- A¿
YI¬-]-\- \¬-Ip-I-bpw- A-t±-l-Øn s≥-d- ]-Zm¿-Y-[¿-a- kw-{K-l-
Øn¬- ssZ-hm-kv-Xn-Iyw- kv-Ym-]n-°m≥ -th≠n- hn-hn-[- sX-fn-hp-I-
fp-≤-cn-°p-I-bpw- sN-øp-∂p-≠v.-
kmw-Jy-Z¿-i\ - w-:- I-]n-e\
- m-Wv- kmw-Jy-Z¿-i\
- Ø
- n-s≥-d- kvYm-
]-I≥.- C-t±-lØ
- n-s≥-d- Po-hn-Xs - Ø-°p-dn-t®m- Ir-Xn-Is
- f-°p-dn-t®m-
1. Max Muller: Six Systems of Indian Philosophy, Page196
46 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- [-¿-a-hpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw- 47

hy-IvX-hpw- N-cn-{X-]-c-hp-am-b- hn-h-c-ß-sfm-∂pw-X-s∂-bn-√.- kmw- bn¬- {]-Xn-`mkn-°p-∂- ]-cn-Wm-a-߃- ]p-cp-j-s\- _m[n-°p-∂n√.-

Jy-Z¿-i\ - Ø- ns≥d- {]m-cw-`c - q-]ß- ƒ- D-]\
- n-jØ- p-°f-- p-sS- Im-eØ- p- A-I¿-Øm-hm-b- ]pcpj-s≥-d- tam-Iv-j-Øn-\p-th≠n-bm-Wv- {]-IrXn-
X-s∂- B-cw-`n-®n-cp-∂p-sh-∂m-Wv- {]-K¬-`-cm-b- ]-e- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m- {]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂-Xv.- kmwJyX-Øz-- -ß-fn-se- ]p-cp-j-k-¶¬-]-am-Wv-
cp-sS-bp-w- A-`n-{]m-bw.- Om\vtZm-Kyw,- ti-z-Xm-iz-X-cw,- I-T-w,- {]-iv\w- B- Z¿-i-\-Øn-se- Cu-iz-c- k-¶¬-]am-bn- hn-I-kn-®-Xv.- k-mw-Jym-
F∂o- D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn¬- kmwJym-Z¿-i-\-Øn-s≥-d- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\- Z¿-i-\w- bm-Km-Zn-I¿-a-߃-s°-Xn-cmWv.- lnwkm-Xv-a-I-am-b- bmK-
kn-≤m-¥-ß-sf-°p-dn-®- ]-cm-a¿-i-ß-ƒ- ImWm-sa-∂v- kmw-Jy-Zm¿- ߃- ]m-]-am-sW-∂m-Wv- kmw-Jy-kn-≤m-¥w-.-
i-\n-I-∑m¿- hm-Zn-®-t∏mƒ- C-Xp-sX-‰m-sW-∂-v thZm-¥-kq-{X-Øn- tbm-K-Z¿-i-\w-:- tbm-K-Z¿-i-\-Øn-s≥-d- D-]-Pv-Rm-Xm-hm-bn-
s≥-d- I¿-Øm-hm-b _m-Zc - m-bW - p-≠m-bn.1- - _u-
- ≥- sh-√p-hn-fn-°p-Ib ]XRvPe -- -n-bm-Wv- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-sX-¶n-epw- D-]-\n-j-Zv-Im-e-Øpw-
≤-Z¿-i-\-Øn-\pw- ssP-\-Z¿-i-\-Øn-\pw- ap-ºm-Wv- kmwJym-Z¿-i-\- A-Xn-\p-ap-ºp-sa-√mw-X-s∂ tbm-K-X-Øz-- -߃- {]-Ncn-∏n-°-s∏-´n-cp-
Øn-s≥-d- D¬-]-Øn- F-∂-s{X- {]-K¬-`-\m-b- lo≥-dn-®v- kn-Ω-dp-sS- ∂p-sh-∂-Xn-\v- sX-fn-hpI-fp-≠v.- tiz-Xm-iXtcm-]-\n-j-Øn¬- hyIv-
A-`n-{]m-bw.- A-t±-lw- F-gp-Xn-:- ""N-cn-{X-cq-]-Øn¬- `m-Kn-I-am-bpw- X-am-bn-Øs - ∂- tbm-Km-`ym-kØ - n-s≥d- B-hi - y-IX
- s
- b-°p-dn-®v- {]kv-
]u-cmWnI- cq-]-Øn¬- `m-Kn-I-am-bpw- Xo¿-Y-¶-c-]-c-º-c-Iƒ-°pw- Xm-hn-°p-∂p≠v.
ap-ºv- h-f-sc- hnZqchpw- ssh-Zn-I-a-√m-Ø-Xp-am-b- ]-g-b- B-Zn-a-k-ap-
kn-\[v- p-\Z- o-XS-\m-Kc
- n-IX
- b
- p-sS- A-hi
- n-jSv- ß
- f
- n-sem-∂v- aq∂v-
Zm-b-Øn-em-Wv- kmw-Jym-Z¿-i\-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- tbm-K-Z¿-i-\-Øn-
X-e-I-fp-≈-Xpw- H-cp- tbm-Kn-sb-t∏m-se- ]-Xv-am-k-\-Øn-en-cn-°p-
s≥dbpw- th-cp-Iƒ- A-t\z-jn-t°≠Xv'2.-
∂Xpw- inhs≥-d- {]m-Kv-c-q-]-sa-∂v- I-cp-X-s∏--Sp-∂-Xp-am-b- in-em-ap-{Z-
F-√m-X-cw- Zp-x-J-ß-sf-bpw- ]o-U-I-sf-bpw- th-Z-\-I-sf-bpw- -bm-sW-∂- h-kvXpX,- B-cym-K-a-\-Øn-\p- ap-ºp-X-s∂- tbm-K-hn-
D∑qe\w- sN-øm≥- ]-‰n-b- am¿-Kw- I-≠p-]n-Sn-°-em-Wv- (Zpx-J-{X-bm- Zy°v- {]-Nm-c-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂-Xn-\p-≈- sX-fn-hm-bn- {]K¬`-
`n-L-m-Xm- Pn-PvRm-km- X-Z-h-Lm-X-tI-tl-Xu-)-3 kmw-Jym-Z¿-i-\- cm-b- ]-e-cpw- Nq-≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂p-≠v-
Øn-s≥-d- e-£yw.- kmw-Jym-Z¿-i-\-Øn-s≥-d- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\- kn-≤m-
tbm-K-Z¿-i-\-Øn-s≥-d- D-]-Pv-Rm-Xm-hm-bn- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-
¥-߃- D-]-\n-j-Zv-Im-e-Øp-X-s∂- cq]w- sIm-≠n-´p-s≠-¶n-epw-
]XRvPe - n-bp-sS- Po-hn-XI
- m-es
- Ø-°p-dn-®v- hy-Xy-kvX
- ß
- f
- m-b- A`n-
c≠mw- i-X-I-Øn-\p- ti-j-ap-≠m-b- Cu-iz-c-Ir-jv-W-s≥-d- kmw
{]m-b-ßfp≠v.- _n.-kn- \m-emw- \q-‰m-≠n-em-sW-∂pw- A-X-√- c≠mw-
JyIm-cn-I-bm-Wv- Cu- Z¿-i-\-sØ-°p-dn-®- hnh-c-߃- \¬-Ip-∂-
\q-‰m-≠n-em-sW-∂pw-A-Xn-\p-ti-j-amsW-∂p-sa-√mw- hm-Zn-°-s∏-Sp-
G-‰-hpw- ]p-cm-X-\- Ir-Xn.- hm-N-kv-]-Xn-an-{i-s≥-d- kmwJy- {]-hN-\-
∂p.- X-\n-°v- ap-ºp-X-s∂-bp ≠m-b-n-cp-∂- tbm-K-km-[-\-I-sf-°p-dn
kq-{X-hp-am-W-v kmw-Jym-Z¿-i\- Ø
- n-s≥-d- a-‰p- A-Sn-kY
-v m-\- {K-\Yv ߃.-
®- kn-≤m-¥-ß-sf- k-am-[n,- km-[\,- hn-`q-Xn,- ssI-h-eyw- F-∂n-
B-[ym-Xv-an-Iw-,- B-[n-`u-Xn-Iw,- B-[n-ssZ-hn-Iw- F-∂o- aq-∂p- Xc-
ß-s\- \m-ep-]m-Z-ß-fn-em-bn- 195 kq-{X-ß-fn¬ H-Xp-°n- Nn-´-s∏-Sp
Øn-ep≈- Zpx-Jß - f- n¬-\n-∂pw- c-£s - ∏-Sm-\p-≈- am¿-Kß - f - m-Wv- kmw-
Øn- H-cp- Z¿-i-\-am-°n- am-‰p-I-bm-Wv- A-t±-lw- sN-bv-X-Xv.-
Jym-Z¿-i-\w- At\z-jn-°p-∂-Xv.-
Xm-Xzn-Ia- m-bn- kmw-Jy-Z¿-i\- t- Øm-Sv- ASp-∏w- {]-IS- n-∏n-°p∂-
{]-Ir-Xn,- ]p-cp-j≥- F-∂n-ß-s\- c-≠p- im-iz-X- XØ--z-ß-fn-
Z¿i-\a- m-Wv- tbm-Kw.- kz-X{- ¥-am-b- {]-Ir- X
- n- ]p-cp-j\
- p-th-≠n-bmWv-
em-Wv- kmw-Jyw- hn-iz-kn-°p-∂-Xv.- ]p-cp-j≥- {]-Ir-Xnbn¬-\n-∂v-
\n-e \n¬°p-∂-Xv.- Ahn-Zy-bm-Wv- ]p-cp-j-\pw- {]-I-r-Xn-bpw- X-Ωn-
`n-∂\m-Wv.- {]IrXn- ]-cn-Wm-aØ
- n-\p- hn-t[-ba
- m-W.v- - ]-t£,- {]IrXn-
ep-≈- _-\v-[ Øn-\v- Im-c-Ww.- A-hn-Zy- \-in-®v- ]p-cp-j-\pw- {]-Ir-
1.- sI.- Zm-tam-Z-c-≥-:- `m-c-Xo-b- Nn-¥,-- t]-Pv-:- 193 Xn-bpw X-Ωn-ep-≈- kwtbm-Kw- A-{]-Xy-£a - m-Ip-∂- A-hk - vY
- °
- mWv-
2. Heinrich Zimmer: Philosophies of India, Page 281
3.- kmw-Jy-Im-cn-I- 1 ssI-h-eyw- F-∂p- ]-dbp-∂-Xv.- ssI-h-ey-am-Wv- tbm-K-Øn-s≥-d-
48 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-
e£yw.- ]p-cp-j≥- {]-Ir-Xn-bn¬-\n-∂v- ]q¿-W-am-bpw- kz-X-{¥-\m-
sW-∂- hnth-I-]q¿-W-am-b- Pv-Rm-\-ap-≠m-Ip-tºmƒ- am-{X-ta- ssI-
h-ey-sa-∂- e-£yw- km-£m-XI v- c- n-°m≥- Ignbq.- tbm-Km-`ym-kØ - n\v-
baw,- \n-ba
- w,- B-k\
- w,- {]m-Wb - m-aw,- {]Xym-lm-cw,- [m-cW
- ,- [ym\w,-
k-am-[n- F-∂n-ß-s\- F-´v- Aw-K-ß-fp-≠v.- Cu- Aw-K-ß-fn-eq-sS-
IS-∂p-h-∂v- ssI-h-ey-Øn-se-Øp-tºm-gm-Wv- a-\p-jy≥- ]-cn-]q¿-W-
\pw- kz-X-{¥-\p-am-bn-Øo-cp-∂-Xv.- a-\- n-\v- G-Im-{K-X- e`n-°m≥-
Cu-iz-c-[ym-\-amWv- tbm-Kw- \n¿-tZ-in-°p-∂-Xv.-
ao-amw-km- Z¿-i\ - w-:- th-Zß- s- f- A-Sn-kvY
- m-\- {]-am-Wß - f
kzo-Ic - n-°p-∂- Z¿-i\- a
- m-Wv- ao-amw-km-Z¿-i\ - w.- ]q¿-ha - o-am-wk
- ,- DØ-
c-ao-amwk- F-∂o- c-≠p-Xc - w- ao-amw-kmZ¿-i\ - ß- f - p-≠v.- ]q¿-ha - o- amwk-
th-Z-a-{¥-ß-fp-sS-bpw- {_m-lv-a-W-ß-f-p-sS-bpw- A-Sn-kvYm-\Ønep-
≈- I¿-a-߃-°v- {]m[m-\yw- \¬-Ip-tºmƒ- D-Ø-c-ao-amw-k- D-]-\n-
j-Øp-°f-- n-se- B-[ym-Xv-an-I- kn-≤m-¥-ß-sf- hym-Jym-\n-°m\m-
Wv- {i-an-°p-∂-Xv.- D-Ø-c-ao-amwk- A-Xp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂- th-Zm¥-Z¿-
i-\w- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.- ]q¿-h-ao-amw-k- ao-amw-kmZ¿-i-\-sa-∂pw.-
ao-amw-km- Z¿-i\- Ø
- n-s≥-d- D-]P- Rv- m-Xm-hv- sP-an-\n-bm-W.v- - Ct±-
l-Øns≥-d- Po-hn-XI - m-eh
- pw- X-¿°
- h- n-jb - a
- m-Wv.- {In-kvX
- p-hn-\v- apºv-
\memw- \q-‰m-≠n-em-sW-∂pw- aq-∂mw- \q-‰m-≠n-em-sW-∂pw- {In-kv-
Xp-hn-\v- ti-j-am-sW-∂p-sa-√mw- A-`n-{]m-b-ß-fp-≠v.-
ao-amw-km-Z¿-i-\-{]-Im-cw- [¿-aw,- A¿-Yw,- Im-aw-,- tam-£-w-
F∂n-h-bm-Wv- Po-hn-X-e-£y-߃.- Cu- Po-hn-X-e-£y-߃- t\-Sm-
\p-≈- am¿-Kß - s - f-°p-dn-®m-Wv- ]-{¥-≠v- A-[ym-bß - f- n-em- b
- n- c-≠mbn-
c-Øn- A™q-tdm-fw- kq-{X-ß-fp-≈- sP-an-\n-bp-sS- aoamw-km- kq{X-
߃- {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂X - v.- I¿-aw- sN-øm≥- a-\p-jy-sc- t{]-cn∏n-°p∂-
hn-[n-I-fm-Wv- [¿-aw- (tNmZ-t\m- e-£-tWm f¿-tYm- [¿-ax)-1.- {]Xy-
£- PvR- m-\w-sIm-≠v- [¿-as - Ø- A-dn-bm≥- I-gn-bm-ØX - n-\m¬- [¿aw-
A-dn-bm\p-≈- G-I- am¿-Kw- th-Z-hn-[n-I-f-\p-kcn-°p-I-bm-Wv.- I¿-a-
sa-∂- ]-Z-w-sIm-≠-v {]-hr-Øn-sb-∂- tI-hem¿-Y-Øn-ep-]-cnbm-bn-
ssh-Zn--I- hn-[n-{]-Im-c-ap-≈- bm-Km-Zn- I¿-a-ß-fpw,- a-‰p- a-X-N-S-ßp-I-
fp-am-Wv- hn-h-£n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.- I¿-a-߃- aq-∂p-X-c-am-Wv:- \n¿-_-
1. ao-a-mw-km- kq-{X-߃- 1.-1.-9
[-¿-a-hpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw- 49
\v-[-am-bp-w sN-tø-≠- I¿-a-߃,-- C-jv-S-ap-s≠-¶n¬- sN-øm-hp-∂-
I¿-a-߃,- H-cn-°-epw- sN-øm≥- ]m-Sn√m-Ø- I¿-a-߃.- kz¿-K-{]m-
]v-Xn-bmWv- bm-K-ß-fp-sS- e-£yw.- tam-£w-,- sF-ln-I-Po-hn-X-Øn-
\-∏p-d-Øp-≈- kz¿-K-Øn-se- B-\-µ-am-b- Po-hn-X-am-Wv.-
ao-amw-km- kq-{X-ß-fn¬- Cu-iz-c-s\-°pdn-®- ]-cm-a¿-i-߃-
Im-Wm-\n-s√-¶n-epw- I¿-Øm-hpw- t`m-Iv-Xm-hp-am-b- H-cp- B-Xv-am-hn-
s≥-d- im-iz-X-Øs-- Ø-°p-dn-®v- {]-kv-Xm-hn-°p-∂p-≠v.- A-]q¿-h-sa∂-
A-Zr-iy-am-b- H-cp- \nKqV- i-Iv-Xn-sb-°p-dn-®pw- sP-an-\n- ao-amw-km-
- mbn- kq-{X-ß-fn¬- {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂p-≠v.- I¿-a-^-ew- e-`n-°p-∂-Xv- A]q¿-
h-Øn-eq-sS-bm-Wv.-
th-Zm-¥Z- ¿-i\ - w-:- th-ZØn-s≥-d- A-¥y-`m-Ka - m-b- D-]\- n-jØ
- p-
°-sf- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-am-°p-∂ Z¿-i-\-am-Wv- th-Zm-¥w.- hn-hn-[- hyIv-
Xn-I-fm¬- hyXy-kv-X- Im-e-L-´-ß-fn¬- hn-c-Nn-X-am-b- D-]-\n-j-Øp-
°-ƒ- Htc- co-Xn-bn-ep≈- N-n-¥m-k-c-Wn-I-f-√- {]-Zm-\w- sN-øp-∂Xv.-
hy-Xy-kv-X-hpw- hn-cp-≤-hp-am-b- ho-£-W-߃- D-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ- Dƒ-
s°m-≈p-∂p-≠v.- Cu- {]iv-\w- ]-cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\- v- D-]-\n-j-Øp-°-
-fn-¬-\n-∂- v- th-Zm-¥Z¿-i-\-Øn-\p t]m¬-_-e-I-am-b- kq-Iv-X-߃-
k-am-l-cn-®v,- th-Zm-¥-Z¿-i-\-Øn-s≥-d- ASn-kv-Ym-\- {K-\v-Y-am-b- {_
lv-a-kq-{X-߃- c-Nn-®- _m-Z-cm-b-W-\m-Wv- th-Zm-¥-Øns≥d- D-]Pv-
Rm-Xm-hm-bn- A-dn-bs - ∏-Sp-∂X - v.- _n.-kn- \m-emw- \q-‰m- ≠
- n-\pw- F.Un-
c-≠mw- \q-‰m-≠n-\p-an-S-bn¬- Po-hn-®n-cp-∂- a-lm-`m-c-X- I¿Øm-hmb-
th-Zhym-k≥-X-s∂-bm-Wv- Cu- _m-Zm-cm-b-W-s\-∂m-Wv- `q-cn-]-£w-
]-Wv-Un-X∑m-cp-sS-bpw- ]-£w.-
th-Zm-¥-Z¿-i-\-{]-Im-cw- {]-]-©-Øn-s≥-d- aq-e-Im-cWw {]]
©mXo-am-b- {_lva - s
- a-∂- H-cp- tI-he
- - ssN-X\
- y-am-Wv.- \m-ev- A[ym-
b-ß-fn-embn- A-™q-‰n- A-dp-]-Xv- kq-{X-ß-fp-≈- _m-Z-cm-b-W-s≥d-
{_-lv-a-kq-{X-Øn-s≥-d- t{]-c-W-- {_-lv-a-sØ-°p-dn-®v- A-dn-bm-\p-≈-
B-{K-l-am-sW∂v- (AYm-tXm- {_-lv-a- Pn-Pv-Rm-km-1)- At±-lw- B
Zyw -X-s∂- hy-Iv-X-am-°p-∂p≠v.- ]-t©-{µn-b-ß-fn-eq-sS- e-`n-°p-∂-
A-\p-`-h-Pv-Rm-\-Øn-\-∏p-dw- {]]-©-Øns≥-d- \n-Kq-V-c-l-ky-a-dn-
bm-\p-≈- A-t\z-jW - a- m-Wv- th-Zm-¥Z- ¿i-\Ø
- n¬- \mw- Im-Wp∂Xv.-
1.- {_-lv-a-kq-{X-߃- A-[ym-bw- 1 ]m-Zw- 1 kq-{Xw- 1
50 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- [-¿-a-hpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw- 51

th-Zm-¥-Z¿-i-\-Øn¬-X-s∂- hn-hn-[-ßfm-b- D-ƒ-]n-cn-hp-I- b-s∏-Sp-∂- {_-lv-a-kq-{Xw,- D-]-\n-j-Øp-°-ƒ,- `-K-h-Xv-Ko-X- F-∂n-

fp≠v.- `mcXo-b- Zm¿-i-\n-I- N-cn-{X-Øn¬- j-Uv-Z¿-i-\-ß-tf-°m-f h°v- `mjy-߃- F-gp-Xn.- km-[m-c-W-°m¿-°pth-≠-n- in-h-kv-tXm-
[n-Iw- {]-k-IvXn- Cu- Dƒ-]n-cn-hp-Iƒ-°m-Wv.- Cu- Dƒ-]n-cn-hp-I-fn {X-߃,- hnjv-Wp-kv-tXm-{X-߃,- e-£v-ao- kv-tXm-{X-߃,- K-W-
eq-sS- \-ap-s°m∂v- ItÆmSn°mw.- ]-Xn- kv-tXm-{X-߃- F∂n-ß-s\- A-t\-Iw- kv-tXm-{X- {K-\v-Y߃-
A-ssZz-Xw-:- A-ssZz-X-th-Zm-¥-Øn-s≥-d- D-]-Pv-Rm-Xm-h-m-bn- c-Nn-®p.- hn-th-I- Nq-Um-aW
- n-,- D]-tZ-ik
- m-l{- kn,- `-Pt- Km-hn-µw,- eLp-
A-dnb-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- Ku-V-]m-Z-\m-Wv.- am-Wv-Uq-tI-m-]-\n-j-Øn-s≥-d- hm-Iy-hr-Øn,- i-X-iv-tfm-In,- kuµ-cy-e-l-cn- Xp-S-ßn-b- A-t\-Iw-
hym-Jym-\ {K-\v-Y-am-b- am-Wv-Uq-Iy-Im-cn-I-1bn-eq-sS- {_-lv-aw- am-{X- {K-\v-Y-ß-fpw- {i-o-i-¶-c≥- c-Nn-®n-´p-≠v.- ap∏-Øn-c-≠p- h¿-jw- am{Xw-
am-Wv- k-Xy-sa-∂pw -a-‰p-≈-sX-√mw- an-Yy-bm-sW-∂pw- Po-hm-Xv-am-hv- Po-hn-®- {io-i-¶-c≥- ]-c-ta-iz-c-s≥-d- A-h-Xm-c-am-sW-∂v- hn-iz-kn-
{_lv-a-am-sW-∂p-ap-≈- kn≤m-¥-߃- A-t±-lw- A-h-X-cn-∏n-®p.- °p-∂-h-cp-≠v.- `m-c-X-Øns≥-d- \m-ev- A-Xn¿-Øn-I-fn-em-bn- \m-ev-
A-ssZ-zX
- t- h-Zm-¥Ø - n-s≥-d- ASnkvY - m-\X- Ø
- ß - f- m-bn- am-dn-b- ambm aT-߃- (In-g-°v- P-K-∂m-Yw,- ]-Sn-™m-dv- Zzm-c-I,- h-S-°v- _-Zco-\m-
hm-Zw- A-Y-hm- hn-h¿-Ø-hm-Zw,- k-Ømkn-≤m-¥w,- {_lv-aPv-Rm\w- Yw,- sX°v- irw-tK-cn-)- kv-Ym-]n-®v- A-ssZz-X-th-Zm-¥-Øn-s≥-d- {]Nm-
sIm-≠p-≈- tam-£-w- F-∂o- kn-≤m-¥-ßsf √mw- kw-£n-]v-X- cq] c-Ww- \n¿-h-ln-®-Xpw- {io-i-¶-c≥-X-s∂-bm-Wv.-
Øn¬- A-Xn-e-t±-lw- A-h-X-cn-∏n-®n´p-≠v.- ]n-∂oSp h-∂- ]-Wv-UnX {io-i¶ - c
- s- ≥-d- A-ssZ-zX - t- h-Zm-¥Ø - n-s≥-d- ap-gp-h≥- km-cmwi-
∑m¿- A-hs - b- hn-iZ- o-Ic
- n-°p-Ib
- pw- hn-Ik- n-∏n-°p-IbpamWv- sNbvXXv.- hpw- "{_-lv-a-am-Wv- k-Xyw-;- P-K-Xv- an-Yy-bm-Wv-;- Po-h≥-X-s∂-bm-Wv-
Ku-V-]m-Z-\p- ti-jw- F-Sp-Øp-]-d-tb-≠- a-s‰m-cp- hy-Iv-Xnbm- {_-lva - w- ,- as‰m-∂p-a√ - ' ({_-lva - - k-Xyw- P-K≥- an-Yym,- Po-thm- {_lv-
Wv- `¿-Xr-l-cn.-- A-t±-lw- X-s≥-d- hm-Iy-]-Zo-bw- F-∂- {K-\v-Y-Øn¬- ssa-h- \m- f ]-cx)- F-∂- A-t±-l-Øn-s≥-d- h-N-\-Øn¬- A-Sßnbn-
i-_v-Z {_lv-a- kn-≤m-¥-sa-∂- X-Øz-w- A-h-X-cn-∏n-®p.- A-£-camb- cn-°p-∂p.- h-kvX - p-\n-jvT - a
- m-b- `u-Xn-I- {]-]© - w- bm-Ym¿-Yya√.- anYy-
i-_v-Z-{_-lv-a-Øn-s≥-d- A¿-Y-cq-]-Øn-ep-≈- hn-h-¿-Ø-\-am-Wv- {]]- bm-sW-∂p- w- k-®n-Zm-\µ - a - b
- h- pw- G-Ih - pw- A-ssZz-Xh - p-am-b- {_lvaw-
©-sa-∂m-Wv- Cu- kn-≤m-¥-Øn-s≥-d- s]m-cp-ƒ.- am-{X-am-W- v- k-Xywsa-∂p-w-- Po-h≥- A-Y-hm- hy-Iv-Xn-bp-sS- B-Xv-am-hv-
b-Ym¿-Y-Øn¬- {_-lv-aw-X-s∂-bm-sW-∂p-am-Wv- i-¶-c≥- hn-iZoIcn-
A-ssZz-Xt- h-Zm-¥Ø - n-s≥-d- ]-ca - m-Nm-cy-cm-bn- K-Wn-°s - ∏-Sp∂-
®-X.v - F-¥m-W-v {_-la -v s
- a-∂- tNm-Zy-Øn-\-v D-]\ - n-jØ- p-°ƒ - - \¬Ip∂-
Xv- KuV-]m-Zcm-sW-¶n-epw- A-Xn-s≥-d- ap-Jym-Nm-cy-cpw- hym-JymXm-
D-Øc - a- m-b- "P-∑m-Zn-Iƒ - - G-sXm-∂n¬- \n-∂m-tWm- A-Xm-Wv {_lvaw'-
hp-am-bn- tem-Iw- Aw-Ko-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv- {io-i-¶-cm-Nm-cy-sc-bm-Wv.-
(P-∑m-Zy-ky- b-Xx)- F-∂- hm-IyØn-\v- i-¶-c≥- \¬-Ip∂- hym-Jym
F.Un.- F-´mw- \q‰m-≠n-s≥-d- A-hk - m-\Ø- n-¬- tI-cf - Ø
- n- s
- e- ImeSn-
\-Øn-¬ -\n-∂v- {_-lv-a-sØ-°p-dn-®- A-t±l-Øn-s≥-d- ho£Ww-
{Km-a-Øn¬- in-h-Kpcp,- B-cymw-_- F-∂- {_m-lv-a-W- Z-º-Xn-I-fp-sS-
Ip-td-°q-Sn- hy-IX v- a- m-Ip-∂p-≠v.- A-Xn-ßs - \-bmWv:- "\m-ac - q-]ß-fneq-
]p-{X-\m-bn-´m-Wv- {io- i-¶c≥- P-\n-®-sX-∂m-Wv- I-cp-X-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.-
sS- {]-Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂-Xpw- A-t\-Iw- I¿-Øm-°-sf-bpw- t`mIv-Xm-°
A-km-am-\y- _p-≤n-im-en-bm-bn-cp-∂- {i-o- i-¶-c≥- F-´mw- h-b- n¬-
sf-bpw- Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂X - pw- ¢n]vX - s- ∏-´- kvY - e-Im-e- Im-cWßsfbpw-
X-s∂- th-Zm-[yb\w- ]q¿-Øn-bm-°p-I-bpw- A-Ω-bp-sS- A-\p-hm-Z-
{In-b-Iƒ,- ^-e-߃- F-∂n-h-sbbpw- B{i-bn-°p-∂Xpw- a-\- n\p-
tØm-sS- k-\ym-kw- kzo-I-cn-®p- tZim-S-\w- \-S-Øp-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.-
t]m-epw- A-Nn-¥y-am-b- c-N\ - m-cq-]t- Øm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bX - p-am-b- P-KØns≥d-
\¿-a-Zm- Xo-c-Øp-sh-®v-,- Ku-V-]m-Z-cp-sS- in-jy-\m-b tKm-hn-µ- `-Kv
D¬-]-Øn- kv-Yn-Xn- e-b-߃- k¿-h-PvR-hpw- k¿-hi-Iv-X-hp-am-b-
h-Z]v- m-Zs
- c- Kp-cp-hm- b
- n- kzo-Ic
- n-®p-sIm-≠v- A-ssZz-XZ¿-i\ - s - Ø- hyIv-
bm-sXm-cp- Im-cW - Ø - n¬-\n-∂v- D-fh - m-Ip-∂p-thm- AXmWv- {_-lvaw'1.-
X-am-b- H-cp- kn-≤m-¥-am-bn- h-f¿-Øn-.- {]-kv-Ym-\-{X-b-ß-sf-∂-dn-
1.- am-Wv-Uq-Iy-Im-cn-I-°v- "Ku-V-]m-Z-Im-cn-I'- F-∂pw- t]-cp-≠v.- 1.- i-¶-c≥-:- {_-lv-a-kq-{X- `m-jyw- 1.- 1.-2
52 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-
A-\m-Zn-bpw- A-\i - z-ch
- p-am-b- {_lva - w- am-{X-am-Wv- i-¶c
- h
- o£-
W-Øn-¬ b-mY - m¿-Yyw.- P-KØ- v- A-Yh - m- {]-]©- h - pw- A-Xn-se- kIe-
h-kv-Xp-°-fpw- an-Yy-bm-Wv.- C-Xv- H-cp- `m-K-Øv.- a-dp-`m-K-Øm-I-s´-,-
{]]-©-hpw- A-Xn-se- k-I-e- h-kv-Xp-°-fpw- {_-lv-a-am-sW-∂v- i-¶-
c≥- hm-Zn-°p-∂p.- {_-lv-a-a-√m-sX- a-s‰m-∂pw- X-s∂-bn-√.- "{]-]-©am-
sI,- {]-]-©-Øn¬- Fs¥-√mw- \ne-\n¬-°p-∂p-t≠m- A-sX-√mw-
{_-lv-a-am-Wv'- ({_-lv-ssa-th-Zw- hn-izw-k-a-kv-Xw- C-Zw-P-K-Xv)-.- {]]-
©w- am-{X-a-√-,- B-Xv-am-hpw- {_-lv-a-am-Wv- (B-Xv-am-N),- Rm≥- {_lv-
a-am-Wv- (A-lw- {_-lv-am-kv-an),- \-o-bpw- A-Xp-Xs∂- (X-Øz-a-kn-).
C-Xm-Wv- A-ssZ-z-X- th-Zm-¥-Øn-s≥-d- s]m-cpƒ.- i¶c≥- X-s∂-
hni-Zo-Ic - n-°p-∂X- v- t\m-°p-I:- "{_-lva - Ø- n-¬\ - n-∂v- hy-Xy-kvX
- a- mbn-
H-cp- h-kv-Xp-hn-\pw- \n-e-\n¬-°m≥- I-gn-bn-√.- A-Xn-\p- sX-fnshm-
∂pan-√.- hm-kv-X-h-Øn¬- a-‰v- F-¥n-s≥-d-sb-¶n-epw A-kv-Xn-Xz-sØ-
°p-dn®v- bmsXm-cp- sX-fn-hpw- \-ap-°v- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bn-√'1.- {]-]-©
Øns≥d- ap-gph≥- aq-e-Im-c-W-am-b- ]-c-amXv-am-hpw- a-\p-jy-s≥-d-
B-Xv-am-hm-b- PohmXv-am-hpw- X-Ωn¬- ssZz-X-`m-h-ß-fn-s√-∂m-Wv-
i-¶-c-a-Xw.- Po-hm-Xv-am-hn-\pw- {]m-]-©n-I- h-kv-Xp-°ƒ-°p-sam-∂pw-
{_-lv-a-Øn¬-\n-∂v- hn`n-∂-am-b- Akv-Xn-Xz-an-s√-∂¿-Yw.-
ap-ºv- F-t∏m-sg-¶n-epw- A-\p-`-h-s∏-´-Xpw- kv-a-c-W-bm-bn- a-\
 n¬ X-ßn-\n¬-°p-∂-Xp-am-b- H-∂n-s\-∏-‰n- ]n-∂o-Sv- a-s‰m-cn-S-Øp-
≠m-Ip-∂- {]Xo-Xn-bm-Wv- A-[ym-kw.- b-Ym¿-Ya - m-b- H-∂n-t∑¬- Ab-
Ym¿-Y-am-b- a-s‰m-∂n-s≥-d- [¿-a-߃- A-[ym-tcm-]n-°-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ-
A-Xn-\v- b-Ym¿-Y-Øn¬-C√mØ- [¿-a-߃- D-≠v- F-∂- {]-Xo-Xnbp-
≠m-Ip- ∂- p.- I-bdn-s≥-db
- pw- ]m-ºns≥-db - pw- D-Zm-lc- W
- Ø- n-eq-sS- {io
i-¶-c≥- C-Xv- hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p≠v.- I-b¿- ]m-º-√.- ]-t£,- a-ßn-b-
sh-fn-®-Øn¬- Nn-e-¿- I-b¿- ]m-ºm-sW-∂v- sX-‰n-≤-cn-°pw.- b-Ym¿-
Y-Øn¬- ]m-ºn-s√-¶ne-pw- A-[ym-k-Øn-s≥-d- ^-eam-bn- ]m-ºn-s≥d-
{]-Xo-Xn-bp-≠m-I-p-∂p.- C-Xp- an-Yym-Pv-Rm-\w- A-Y-hm- A-hn-Zy-bmWv.-
sh-fn-®w- h-∂v- A-hn-Zy- \o-ßn-bm¬- b-Ym¿-Y- I-b¿- {]Xy£-s∏-
Spw.- C-Xp-t]m-se- am-b-bp-sS- A-Y-hm- A-[ym-k-Øn-s≥-d- ^-e-ambn-
b-Ym¿-Y-Øn-ep-≈- {_lv-a-Øn-\p-]-I-cw- {]-]-©-hpw- ssP-h-h-kv-
1. Ibid III.2.32
[-¿-a-hpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw- 53
Xp-°f - pw- \-ap-°v- A-\p-`h - s
- ∏-Sp-∂p.- C-hs - b√mw- A-hn-Zy-bp-sS- ^e-
am-Wv.- A-hn-Zysb- \o-°w- sN-bvX - m¬- C-hs - b-√mw- an-Yy-bm-sW∂pw-
b-Ym¿-YØ - n-ep-≈X - v- {_-la v- w- - am-{X-am-sW-∂pw- t_m-[y-am-Ipw.- Ahn-
Zy-bm-Ip-∂- I-Æm-Sn-sb- F-Sp-Øp-am-‰n- Xm≥-X-s∂-bm-Wv- {_-lv-aw-
(Alw-{_-lv-am-kv-an)- F∂- A-hkv-Y- A-Y-hm- {_-lv-a-km-£m-Xv-
Im-cw- ssI-hc - n-°p-Ib - m-Wv- tam-£w.- tam-£Ø - n-\p-≈- am¿-Kw- PvRm-
\w- am-{X-am-Wv.- I¿-a-hpw- `-Iv-Xnbpw- PvRm-\-k-ºm-Z-\-Øn-\v- klm-
b-I-bm-bn- h¿-Øn-°p-I- am-{X-am-Wv- sN-øp-∂sX-∂pw-- A-h- t\-cn´v-
tam-£-Øn-\v- Im-c-W-am-Ip-∂n-s√-∂p-am-{X-am-Wv- i-¶-cs≥-d- ]-£w.-
X-s≥-d- hm-Z-߃-°-\p-Iq-eam-bn- D-]-\n-j-Zv-hm-Iy-ß-sf- hym
Jym\n-°p-∂-Xn¬- i-¶-c≥- hn-P-bn-®p.- hn-hn-[- B-i-b-°m-cm-b-
Zm¿-i-\n-I-∑mcp-sS- Nn-¥-I-fpw- kw-hm-Z-ß-fpw- \n-d-™p-\n¬-°p∂-
D-]-\n-j-Zv-hm-Iy-ßfn¬- X-s≥-d- Nn-¥-sb- {]-Xn-Iq-en-°p-∂- kq-I-v
X-ß-sf- Zp¿-hymJym-\w- sN-øm\pw- h-f-s®m-Sn-°m-\pw- h-sc- i-¶c-
\v- a-Sn-bp-≠m-bn-√.- kp-tc-{µ-\m-Yv-Zm-kv- Kp]v-X- F-gp-Xp-∂p-:- "{_lvaw-
am-{X-am-Wv- ]-c-a-bm-Ym¿-Yy-sa-∂pw- a-‰p-≈-sX-√mw- A-b-Ym¿-Y-am-
sW-∂p-ap-≈- i-¶-c-s≥-d- aq-e-kn-≤m-¥-am-Wv- D-]-\n-jØp-°-fn¬-
{]-kvX - m-hn-°s∏-´n-´p-≈X- v- F-∂v- sX-fn-bn-°p-∂X - n¬- A-t±-lØ - n\v-
Xm¬-]-cy-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- F-∂m¬,- Cu-iz-c-hm-Z-sØ-bpw- ssZzX-
hm-Z-sØ-bpw- hy-Iv-X-am-bn- k-a¿-Yn-°p-∂- A-t\Iw- kq-Iv-X-߃-
D-]-\n-j-Øp-°f-- n-ep-≠v.- i-¶-c-s≥-d- kn-≤m-¥-sØ- k-a¿-Y-n-°p-∂-
H-c¿-Yw- Ah- \-¬-Ip-∂p-s≠-∂v- hm-°p-I-sf-s°m-≠v- F-s¥-¥v-
Ik¿-Øp-Iƒ- Im-Wn-®m-epw- t_m-[y-am-°m≥- I-gn-bn-√'-1.-
i-¶-c-s≥-d- am-bm-hm-Zw- _p-≤-a-X-Ø-n¬-\n-∂v- I-S-sa-Sp-Ø-Xm-
sW∂v- ]-db - p-∂- ]-WvU
- n-X∑
- m-cp-≠v.- ]-Xn-\m-dmw- \q-‰m-≠n-se- BXv-
a-o-b-hm-Zn-bmb- ln-µp-Zm¿-i-\n-I≥- hn-Pv-Rm-\-`n-Iv-jp "hn-Pm-Xo-bm
fssZz-Xm-]-Øn-ivN' F-∂- kmw-Jy- kq-{X-sØ- hy-m-Jym-\n-®p-sIm
≠v- C-ß-s\- ]-d-™p:- "\ΩpsS- _-\v-[-\w -tI-h-ew- H-cp- {`-a-amsW-
∂v- {]-Jym-]n-°p-∂- Hscm-‰- {_-lvakq-{Xw- t]m-ep-an-√.- X-ß-sf-
th-Zm-¥n-Iƒ- F-∂v- kz-bw- hn-fn-°p-∂-Bfp-Iƒ- I-≠p-]n-Sn-®- hnNn-
{X-am-b- am-bm-hm-Z-sØ-∏-‰n- ]-d-bp-I-bm-sW¶n¬- A-Xv- _u-≤-∑-m-
1. Surenthranath Dasguptha: History of Indian Philosophy, Vol II, Page 2
54 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-
cp-sS- hn-Pv-Rm-\-hm-Z-Øn-s≥-d- H-cp- h-I-t`-Zw- am-{X-am-Wv.- A-Xp-sIm-
≠m-Wv- Nn-e- {K-\v-Y-Im-c-∑m¿- A-ssZ-z-X-th-Zm-¥Øn-s≥-d- kn≤m-
¥-ß-sf- hn-a¿-in-®p-sIm-≠v- i-¶-c-s\- {]-O-∂-_p-≤≥- F∂p-hn-
fn-°m≥- t]m-epw- ap-Xn¿-∂-Xv.'-1.- {]-K¬-`- ]-Wv-Un-X-\m-b- tam-Wn-
b¿- hn-eyw-kv- ]-d-bp-∂p-:- "C-∂v- `m-c-Xo-b- Zm¿-i-\n-I-∑m¿-°n-S-bn¬-
{]-Np-c-{]-Nm-cw- kn-≤n-®n-´p-≈- am-bm-hm-Z-Øn-\v- D-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ -- -
bm-sXm-cp- ]n¥p-W-bpw- \¬-Ip-∂n-√.- A-Xv- _p-≤-a-X-Øn¬-\n-∂p-
≈- C-d-°p-a-Xn-bm-Wv'2- .-
i-¶-c-Z¿-i-\-Øn¬- hn-hn-[-ß-fm-b- ssh-cp-≤y-ß-fp-≠v.- H-cp-
`m-KØv- {_-lv-aw- am-{X-am-W-v k-Xy-sa-∂pw- {]-]-©w- ap-gp-h≥- anYy-
bm-sW-∂pw- i-¶-c≥- kv-Ym-]n-°-p-∂p.- a-dp-`m-K-Øm-I-s´- tem-Iw-
apgp-h≥- {_-lv-a-amsW-∂p (k¿-hw- J-ep-C-Zw- {_-lv-a)- hm-Zn-°p-I-
bpw- sN-øp-∂p.- {]-]-©w anYy-bm-sW-∂v- k-a¿-Yn-°p-∂- i-¶-c≥-
X-s∂- {]-]-©-Øn-ep-≈- h-kv-Xp-°-sf-√mw- {_-lv-a-am-sW-∂v- hmZn-
°p-∂p.- Po-hm-Xv-am-hpw- ]-c-amXv-am-hpw- X-Ωn¬- ssZz-X-`m-h-ß-sfm-
∂pw-X-s∂-bn-√- F-∂- i-¶-c-a-X-Øn-ep-ap-≠v- ssh-cp-≤yw.- ]-cn-an-
Xn-I-fn-√m-Ø- {_-lv-a-sØ-bm-Wv- D-]-\n-j-Øp-°-ƒ- ]-cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-
Øp-∂-Xv.- F-∂m¬,- Po-hm-Xv-am-hm-I-s´- ]-cn-an-Xn-I-fn¬-\n-∂p- apIv-
X-a-√.- A-Xn-\v- ]-e- ]-cn-an-Xn-I-fp-ap-≠v.- {_-lv-a-w- A-\-iz-c-am-sW-
¶n¬- Pohm-Xvam-hv- A-\n-Xy-am-Wv.- {_l-v-aw- \n¿-Kp-W-am-Wv.- Po-hm
Xv-am-hn¬- kz`m-h-ßfpw- Kp-W-ß-fp-ap-≠v.-
F-√mw- {_lv-a-am-sW-∂- kn-≤m-¥w- a-X-Øn-\pw- [¿-a-Øn-
\p-sa-Xn-cm-sW-∂v- hn-iz-kn-°p-∂h-cp-ap-≠v.- Po-hn-X-tØm-Sp-≈- hnc-
Iv-Xn-bpw- kmaqln-I- tk-h-\-Øn-\p-≈- ssh-a-\-ky-hp-am-Wv-
AssZzXw- kr-jv-Sn-°p-∂sX-∂m-Wv- Cu- hn-`m-K-Øn-s≥-d- A-`n-{]m-
bw.- F√mw- {_-lv-a-am-sW-∂- t_m[-ap-≠m-bm¬- B-Xv-a-ip-≤n-°pw-
]c-\-∑-°pw-th-≠n- {]-b-Xv-\n-°p∂-sX-¥n\v- F-∂- tNm-Zy-am-Wv-
D≠m-hp-I-sb-∂pw- hm-Zn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p3.-
F-∂m¬- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hp-X-s∂-bm-Wv- Po-hm-Xv-am-hp-sa-∂- [mc-
W- ]c-kv]
- c
- - km-tlm-Zc
- y-Øn-te-°m-Wv- \-bn-°p-Is- b-∂p- hm-Zn°p-
1. D-≤-c-W-w- sI.- Zm-tam-Z-c≥-:- `m-c-Xob-- N-n-¥- t]-Pv-:- 369.-
2. Monier Williams: Indian Wisdom, Page 118.
3. A.C. Bosanquet: Comparative religion Page 127
[-¿-a-hpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw- 55
∂- ]-WvUnX-∑m-c-p-ap-≠v.- "\n-s∂-t∏m-se- \n-s≥-d- A-b¬-°mc-s\-
bpw- k-v-t\-ln-°-W-sa-∂m-Wv- ss__n-fn-s≥-d- B-lzm-\w.- C-Xn\p-
≈- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-sa-¥mWv?- \n-s≥-d- A-b¬-°m-c≥- b-Ym¿-Y-Øn¬-
\n-s≥-d- B-Xv-am-hp-X-s∂-bm sW∂pw- \n-s∂- A-h-\n¬-\n-∂v-
th¿Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xv- am-b-bm-sW-∂pw- \ns∂- th-Zm-¥w- D-]-tZ-in-
°p-∂p'-1 kzm-an- hn-th-Im-\µ - ≥- F-gp-Xn-:- "sIm-√c - p-Xv,- lnw-kn-°cpXv-
ap-X-em-b- [¿-tam-]-tZ-i-߃- F-√m- a-X-ß-fn-ep-ap-s≠-¶nepw- AXn-
\p-≈- Im-c-Ww- B-cpw- \n¿-tZ-in-°p-∂n-√.- Rm≥- F-¥p-sIm-≠v-
Fs≥d- A-b¬-°m-c-s\- lnw-kn-®p-Iq-Sm.- hn-izm-k-{]-am-W-߃-
sIm-≠p-am-{Xw- Xr]v-X-c-√m-Ø- ln-µp-°ƒ- Nn-e- Zm¿-i-\n-I- kn≤m-
¥-߃- B-hn-jv-I-cn-°p-∂-X-p-h-sc- Cu- tNm-Zy-Øn-\v- Xr-]v-Xn-I-c-
am-b- a-dp-]-Sn-bn-√m-bn-cp-∂p.- B-Xv-am-hv- k¿-hhym-]n-bpw- tI-h-ehpw-
A-\¥ - h - p-am-sW-∂v- lnµp-°ƒ- I-≠p-]n-Sn-®p.- A-Xp-sIm-≠v- Ab¬-
hm-kn-sb- lnw-kn-°p-tºmƒ-- H-cp-h≥- X-s∂-Ø-s∂-bm-Wv- lnwkn-
°p-∂X - v.- C-Xm-Wv- F-√m- [¿-aØ - n-s≥-db - pw- aq-e`- q-Xa
- m-b- Zm¿-i\nI-
2
XØ--zw' .-
i-¶-c-s≥-d- A-ssZz-X-Nn-¥- km-tlm-Z-cy-hpw- kv-t\-l-hp-amWv-
]-Tn∏n-°p-∂-sX-∂v- {]-N-cn-∏n-°p-∂-h¿- i-¶-c-Z¿-i-\-Øn-s≥-d- kmaq-
ln-I- ho£W-sØ- a-d® - p-sh-°p-Ib
- m-Wv- sN-øp-∂X
- v.- ]-ca
- m-Xva
- mhp-
X-s∂-bm-Wv- PohmXv-am-hp-sa-∂- i-¶-c- kn-≤m-¥-Øn-s≥-d- A-Sn-kv-
Ym-\-Øn¬- {_-lv-a-km£m-Xv-Im-c-Øn-\v- F-√m- a-\p-jy-cpw- A¿l-
cm-sW-∂m-Wv- A-t±-lw- ]-Tn∏n-°p∂-sX-∂pw- a-\p-jy≥- ]-S® - - PmXn-
I-sf- C-√m-bv-a- sN-ø-W-sa-¶n-¬- AssZz-X Nn-¥- h-f-cp-I- am-{X-
amWv- am¿-K-sa-∂p-sa-√mw- D-Zv-tLm-jn-°-s∏Smdp-≠v.- A-Ø-c-am-fp-
Iƒ- i-¶-cIr-Xn-Iƒ- hm-bn-°m-Ø-h-tcm- A-s√-¶n-¬- hm-bn®Xv-
ad-®p-sh-°p-∂-h-tcm- B-sW-∂v- ]-d-bm-sX- \n¿-hm-l-an√.- tUm.-
\-o-eI-Wv-T-≥- C-f-b-Xv- Fgp-Xp-∂p:-- "{_-lv-a- km-£m-Xv-Im-c-Øn-\v-
k-aq-l-Ø-nse- F-√m-h-cpw- H-cp-t]m-se- A¿-l-cm-sW-∂v- A-ssZzXn-
hn-iz-kn-°p-∂n-√.- A-Xp-sIm-≠v- hn-hn-[- h¿-W-kv-Y-cm-b- a-\p-jysc-
A[n-Im-c- t`-Z-a-\p-kcn-®v- ho-≠pw- c-≠m-bn- Xn-cn-°mw ˛ I¿-a-tbm
Kw- A-\p-jvTn-t°-≠-h-cpw- PvRm-\-tbm-Kw- A-\p-jv-Tn-t°-≠-h-cpw˛
1. Paul Duessen: Philosophy of Upanishads Page 49
2. D-≤-c-W-w tUm.- sI.-F≥.- \o-e-I-Wv-T≥- C-f-b-Xv-:- A-ssZ-z-X-[¿-aw- t]-Pv- 118
56 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-
F-∂m¬- Chn-sS- \m-em-a-sØ- h¿-Wn-I-fm-b- iq-{Z-sc- th-Zm-¥-hn-
Zy-°v- A-\[
- n-Im-cn-If- m-bn- {]-Jym-]n®n-cn-°p-∂p.- th-Zm-¥h - n-Zy A`y-
kn-°p-∂Xv- am-{X-a√ - - AXv- {i-hn-°p-∂X - pw- iq-{Z¿-°v- \n-jn-≤a - mWv'1.-
_m-Z-cm-b-W-s≥-d- "{i-h-Wm-[ym-b-\m¿-Y- {]-Xn-tj-[m-Xv-kv-
ar-tXivN'2 F-∂- {_-lv-a-kq-{X-h-N-\w- hy-mJym-\n-®p-sIm-≠v- i¶-
c≥- F-gp-Xn:- "A-Xp-sIm-≠v- iq-{Z-\v- {_-lv-a-Pv-Rm-\-Øn-\-v A-[n-Im-
c-an-√.- F-s¥-∂m¬- kvar-Xn- A-bmƒ- th-Zw- tIƒ-°p-∂-Xn-s\-bpw-
A-[y-b-\w- sN-øp-∂-Xns\-bpw- {]-Xn-tj-[n-®ncn-°p-∂p.- th-Z-{i-h-
W-Øn-s≥-d- {]-Xn-tj-[-hpw- thZm¿-Y-Pv-Rm-\-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- th-Zm-
\p-jv-Tm-\-Øns≥-d-bpw- {]-Xn-tj-[-hpw- iq{Z-s\- kw-_-\v-[n-®v- kvar-
Xn-I-fn¬- sN-bv-Xn-cn-°p-∂p.- {i-h-W{]-Xn-tj-[Øn\v- D-Zm-l-c-W-
am-bn "th-Z-hm-Iyw- {i-hn-®m¬- A-bm-fp-sS- sN-hn-bn¬- Cu-bh -- pw-
A-c-°pw- D-cp-°n-sbmgn-°-Ww'.- iq-{Z≥- k-©-cn-°p-∂- iv-aim-\-am-
Ip-∂p.- A-Xp-sIm-≠v- iq-{Z-s≥-d- A-Sp-Øp-sh-®v- th-Zw- A-[yb-\w-
sN-øm≥- ]m-Sn-√'.- C-Xp-sIm-≠v- A-[y-b-\- {]-Xn-tj-[-hpw- hn-[n-®n-
cn°p∂p.- F-s¥-∂m¬- bm-sXm-cp-h-s≥-d- k-ao-]w- A-[y-b-\w-
sNøm≥- ]mSn√tbm- Ah≥- kz-bw- th-Zm-[y-b-\w- sN-øp-∂-sX-
ß-s\?- "A-h≥- thtZm-Nv-Om-c-Ww- sN-bv-Xm¬- Pn-lzm-tO-Zw- sNø
Ww.- th-Z-a-{¥-߃- [-cn-®m¬- sIm√-Ww'- F-∂pw- ]-d-™n-´p-≠v.-
A-Xn-\m¬- A-bmƒ-°v- th-Zm¿-YPv-Rm\-hpw- A-\p-jv-Tm-\-hpw- ]mSn-
s√-∂p- kn-≤n-°p-∂p.- "i-q-{Z-\v- _p-≤n- (Pv-Rm\w) sIm-Sp-°-cp-Xv'-
F-∂pw- ]-d-™n-´p-≠v3.-
th-Z-Øn-se- ]p-cp-j-kq-Iv-X-Øn¬-\n-∂v- B--cw-`-n-®v- `m-c-X-Øn
s≥-d- kmaq-ln-I-a-Wv-U-e-Øn-em-sI- C-cp-´p-]-c-Øn-b- Pm-Xn-k-{ºZm-
b-Øn-\v- ]®-s°m-Sn- I-m-Wn-°p-∂- A-ssZz-Xm-Nm-cy-s\-bm-Wv- \-ap-
1.- A-ssZz-X- [¿-aw- t]-Pv- 133
2.- {_-lv-a-kq-{Xw- 1:3:38
3.- C-X-iv-N-\- iq-{Z- kym-[n-Im-c- b- Z-ky- kv-ar-tXx- {i-h-Wm-[ym-b-\m¿-Y- {]-Xn-
tj-[m- `-h-Xn.-th-Z-{i-h-W- {]-Xn-tj-t[m- th-Zm-[y-b-\- {]-Xn-tj-[-kv-Y-X- Z¿-
Y-Pv-Rm-\m-\p-jv-Tm-\- tbm-iv-N- {]-Xn-tj-[x- iq-{Z-ky- `-h-Xn- {i-h-W- {]-Xn-tj-
[- kv-Xm-h-Xv.- ""A-Ym-ky- th-Z-ap-]-ir-Wz-X-kv-{X- ]p-P-Xp-`ymw- t{im-X-{h-]p-cm-
Ww''- C-Xn.- ""]-Zyp-l-hm- G-X-Xv- iv-a-im-\w- sb-Nv-O-{Z-kv-X-kv am-Oq-{Z- k-ao-
t]-\m-t[ym-X-hy''.- C-Xn-N- A-X- G-hm-[y-b-\-{]-Xn-tjx- b-ky-ln-k-aot]- ]n-
Xm-t[y-X-hyw- `-h-Xn,- k-I-e- a-{Xp-X- a-[o-bo-X,- `-h-Xn-N-th-tZm-®m-c-tW- Pn-
lzm-tO-tZm-[m-c-tW-i-co-c- t`-X- C-Xn.- A-X- G-h- Nm¿-∞m-Z¿-∞- Pv-Rm-\m-\p-
jv-Tm-\-tbmx- {]-Xn-tj-t[m- `-h-Xn.- ""\-iq-{Zm-b- a-Xn- Z-Zym-Xv''- C-Xn-˛{_-lv-a-kq-
{X- im-¶-c- `m-jy-w 1:3:38
[-¿-a-hpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw- 57
°n-hn-sS- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bp-∂-Xv.- F-√m-h¿-°pw- {_-lv-a-Pv-Rm-\-Øn-
\¿-l-X-bp-≠v F-∂m-Wv- i-¶-c-s≥-d- A-ssZ-z-X-th-Zm-¥-Øn-s≥-d-
XØ--z-sa-∂pw- "Po-thm- {_-lv-ssa-h\m- f]-c-'- F-∂- hm-Iy-Øn-eq-sS-
B-Xa v- o-b- km-tlm-Zc
- y-am-Wv- A-t±-lw- {]t_m-[\ - w- sN-bXv- s- X∂pw-
hym-Jym-\n-°p-∂-h¿- iq-{Z-t\m-Sv- ar-K-ß-sf-t∏m-se- s]-cp-amdW-
sa-∂- A-t±-l-Øn-s≥-d- {_-lv-a-kq-{X- `m-jyw- I≠n-s√-∂v- \Sn°p-
I-bm-Wv.- iq-{Z-sc- A-tbm-Ky-cm-bn- I¬-]n-°p-∂- km-aq-ln-Im-Nmcw-
\n-e\- n-∂- k-aq-lØn-em-Wv- Po-hn-®s - X-∂X- n-\m-em-Wv- i-¶c - \- v- Cß-
-1
s\- ]-d-tb-≠n-h-∂-sX-∂v hym-Jym-\n-®v- i-¶-c-s\- sh-≈-]q-ip-∂-
Nn-e-cp≠v.- Cu- hm-Zw- _m-en-i-am-Wv.- _p-≤-ssP-\m-Zn- a-X-ß-sfbpw-
kmwJyw,- \ym-bw- Xp-S-ßn-b- Z¿-i-\-ß-sf-bpw- hn-a¿-in-®p-sIm-
≠mWv- i-¶-c≥- AssZzXw- kvYm-]n-®-Xv.- A-ssZ-z-Xw- sIm-≠v-
At±lw- hn-h-£-n-°p-∂-Xv- B-Xvssa-Iy-Øn-eq-sS-bp-≈- kmtlm-
Z-cy-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬- A-∂p- \ne-\n-∂- a-X-ß-sf- hn-a¿-in-®p-
tXm¬-]n-®-Xp-t]m-se- {_m-lv-a-W- ta-[m-hn-Xz-sØ-bpw- F-Xn¿-Øv-
tXm¬-]n-°m-am-bn-cp-∂p.- A-t±-lw- e-£yan-´Xv- km-tlm-Z-cy-
Øns≥d- ktµ-iw- ]-c-Øm-\m-bn-cp-∂n-√-;- {]-Xyp-X,- krjv-Sn Pm-
eß-sf- B-cm-[n-°p-∂- ]m-c-º-cy-a-X-Ø-n-\v- Xm-Øzn-I- A-Sn-Ø-d-
]Wnbm≥- am-{X-am-bn-cp-∂p.-
]-t£,- A-`n-\-h- ssl-µ-h- i-Iv-Xn-I-sf-t∏m-se- ln-µp-cm-jv-
{S-Øn-s≥-d- kr-jv-Sn-sbm-∂pw- i-¶-cmNmcy¿- kz-]v-\w- Im-Wm-Xn-cp-
∂-Xn-\m¬,- A-∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂- Z¿-i-\-ß-sfb-pw- a-X-ß-sfb-p-sa-
√mw- k-a\z-bn-∏n-®v- H-cp- IpS-°o-gn¬- sIm-≠p-h-cm≥-- A-t±-lw- H-cp-
sº-´n-cp-∂n-√.- k-a-Im-en-I- a-X-߃- ap-gp-h≥- A¿-Y-iq-\y-ß-fm-
sW-∂pw- thZm-¥-Øn-s≥-d- A-ssZz-X- hy-m-Jym-\-w- am-{X-am-Wv- tam-
£-am¿-K-sa-∂pw- {ioi¶-c≥- hm-Zn-®p.- "tbm-Kw- sIm-t≠m- kmwJyw-
sIm-t≠m- a-X-I¿-a-߃-sIm-t≠m- sh-dpw- hn-Zy-sIm-t≠m- tam-£w-
t\-Sm≥- I-gn-bn-√.- B-Xv-am-hpw- {_-lv-a-hpw- H-∂m-sW-∂v- A-\p-`-hn-
®-dn-bp-I- am-{X-am-Wv- tam-£-km-£m-Xv-Im-c-Øn-\p-≈- am¿-Kw'-2.- k¿-
1. P.V. Kane: History of Dharmashasthra Vol II Part 1 Page 33
2.- \-tbm-tK-\- \- kmw-tJy-\- I¿-Ω-Wm- t\m-\-hn-Zy-bm
-{_-lv-am-Xv- ssa-I-Xz-tbm-tK-\- tam-£x- kn-[y-b-Xn- \m-\y-Ym'-
hn-th-I- Nq-Vm-a-Wn- 5:18
58 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- [-¿-a-hpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw- 59

h-a-X-k-Xy-hm-Z-Øns≥-d aqSp-]-Sw- kzo-I-cn-°m≥- k-∂-≤-\-√m \n¿-Kp-W-{_-lv-aw- F-∂- k-¶¬-]w- A-kw-_-\v-[-am-sW-∂pw-

bncp∂- {io-i-¶-c≥- `m-c-X-Øn¬-X-s∂- P-∑-sa-Sp-Ø- a-‰p- Z¿-i-\ß- ssNX-\yw- \n-d-™- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hv- k-Kp-W- {_-lv-a-am-sW∂p-amWv-
sf-√mw sX-‰m-sW-∂v- hm-Zn-®n-cp-∂p.- "th-Zm-¥a - X
- Ø- n-s≥-d- A-ssZzX- hn-in-jvS- mssZz-XZ- ¿-i\ - Ø
- n-s≥-d- A-Sn-kvY - m-\X - X-zw.-- {_-lva
- w,- \nXy-
hy-m-Jym-\w- am-{X-am-Wv- i-cn-sb-∂v- i-Tn-®- i-¶c≥- ssP-\-˛_p-≤-a- hpw- im-iz-X-hp-am-sW-¶n¬- \n-Xy-X,- im-iz-X-X-zw- F-∂o- Kp-W߃-
X-߃-,- ao-amw-km-a-Xw,- ssi-h-a-Xw,- Im-]m-en-I-a-Xw,- imIv-tX-b-a- {_-lv-a-Øn-\p-s≠∂v- k-Ω-Xn-t°-≠n-h-cpw.- Xn-∑-I-fn¬-\n-∂pw-
Xw,- ssh-jv-W-h-a-Xw- XpS-ßn- A-t±-l-Øn-s≥-d- B-i-b߃-s° A]q¿-W-X-I-fn¬-\n-∂pw- F-√mw- Xn-I-®pw- kz-X-{¥-\pw- \n-c-h-[n-
Xn-cm-bp-≈- a-X-߃- ap-gp-h≥- A¿-Y-iq-\y-ß-sf-∂v- hm-Zn-®n-cp-∂p'1.- \-∑I- f- pw- D-XvI
- r-jvS- Kp-Wß - f - p-ap-≈h
- \pamb- ]p-cp-tjm-Øa - \- mWv-
Z-¬ln-bn-te-°v- hy-Xy-kv-X- Zn-°p-Ifn¬-\n-∂v- hy-Xy-kv-X- h-gn-I-fn- {_lv-aw.- Pv-Rm-\w,- B-\-µw,- i-IvXn,- \-∑,- kvt\lw,- Z-b- F-∂nh-
eq-sS- bm{X- sN-bv-Xv- hy-Xy-kv-X- k-a-b-Øv- e£y-kv-Ym-\-sØØp- bm-Wv- k-Kp-W{- _-la v- Ø- n-s≥-d- A-Sn-kY v- m\- KpW-߃.- tem-IsØ-
∂-Xp-t]m-se- bmYm¿-Yy-Øn-te-°p-≈- hy-Xy-kvX - - h-gn-If
- m- W
- v- hnhn \n-b{- ¥n-°p-∂X - v- hn-hn-[ß - f- m-b- \m-\m-iI - X
v- n-If- √
- ,- {]-Xyp-X- Cuiz-
[- `m-c-Xo-b- a-X-ß-fp-sa-∂2 B-[p-\n-I- ssl-µ-h- ]-Wv-UnX-∑mcn¬- c≥- F-∂- G-I i-Iv-Xn- am-{X-am-Wv.-
Nn-ecp-sS-- -hm-Zw- {ioi-¶c-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-s√-∂p- kmcw.- Cu-iz-c\ - pw- Po-hm-Xa
v- m-°f
- pw- `u-Xn-I{- ]-]©
- h
- p-sa-√mw- hyXy-
hn-in-jvSm-ssZz-Xw-:- \n-¿-Kp-W-amWv- {_-lv-a-sa-∂- i-¶-c- kvX-ß-fm-b- bm-Ym¿-Yy-ß-fm-Wv.- A-Nn-Øv- (`u-Xn-I- ]-Zm¿-Yw-),-
kn≤m¥Øn\v- hn-cp-≤a - m-bn- {_-lva
- w- kKp-Wa - m-sW-∂pw- {]-]©w- Nn-Øv- (B-Xv-am-hv-),- C-u-iz-c≥- F-∂n-h- A-S-ßp-∂-Xm-Wv- X-Ø-z-{X-
an-Yy-b-√- bmYm¿-Yy-am-sW-∂pw- A-Xv- {_-lv-a-Øn-¬-\n∂v- - ]-cnW- bw.- Nn-Øpw- ANnØpw- bm-Ym¿-Yy-ß-fm-sW-¶n-epw- A-h- Cu-iz
an-®p-≠m-b-X-m-sW-∂pw- hm-Zn-®- `m-kv-I-cm-Nm-cy-\pw,- C-u-iz-c≥,- c-s≥-d- `m-K-ß-fm-Wv.- Cu-iz-c≥- {]-]-©-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- Po-hm-Xv-am-
NnØv,- A-Nn-Øv- F-∂o- aq-∂v- cq-]-ß-fn-em-bn- {_-lv-aw- ]-cn-W-an hn-s≥-d-bpw- B-Xv-am-hm-Wv.- B-Xv-am-hpw- {]-]-©-hpw- Cu-iz-c-s≥-d-
°p-∂p-sh-∂v- ]-Tn-∏n-®- bm-Z-h- {]Im-i-\pw- i-¶-c-Z¿-i-\-Øn-\v- hncp- Aw-i-ß-fm-sW-¶n-epw- Cuiz-c-\-√.- k¿h-PvR-\pw- k¿-h-i-Iv-X-
≤-am-b- X-Øz-im-kv-{X-߃- A-h-Xcn∏n-°m≥- {i-an-®p-sh-¶n-epw- \pw- \n-Xy-\p-am-b- Cu-iz-c≥,- \n-Xy-sa-¶nepw- A-i I-v-Xamb- Po-hm-
hy-Iv-X-hp-w- k-a-{K-hp-am-b- H-cp- Z¿-i-\-Øn\v- Xd-°-√n-Sp-∂-Xn¬- X-v-am-hv,- A-tN-X-\-am-b- `u-Xn-I- ]-Zm¿-Yw- ˛Cu- X-Øz-- -{X-b-Øns≥d-
A-h¿ - -- ]-cm-Pb
- s
- ∏-Sp-Ib
- m-Wv- sN-bvX
- X- v.- i-¶c
- t≥-dXn¬-\n-∂v- hyXy- sF-Iy-am-Wv- {_-lv-aw.- C-Xv- H-c¿-Y-Øn¬- A-ssZ-z-X-am-sW-¶nepw-
kv-X-am-b- H-cp- k-a-{K- Z¿-i-\-Øn-\v- cq-]w- \¬-Ip∂-Xn¬- ]n∂oSv- tI-h-eam-b- A-ssZz-X-a-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬- cm-am-\p-P≥- X-s≥-d- Z¿-i-\-
hn-P-bn-®-Xv- ]-Xn-s\m-∂mw- \q-‰m-≠n¬- Po-hn-®- cmam\p-P≥- am-{Xam Øn-\v- hn-injv-Sm-ssZ-z-Xw- F-∂m-Wv- t]-cn-´-Xv.-
bn-cp-∂p.- cm-am-\p-P-s≥-d- ho-£-W-Øn¬,-- tam£w- {]m]n-°-W-sa-¶n¬-
]-Xn-s\m-∂mw- \q-‰m-≠n-s≥-d- B-cw-`Øn¬- Im-©o-- h-c-Øn\v- BXvam-hv- i-co-c-tam- `uXn-I-tam- A-s√-∂pw- Cu-iz-c-s≥-d- Aw-i-
k-ao]ap-≈- H-cp- sN-dn-b- {Km-a-]-©m-b-Øn¬- P-\n-®- cm-am-\p-P≥- am-sW-∂p-ap≈- t_m-[a - p-Zn-®v- kw-km-cZ- px-Jß- f - n¬-\n-∂pw- tam-N\w-
\q-dp-sIm-√-Øn-e-[n-Iw- Po-hn-®v- 1137˛¬- N-c-aw- {]m]n-®p.- {io-`mjyw- t\-S-Ww.- "tam£-sa-∂m¬- Cu-iz-c-\p-am-bp-≈- km-ayw- A-s√-¶n¬-
F-∂-dn-b-s∏Sp∂- {_-lv-a-kq-{X-`m-jyw,- Ko-Xm-`m-jyw,- thZm-¥-km km-Zr-iyw- am{X-am-Wv.- km-cq-]y-tam- Xm-Zm-Xv-ay-tam- A-√'-1 F-∂mWv-
cw,- th-Zm-¥-Zo-]w,- K-Zy{Xbw,- th-Zm-¥- kw-{K-lw- Xp-S-ßn-b- H-´ cm-am-\p-P≥- ]-d-bp∂Xv.- tam£-{]m-]v-Xn-°pti-j-hpw- B-Xv-a-m-hv-
\-h-[n- _r-l-Zv-{K-\v-Y-ß-fn-eq-sS- cm-am-\p-P≥- X-s≥-d- hn-in-jv-Sm- {_-lva - a
- m-bn- ]-cn-Wa
- n-°p-Ib - n-s√-∂v- kv]- j- vS- a
- m-bpw- kvY
- m-]n-°p∂-
ssZz-Xw- {]-N-cn-∏n-®p.- c-m-am-\p-P≥- "Po-thm- {_-lv-ssa-h- \-m- f]-c'- F-∂- i¶ch-N-\-sØ-
1.- ]n.-sI.- tKm-]m-e-Ir-jv-W≥-:- tI-c-f-Øn-s≥-d- kmw-kv-°m-cn-I- N-cn-{Xw- t]-Pv- 3 1. apIvXkykzcq]w {_lvatWm `mhxkz`mhx\Xp kzcqss]Iyw˛thZm¥kq{Xw
2.- km-[p-io-e≥- sI.- ]-c-tiz-c≥-]n-≈-:- ln-µp-[¿-Ω-]-cn-N-bw- t]-Pv- 258.- {io`mjyw 1:1:1
60 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-
]-c-ky-am-bn- J-Wv-Un-°p-I-bm-Wv- sN-øp-∂-Xv.- i-¶c≥- ]-d-™Xp-
t- ]m-se- PvR - m-\a- m-Wv- tam-£Ø - n-\p-≈- am¿-Kw- F-∂√ - - cm-am-\pP≥-
]-d™
- X
- v.- {]-Xyp-X- I-¿a- hpw- `-IvX
- n-bp-am-Wv- tam-£Ø- n-\p-≈- am¿K-
sa-∂m-Wv.- B-Xv-ao-b- kw-Xr-]v-Xn-°p-th-≠n-tbm- `u-X-nIhpw- kmº-
Øn-Ih - p-am-b- t\-´ß - ƒ-°p-th-≠n-tbm- D-≈- I¿-aß - ƒ- tam£{]m]v-
Xn-°p- \n-Zm-\-am-Ip-∂n-√.- \n-jv-Im-a-I¿-a-hpw- B-Xv-am¿∏WhpamWv-
tam-£-{]m-]v-Xn-°p-≈- am¿-Kw.-
F-√m- a-\p-jy-cpw- Cu-iz-cmw-i-ß-fm-Wv- F-∂v- hm-Zn-®- cm-am
\p-Ps≥d- hn-in-jv-S-m-ssZ-z-X-Z¿-i-\-hpw- km-aq-ln-I- k-a-Xz-tam- k¿h-
km-tlm-Z-cytam- {]t_m[-\w- sN-øp-∂n-√.- A-bn-Ø-hpw- sXm-´-p-
Iq-Sm-bv-a-bpw- Xo-≠n-°qSm-bv-a-bp-sa-√mw- \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂- h¿-Wm-
{i-a-[¿-a-Øn-s≥-d- kw-c-£-W-hpw- tam£-{]m-]v-Xn-°-p-th-≠n-bp-≈-
I¿-a-ß-fn¬- Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p.- F-√m- a-\pjy-cpw-˛Po-hm-Xv-am-hpw-˛Cuiz-
cmw-i-ß-fm-sW-¶n¬- D-b¿-∂- Pm-Xn-°m-cpw- Xmgv∂- Pm-Xn-°m-cp-
ap-≠m-hp-∂-sX-ß-s\-sb-∂- {]-iv-\-Øn-\v- D-Ø-cw- ImWm≥- hnin-
jv-Sm-ssZz-Xn-Iƒ-°v- I-gn-™n-√.- a-t‰-sXm-cp- ssl-µ-h-Z¿i-\-Øn-
s≥dbpw - t ]m- s e - X - s ∂- C- X m- b n- c p- ∂ p- hn- i n- j v - S m- s sZ- z - X -
Øns≥dbpw- G‰-hpw- h-en-b- Zu-¿-_-eyw.-
ssZz-Xw-:- {InkvXm_vZw 1238˛se- hn-P-b-Z-i-an-Zn-\-Ønem-Wv-
-I¿-Wm-S-I-Ønse- D-Up-∏n- \-K-c-Øn¬-\n-∂v- ]-Xn-aq-∂v- In-tem-ao‰¿-
sX-°p-In-g-°m-bn- kvYnXn- sN-øp-∂- ]-P-I- t£-{X-sa-∂- {Km-aØn-
- v2- .- am-[z-`m-jy- w- F-∂d
¬-- ssZz-Xm-Nm-cy-\mb- am-[z≥- P-\n-®X - n-bs∏Sp-
∂- {_-lv-a-kq-{X-hy-Jym\w,- `m-K-h-XXm¬]-cy-\n¿-W-bw,- a-lm`m-
c-XX--Xz-- -\n¿-W-bw,- hn-jv-WpXX-z-\n¿W-bw,- k-tXzm-tZym-Xw- Xp-
Sßn-b- ap-∏-tØ-gv- {K-\v-Y-ß-fn-eq-sS- At±lw- th-Zm-¥-Øn-s≥-d-
ssZz-X-hym-Jym-\w- \m-Sp-\o-sf- {]-N-cn-∏n-®p.-
Po-hm-Xva
- m-hpw- ]-ca
- m-Xva
- m-hpw- H-∂s
- √-∂pw- P-KØ
- v- an-Yy-bs√-
∂p-am-Wv- D-]-\n-j-Øp-°-fp-sS- k-tµ-i-sa-∂-v am-[-zm-Nm-cy¿- i-Iv-Xn-
bm-bn- hmZn®p.- Po-hm-Xv-am-hpw- {_-lv-a-hpw- H-∂p-X-s∂-bm-sW-¶n¬-
]n-s∂- {_-lvasØ- A-dn-bp-∂-sX-ß-s\-bm-sW-∂v- A-ssZz-X-kn-
≤m-¥Ø - n-s≥-d- h-IvXm-°tfmSv- am--[zm-Nm-cy¿- tNm-Zn-®p.- A-dn-hv- t\Sp
[-¿-a-hpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw- 61
∂- hy-IX v- n-bpw-- A-dn-bs- ∏-tS-≠- hnjb-hpw- X-Ωn-ep-≈- _-\[ v- Øn¬-
\n-∂m-Wv- Pv-Rm-\-ap-≠m-Ip-∂Xv.- hnj-b-hpw- hn-j-bn-bpw- H-∂m-
sW-¶n¬- ]n-s∂- Pv-Rm-\-ap-≠m-Ip-∂-sX-ßs\? A-PvR-X,- A-\n-
Xy-X,- A-]q¿-W-X- F-∂n-h-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b- a-\p-jy-s\- A\-¥-hp-w-
A-\-iz-c-hpw- k-ºq¿-W-hpw- k¿-h-i-Iv-X-hp-am-b- {_-lv-a-tØm-Sv- D]-
an°p-∂-Xp-X-s∂- ]m-X-I-am-Wv.- {_-lv-aw- \n¿-Kp-W-\m-sW-∂- i¶-
chm-Zs- Ø-bpw- a-m[ - zm-Nm-cy≥- J-WUv- n-°p-∂p.- \n¿K-pW
- \
- m-Wv- {_lv-
a-sa-∂p- ]-dbp-∂h - ¿- {_-la v- Ø
- n¬- \n¿-Kp-WX
- z-sa-∂- Kp-Ww- - Btcm-
]n-°p-I-bmWv- sN-øp-∂sX--∂pw- A-ß-s\- \n¿-Kp-W-hm-Zn-I-fp-sS-
{_-lv-aw- t]m-epw -k-Kp-W-am-sW-∂pw- A-t±-lw- ]-d-™p.-
Po-hm-Xv-am-hpw- {]-]-©-hpw- b-m-Ym¿-Yy-ß-fm-Wv.- A-h- am-bb
√.- ]-t£,- A-h-°v- kz-X-{¥-am-b- \n-e-\n¬-]n-√.- {_-lv-aw- tI-h
ehpw- kz-X{¥-hp-am-b- bm-Ym¿-Yy-am-sW-¶n¬- Po-hm-Xv-am-hpw- {]]-
©-hpw- {_-lv-asØ- B-{i-bn-®v- \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂- bm-Ym¿-Yy-ß-fm-
Wv.- a-\p-jy≥- ]o-Un-X\pw- Zpx-Jn-X-\pw- A-]q¿-W-\p-sa-√mw- B-bn-
Øo-cp-∂-Xv- A-hn-Zy-bp-sS- ^-e-ambn-´m-sW∂- i-¶-ckn-≤m-¥-sØ-
hn-a¿-in-®p-sI-m≠- v- am-[z≥- tNmZn-®p:- "B-cp-sS- A-hn-Zy-bp-sS- ^ew?'-
a-\p-jy-\pw- {_-lv-a-hpw- H-∂m-sW-¶n¬- Pohm-Xv-am-hn-s≥-d- A-hn-Zy-
]-c-am-Xv-am-hn-s≥-d-bpw- A-hn-Zy-bm-sW∂v- h-cpw.- A t∏mƒ- {_-lv-
a-Øn-\v- A-Pv-R-X-bp-s≠-∂v- k-Ω-Xn-t°-≠n-h-cpw.- A-Xp-sIm-≠p-
X-s∂- "A-hn-Zy'- F-∂- H-∂p-s≠-∂v- k-Ω-Xn-°p-∂-Xp-X-s∂- {_lv-
ahpw- Po-hm-Xv-am-hpw- c-≠pw- c-≠m-sW-∂v- k-Ω-Xn-°-em-Wv.- AX√-
A-ssZ-z-X-amWv- i-cn-sb-∂v- iTn-®m¬- {_-lv-a-Øn-s≥-d- k¿-h-Pv-R-
X- \ntj-[n-°-embn-cn-°pw.-
i-¶-c-s≥-d- am-bm-hm-Z-sØ- i-¶c-\p-]-tbm-Kn-®- D-Zm-l-c-W-
ß-f-p-]tbm-Kn-®p-sIm-≠p-X-s∂- am-[zm-Nm-cy¿- hn-a¿-in-°-p-∂p-≠v.-
I-b¿- ]m-ºmbn tXm-∂-W-sa-¶n¬- Cu- tXm-∂-en-\p- \n-Zm-\-am-b-
I-b¿- am-{Xw- t]m-cm,- AXn-t\m-Sv- k-Zr-i-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂- ]m-ºv- F-∂-
H-cp- b-Ym¿-Y- h-kv-Xp-Iq-Sn- B-h-iy-am-Wv.- C-Xp-t]m-se- P-K-Ø-v {`
a-am-sW-∂v- sX-fn-bn-°W - s- a-¶n¬- A-Xn-\v- k-Zr-ia
- m-b- H-cp- b-Ym¿Y-
P-K-Øv- th-Ww.- ap-ºv- A-dn-bm-Ø-Xpw- F-hn-sS-bpw- C-√m-Ø-Xp-
amb- H-∂n-t\m-Sv- {`-a-sØ- km-Zr-iy-s∏-Sp-Øm≥- I-gn-bn-√.- A-Xp-
62 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- [-¿-a-hpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw- 63

sIm-≠p-X-s∂- "P-K-Xv-a-nYy'-sb-∂- hm-Zw- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-c-lnXam-Wv.- {In-kX v- p-hn-\v- ap-ºv- 567˛¬- I-]n-eh - k

- Xv- p-hn¬- im-Iym-Ip-em-[n-]\mb-
Hm-tcm- Po-hm-Xv-am-hn-\pw- A-Xn-t≥-d-Xm-b- {]-tXy-I- Kp-W-ß- ip-t≤m-Z-\-s≥-d- ]p{X-\m-bn-´m-Wv- kn-≤m¿-Y≥- P-\n-®-Xv.- cmPIob-
fp-≠v.- H-cp- Po-hm-Xv-am-hv- a-s‰m-cp- Po-hm-Xv-am-hn-s\-t∏m-se-b-√. -]q¿- kp-J-ku-I-cy-ß-fn-sem-∂pw- kw-Xr-]-vXn- I-s≠-Øm-Xn-cp-∂- At±
h-I¿-a-ß-fpsS- ^-e-am-bn- i-co-cw-,- C-{µn-b-߃,- a-\- v- apX-em-b- lw- 29˛ma-sØ- h-b- n¬- H-cp- k\ym-kn-bm-bn.- Zpx-J-Im-c-W-hpw-
h-bp-am-bn- _-\v-[-s∏-Sp ∂-Xp- sIm-≠-m-Wv- Po-hm-Xv-am-hn-\p- Zpx-J- \n-hm-cW - a- m¿-Kß - f - pw- At\z-jn-®v- hn-hn-[- tbm-Ko-hc - y-∑m-cp-sS- ASp-
ß-fpw- Zp-cn-X-ß-fp-ap-≠m-Ip-∂Xv.- kw-km-c-Zpx-J-ß-fn¬- \n-∂p-≈- °¬- sN-√p-I-bpw- G-gp- h¿-j°m-ew- I-Tn-\ß-fm-b- X-]- -\p-jvTn-
tam-N-\w- Cu-iz-c- Ir-]bn-eq-sS- am-{X-ta- e-`y-am-Iq.- Cu-iz-c-s\- {] °p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.- C-Xn¬-\n-s∂m-∂pw-X-s∂- e-£y-]m-]v-Xn- e`n-
km-Zn-- ∏
- n-°p-∂X - n-\p-≈- am¿-Ka- m-Wv- `-IvX
- n.- I¿am-\p-jvT
- m-\I
- \
- v- am{X- °m-Xn-cp-∂- Ku-Xa - ≥,- K-bb - n-se- H-cp- a-c®- p-h´- n-en-cp-∂1v- [ym-\n°m≥-
ta- Cu-iz-c-s\- `-Iv-Xn-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn- [ym-\n-°m≥- I-gnbq.- k-X-yw,- Xp-S-ßn.- s]-s´s∂m-cp- Zn-h-kw- A-t±-lØn\v- AX-v-`p-X-I-c-amw-h
Zm\w,- Z-b,- th-Z-]m-cm-b-Ww- F-∂n-h- Po-hm-Xv-am-hn-s\- ]-cn-ip-≤ Æw- ]- p-Xn-sbm-cp- PvR - m-t\m-Zb - w- D-≠m-sb-∂v- I-cp-Xs - ∏-Sp-∂p.-- Aß-
am-°p-∂p.- A-\m-h-iy-ß-fpw- A-]m-b-I-c-ß-fp-am-b- F-√m-hn-[- A]- s\-bm-Wv- kn≤m¿-Y- cm-PIp-am-c≥- Ku-X-a-_p-≤-\m-bn- amdnbXv.-
hn{X-X-I-fn¬ -\n-∂pw- t_m-[-]q¿-hw- c-£-s∏-´v- ]-cn-ip-≤ cq-]w- _
- p-≤≥- - A-t±-lØ- n-s≥-d- Po-hn-XI
- m-eØ
- v- {K-\vY
- ß
- s
- fm-∂pw-
{]m-]n-°p-∂- Po-hm-Xv-am-hn-\m-Wv- sF-ln-I-_-\v-[-ß-sf- X-c-Ww- cNn®n-´n-√.- A-t±-l-Øns≥-d- D-]-tZ-i-ß-fpw {]-`m-j-W-ß-fpw- IY-
sNbv-Xv- tam-£w- {]m]n-°m≥- I-gn-bp-I.- I-fpw- kam-l-cn-®v- "]n-S-I'-߃- F-∂- t]-cn¬- {]-N-cn-∏n-®-Xv A-t±-
th-Zm-¥- Z¿-i-\-Øn¬-X-s∂- ssZ-z-Xw,- A-ssZz-Xw,- hn-in-jvSm- l-Øn-s≥-d- ]n≥Km-an-I-fm-Wv.- kp-Ø-]n-S-Iw,- hn-\-b-]n-S-Iw,- A-`n
ssZ-zXw- F-∂o- aq-∂v- Nn-¥m-[m-c-Iƒ- Iq-Sm-sX- \nw-_m¿-°-s≥-d- [-Ω-]n-S-Iw- F-∂n-ß-s\- aq-∂p- ]n-S-I-ßfm-Wv.
ssZz-Xm-ssZzXw,- h-√`- P - s
- ≥-d- ip-≤m-ssZ-zX
- h
- m-Zw,- `m-kI
v- c
- s
- ≥-d- t`Zm- Zpx-Jw- (Zpx-J-sa-∂- bm-Ym¿-Yyw),- k-ap-Z-bw- (Zpx-J-Øn-\p-≈-
t`-Z-hm-Zw,- ssN-X-\y-s≥-d- A-Nn-¥m- t`-Zm-t`-Zw- Xp-S-ßn-b- {]-kvYm- Im-cW-߃),- \n-cp≤w- (ZpxJ-\n-hm-c-Ww)--,- am¿-Kw- (Zpx-J-\n-hm-cW-
\-ßf - pw- cq-]s
- ∏-´p-sh¶n-epw- C-hs - b-√mw- ssZz-Xw,- A-ssZz-Xw,- hnin- Øn-\p-≈- am¿-Kß - ƒ)- F-∂n-hb - m-Wv- Zpx-Js
- Ø-°p-dn-®- \m-ep- hnip
jv-Sm-ssZ-z-Xw- F-∂o- Nn¥m[m-c-I-sf- hn-hn-[- A-\p-]m-X-ß-fn¬- ≤- k-Xy-߃.- Xr-jv-W-bm-Wv- Zpx-J-Im-c-Ww.- t`m-K-Xr-jv-W,- `m-h
Iq-´n-t®¿-Øp-sIm-≠p-≠m-°n-b-Xm-bn-cp-∂p.- A-Xp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂- Xr-jvW- ,- hn-`h
- X
- r-jvW- F-∂n-hs - b- X-S™- p-\n¿-Øp-Ib- m-Wv- ZpxJ-
Zm¿-i-\n-I- N-cn-{X-Øn¬- Cu- Z¿-i-\-߃-°v-{]-m-[m-\yw- \¬-Is∏- \n-tcm-[w.- i-cn-bm-b- Po-hn-X- ho-£-Ww-,- i-cn-bm-b- Po-hn-X- e£yw,-
Sp-∂n-√. i-cn-bm-b- Po-hn-X-N-cy-Iƒ- Xp-S-ß-n-b-- A-jv-Smw-K-am¿-K-ß-fn-eq-sS-
B-kvX - n-I- Z¿-i\
- ß
- s - f-∂d
- n-bs- ∏-Sp-∂- j-UvZ- ¿-i\- ß- s - f°p- bm-Wv- Zpx-J-\n-tc-m-[w- km-[y-am-Ip-∂-Xv.- k-ayKv-hn-izm-kw,- k-ayKv-
dn®mWv- \mw- C-Xp-h-sc- a-\- n-em-°n-b-Xv.- th-Z-Øn-s≥-d- {]m-amWy- \n-iv-N-bw,- k-ay-Kv-h-N-\w,- k-ayKv-I¿-aw,- k-ayKv-Po-hnXw,- k-ay--Kv-b-
sØ- \n-tj-[n-°p-∂- \m-kX v- n-IZ¿-i\- ß - ƒ- {]-[m-\a - m-bpw- aq-∂mWv.- Pv-Rw,- k-ayKv-hn-Nm-cw,- k-ayKv-[ym-\w F-∂n-h-bm-Wv- A-jv-SmwK-
_u-≤-Z¿-i-\w,- ssP-\-Z¿-i-\w,- tem-Im-b-X-w- F-∂n-h-bm-W-h.- Ch- am¿-K-߃.-
sb-°p-dn-®v- {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°m-Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xv- `mc-Xo-b- Zm¿-i-\n-I- N-cn _p-≤-a-X-Øn-se-hn-sS-sb-¶n-epw- Cu-iz-c-s\-°p-dn-®v- {]-Xn]m-
{X-tØm-Sv- Im-Wn°p-∂- I-Sp-Ø- A-\o-Xn-bm-bn-cn-°pw.- Zn-°p-∂X
- m-bn- \mw- Im-Wp-∂n-√.- _p-≤≥- {]-]©
- I- m-cW
- a- m-b- {_lv-
_u≤Z¿-i-\w:- _n.-kn-.- 567˛483 Im-e-Ø- v- `m-c-X-Øn¬- Pohn- a-sØ- \ntj-[n-®n-cp-∂p-sh-∂v- ]n≥-Im-e- ]-Wv-U-n-X-∑m-cn¬- ]-ecpw-
®n-cp∂- KuX-a-_p-≤-≥- {]-t_m-[-\w- sN-bv-X- a-X-am-Wv- _p-≤-aXw.- 1. Cu- a-c-Øn-\m-Wv- ]n-∂o-Sv- t_m-[n-hr-£w- F-∂- t]-cp-h-∂-Xv.-
64 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-
A-`n-{]m-b-s∏-´n-´p-≠v.- {]-]-©-Øn-∂- v- Im-c-W-an-√ F-∂m-bn-cp-∂ph-
t{X- _p-≤s- ≥d- hm-Zw1.- {_-la v- k
- m-£m-XIv- m-cs
- a-∂- B-ib
- s
- Øbpw-
tZ-h-{]m¿-Y-\sb-bp-sa-√mw- _p≤≥- hn-a¿-in-®n-cp-∂p-sh-∂pw- ]db-
s∏Sp-∂p.-
Zpx-JØ - n¬-\n-∂pw- Zp-cn-Xß
- f
- n¬-\n-∂pw- ]q¿-Wt- am-N\ - w- t\Sn-
imiz-Xa - m-b- B-\µ- Ø
- n--se-Øp-∂- A-hk - vY
- s
- b-bmWv- _p-≤≥- \n¿
hm-Ww- F-∂v- hn-fn-®-Xv.- Zpx-J-ß-fn¬-\n-∂pw- Zp-cn-X-ß-fn¬- \n-∂pw-
ap-Iv-Xn- t\-Sm≥- A-h-b-p-sS- `u-Xn-I- Im-c-W-ß-sf- \n¿-am¿-P-\w-
sN-øm-\-√,-- {]-Xyp-X- B¥-cn-I- hn-ip-≤o-I-c-W-Øn-eq-sS-bpw- kz`m-
h- ss\¿-ae - y-Øn-eq-sS-bpw- am\knI- ]-cn-{i-aß - f
- n-eq-sS-bpw- \n¿hm-
W-Ønse-Øn-t®-cm-\m-Wv- A-t±-lw- A\p-bm-bn-I-sf- B-lz-m-\w-
sN-bv-X-Xv.-
{_-m-lv-a-W- ta-[-m-hn-X-z-sØ- i-Iv-X-am-bn-Ø-s∂- F-Xn¿-°p-
I-bpw- h¿-Wm-{i-a- hy-h-kv-Y-s°-Xn-sc- i-_v-Zn-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-X-
{io-_p-≤-s\- A-k-`y-߃-sIm-≠pw- A-{I-a-߃- sIm-≠pam-Wv-
A∂-sØ- {_ml-v-aW- ]p-tcm-ln-X-∑m¿- kzo-I-cn-®-Xv.- A-t±-l-sØ-
sIm-e- sN-øm≥- t]m-epw- Ah¿- Kq-Vm-tem-N-\- \-S-Øn.- A-{I-a
߃- sIm-≠v- _p-≤-a-Xw- \-in-°n-s√-∂v- a-\- n-em-°n-b- {_mlv-a
W- ]u-tcm-ln-Xyw- k-a\ - z-bØ- n-s≥-d- X{¥-߃- sI-m≠ - m-Wv- _p≤-
a-X-sØ- \m-am-h-ti-j-am-°n-b-Xv.- {i-o-_p-≤-s\- hn-jvWp-hn-s≥-d-
H-º-Xm-a-sØ- A-h-Xm-c-am-bn- A-h-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-h-cm-Wv- A-`n-\-h-
ssl-µ-h- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-cn-e-[n-I-hpw.-
_p-≤-s≥-d- \n¿-hm-W-Øn-\p-ti-jw- Cu- Z¿-i-\-Øn¬ -A-`n
{]m-b-hy-Xym-k-ß-fp-≠m-hp-I-bpw- ]m-j-Wv-U≥-am¿- F-∂- hn-`mKw-
D-S-se-Sp°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.- ]n-∂o-Sv- H-cp- \q-‰m-≠n-\p-ti-jw- a-lm-
kmw-Ln-I-∑m¿,- tY-c-hm-ZnIƒ- F-∂n-ß-s\- c-≠m-bn- ho-≠pw- ]nf¿-
∂p.- A-tim-I-s≥-d- `c-W-Im-e-Øv- A-t±-lw- _p-≤-a-X-{]-N-c-W-
Øn-\p-th-≠n- b-Xv\- n-®p.- _p≤-aX- w- a-lm-bm-\w,- lo-\b - m-\w- F∂n-
ß-s\- c-≠p- {Kq-∏p-I-fm-bn- ho≠pw- hn-`-Pn-°-s∏-´p.- a-lm-bm-\w-
ho-≠pw- am-[y-an-Iw,- hn-Pv-Rm-\-hm-Zw- F-∂n-ß-s\- c-≠m-bn- ]n-
1. Caraws: The Gospel of Budha, Page 23
[-¿-a-hpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw- 65
f¿∂p.- A-ß-s\- ]n-f¿-∂v- ]n-f¿-∂v- _p-≤-a-X-Øn¬- ]-Xn-s\-´v-
{][m\- hn-`m-K-ß-fpw- A-™q-tdm-fw- D-]-h-n-`m-K-ß-fp-ap-≠m-bn.-
ssP-\-Z¿-i-\w-:- {In-kv-Xp-hn-\v- ap-ºv- 599˛¬- h-Pv-Pn-bp-sS- X-e-
kv-Ym-\-am-b- ssh-im-en- \-K-cn-bn-em-Wv- ssP-\-a-X- kv-Ym-]-I-\m-
b- h¿-[-am-\- alm-ho-c≥- `q-Pm-X-\m-b-Xv.- a-lm-ho-c-\p- ap-ºpw- ssP-
\-a-X-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂pw- E-j-`-tZ-h≥- ap-X¬-- B-cw-`n-®- Xo¿-
Y¶c- ]-c-º-c-bn-se- A-h-km-\-sØ- Xo¿-Y-¶-c≥- am-{X-am-Wv- h¿-
[-am-\-a-lm-ho-c-s\-∂p-am-Wv- hnizm-kw.- P-bn-®-h≥- F-∂¿-Y-ap-≈-
"Po-\'- -]-Z-Øn¬-\n-∂pw- hyp¬-]-∂-amb- Pn-\≥- F-∂- ]-Zw- sIm-
≠v- cm-K-tZz-jm-Zn-I-sf- P-bn-®h -- ≥- F-∂v- hn-h-£n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.- B-
sI-bp-≠mb- C-cp-]-Øn-\m-ev- Xo¿-Y-¶-c-∑m-cp-sS-bpw- kn≤m-¥-ß-
sf- t{Im-Uo-I-cn-®-Xm-W-t{X- ssP-\-Z¿-i-\w.- B-Zy-Im-e-Øv- B-
Nm-cy-\n¬-\n-∂v- in-jy∑m-cnte-°v- t\-cn-´v- hm-sam-gnbm-bn-- {]-N-cn-
∏n-°-s∏-´Xn-\m¬- Cu- Z¿i-\-Øn-s≥-d- A-\p-bm-bn-Iƒ- \n¿-{K-\v-
Y-∑m¿- F-∂p- hn-fn-°-s∏-´p.- h¿-[-am-\-a-lm-ho-c-s≥-d- A-\p-bm-bn-
bm-bn-cp-∂- tI-h-en- F.Un.- 57˛¬ ssP-\-Z¿-i-\- kn-≤m-¥-߃-
t{Im-Uo-Ic - n-°p-Ib
- pw- kq{X-߃,- {]-Io¿-Wß - ƒ,- \n¿-bp-IvX- n-Iƒ,-
D-]mw-i-߃,- tO-Z-߃- F-∂o- h-I-I-fn¬- F¨-]-Øn-\m-ep- {K-
\v-Y-߃- ssP-\-Z¿-i-\-Øn-\v- kw-`m-h-\- sN-øp-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.-
ssP-\- Z¿-i-\w- {]-]-©-Øn-se- F-√m- h-kv-Xp-°-sf-bpw- Po
h߃- F-∂pw- A-Po-h-ß-sf∂pw- c-≠m-bn- X-cw-Xn-cn-°p-∂p.- C-h-
c-≠pw- imizX-ß-fm-Wv.- `u-Xn-I- ]-Zm-¿-Yw- (]p-Zv-K-ew),- kv-Y-ew,-
Im-ew,- N-e-\w- ([¿-aw-),- \n-iv-N-eX- (A-[¿-aw-)- F-∂n-ß-s\- A©p-
X-c-am-Wv- A-P-o-h-߃.- Cu- A-Po-h-ß-fp-am-bn- _-\v-[-s∏-´m-Wv-
Poh≥- \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂-Xv.- Po-h≥-X-s∂-bmWv- BXv-am-hv.- ]-c-am-
Wp-hn-\p-t]m-epw- tN-X\ - b- p-≠v.- a-\p-jy-s≥d- C-{µn-bß
- f
- pw- a-\ pw-
izm-k-hp-apƒ-s∏sS- {]-]-©-Øn-se- F-√m- {]-Xn-`m-k-ßfpw- ]-c-
am-Wp-°-fp-sS- kw-tbm-Kw- sIm-≠m-Wv- D-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv.-
Hm-tcm- Po-hn-Iƒ-°pw- th-sd- th-sd- B-Xv-am-hp-≠v.- A-h-°v-
hyXy-kv-X- h-ep-∏-am-Wp-≈-Xv.- B-\-°v- B-\-tbm-fw- h-ep∏-ap-≈-
B-Xv-am-hpw- D-dp-ºn-\v- D-dp-ºn-t\m-fw- h-en-∏-ap-≈- B-Xv-am-hp-am-Wp-
66 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-
≈-Xv.- B-Xa v- m-hv- \nXyhpw- A-\iz-ch - p-am-W.v- - c-mK
- t- Zz-jt- em-`- tamlm-
Zn-If
- n¬-\n-∂v- ap-IvX- a
- mbn- B-Xva
- o-b- hn-Im-kØ - n-s≥-d- k¿-thm∂X-
]-Z-hn-bn-te-°v- F-Øn-t®-cp-Ibm-Wv- a-\p-jy-s≥-d- e-£yw.- I-¿-a-
iIv-XnsIm-≠v- -{]-b-Xv-\-Øn-eq-sS- Xo¿-Y-¶-c-∑m-cp-sS- ]-Z-hn-bn-se
Øn-t®-cp-∂-Xm-Wv- \n¿-hm-Ww.-
ssh-Zn-I-I-¿-a-߃-°pw- {_m-lv-a-W- ]-u-tcm-ln-X-y-Ø-n-\pw-
F-Xn-cm-bn-cp-∂- ssP-\a - X
- m-\p-bm-bn-Iƒ-°pw- A-°m-es - Ø- ]utcm-
ln-Xy-Øn¬- \n-∂pw- i-Iv-X-am-b- F-Xn¿-∏v- t\-cn-tS-≠n-h-∂p.- ]n¬
°me-Øv- ssP-\ Z¿i\w- Zn-Kw-_-c-∑m¿,- tiz-Xmw-_-c∑m¿- F-∂n-
ß-s\- c-≠p- hn-`m-K-ambn- ]n-cn-™p.- k¿-h-kw-K-]-cn-Xym-K-sa-∂-
ssP-\-Z¿-i-\-Øn-s≥-d- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\m-i-bw- hym-Jym-\n-®v- hym-Jym-
\n-®v- D-Sp-Xp-Wn-t]m-epw- D-t]-£n-°-W-sa-∂ \n-e-bn-se-Øn-b-h-
cm-Wv- Zn-Kw-_-c-∑m¿-˛Zn-°v- h-kv-{X-am-°n-b-h-sc-∂¿-Yw.- sam-Ø
Øn¬- Po-hn-X-sØ- {]-[m-\-am-bn- Im-Wp-I-bpw- Ip-Spw-_-Po-hn-Xw-
\n-tj-[n-°m-Xn-cn-°p-I-bpw- sN-øp-∂- sh-≈-h-kv-{X-[m-cn-I-fm-Wv-
ti-z-X-mw-_-c-∑m¿. Cu- c-≠p- hn-`m-K-߃- Iq-Sm-sX- bm-]-\o-b-∑m¿-
Fs∂mcp- hn-`m-Kh - pw- ]n-∂o-Sv- sP-\a
- X
- Ø
- n¬- D-Ss
- e-Sp-Øp-sh-¶nepw-
AXv- Iq-Sp-X¬- Im-ew- \n-e\n-∂n-√.-
Nm¿-hm-I- Z¿-i\- w-:- th-Zß
- s
- f- ap-gp-h≥- hn-a¿-in-®v- Cu-izc\v-
Akv-Xn-Xz-an-s√-∂v- hm-Zn-®- Z¿-i-\-Øn-\m-W- v- Nm¿-hm-I- Z¿-i-\w-
A-s√-¶n¬- temIm-b-X- Z¿-i-\w- F-∂p- ]-d-bp-∂Xv.- _r-l-kv]Xn-
kv-Ym]n-®- Z¿-i-\-amWv- Nm¿-hm-I- Z¿-i-\-sa-∂pw- tem-I¿-°n-S-bn¬-
A-Xn-\v- kn-≤n-®- {]-Nm-c-w- sIm-≠m-Wv- tem-Im-b-Xw- F-∂p- t]-cp-
hn-fn-s®-sX-∂p-am-Wv- Nn-e- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-cp-sS- \n-K-a-\w.- _r-l-kv-
]-Xn-bp-sS- in-jy-\m-b- Nm¿-hm-I-\m-Wv- Cu- Z¿-i-\-Øn-s≥-d- kvYm-
]-I-s\-∂pw- A-`n-{]m-b-ap-≠v.- Nm¿-hm-I≥- H-cp- {]tXy-I- hy-Iv-Xn-
bp-sS- t]-c-s√-∂pw- kp-µ-c-am-b- (Nm-cp-hm-b-)- hm-°p-I-sf-s°m-≠v-
P-\-ß-sf- B-I¿-jn-®p- h-gn-sX-‰n-°p∂- `u-Xn-I-hm-ZnI-sf- s]m-
Xphm-bn- kwt_m-[-\- sN-ø-m-\-p-]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂-- ]-Zam-bn-cp∂p-
Nm¿-hm-I-∑m¿- F-∂p-am-Wv- a-‰p- Nn-e- ]Wv-Un-X-∑m-cp-sS- ]-£w.-
"N-h-bv-°p-I'- F-∂¿-Y-ap-≈- "Nm¿-hv'- F-∂- [m-Xp-hn¬-\n-∂pw- cq-]-
sa-Sp-Ø- Nm¿-hm-I≥,- "Xn-∂pI-;- Ip-Sn-°p-I-;- kp-Jn-°p-I'- F-∂-
[-¿-a-hpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw- 67
XØzw {]-t_m-[-\w- sN-bv-X- `u-Xn-I-hm-Zn-I-sf- ]-cn-l-k-n-°m≥-
th-≠n- F-Xn-cm-fn-I-fp-]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂- {]tbm-K-am-sW-∂m-Wv- a‰p-
Nn-e- ]-Wv-U-n-X-∑m-cp-sS- A-`n-{]mbw.- tem-Im-b-X-sa∂- t]-cp- e-`n-
®-Xv- `u-Xn-I-tem-I-sØ- B-kv-]-Z-am-°n-b- XØ-z-im-kv-{Xw- F∂-
A¿-Y-Øn-em-sW-\pw- A-\p-am-\n-°p-∂- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-cp≠v.-
Nm¿-hm-I-Z¿-i-\-Øn-s≥-d- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\- {K-\v-Y-ß-sfm-∂pw-X-
s∂- C∂v- In-´m-\n-√.- `m-cXo-b- `u-Xn-I-hm-Zn-Iƒ-°v- km-ln-Xy-ß-
f-p-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√s√--∂v- C-Xn-\¿-Y-an-√.- a-t‰-sXm-cp- Z¿-i-\-sØ-bpw-
t]m-se-Øs-- ∂- [mcm-fw- {K-\v-Y-߃- Nm¿-hm-I- Z¿-i-\-Øn-\p-≠m-
bn-cp-∂n-cn-°-Ww.- Cu- kmln-Xy-߃-°v- F-¥p-]‰n?- P-h-l¿-em¬-
s\lvdp- F-gp-Xp-∂p-:-" C-¥y-bn-se- `u-Xn-I-hm-Z- km-ln-Xy-ß-fn¬-
an-°-Xpw- ]n¬°m-e-ß-fn-se- ]p-tcmln-X-∑m-cpw- a-‰p- ]m-c-º-cy-
aX-hn-izm-kn-I-fpw- \-in-∏n-®-Xm-hm-\m-Wv- C-S-bp-≈-Xv'1- .- Nm¿-hm-I-
Z¿-i-\-sØ-°p-dn-®v- C-∂p- \aps°-s¥-¶n-epw- a-\- n-em-°m≥- Ign-
bp-∂-Xv- A-Xns≥-d- hn-a¿-i-I-sc-gp-Xn-b- ]p-kv-X-I-ß-fn¬\n-∂m-Wv.-
]-Xn-\-©mw- \q-‰m-≠n¬- Po-hn-®n-cp-∂- th-Zm-¥-]-Wv-Un-X≥- am-[hm-
Nm-cy¿- F-g-p-Xn-b- "k¿-h-Z¿-i-\- kw-{K-lw'- F-∂- ]p-kv-X-I-Øn¬-
\n-∂-m-Wv- Nm¿-hm-I- Z¿-i-\-Øn-s≥-d- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\- kn≤m-¥-ßsf-
°p-dn-®v- G-It- Z-iw- hn-iZ- a
- m-bn- \-ap-°v- a-\ 
- n-em-°m≥- I-gn-bp∂Xv.-
Nm¿-hm-I-Z¿-i-\-sØ- hn-a¿-in-®p-sIm-s≠-gp-Xn-b- {]-kv-Xp-X- {K-\vY-
Øn-se- ]-c-m-a¿-i-߃- ]q¿-W-am-bn- kzo-I-cn-°m≥- \n-jv-]-£- ]T-
\w- \-S-Øp-∂-h¿-°m-h-n-s√-¶n-epw- Nm¿-hm-I- Z¿-i-\-sØ-°p-dn-®v-
A-Sn-kv-Ym\- hn-h-c-߃- \¬-Ip-∂- G-I-t{km-X- v- F-∂- \n-ebv°v-
k¿-h-Z¿-i-\kw{K-l-sØ-bm-Wv- C∂v F-√m- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-cpw-
B{i-bn-°p-∂-Xv.-
Cu-iz-cs
- \-bpw- th-Zß- s- f-bpw- ]u-tcm-ln-Xy-sØ-bpw- iIvX-
ambn- hn-a¿-in-®- tem-Im-bX - ∑
- m-cp-sS- X-Øz-- ß
- s
- f- {]-KX
- v`
- - am¿Ivkn-
kv-‰v- Nn-¥-I-\m-b- sI.- Zmtam-Z-c≥- C-ß-s\- hn-i-Zo-I-cn-®n-cn°p∂p.-
1.- `q-an,- sh-≈w,- Xo-,- hm-bp- F-∂n-h-bm-Wv- aqe-[m-Xp-°ƒ.-
1. Jawaharlal Nehru: The Discovery of India, Page 86.
68 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-
2.- i-co-cw,- C-{µn-b߃,- h-kv-Xp-°ƒ- ap-X-em-b-h- Cu- aq-e
[m-Xp-°-fp-sS- hy-Xy-kv-X- co-Xn-bn-ep-≈- kw-tbm-P-\w- sIm-≠p≠m-
b-Xm-Wv.-
3.- hy-Xy-kv-X-ß-fm-b- Nn-e- {]-tXy-IX-cw- [m-\y-ß-fp-sS-
kwtbm-P-\-Øn¬-\n-∂v- e-l-cn- i-Iv-Xn-bp-≠m-hp-∂-Xp-t]m-se- aqe-
[m-Xp-°-fp-sS- kw-tbm-P-\-Øn¬-\n-∂v- {]-Pv-R-bp-≠m-hp-∂p.-
4.- {]-Pv-Rtbm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b- i-co-c-am-Wv- B-Xv-am-hv.-
5.- Imaw- am-{X-am-Wv- ]p-cp-jm¿-Yw-.-
6.- a-c-W-am-Wv- tam-£w-1.-
{_-m-lv-a-W- ]u-tcm-ln-Xy-sØ-bpw- ssh-Zn-II¿-a-ß-sf-bpw-
hna¿-in-®- v- _r-l-kv-]-Xn- F-gp-Xn-b-sX-∂v- I-cp-Xp-∂- h-cn-I-fn¬-
\n∂pw- tem-ImbX- Z¿-i-\-Øn-s≥-d- Xo-{h-X- a-\- n-em-°m≥-
Ignbpw.-
"A-Kv-\n-tlm-{Xw,- aq-∂v- thZ-߃,- k-\ym-kw,- `-kv-aw- ]qi¬,-
Chsbm-s°- _p≤n-bpw- ]u-cp-j-hpw- sI-´-h-cp-sS- h-b-‰p-]n-g-∏n-\p-
th-≠n- ]S-®p-≠m-°n-b- G¿-∏m-Sp-Iƒ- am-{X-am-Wv'-2.-
"tkm-ab- m-KØ
- n¬- sIm-e- sN-øs - ∏-´- ar-KØ
- n-\v- kz¿-Kw- In´p
sa¶n¬ b-Pa
- m-\≥- kz-¥w- A-NO
- v- s
- \-Øs-- ∂- bm-Kth-Zn-bn- ¬
- - F¥p-
sIm≠v- l\n-°p-∂n-√?'3
"Po-hn-°p-∂n-S-tØm-fw- I-m-ew- kp-J-am-bn- Po-hn-°-Ww.- I-Sw-
hmßn-bpw- s\-øv- I-gn-°-Ww.- i-co-cw- Np-´p-Nm-ºem-bm¬- ]n-s∂-
Xn-cn-®p-h-cp-∂sX-ß-s\?'4.-
"A-Xp-sIm-≠v- {_m-lv-a-W≥- a-cn-®-h¿-°v- ti-j-{In-b-Iƒ-
hn[n®Xv- X-߃-°v- D-]P
- o-h\
- - am¿-Ka
- p-≠m-°m≥- th-≠n-am-{X-amWv.-
1.- `m-c-Xo-bNn-¥,- t]-Pv- 144.-
2.- A-Kv-\n-tlm-{Xw- {X-tbm-th-Zmx- {Xn-Z-Wv-Uw- `-kv-a- Kp-Wv-T-
\w- _p-≤n- ]p-cp-j-lo-\m \mw- Po-hn-Im- [m-Xr- \n¿-Ωn-Xn--
3.- ]-ip-iv-tN-∂n-l-Xx- kz¿-§w- tP-ym-Xn-jv-Tm-ta- K-an-jy-X-n-
kz-]n-X- b-P-am-t\-\- X-{X-I-kvam-∂- lnw-ky-tX-
4.- bm-h-Pv-Po-hw- kp-Jw- Po-th-Zv- E-Ww- Ir-Xym- Lr-Xw- hn-t_-Xv-;-
`kv-ao- `q-X-ky tZ-lw-ky- ]p-\-cm-K-a-\w- Ip-Xx?-
[-¿-a-hpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw- 69
a-s‰m-∂pw- Hcn-S-Ø-p-an-√'-1.-
C-ß-s\,- ssh-Zn-I-a-X-sØ-bpw- {_m-lv-a-W- ]u-tcm-ln-
XysØ-bpw- bm-Km-Zn- I-¿-a-ß-sf-bp-sa-√mw- i-Iv-X-am-bn- hn-a¿-in-®-
Nm¿-hm-I- Z¿-i-\Øn-s≥-d- A-\p-bm-bn-Iƒ-s°-Xn-sc- {_m-lv-a-W-
]u-tcm-ln-Xyw- X-ß-fp-sS- ka-b-hpw- i-I-vXn-bpw- {]-tbm-Kn-®-Xn\m-
em-bn-cn-°-W-w- Nm¿-hm-I- {K-\v-Y-ß-sfm-∂pw- X-s∂- A-h-ti-jn°m-
Xn-cp-∂-Xv.- "h-©-I-∑m-cpw- tIm-am-fn-I-fpw- cm-£-k-∑m-cpw- Iq-Sn- ]S-
®p-≠m-°n-b-Xm-Wv- th-Z-߃'2 F-∂v- ]-c-ky-ambn- {]-Jym-]n-®-
temIm-b-X-∑m-sc- ssh-Zn-I- ]p-tcm-ln-X-∑m¿- F-Xn¿-°m-Xn-cp-s∂-
¶n-te-- A-Xv-`p-X-ap-≈q.- ]-t£,- ]u-cm-Wn-I- `m-c-Xo-bN-cn{Xw- th-Z
sØ-bpw- D-]-\n-j-Øp-°s-- f-bpw- a-‰p- ssl-µ-h-{K-\v-Y-ß-sf-bpw-
AwKo-Ic - n-®n-cp-∂- P-\h
- n-`m-KØ
- n-s≥-d- am-{Xw- N-cn-{X-am-sW-∂- hmZ-
Øn-¬-- Igºn-s√∂v- Nm¿-hm-I- Z¿-i-\-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- A-Xpw- sshZnI-
Z¿-i-\-hpw- X-Ωn¬- \S∂- kw-L-´-\-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- N-cn-{Xw- hy-Iv-X-
am°p-∂p.-
Cu-iz-c-\n-s√-∂v- hm-Zn-®- Nm¿-h-m-I-s\-t∏m-epw- kzo-I-cn-®m-
\-bn-°m\pw- _r-l-kv-]-Xn-sb- ap-\n-bm-bw-Ko-I-cn-°m-≥- k-∂-≤-
am-hm≥- am{Xw- hn-im-e-a-\-kv-I-cm-bn-cp-∂p- ssh-Zn-I- kw-kv-Im-c-
Øn-s≥-d- A\pbm-bn-I-sf-∂pw- C-{X-bpw- hn-im-eam-b- ho-£-Ww-
sh-®p-]p-e¿-Øn-b- a-s‰mcp- Z¿i-\-tam- cm-jv-{S-tam- tem-I-N-cn-{X-
Øn¬- C-∂p-h-sc- D-≠m-bn-´n-s√-∂pw- lnµp-cm-jv-{S-hm-Z-°m¿- D-Zv
tLm-jn°m-dp-≠v.- k-X-y-sØ- h-f-s®m-Sn-®psIm-≠p-≈- {]Nm-c-Ww-
am-{X-a-t{X- C-Xv.- Nm¿-hm-I- Z-¿-i-\-sØ- \-in-∏n-°m≥- th≠n- B-
Z¿-i-\-Øn-s≥-d- {K-\v-Y-߃- Np-s´-cn-®-Xv- B-cm-bn-cp-∂p?- Nm¿hm-
I∑m¿- A-kp-c∑ - m-cpw- cm-£k- ∑- m-cp-am-sW-∂v 3 {]-Nc
- n-∏n-®h
- ¿- Bcm-
bn-cp-∂p?- temIm-b-X- Z¿-i-\-Øn-s≥-d- A-\p-bm-bn-Isf- h-I-h-cp-
ØnbXm-bn-cp-∂p.?-4 ]ucm-Wn-I- `m-c-Xo-b¿- F-∂m-Wp-Ø-cw.- hyIv-
1.- X-X-iv-N- Po-h-t\m-]m-tbm- {_m-lv-a-ssW¿- hn-ln-Xm-kv-Xz-n--
l- ar-Xm-\mw- t{]-X Im-cym-Wn- \-Xz-\y-Zv- hn-Zy-tX-Iz-Nn-Xv-
(D-≤-c-Ww-:- tUm.- F≥.-hn.-]n.- D-Wn-Øn-cn-:-
`m-c-Xo-b- Z¿-i-\-Øn-s≥-d- A-dn-b-s∏-Sm-Ø- ap-Jw- t]-Pv- 26˛17)-.-
2.- {X-tbm- th-Z-ky- I¿-Xm-tcm- Z-Wv-U- [q¿-X- \n-im-N-cmx-
3.- sI.- Zm-tam-Z-c≥-:- `m-c-Xo-b- Nn-¥- t]-Pv- 143.-
4.- `m-c-X- hn-Pv-Rm-\-tIm-iw-:- hm-eyw- 1 t]-Pv-:- 653.-
70 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- [-¿-a-hpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw- 71

X-ambn- ]-d™
- m¬- th-tZm-]\ - n-jØ
- p-Iƒ
- °
- v- A-{]-amZn-Xzw- I¬]n®- h-sc- B-cm-[n-°p-∂-hsc- A-Xw-Ko-I-cn-°p-∂p'-1.- `m-c-Xo-b- Zm¿-i-
ssh-ZnI- Z¿-i-\-ß-fp-sS- ]p-tcm-ln-X-∑m-cpw- A-\p-bm-bn-I-fpw.- Ch- \n-I- N-cn-{Xw- ]-Tn-®m¬- Cu- ]-c-am-_-Zv-[w- Aw-Ko-I-cn-°m≥-
sc-bm-Wv- temIm-b-X-sØ-t∏m-epw- ]q-am-e-bn-´v- kzo-I-cn-®- alm-a- Bsf-°n-´p-I-bn-√. A-Xn-\m-em-bn-cn-°mw- B-Z¿-i-tam- B-i-b-tam-
\-kv-I-cm-bn- A-h-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-sX∂- h-kv-Xp-X- F-¥p- am-{Xw- hnNn- ]Tn-∏n-°m-sX- A-\v-[-am-b- tZ-io-b- hn-Im-c-hpw- A-\y-a-X-hn-tc-m-[-
{X-a-√!- hpw- am-{Xw- {]-N-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv- F-∂p \mw- I-cp-Xp-I.-
Nm¿-hm-I- Z¿-i-\-hpw- ssh-Zn-I- Z¿-i-\-ß-fpw- X-Ωn¬- am-{X-
a-√,- `m-c-Xo-b- N-cn-{X-Øn¬- kw-L-´-\-ß-fp-≠m-bn-´p-≈Xv.- `m-c-X-
Øn-ep-≠mb- ap-gp-h≥- Z¿-i-\-ß-fpw- X-Ωn¬-X-Ωn¬- kw-hm-Z-ßfpw-
kw-L-´-\-ß-fp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂v- N-cn-{Xw- ]-Tn-∏n-°p-∂p.- {_lv-
aw- k-Ø-pw- {]-]-©w- A-k-Øp-am-sW-∂- th-Zm-¥n-I-fp-sS- A-Sn-kv
Ym-\-m-Z¿-i-sØ- hn-a¿-in-®p-sIm-≠m-Wv- kmw-Jy-Z¿-i-\- kv-Ym-]-
I≥- {]-]© - w- k-Øp-Xs - ∂-bm-sW∂v- kvY - m-]n-°p-∂X- v1.- \-tS- kqNn-
∏n-®- {]-I-m-cw {io-i-¶-c≥- X-s≥-d- A-ssZzX- th-Zm-¥w- kv-Ym-]n-®
Xv- k-a-Im-en-I-ß-fm-b- Z¿-i-\-߃- ap-gp-h≥- A-_≤-ß-fm-sW-∂v-
k-a¿-Yn-®p-sIm-≠m-Wv.- C-ß-s\- kw-L-´-\-ß-fn-eq-sS-bpw- kw-hmZ-
Øn-eq-sS-bp-am-Wv- ssh-tZ-in-I-am-b- a-t‰-sXm-cp- Z¿-i-\-sØ-bpw-
t]mse -X-s∂- `m-cX-o-b- Z¿-i-\-ß-fpw- h-f¿-∂p-hn-I-kn-®-Xv.- `mc-
Xo-b- Z¿i-\Ø - n-\v- A-{]-am-Zn-Xz-w- I¬-]n-°m≥- P-\ß - t- fm-Sv- Blzm-
\w- sN-øp-I-bpw- A-ß-s\- a-X-hn-Im-c-Øn-t∑¬- cm-jv-{Sw- ]-Wn-bm-
sa-∂v- hymtamln-°p-I-bpw- sN-øp-∂-h¿- Cu- h-kv-Xp-X-Iƒ- a-d-®p-
sh-®p-sIm-≠m-Wv- `m-cXo-b- Zm¿-i-\n-I- N-cn-{Xw- Aw-Ko-Im-c-Øn-
s≥-d-bpw- k-a-\z-b-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- N-cn-{X-am-sW-∂v- Zp¿-hym-Jym-\w-
sN-øp-∂-Xv.- A-h¿- F-gpXp∂p-:- "H-∂p- am-{Xw- i-cn-;- a-s‰-√mw- sX‰v'-
F-∂- sk-an-‰n-Iv- ho-£-Ww- A-`m-c-Xo-b-amWv.- H-cp- sk-an-‰n-Iv- "aX'-
sa-∂p-X-s∂- I-cp-Xm-hp-∂- am¿-Ivkn-k-Øn¬- hn-izkn-°p-∂- \ºq-
Xn-cn-∏m-Sn-\v- B- a-XØ - n-s≥-d- ho-£W-ap≠m-hp-I- kzm-`m-hn-Ia - mWv.-
`m-c-Xo-b- ho-£-Ww- a-\p-jy≥- sX-‰n¬-\n-∂v- i-cn-bn-te-°v- ap-t∂dp-
∂p-sh-∂m-Wv-.- A-Xv- H-∂n-s\-bpw- I-Æpw-]q-´n- \n-tj-[n-°-p-∂n-√.-
B-hiym-\p-k-c-Ww- Aw-Ko-I-cn-°p-∂p.- `q-Xt{]-X-߃- ap-X¬- ]c-
{_lv-aw- h-sc- I-√pw- a-c-hpw- ap-X¬- \n-cm-Im-c- \n¿-Kp-W- {_-lv-aw-

1.- kmw-Jy-Im-cn-I- 9.- 1.- ]n.- ]-c-ta-iz-c≥-:- am-Xr-`q-an- B-gv-N-∏-Xn-∏v-:- 1989 Pq¨- 11˛17
 72

a-X-hn-`m-K-߃-
hn-hn-[- Z¿-i-\-ß-tfm-S-\p-_-\v-[n-®v- hy-Xy-kv-X- B-cm-[-\m-
k-{ºZm-b-ß-fpw- C-¥y-bn¬- \n-e-\n-∂n-cp-∂p.- C-∂pw- \n-e-\n¬-
°p-∂p-≠v C-h-bn¬- ]-e-Xpw.- `m-c-X-Øn¬- B-hn¿-`-hn-®- {]-[-m-\-
a-Xß- ƒ- thZm-¥w,- sshjvW - h- w,- ssi-hw,- im-IvX - w,- ku-cw,- KmW-
]-Xyw,- Iu-am-cw,- tbmKw,- kmw-Jyw,- a-o-amw-k,- ssP-\w,- _u-≤w-
F∂n-h-bm-Wv.- C-h-bn¬- th-Zm¥w,- tbm-Kw,- kmw-Jyw-,- ao-amw-k,-
ssP-\w,- _u-≤w- F-∂o- a-X-߃- \tS- {]kv-Xm-hn-®- Z¿-i-\-ßtfm-
S-\p-_-\v-[n-®-p-≠m-b- B-cm-[-\m- k-{º-Zm-b-ß-fmWv.- ssh-jv-Whw,-
ssi-hw,- im-Iv-Xw,- ku-cw,- Km-W-]-X-yw,- Iu-am-cw- F-∂o- a-X-ßfpw-
Z-¿-i-\-ß-fp-sS- Dt]m¬-]-∂-ß-fm-sW-¶nepw- A-h- tI-hew- Bcm-
[-\m- k-{º-Zm-b-߃- am-{X-ta- {]-Zm-\w- sN-øp-∂p-≈q.- Z¿-i-\-ßsf-
°p-dn-®v- \-tS-{]-kv-Xm-hn-®- kv-Yn-Xn-°v- a-‰p- B-cm-[-\m- k-{º-Z-m-b-
ß-sf- A-Yh - m- a-Xß
- s
- f-°p-dn-®v- am-{Xw- km-am- \
- y- a- m-bn- \-ap-s°m∂v-
]-cn-N-bs∏Smw.-
ssh-jv-W-h- a-X-w-:- {Xn-aq¿-Øn-I-fn¬- Po-hn-X-Øn-s≥-d- A[n-
\m-b-I-\m-b- hn-jv-Wp-hn-s\- G-I-ssZ-h-am-bn- Aw-Ko-I-cn-°p-I-bpw-
73 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-
B-cm-[n-°p-I-bpw- sN-øp-∂- hn-`m-K-am-Wv- ssh-jv-W-h≥-am¿.- {ioIr-
jv-W≥,- {iocm-a≥- Xp-S-ßn- hn-jv-Wp-hn-s≥-d- ]-Øv- A-h-Xm-c-ß-
fpw- ssh-jv-W-h- a-X-Øn-\v- B-cm-[y-ß-fm-Wv.- {io-Ir-jv-Wm-c-m-[-\-
bn¬- \n-∂m-Wv- ssh-jv-W-h- a-X-Øn-s≥-d- D¬-]-Øn-sb-∂v- hm-Zn
°p-∂- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-cp-≠v.- ssh-jv-W-h- a-X-Øn-s≥-d- D¬-]-Ønsb-
kw-_-\v-[n-®p-≈- sF-Xn-ly-w- C-ß-s\-bm-Wv.- H-cn-°¬- E-jn-am¿-
Iq-Sn- {Xn-aq¿-Øn-I-fn¬- B-cm-Wv- ]q-Pm¿-l-s\∂v- ]-co-£n-°m≥-
`r-Kp- a-l¿-jn-sb- \n-tbm-Kn-®p.- in-h-\pw- {_-lv-am-hpw- `rKp-hn-s\-
A-hK - W
- n-®p.- A-hs
- c- i-]n- ®
- v- hn-jW
v- p-hn-\S- p-sØ-Øn-bt- ∏mƒ- At±-
lw- tbm-K-\n-{µ-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p.- tIm-]n-®v- hn-jv-Wp-hn-s≥-d- s\-©n¬-
N-hn-´n-b-t∏mƒ- hn-jv-Wp- D-W-cp-I-bpw- `r-Kp-hn-s≥-d- Im-ep-X-S-hn-
t£-a-a-t\z-jn-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.- A-ß-s\-bm-Wv- hn-jvWp-X-s∂-
bm-Wv- ]q-Pm¿-l-s\-∂v- ap-\n-am¿- Xo-cp-am-\n-®-Xv.- ]m-©cm-{X-sa∂pw-
`-m-K-h-X- [¿-a-sa∂pw- ssh-jv-W-h- a-X-Øn-\v- t]-cp-I-fp-≠v.-
B-≠n¬- aq-∂p- {]m-h-iyw- \-S-°p-∂- a-lm-cm-jv-{S-bn-se-
hntTm_m- D¬-k-h-am-Wv- ssh-jv-W-thm¬-k-h-ß-fn¬- {]-[m-\-s∏-
´-Xv.- {io-Ir-jW
v- m-kY v- m-\a
- m-b- ku-cm-j{v- S-bn-se- Zzm-cI
- \
- m-Y- t£{X-
hpw- Xn-cp-∏-Xn-bn-se- sh-¶n-tS-iz-c- t£-{X-hpw- tI-c-f-Øn-se- Kp-cp
hm-bq¿- t£-{X-hpw- {]-[m-\s - ∏-´- aq-∂v- ssh-jvW- h- - t£-{X-ßfmWv.-
sX-°v- {io-]-Xv-a-\m-`- kz-m-an- t£-{Xw- ap-X¬- h-S-°v- _-Z-co-\m-Y-
t£-{Xw- h-sc- C-¥y-bn-ep-S-\o-fw- [mcmfw- ssh-jv-W-h- t£-{Xß-
fp-≠v.- cm-a-\-h-an,- P≥-am-jv-S-an,- \-h-c-m-{Xn,- Zohm-fn F-∂n-h-bm-Wv-
{]-[m-\- ssh-jW v- h
- m-tLm-jß - ƒ.- F-√m- am-kß-fn-epw- c-≠v- GIm-
Zin- \m-f-p-I-fn¬- {h-X-a-\p-jv-Tn-°p-∂-Xpw- Kr-lm-¶-WØn¬- hn-jv-
Wp-hn-\v- ]-cn-ip-≤-am-b- Xp-f-kn- h-f¿-Øp-∂-Xpw- hn-jv-Wp- k-l{k-
\m-aw- sNm-√p-∂-Xpw- ]p-Wy-I¿-a-ß-fm-bn- hn-iz-kn-°p-∂-h-cm-Wv-
ssh-jv-W-h- `-Iv-X-∑m-¿.- \m-c-Z-]-©-cm-{Xw,- Pv-Rm-\m-ar-X-km-cw,-
\m-c-Z-`Iv-Xn-kq-{Xw,- im-Wv-Un-ey- `-Iv-Xn- kq-{Xw,- a-lm-`m-K-h-Xw,-
hnjv-Wp- ]pcmWw,-l-cn-hwiw- F-∂n-h-bm-Wv- ssh-jv-Who-b- {K\v-
Y-ß-fm-bn- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂-Xv.-
ssh-jvW - h- - a-XØ- n¬-Xs - ∂- hy-Xy-kvX - - D-]- a-Xß- f - p-≠mbn-
´p≠v.- cm-am-\p-P≥- kvY - m-]n-®- {io- k-{º-Zm-ba- m-Wv- C-hb - n¬- G‰hpw-
]u-cmWn-Is - a-∂v- I-cp-Xs
- ∏-Sp-∂p.- hn-jW
v- p-hn-s\-bpw- e-£a v- n-sbbpw-
[-¿-a-hpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw- 74
A-h-Xm-c-ß-sf-bpw- B-cm-[y-cm-bn- I-cp-Xp-∂- {io- k-{º-Zm-b-Øn¬-
X-s∂- th-Z-Kz-mfmbn-Iƒ-,- sX-¶-fm-bn-Iƒ- F-∂o- c-≠p- hn-`m-K-ß-
fp-≠m-bn.- th-Z-K-zm-fm-bn-Iƒ,- e-£v-an-sb- hn-jv-Wp-hn-s≥-d- k-l-
hm-kn-bpw- A-\-¥-bpw- krjv-Sn-°-s∏-Sm-Ø-h-fp-am-bn- I-W-°m-°p-
tºmƒ-,- sX-¶-fm-bn-Iƒ- A-h-sc- Znhy-Xz-ap≈-h-sc-¶n-epw- kr-jv-Sn
bm-b-pw- a-[y-h¿-Ø-I-bm-bp-am-Wv- a-\- n-em-°p∂-Xv.- cm-am-\-µ≥-
kv-Ym-]n-®- cm-am-\-µn-I-ƒ- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- sshjvW- hn-`mK-Øn-
s≥-d- B-cm-[y-∑m¿- cm-a≥,- ko-X-,- e-£v-a-W≥,- l-\p-am≥- F∂n-h
cm-Wv.- {io-Ir-jW
v- s
- ≥-d- ]-{¥-≠v- h-b 
- n-\p- ap-ºp-≈- cq-]a
- m-b- _me-
tKm-]m-e-s\- B-cm-[n-°p-∂- cp-{Z- k-{º-Zm-b-sa-∂- ssh-jv-W-h-
hn-`m-KØn-s≥-d- kv-Ym-]-I≥- h-√-`-\m-Wv.-
{io-I-r-jv-W-s\- ]-c-tam-∂-X-\m-bn- Im-Wp-∂- ssN-X-\y-∑m¿-
F∂p- hn-fn-°-s∏Sp-∂- hn-`m-K-Øn-s≥-d- kv-Ym-]-I≥- Ir-jv-Wm-h-
Xm-ca
- m-sW-∂v- hn-iz-kn-°s - ∏-Sp-∂- ssN-X\y- a-lm-{]-`p-hm-Wv.- `mkv-
I-cm-Nm-cy≥- kv-Ym ]n-®- \nw-_m¿-°- hn-`m-K-am-I-s´- Ir-jv-W-t\m-
sSm-∏w- cm-[-sb-bpw- B-cm[n-°p-∂-h-cm-Wv.- {i-o-Ir-jv-W-s\-bpw-
cm[m-h√ - `
- s
- \-bpw- B-cm-[n-°p-∂- cm[m-h√ - `
- - h-n`
- m-KØ
- n-s≥-d- kvYm-
]-I≥- l-cn-h≥-jv- B-Wv.- am-d-Øpw- tXm-fpI-fn-epw- ssh-jv-W-h-
Nnlv-\w- Np-´- C-cp-ºn-\m¬- ]-‰n-®p-tN¿-°p∂- am-[h- hn-`m-K-Øn-
s≥-d- kv-Ym-]-I≥- hm-bp-tZ-h-s≥-d- A-h-Xm-c-sa-∂v- hnizkn-°-s∏-
Sp-∂- am-[-hm-Nm-cy-cm-Wv-.- C-h- Iq-Sm-sX- N-c¨-Zm-kn-Iƒ,- Zm-Zp-]¥n-
Iƒ,- l-cn-]-µn-I-ƒ-,- I-_o¿- ]-µn-Iƒ-,- Jm-°n-Iƒ,- ap-ep-Iv-Zm-kn-
Iƒ,- aocm-`m-bn-Iƒ,- cm-b-Zm-kn-Iƒ,- tk-\m-bn-Iƒ,- km-Jn-_m-h-
Iƒ,- k-[¿-a-]-µ-n-Iƒ- Xp-S-ßn- H-´-\-h-[n- hn-`m-K-߃- ssh-jv-Wh-
a-X-Øn-ep-≠v.-
ssi-h-a-X-w-:- {]m-No-\-Im-ew- ap-X¬-°p-X-s∂- in-h-]q-P-bpw-
enw-K-]q-P-bpw- \n-e-\n-∂p-h-∂n-´ps≠-¶n-epw- ssi-h-a-X-Z¿-i-\-߃-
]q¿-hIme- in-hm-cm-[-\-bp-sS- ]n-¥p-S¿-®-b-s√-∂m-Wv- ]-Wv-Un-X-
a-Xw.- {Xn-aq¿-Øn-I-fn¬- kw-lm-c-I-\m-b- in-h-s\- B-cm-[n-°p-∂-
h-cm-Wv- ssi-h≥-am¿.- "inh-Pv-Rm-\-t_m-[w'- F-∂- {K-\v-Y-sa-gp-Xn-
ssi-h- kn-≤m-¥-߃-°v- Zm¿-i\n-I-am-b- A-Sn-Ø-d- \¬-Im≥- {ian
®- hy-Iv-Xn-bm-Wv- sa-bv-°-Wv-U¿.- ip≤m-ssZz-Xw- F-∂- t]-cn-e-dn
75 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-
b-s∏-Sp-∂- ssi-h-kn-≤m-¥- {]-Im-cw- {_lv-a- -a-√- in-h-\m-Wv- ]-c-a-
am-b- k-Xyw.- `uXn-I{- ]-]©
- h - pw- Po-hm-Xva- m-hp-sa√mw- b-mY
- m¿-Yyß-
fm-sW-¶n-epw- A-h- in-h-\p-am-bn- _-\v-[-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p.- bmYm¿-
Yy-߃- aq-∂m-Wv.- ]-Xn,- ]-ip.- ]m-iw ˛kr-jv-Sn-kv-Yn-Xn- kwlm-c
ß-fp-sS- \m-Y-\m-b- ]-c-a-in-h-\m-Wv- ]-c-a-k-Xy-am-b- ]-Xn.- A-hn-Zy-
bm-Ip∂- I-b-dn-\m¬- tem-I-hp-am-bn- _-\v-[s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂- Po-hm-Xv-
am-hm-Ip-∂-p- ]ip,- A-hn-Zy,- I¿-aw,- am-b- F-∂n-ß-s\-bp-≈- Po-hm-
Xv-am-hn-s\- _-\v-[n-°p-∂- I-b-dp-I-fm-Wv- ]m-iw.- Cu- ]m-iw- A-dp-
Øp-I-f-™v- ]-ip- ]-Xn-bp-am-bn- H∂n-®p -tN-cp-∂-Xm-Wv- tam-£w.-
]-ip-hpw- ]-Xn-bpw- H-∂n-®p-tN-cp-I-sb∂v- ]-d-bp-tºmƒ- ]-ip-]-Xn-
bm-bn- cq-]m-¥-c-s∏-Sp-I-sb-∂-√;-- - {]-Xyp-X- ]-ip- (Po-hm-Xv-am-hv)- ]q¿-
W-X- {]m-]n-°p-I-sb-∂-p- am-{X-am-Wv- A¿-Y-am-°p-∂Xv.- in-h-]p-
cmWw- lm-e-ky-]p-cm-Ww- F-∂n-h-bm-Wv- in-h-{]-Xn-]m-Z-I-ß-fmb-
]p-cm-W-߃.-
Im-©o-]p-cw,- Nn-Zw-_-cw,- X-©m-hq¿,- F-t√m-d,- a-Yp-c,- ssI-
em-kw,- tI-Zm-c-\m-Yw,- Im-io-hn-iz-\m-Y-t£-{Xw- F-∂n-ß-s\- {]kn-
≤-ß-fm-b- t£{X-߃- ap-X¬- C-¥-bn-se- t£-{X-ß-fn¬- `q-cn-]-
£-hpw- in-h-t£-{X-ß-fm-Wv.- in-h-\v- hy-Xy-kv-X-ß-fm-b- `m-h-ß-
fp-≠v.- tI-c-f-Øn-se- ssh°w,- G-‰pam-\q¿,- I-Sp-Øp-cp-Øn- t£-{X-
ß-fn¬- hn-hn-[- `m-h-ß-fn-ep-≈- in-h-{]-Xn-jv-T-I-fm-Wp-≈-Xv.- in-h-
enw-K- {]-Xn-jv-T-Iƒ- {]-kn-≤-amWv.- Im-in- hn-iz-\m-Y-t£-{Xw,- tkm-
a-\m-Y-Iv- t£-{Xw,- cm-ta-iz-c- t£-{Xw,- DPv-P-bn-\n-se- a-lm-Ip-te-
iz¿- t£-{Xw,- amƒhbn-se- Hm-¶m-tc-iz-c- t£{Xw,- tI-Zm-c-\m-Y-
t£-{Xw,- a-√n-Im¿-Pp-\- t£-{Xw,- ss{Xw-_-tI-iz-c-t£-{Xw,- ssh-
Zy-\m-Y-t£-{Xw-,- `o-a-i-¶-c-t£-{Xw,- \m-tiz-c-t£-{Xw,- Lpjv-taiz-
c-t£-{Xw- F-∂n-hn-S-ß-fn-se- in-h-enw-K-{]-Xn-jv-T-Iƒ- kz-bw-`q-hm-
sW-∂m-Wv- sF-Xn-lyw.-
ssi-h-a-X-Ønep-ap-≠v- A-t\-Iw- D-]-hn-`m-K-߃.- ]-c-a-in-h
\m-Wv- G-I-hpw- A-Zzn-Xo-b-hp-am-b- k-Xy-sa-∂pw- tem-Iw- in-h-s≥d-
{]-Xn-^-e-\-am-sW-∂pw- ]-c-in-h-\p-am-bn- ]q¿-W-am-bpw- Xm-Zm-Xv-ayw-
{]m-]n-°p-∂-XmWv- tam-£-sa-∂p-am-Wv- Im-iv-ao-cn- ssi-hkn-≤m-¥-
Øn-s≥-d- s]m-cpƒ.- k¿-h-Pv-R-\pw- k¿-h-i-Iv-X-\pw- k¿-th-iz-c-\p-
am-b- ]-c-a-in-h-\-√m-sX- a-s‰mcp- ssZ-h-an-s√-∂pw- B-cm-[-I-\pw-
[-¿-a-hpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw- 76
]c-a-in-h-\p-an-S-°v- a-[y-h¿-Øn-bm-b- {_m-lv-a-W- ]p-tcm-ln-X-s≥-d-
B-h-iy-an-s√-∂pw- ]-c-ta-iz-c-s\- ]q-Pn-°-p-I,- enw-K-]q-P- \-S-Øp-I,-
sh-≈n-bp-sStbm- sN-ºn-s≥-d-tbm- X-In-Sn-\p-≈n-em°n- in-h-enwKw-
I-gp-Øn¬-s°-´n-Øq-°p-I- F-∂n-h-bm-Wv- tam-N-\-Øn-\p-≈- am¿-K-
ß-sf∂pw- Xo¿-Y-bm-{X-I-fpw- bm-Km-Zn- I¿-a-ß-fpw- X-]- p-I-fpw-
\ncm-lm-c- {h-X-ß-fp-sa√mw- A-\m-h-iy-ß-fm-sW-∂pw- kn-≤m-¥n®-
ho- c - s si- h - ∑ m- c m- W v - 1 a- s ‰m- c p- hn- ` m- K w.- \m- K - k - \ ym- k n- a m¿,-
AtLmcw,- ssh-Zn-Iw,- ]m-ip-]m-Xw- F-∂n-ß-s\- th-sd-bpw- ssih-
h-n-`m-K-ß-fp-≠m-bn-´p-s≠-¶nepw- A-h-bn¬- ]-e-Xn-\pw- Iq-Sp-X¬-
\n-e-\n¬-°m≥- I-gn-™n-´n-√.-
a-lm-in-h-cm-{Xn-bm-Wv- ssi-h-∑m-cp-sS- {]-[m-\-s∏-´- H-cp-
BtLmjw.- in-h-cm-{Xn- Zn-h-k-Øn¬- cm-{Xn-bn¬- {h-Xm-\p-jv-Tm-
\-tØm-sS- D-d-ßm-sX- D-]-hm-kw- A-\p-jv-Tn-°p-I-bpw- in-h-kv-XpXn-
\-S-Øp-I-bpw- sN-tø-≠-Xp≠v.- C-{]-Im-cw- {h-Xw- A-\p-jvTn-°p-∂-
h¿- in-ht- em-Iw- {]m-]n-°pw.- ]m-]nIƒ-°p-t]mepw- in-hc
- m-{Xn- BN-
cn-®m¬- tam-£w- {]m-]n-°m-sa-∂m-Wv- ]p-cm-W-߃- ]-d-bp-∂-Xv.-
im-Iv-X-a-Xw-:- i-Iv-Xn- F-∂- ]-Z-Øn-\v- _-ew,- Hm-P- v- F-∂n
ß-s\-bm-W¿-Yw.- in-h-]-Xv-\n-bm-b- t-Zh-n-bm-Wv- i-Iv-Xn.- i-Iv-Xnbp-
am-bn- _-\v-[-an-s√-¶n¬- in-h≥- A-i-Iv-X-\m-bn-Øo-cp-∂p.- in-h-s≥d-
kr-jv-Sn- kvYnXn -kw-lm-c-ß-sf-√mw- i-Iv-Xn-bp-sS- k-lm-b-tØm-
Sp-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv- \-S-Øp-∂Xv.- i-Iv-Xn-°v- Zp¿-K,- Im-fn,- `p-h-t\-iz-cn,-
alm-am-b,- `-K-h-Xn- F-∂n-ß-s\- hnhn-[- \m-a-ß-fp-≠v.- C-ß-s\-
Cu-iz-c-s\- am-Xr-`m-h-Øn¬- Im-Wp-Ibpw- A-h-sc- B-cm-[n-°p-I-
bpw- sN-øp-∂- a-Xam-Wv- im-Iv-X-a-Xw.- A-\m-cy-∑mcmb- C-¥y-bnse-
B-Zn-hm-kn-Iƒ-°n-Sb - n¬- {]-Nc- n- ®
- n-cp-∂- A-Ω- ssZ-hk- ¶- ¬-]Ø - n¬-
\n-∂m-Wv- tZ-hn-]q-Pm- k-{º-Zm-bw- D-Ss - e-Sp-Øs
- X-∂v- N-cn-{X-Imc∑m¿-
2
I-cp-Xp-∂p- .- A-Ω- ssZ-h-sØ- ]-c-a-in-h-s≥-d- ]-Xv\n-bp-sS- ]-Zhn-
bn-te-°v- D-b¿-Øn-b-Xv- B-Zy-˛Z-kyp-- k-¶-e-\-Øn-s≥-d- `m-K-am-bncp-
∂p-sh-∂pw- Du-ln-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.-
a-Yp-c-bn-se- ao-\m-£n,- tI-c-f-Øn-se- `-K-h-Xn,- ssa-kq-cn-se-
1. IgpØn¬ enwKw sI´nØq°p∂Xn\m¬ Ch¿ enwKmbX∑m¿ F∂pw Adnbs∏Sp∂p
2. Marshall: Mohanjodara and the Indus Civilization-Page 50-51
77 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- [-¿-a-hpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw- 78

Nm-ap-Wv-Un,- _w-Km-fn-se- Im-fn- F-∂n-h- {]-kn-≤-ß-fm-b- A-Ω- ku-c-a-Xw-:- k-q-cy-s\- B-cm-[n-°p-∂- k-{º-Zm-b-am-Wv- kuc-
ssZ-h-ß-fm-Wv.- i-Iv-Xn-]q-P-I-∑m¿-°v- ssew-Kn-I-{]-[m-\-ß-fm-b- a-Xw.- a-lm-hn-jv-Wp-hn-s≥-d- {]-]u-{X-\m-b- I-i-]y-\v- A-Zn-Xn-bn-ep-
hnhn-[- a-X- N-S-ß-p-I-fp≠v.- tZ-h-X-bpsS- t]-cn-ep-≈- _-en-I-tfm-S- ≠m-b- ]{¥≠v- B-Zn-Xy-∑m-cn¬- {]-ap-J-\m-Wv- kq-cy-tZ-h-s\-∂m-
\p-_-\v-[n-®m-Wv- C-Ø-cw- ssew-Kn-I-ß-fm-b- a-X-N-S-ßp-I-ƒ- \-S Wv- ]p-cm-W-߃- ]-d-bp-∂-Xv.- B-Zn-Xy-lr-Z-b-a-{¥w- sNm-√n- kq-cy-
°p∂-Xv.- cm-{Xn-bn¬- c-lk - y-am-bn- \-S°- p∂- N-Sß - p-If
- n¬- \m´nse- tZ-h-s\- {]-km-Zn-∏n-®- ti-jamWv- cm-a-\v- cm-h-W-s\- sIm√m≥-
\n-eh- n-ep-≈- B-Nm-cß - ƒ- \n-jn-≤a - m-bn- I-cp-Xp-∂s- X-√mw- Xn-∂pI- Ign-™-sX-∂v- B-≤ym-Xv-a- cm-am-bWw- ]-dbp-∂p.- {K-lm-[n-]-\m-
bpw- Ip-Sn-°p-Ib- pw- k-`y-Xb
- p-sS-bpw- a-cym-Zb
- psS-bpw- G-‰h- pw- km[m- bpw- {]-Xy-£- \-ak- vI
- m-cØ- n-eq-sS-bpw- kq-cys\- ]q-Pn-°p-∂h
- c
- p≠v.-
c-W-ß-fm-b- \n-b-a-ß-sf-t∏m-epw- e-Pv-P-bn-√m-sX- ]-c-ky-am-b-n- ew {K-l-im-¥n- F-∂- I¿-a-Øn-eq-sS- {K-lm-[n-]-\m-bn- I-cp-Xp-∂-
Ln-®p-sIm-≠v- B-Wp-ß-fpw- s]-Æp-ß-fpw- H-∂n®v- bm-sXm-cp- ASp- kqtcym-]m-k-I¿- kq-cy-s\- ]q-Pn-°p-tºmƒ- B-Zn-Xy-\-a-kvIm-c-Øn-
°pw- a-p-d-bp-an√m-sX- sI-´n-a-dn-™v- Iq-Øm-Sp-I-bpw- sN-øp-∂p-1.- eq-sS-bm-Wv- c-≠m-a-sØ- hn-`m-Kw- kq-cy-tZ-h-s\- {]-km-Zn-∏n-°p-
i-Iv-Xn-]q-P- {_-lv-a-km-£-m¬-Im-c-Øn-\p-≈- am¿-K-am-bm-Wv- ∂Xv.- C-¥ybn¬- h-f-sc- Np-cp-°w- Nn-e- kq-cy-t£-{X-ß-fp-≠v.-
B[p\n-I- im-Iv-X-a-X-°m¿-t]m-epw- a-\- n-em-°p-∂-Xv.- im-Iv-X-aX-
Øn-epw- hyXy-kv-X- hn-`m-K-ß-fpw- D-]-hn-`m-K-ß-fp-ap-≠v.-
Km-W-]-Xy-a-Xw-:- in-h-s≥-d- ]-p-{X-\pw- K-W-ß-fp-sS- \m-b-I-
\p-ambn- ]p-cm-W-߃- ]-cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂- K--W-]-Xn-sb- B-cm-[n-
°p-∂- k-{º-Zm-b-am-Wv- Km-W-]-Xyw.- X-S- -߃- \o-°p-∂- Cu-iz-
c-s\-∂- A¿-Y-Øn¬- hn-Lv-t\-iz-c≥- F-∂p- h-n-fn-°-s∏-Sp-∂- K-W-
]-Xn- ]-c-{_-lv-a-Øn-s≥-d- Ah-Xm-c-am-sW-∂m-Wv- hn-iz-kn-°-s∏-
Sp-∂-Xv.- B-\-bp-sS- ap-J-ap-≈- K-W-]-Xn-bp-sS- H-cp- sIm-ºv- ]-c-ip-
cm-a-\p-am-bp-≈- bp-≤-Øn¬- H-Sn-™p-t]m-bn.- aq-jn-I-s\- hm-l-\am-
bn- kzo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂- K-W-]-Xn-bp-sS- `m-cy-am¿- kn≤n-bpw- hnZv[n
bp-am-Wv.- G-Xv- {]-hr-Øn-Iƒ- B-cw-`n-°p-tºm-gpw- K-W] - X
- n°v- \mfn-
tI-cw- D-S-®v- X-S- -߃- \o-°p-∂- k-{º-Zm-bw- Km-W-]-Xy-aXØn
s≥d-Xm-Wv.-
Iu-am-c-a-X-w-:- ap-cp-I≥,- Im¿-Øn-tI-b≥,- kp-{_-lv-a-Wy≥,-
jUm\ \≥- F-∂o- \m-a-ß-fn¬- hn-fn-°-s∏-Sp-∂- {io-Ip-am-c-s\-
B-cm-[n-°p-∂- aX-am-Wv- Iu-am-cw.- {io-Ip-am-cm-[-\- {Zm-hn-Vk -- w-kv-
Im-c-Øn-s≥-d- `m-K-am-sW-∂v- hn-iz-kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.- {Zm-hn-V-kw-kv-
Im-c-Øn-s≥-d- A-hinjv-S-߃-\n-e-\n¬-°p-∂- C-¥y≥- k-aq-l-ß-
fn-em-Wv- {io-Ip-am-c-]q-P- C-∂pw- ImW-s∏-Sp-∂-sX-∂-Xm-Wv- Cu-
A-\p-am-\-Øn-\p- \n-Zm-\w.-
1. Abbe-J.A. Dubois: Hindu Manners, Customs and Ceremonies Vol 1 Page 288
79 [-¿a
- h
- pw- kw-kvI
- m-ch
- pw- 80

em-°n- "In-Øm-_p¬- ln-µv'-1 F-∂- hn-Jym-Jym-X- Ir-Xn- c-Nn-®- A-

_q-db
- vl
- m≥- ap-lΩ - Z- v_
- n≥- A-lva - Z- v- A¬-_n-dq-\n-sb-t∏m-se-bp≈-
h¿- Xo¿-®-bm-bpw- {]-iw-k-\o-b¿- X-s∂-bm-Wv.- ]-t£,- F-∂n-´pw-
ssl-µh - - a-Xß
- f
- p-sS- A-Sn-kvY
- m-\- kn≤m¥-ßf - n-¬- ]-eX
- pw- Ah¿-
°v- A-Pv-Rm-X-am-bn-cp-∂p.- `m-c-Xo-b- a-X-ß-fn¬- A-h¿- I-≠- G-I-
sF-Iy-kz`m-hw- hn-{K-lm-cm-[-\-bm-bn-cp-∂n-cn-°-Ww. A-ß-s\-
C¥y-bn-se- hn-{K-lm-cm-[-\-bn-e-[n-jv-Tn-X-am-b- a-p-gp-h≥- a-X
ßsfbpw- Dƒ-s°m-≈n-®p-sIm-≠v- A-d-_n-I-tfm- a-‰p- hn-tZ-in-Itfm-
B-bncn°Ww,- C-¥y-°m-cp-sS- a-X-sa-∂- \n-ebv°v- "ln-µp-a-Xw'-
5 F-∂v- B-Zy-am-bn- hnfn®Xv.-
"ln-µp-°ƒ- H-∂m-Wv',- "ln-µp-°ƒ- H-∂n-°p-I'- Xp-Sß - n-b- C∂v-
Db¿-∂p- tIƒ-°p-∂- ssl-µh - - sF-Iy-Øn-s≥-d- ap-{Zm-hm-Iy-Øn-\v-
N-cn{X-]c - a- m-b- Nn-e- Im-cW - ß - f - p-≠v.- hn-iz- m-kØ - n-s≥dtbm- kn≤m-
ln-µp- sF-Iyw- ¥-ßf
kvY
- psS-tbm- a-X{- K-\vY
- m-]I - s
- ß- f
- ≥-dt- bm- t]-cn¬- ln-µp-aX
- p-sS-tbm- a-X{- ]-hm-NI - s - ≥-dt- bm- a-X-
- w- F-s∂m-∂v- D-≠m-°phm-t\m-
hy-Xy-kv-X-hpw- hn-]-co-X-hpw- hn-cp-≤-hp-am-b- kn-≤m-¥-ß-fpƒ- ln-µp-°s - f- H-∂n-∏n-°phmt\m- I-gn-bn-s√-∂-v \mw- a-\  - nem-°n.- C¥y-
s°m-≈p-∂- Z¿-i-\-ß-fpw- a-X-hn-`m-K-ß-fpw- B-cm-[-\m- k-{º-Zm- bn¬- {_n-´o-jv- `-cW - w- D-d®- Xn\v- ti-ja - m-Wv- ln-µp°ƒ- F-∂- a-X
b-ßf - p-sa-√mw- C-¥y-bn-ep-≠m-bn-´p-≠v.- C-¥y- b - n-ep-≠m-b- a-Xß - fpw- ]-ca - m-b- sF-Iy-t_m-[h - pw- B-ibhpw- h-f¿-∂p-hc - m≥- Xp-Sß - n-b-
Z¿-i-\-ß-fp-sa-√mw- ln-µp-a-X-Øn-s≥-d- `m-K-am-sW-¶n¬- C-Ø-cw- sX-∂m-Wv- N-cn-{Xw- ]-cn-tim-[n-°p-tºmƒ- a-\  - n-em-hp∂-Xv-.- C-kvem-
hy-Xy-kv-X-hpw- hn-cp-≤-hp-amb- Z¿-i-\-ß-fpw- B-cm-[\m- k-{º-Zm- an-s≥-d- B-Ka - \
- t- Øm-S\- p-_\ - v[ - n-®v- C-¥y-bn¬- cq-]s - aSp-Ø- `-IvX - n-
b-ß-fp-sa-√mw- ln-µp-a-X-Øn-s≥d-`m-K-amsW-∂v- ]-d-tb-≠n-h-cpw.- {]-kvY - m-\h - pw- a-‰pw- Cu- Nn-¥s - b- kzm-[o-\n-®n-cn-°mw.- ]-t£,- AXn-
C-hn-tS-°v- I-S-∂p-h-∂- hn-tZ-in-I-sf- C°mcyw- A-Xv-`p-X-s∏-Sp-Øn- \v- kw-LS- \ - m- cq-]w- e-`n-®X - v- {_n-´ojv- `-cW - I - m-eØp-Xs - ∂bmWv.-
bn-´p-≠m-I-Ww.- hy-Xy-kv-X-ß-fpw- hn-cp-≤-ß-fp-amb- B-i-b-ß-fpƒ- ln-µp-a-X-Øn-s≥-d- B-[p-\n-I- N-cn-{Xw- ]-cn-tim-[n-°p-tºmƒ-
s°m-≈p-∂- a-X-ß-fp-sS- A-\p-bm-bn-Iƒ- ]-c-kv-]cw- t]m-c-Sn®pw- c-≠p-X-cw- {]-kvYm-\-ß-sf- \-ap-°v- Im-Wm≥- I-gnbpw.- H-∂v- a-X-]
kw-hm-Z-߃- \-S-Øn-bpw- sIm-≠n-cp-∂- Im-e-Øm-Wv- A-d-_n-Ifpw- cn-jv-I-c-W-Øn-s≥-d-Xm-sW-¶n¬- a-s‰m-∂v- a-X-]p-\-cp≤-m-c-W-Øn-
A-√m-Øh - c- p-am-b- hn-tZ-in-If
- p-sS- B-Ka
- \
- a
- p-≠m-bX - v.- B- k-ab
- Øv- t≥-d-Xm-Wv.- cm-am-\p-P-s≥-d- in-jy-\m-b- cm-am-\-µ≥- kv-Ym-]n-®- `-Iv
Z¿-i-\-ß-fp-sS- kw-hm-Z-߃- am-{X-am-bn-cp-∂n√.- Pm-Xo-b-X-bpsS- Xn-{]-kv-Ym-\w- C-Xn¬- H∂m-a-sØ- hn-`m-K-Øn¬-s]-Sp-∂p.- {_mlv-
kw-lm-c-hpw- A-Xn-s≥-d- F-√m-hn-[- cu-{Z-`-m-h-ß-tfm-Sp-w -Iq-Sn- \ne- a-W- ]u-tcm-ln-X-y-Øn-\pw- _n-w-_m-cm-[-\-°pw- Pm-Xn-a-X- k-¶pNn-
\n-∂ncp∂p.- C-hn-S-Øp-Im-cm-b- B-fp-I-fp-sS- B-cm-[-\m-k-{º-Zm-b- XX-X-z-߃-°p-sa-Xn-sc- i-Iv-X-am-bn-X-s∂- B-™-Sn-®- `-Iv-Xn-{]kv-
߃- a-\- n-em-°m≥- {i-an-®- A-d-_n-Iƒ°v- {_m-lv-a-W- ]u-tcm- Ym-\w- th-tZm-]\- n-jØ- p-Is- f- X-≈n-∏d
- ™
- n-cp-∂n√.- C-kvem-ans≥d-
ln-Xy-Øn-s≥-d- iIv-X-am-b- {]-Xn-tcm-[w- Imc-Ww- \n-cm-i-cm-tI≠n- B-i-b-ß-fpw- kn-≤m-¥-ß-fp-am-bn-cp-∂p- `-Iv-Xn-{]-kv-Y-m-\-Øn-\v-
h-∂p.- F-∂n-´pw- h-f-sc- {]-bm-k-s∏-´v- {_m-lv-a-W-`mj- ]-Tn-®v- `mc- {]tNm-Z\w- \¬-In-b-Xv F-∂m-Wv- {]-K-Xv-`- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-cp-sSsb-
Xo-b- Z¿-i-\-ß-sf-bpw- sslµ-hm-Nm-c-ß-sf-bpw- Ip-dn-®v- a-\ n- 1.- A¬-_n-dq-\n- I-≠- C-¥y-:- km-ln-Xy- A-°m-Z-an,- \yq-U¬-ln.-
81 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- [-¿-a-hpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw- 82

√mw- A-`n-{]m-bw.--1- k-Xn- Xp-S-ßn-b- k-aq-ln-I- A-\m-Nm-c-߃-°pw-
_lp-ssZ-h-hn-izm-k-Øn-\pw- Pm-Xn-Nn-¥-Iƒ-°p-sa-Xn-sc- B-™Sn-
®- cm-Pm-dmw- tam-l≥-tdm-bn-bp-sS- {_-lv-a-k-am-P-hpw- ln-µp- ]-cn-jv-
°-cW - - kw-cw-`Ø - ns≥-d- `m-Ka - m-bn-cp-∂p.- kr-jvS- n-°s - ∏-´- Po-hnIsf-
tbm- h-kvXp-hn-s\-tbm,- A-hX - m-cß- s - f-∂v- hn-fn-°s - ∏-Sp-∂h - t- ctbm-
B-cm-[n-°p-∂X - v- i-cn-bs
- √-∂m-bn-cp-∂p- {_-la v- k
- a
- m-PØ - n-s≥-d- Imgv-
N-∏m-Sv.- Pm-Xn-Iƒ-°pw- Abn-ØØ - n-\p-sa-Xn-sc- i-IX v- a- m-bn- B™Sn-
®- tI-c-f-Øn-se- {io-\m-cm-b-W- Kp-cp-hn-s≥-d- ap-t∂-‰-hpw- ln-µp-
aX- \-thm-∞m-\-Øn-s≥-d- `m-Kw -X-s∂-bmbn cp-∂p.- ""H-cp- Pm-Xn,-
H-cp- a-Xw,- H-cp- ssZ-hw- a-\p-jy-\v''- F-∂- Kp-cp-X-XzØn\p≈- {]tNm-
Z-\-hpw- k-a-Im-en-I-cm-b- ap-kv-enw- Nn-¥-I-∑m-cp-sS- c-N\-I-fmbn-
cp∂p-sh-∂v- kq-£v-a-hn-i-I-e-\-Øn¬- \-ap°v- hy-Iv-X-am-hpw.- ssZ-
hm-cm[\- am{XamWv- C-l-]-c-tam-£-Øn-\v- \n-Zm-\-sa-∂v- hm-Zn-®-
a-lm-tZh- tKm-hnµ-dm-\-sUbpw- {]m¿-∞-\m- k-am-P-hpw- ln-µp-]cn-
jv-°-c-W-{i-a-ß-fm-Wv- \S-Øn-b-Xv.
F-∂m¬- C-h-bn¬-\n-∂v- Xn-I-®pw- hy-Xy-kv-X-am-bn-cp-∂p
al¿jn - Z-bm-\µ - k- c- k
- z-Xn-bp-sS- B-cy-ka - m-Pw.- Z-bm-\µ
- k
- c - k
- zXn-
a-X-]p-\-cp-≤m-c-W-Øns≥d- h-Iv-Xm-hm-bn-cp-∂p.- a-X-]-cn-jv-°-c-W-
Øn-s≥-d- h-Iv-Xm-°ƒ- hy-Xy-kv-X- a-X-ß-sf- Aw-Ko-I-cn-®v- tZ-io-b-
sF-Iy-Øn-\p-th-≠n- {i-an-®-t∏mƒ- At±l hpw- A-t±-lw- kv-Ym-
]n-®- B-cy-k-am-P-hpw- k-¶p-Nn-X- tZ-io-b-X-bpw A\y-a-X-hn-tcm-[-
hp-am-Wv- {]-Nc - n-∏n-®X- v.- A-t±-lw- c-Nn-®- "k-Xym¿-∞{- ]Im-i'2 sa∂-
]p-kv-X-I-Øn¬- C-¥y-bn¬- Po-hn-°p-∂-h¿- ap-gp-h≥- th-Z-ßfpsS-
A- { ]- a m- Z n- X zw- Aw- K o- I - c n- ° - W - s a- ∂ pw- A- √ m- Ø - h - s cm- ∂ pw-
C¥ybn¬- Pohn-°m≥- A¿-l-c-s√-∂pw- kv-Ym-]n-°m-≥- ]m-Sp-s]´n-
´p-≠v.- C-kvemwaXw,- {In-kv-X-p-a-Xw,- _p-≤-a-Xw,- ssP-\-a-Xw Xp-
Sßn-b-h- am-{X-a-√- \thm-∞m-\- kw-cw-`-ß-fm-b- {_-lv-a-k-am-Phpw-
{]m¿-∞-\m- k-am-P-hp-sa-√mw- A-kXyØn-s≥-d- h-Iv-Xm-°-fm-sW
∂pw- Ahsb√mw Bcykwkv°mcØns≥d i{Xp°fmsW∂pw
B-cy--k-am-Pw- hm-Zn-®p.- {_-lv-a-k-am-P Ønepw- {]m¿-∞-\m- k-am-P-
1. M G. Ranede- The Rise of the Maratha Power, Page 55.
2.- Cu- ]p-kv-X-Iw- The Light of Truth -F-∂- t]-cn¬- Cw-•o-jn-te-°v-
X¿-Pv-P-a- sN-ø-s∏-´n-´p-≠v.-
Øn-epw- a-‰v- ]-cn-jv-°-c-W- {]-kv-Ym-\-ß-fnepw- {]-h¿-Øn-®-h¿-°p-
≈- {]-[m-\- sX-‰v- ap-kv-enw-Itfm-Spw-{In-kv-Xym-\n-ItfmSpw- Xm-gv-∂-
Pm-Xn-°m-tcm-Spw- Iq-sS-bn-cp-∂v- A-h¿- `£-Ww- I-gn-°p-∂psh-∂-
Xm-bn-cp-∂p.- Z-bm-\-µ- k-c-kz-Xn- F-gp-Xn-:- ""Ah¿- bm-sXm-cp- hnth-
N-\h - p-an-√m-sX- Xn-∂p-Ib- pw- Ip-Sn-°p-Ib - pw- sN-øp-∂p.- bq-tdm-]y∑m¿,-
ap-lΩ-Zo-b¿,- Pm-Xn-bn¬-\n-∂pw- {`-jv-S-cm-°-s∏-´-h¿- apX-em-b-hcp-
sS- Iq-sSbn-cp-∂p-sIm-≠pt]m-epw- A-h¿- Xn-∂p-Ib - pw- Ip-Sn-°p-Ibpw-
1
sN-øp-∂p'' .- Pm-Xn-Iƒ- Iq-Sn-°-e-cp-∂-Xn-s\- i-Iv-X-am-bn- hn-a¿-in®-
Z-bm-\-µ- k-c-kzXn- h¿-Æm-{i-a-hy-h-kv-Y-sb- \ym-b-o-I-cn-°p-I-bpw-
PmXn-Iƒ- \n-e-\n¬-t°-≠-Xv- k-aq-l-Øn-\v- A-Xym-h-iy-am-sW-∂v-
hm-Zn-°p-Ibpw- sN-bvX - p-2.- a‰p-aX- °- m-sc- ln-µp-aX
- Ø - n-te-°v- ]-cnh¿-
Ø-\w- sN-øn-°m\pw- ln-µp-a-XsØ- kp-i-Iv-X-am-°m-\pw- {i-an-®-
Z-bm-\-µ-k-c-kz-Xn- t]m-epw- G-I-ssZ-h-hn-izm-k-am-Wv- D¬-Ir-jv-S-
sa-∂pw- hn-{K-l-cm-[\- i-cn-b-s√∂pw- hm-Zn-®p-sIm≠m-Wv- X-s≥-d-
kn-≤m-¥ß - ƒ-°v- A-Sn-Ød - - ]-Wn-XX- v.- Pm-Xnbpw- k-h¿-Æ- ta[mhn-
Xz-hpw- \n-e-\n¿-Ø-W-sa-∂pw- A-Xm-Wv- `m-c-Xob- k-aq-l-Xn-\v- A`n
Im-ay-sa-∂pw- hm-Zn-®- B-cy-k-am-P-am-Wv- ln-µp-cm-jv-{S-sa-∂- k-¶¬-
∏-Øns≥-d- B-Zy-sØ- {]-Nm-c-I-sc-∂m-Wv- sX-fn-bp-∂-Xv.- "lnµpcm-
jv{- S'sa∂- k-ck - z-Xn-bp-sS- Nn-¥I - ƒ-°v- Po-h≥-\¬-Im≥- {i-an-°p∂-
A-`n-\-h- Bcy-k-am-P-°m¿- `m-c-Xo-b- k-aq-l-sØ- F-tßm-´m-Wv-
\-bn-°p-I-sb-∂-Xn-∂p-≈- kq-N-\- C-Xn¬-\n-∂pw- e-`n-°p-∂p.- tZim-
`n-am-\-Øn-s≥-d- s]m-bv-ap-J-a-Wn-™p-sIm-≠m-Wv- B-cy-k-am-Phpw-
{]-h¿-Øn-®-sX-∂v- \mw- a-\- n-em-°-Ww.- ]-Wv-Un-‰v- s\-lv-dp- F-gp
Xp-∂p-:- ""\niv-N-ehpw- {]-Xn-tcm-[m-Xv-a-I-hp-am-b- ln-µp-a-X-sØ- A-
{I-a-Wm-Xv-a-I-am-b- H-cp- an-jn-\-dn- a-X-am-°m-\p-≈- {i-a-am-bn-cp-∂p-
B-cy-k-am-P-Øn-t≥-d-Xv.- ln-µp-a-X- ]p-\-cp-Pv-Po-h-\-am-bn-cp-∂p- AXn-
s≥-d- e-£yw.- Cu- {]-kv-Ym-\-Øn-\v-A¬-∏w- iIv-Xn- \¬-In-b-Xv-
tZ-im-`n-am-\-Øn-s≥-d- \n-d-am-bn-cp-∂p.- b-Ym¿-∞-Øn¬- lnµp- tZio-
b-XzØn-s≥-d- X-e-s]m-°-em-bn-cp-∂p- A-Xv.- ln-µp- tZ-io-b-Xz-am-b
Xn-\m¬- A-Xn-\v- C-¥y≥- tZ-io-b-Xz-am-Im≥- hn-j-aw- t\cn´p''3.
1 Swami Dayananda Saraswathy: The Light of Truth Page 433.
2 Ibid Page 88-91.
3 Jawaharlal Nehru: Glimpses of World History Page 436
83 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- [-¿-a-hpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw- 84

H-cp-hi - Ø - -v ln-µp-aX - - ]-cn-j° -v c - W - Ø - n-s≥-d- h-IX -v m-°f - pw- adp- ]¶p-hln®n-´p≠v.-

hi-Øv- ap-ke v- nw- {]-kY v- m-\ß - f - pw- hy-IX v- n-Xz-ßf - pw- sIm-tfm-Wnb¬- hy-Xy-kv-X- B-Nm-c-ß-fpw- hn-izm-k-ß-fpw- kn-≤m-¥-ß-fp-
hm-gN -v s - °-Xn-sc- i-_Z-v a - p-b¿-Øp-Ib - pw- P-∑\ - m-Sn-\-v k-zm-X{¥yw- thW- apƒ-s°m≈p∂- k-¶-en-X-am-b- Hcp- kw-kv-°m-c-am-Wv- C-¥y-°p-
sa-∂- X-Xz-Øn¬- H-∂n-°p-Ib - pw- sN-bX -v t- ∏mƒ- sh≈-°m-c\ - -v Xs≥d- ≈-Xv.- A-hsb- hn-izm-k-Øn-s≥-d-tbm- B-Nm-c-Øn-s≥-d-tbm- [¿-a-
B[n-]X - y-Øn-s≥-d- Xp-S¿-®° - m-hi - y-am-b- a-‰v- am¿§-ßf - t- \z-jn-°¬- Øn-s≥-d-tbm- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\Øn¬- H-∂n-∏n-°m≥- I-gn-bn-√.- ln-µp-
\n¿-_\ - [ v- a
- m-bn-h∂ - p.- C-¥ybp-sS- B-Xa v- m-hv- Is≠-Øn-b- B-Zy-sØ- hn-Im-c-Øn-t∑¬- km-{am-Pyw- ]-Wn-b-W-sa-∂v- hym-tam-ln-°p-∂-
a-\p-jy≥- F-∂v- `-Kvh - m≥- Kn-Zvh - m-\n- ]d™- Sn-∏p-kp¬-Øm-s≥-db - pw- h¿- A-Xp-sIm-≠p-Xs - ∂-bm-Wv- ""C-∂n∂-hn-izm-kß - f- n-te-°v- a-Sßp
H-∂mw- kzm-X {¥y-ka - c - Ø - n-\v- B-th-iw- \-eI - n-b- h-lm-_n- {]-kv I''-sb-∂v- ap-{Zm-hm-Iyw- ap-g-°mØ-Xv.- A-h¿-°m-h-iyw- k-Xy-Øn-
Ym-\Ø - n-s≥-db - pw,- N-cn-{Xw- hnkvac - n-®- \nch[n [o-c\ - m-bI - ∑ - m-cpsS- s≥-d- kw-kv-Ym-]-\-a-√.- [¿-Ω-Øn-s≥-d- ]p-\-cp-≤m-c-W-hp-a-√-;- {]Xyp
bp-sa-√mw- N-cn-{X-Øn¬-\n-∂pw- ap-kv enw-Is - f- h-fc - phm-\pw- ln-µp°- X- A-[n-Im-c-Øn-te-dp-I- am-{X-amWv.- R-߃- ln-µp-°-fp-sS- `m-K
fp-am- b - n- B-ib - h - n-\n-ab - w- \-SØ - phm-\pw- hn-´m¬- X-ßfpsS- I-tk-c- Øm-sW-∂v- A-h-Im-i-s∏-´- sh-≈-°m-c-s≥d-bpw- B-h-iyw- kz¥w-
C-fI - p-sa-∂v- a-\  - n-em-°n,- "`n-∂n∏n-®v- `-cn-°p-I'-sb∂- \n-IrjvS- \ - bw- A-[n-Im-cw- D-d-∏n-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p-h-t√m.- A-Xn¬-\n-∂pw- hy-Xy-
\-S∏- m-°n-b- sh-≈° - m-cs - ≥-d- {]-h¿-Ø\ - ß - f - pw- ln-µp-]p-\c - pPvPoh- kv-X-am-b- H-cp-t±-iy-hpw- A-`n-\-h- lnµpXo{hhmZn kw-L-S-\-Iƒ-
\-Øn-\v- Po-h≥- \¬-In.- lnµp-aX - m-Nm-cß - ƒ-°v- k¿-°m¿- klmb °n-√.- "cm-a-P-∑-`q-an'- ap-X¬-°p-≈- ]-≈n-]n-Sn-®-S-°¬- {]-kv-Y-m-\-
߃- \¬-In-s°m-≠-v X-߃- ln-µp-°f - p-sS- `m-KØ - m-sW-∂-v hcpØn- Øn-s≥-d-bpw- e-£yw- cm-a-t\m-tSm- Ir-jv-W-t\m-tSm- D-≈- t{]-aw-
Øo¿-°m-\p-≈- sIm-≠p-]n-Sn-®- {i-aß - f - m-W-v \-S∂ - X - .v - ""bm-Kß - ƒ°pw- {]-I-Sn-∏n-°p-I-b-√.- a-dn-®v,- hyXy-kv-X-hpw- hn-cp-≤-hp-am-b- B-Nm-c
D¬-kh - ß - ƒ-°pw- {_m-lva - W - - k-Zy-Iƒ-°pw- th-≠n- K-h¨-sa≥-dv- ß-fpw- hn-izm-k-ß-fpw- sh-®p-]p-e¿-Øp∂- hn-`m-K-ß-sf- ap-gp-h≥-
henb- Xp-II - Iƒ- sN-eh - g - n-®p-''1.- k-Xn-t]m-ep-≈- km-aq-ln-I- Z- p-cm kw-L-Sn-∏n-®v- "lnµp-a-X'-ap-≠m-°p-I-bpw- A-Xns≥d-b-Sn-kv-Ym-\-
Nm-cß - ƒ-t]mepw- t]m-eokp-Im-cp-sS- ta¬-t\m-´Ø - n¬- \-SØ - s - ∏´p2.- Øn¬- k¿-h-tc-bpw- "`-cn-°pI'-bp-am-Wv.-
""tZ-hm-cm-[\tbm-Sv- _-\[ v- s - ∏-Sp-Øn- - \-SØ - p-∂- {Iq-ch - pw- A-km≥am¿-
C-¥ybn¬- a-X-ß-fp-≠m-bn-´n-s√-t∂m- ssZ-hn-I- am-¿-§-
§n-Ih - p-am-b- BNm-cß - f - m-b- Xq-°w,- hn-[h - m-Zl - \ - w- Xp-Sß - n-bh - t- ]m
3 Z¿i\w- C¥y-°m¿-°v- e-`n-®n-´n-s√-t∂m- C-Xn¬-\n-∂v- a-\- n-em-
epw- {_n´o-jp-Im-cp-sS- t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬- \-SØ--s∏-´p''- .- kw-kvI - r-X-
°n-°qSm-ØX - m-Wv.- C¥y-bnepw- ssZ-hn-I- a-Xw- - \ne\n∂ncn-°Ww.-
hn-Zym`ymk-sØ- t{]m-Xv-km-ln-∏n-°m-\m-bn- kw-kv-Ir-X- kv-Iqƒ-
F-√m kaqlØn-te-°pw- ssZ-h-Zq-X-∑m¿- I-S-∂p-h-∂n-´p-≠v.- AXp-
kv Y m- ] n- ° m≥ K- h ¨- s a≥- d v - {i- a n®p- s h- ¶ n- e pw- cm- P m- d mw-
sIm-≠p-Xs∂- C¥y-bn-te-°pw- \-_n-am¿- h-cn-I-bpw- C-kv-emw-
taml≥tdmbn-sb-t∏m-ep-≈h - c - p-sS- F-Xn¿-∏v- ImcWw- A-Xv- \n¿Øn-
{]t_m-[-\w- sN-øp-Ibpw- sN-bv-Xn-´p-≠m-h-Ww.- G-I-ssZ-h -hn-izm-
sh-t°≠n-h-∂p-4.- ln-µp-°-sf- B-Nm-c-ß-fp-sS- Be-bØn¬-
k-Øn¬- \n-∂- v- ]-cn-W-an-®v- _lp-ssZ-h- hn-izm-k-Øn-se-Øn- \n¬-
sI-´n-bn-Sp-I-bpw-Ahcn¬- ]q¿-hIm-esØ°p-dn-®- an-Yym-`n-am\w-
°p-∂-Xm-Wv- ssl-µ-h- Z¿-i-\-sa-∂v- \ap°v- a-\- n-em-°m-hp-∂-
hf¿ØpI-bpw- sNbvX- {_n-´o-jp-Im-c\pw- ln-µp-aX - s - a-∂- kvY - m-]-
Xm-Wv.- A-Xp- sIm-≠p -X-s∂- `m-c-Xo-b- Z¿i\-ß-fpsS- A-I-Ø-f-
\-aX - sØ- C∂sØ- cq-]Ø - n-em-°p-∂X - n¬- A-hK - W - \ - o-ba - √
- m-Ø-
ß-fn¬- ssZ-hn-I- a-X-Øn-s≥-d- kzm-[o-\w- F-{X-tØm-f-ap≠v- F-∂-
1. J.N. Farquhar: Modern Religious Movements in India, Page 12.
2. Jatindra Kumar Majumdar: Rajaram Mohan Roy and Progressive Movement in ]-T-\-Øn-\v- {]-k-Iv-Xn-bp-≠v.- b-Ym¿-∞- ln-µp-a-X-Øn-s≥-d- Dd-hnSw-
India, Page 184 tX-Sn-s°m-≠p-≈- A-t\z-jW - a- m-Wv- A-Øc- w- ]-T\- ß - ƒ.- C-\nbp≈-
3. Modern Religious Movements in India, Page 8.
4. Premnath Bazaz: The Role of Bhagvad Gita in Indian History, Page 394. t]-Pp-If- n-eq-sS- \mw- \n¿-∆l
- n-°m-\p-t±-in-°p-∂X - v- B- At\z-jWw-
85 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- 86

am-{X-am-Wv.- `m-cX
- o-b- a-Xß
- f
- psS- D-dh
- n-Sw- tX-Sn-bp-≈- A-t\z-jWw.-
`mc-Xo-b- {K-\v-Y-ß-fn-se- ssZ-hn-I- kzm-[o-\-sØ-°p-dn-®- A-t\zj-
Ww,- kXyØn¬ \ - n-∂v- A-kX- y-Øn-te-°v- C-¥y≥- a-Xß - ƒ- Fßn-
s\-bm-Wv- ]-cnW-an-®-sX-∂- A-t\z-j-Ww.......-

`m-Kw c-≠v-
ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-߃-
87 ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-߃- 88

-sXm-cp- Z¿-i-\-sØ-bpw- Ip-dn-®- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\- hn-

G h-c-߃- \¬tI-≠-Xv- A-Xn-s\- kw-_-\v-[n-®- {K-
\v-Y-ß-fm-Wv.- kn-\v-[p-\-ZoX-S-Øn-se- ssZh-k-¶¬-
∏-sØ-tbm- a-X-hn-izm-k-ß-sf-tbm- kw_-\v-[n-®- hy-IvX-hpw-
kwi-b-c-ln-X-hp-am-b- en-Jn-X-tc-J-Iƒ- \-ap°v- e-`y-a-√.- D≈-
tc-JI- f
- psS- hymJym-\w- C-Xp-hs - c- km-[n-®n-´p-an-√.- tcJ-Ifn¬-
]-e-Xpw- B-cy-m-{I-a-W-Øn¬- \-in-∏n-°-s∏-´n-cn-°m-\pw- C-Sbp-
≠v.- tam-l≥-PZ- m-tcm-˛lmc∏- kw-kv° - m-cØ- n- s
- e- hnizm-kmNm-
c-ß-sf-°p-dn-®v- e-`n-°p-∂- hn-h-c-߃- A-∂-sØ- I-cI-u-ie-
h-kv-Xp-°-fn¬- \n-∂m-Wv.- B hn-h-c-߃- F{XtØmfw- kXy-
k\v-[-am-sW-∂v- ]-d-bp-I- h-ø.-
B-cym-K-a-\-Øn-\p-ti-j-hpw- en-Jn-X- cq-]-Øn-ep-≈- hn
Pv-Rm\- hn\n-a-bw- H-cp- A-\n-hm-tcy-m-]m-[n-bm-bn- K-Wn-°-s∏´n-
cp-∂n-√.- en]n-bp-sS- {]tbmKw- \n-jn-≤-am-bn- A-∂p-I-cp-X-s∏´n-
cp-∂p-.1- kvt- {Xm{Xw- sNm-√p-∂- ]p-tcm-ln-X∑
- m¿-°v- D-∂X- - kvYm-
\-am-\-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp∂p.- cm-Pm-°-∑m-cpw- a-‰v- D-b¿-∂- hn`mK-
°m-cp-apƒ-s∏-´- £-{Xn-b∑ - mtc °mƒ- D-∂X - s
- c-∂v- kzbw- hnfn-
°-s∏-´- {_m-lv-a-W-∑m¿- kv-t{Xm{X-ß-fpw- a-‰v- a-Xm-Nm-c-ßfpw-
Hm¿-Ω-bn-eq-sS- sI-am-dp-I-bm-Wv- sN-bv-Xn-cp-∂-Xv.- th-Z-ß-fn-

1.- \-tc-{µ-`q-j¨-:- ssh-Zn-I- km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{Xw,- t]-Pv- 41.-

89 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- 90

epw- a-‰v- aXm-Nm-c-ß-fn-ep-ap-≈- k-z-¥w- Pm-Xn-bp-sS- A-[o-iXzw-

A-c-°n-´p-d-∏n-°m≥- Xe-apd-I-fn-eq-sS-bp-≈- Cu- t{]-j-W-co-
Xn-bm-Wv- A-`n-Im-ay-sa-∂v- ]u-tcm-ln-Xyw- a-\- n-em-°n-bn-cn-
°-Ww.- tKm¿-U≥- ssN¬-Uv- F-gp-Xp-∂p-:-''- Aßs\- hnZKv≤-
sXm-gn¬-°m-sc-∂- \n-e-bv-°v- {_m-lv-a-W- ]p-tc-m-ln-X∑m¿-
Hm¿Ω-i-Iv-Xn- am-{Xw- D-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-≠p-≈- H-cp-
t{]£-W-coXn- Bhn-jv-°-cn-®-Xn-\m¬- F-gp-Øv- H-cp- A-[nI-
∏-‰m-bn-cp-∂p''1.-
ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-ß-sf- s]m-Xp-sh- c-≠m-bn- Xn-cn-°mw.-
H∂v,- {ipXnIƒ.- c-≠v,- kv-ar-Xn-Iƒ-˛ {ip-Xn-Iƒ- F-∂m¬- {ihn-
°-s∏´Xv- F-∂¿-∞w.- th-Z-hpw- th-Z-hp-am-bn- _-\v-[-s∏-´- Ir- 1
Xn-I-fpw- ssZhØn-¶¬-\n-∂v- E-jn-am-cm¬- {i-hn-°-s∏-´-h-bm-
sW-∂m-Wv- hn-izm-kw.- A-Xn-\m¬- A-h-sb√mw- {ip-Xn-I-fmWv.-
E-jn-am¿- kz-¥w- Hm¿Ωbn¬- \n-s∂-Sp-sØ-gp-Xn-b- {K-\v-Y-ß-
fm-Wv- kv-ar-Xn-Iƒ.- {ip-Xn-Iƒ- ]q¿Æ-am-bn-Ø-s∂- {]-am-Z-ap- th-Z-kw-ln-X-Iƒ-
IvX-am-sW-∂m-Wv- ssl-µ-h- hn-izm-kw.-
"th-Z'-sa-∂- ]-Z-Øn-\v- A-dn-hv,- hn-Zy- F-s∂m-s°-bm-Wv- A¿-
∞w.- B-[ym-Xv-an-I-PvRm-\-sa-∂m-Wv- km-t¶-Xn-I-am-bn- hn-h-£n°-
s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.- th-Z-߃- A-]u-cp-tj-b-ß-fm-sW-∂m-Wv- hn-izm-kw.-
A-Y-hm- a-\p-jy \m¬- c-Nn-°-s∏-Sm-Ø-Xpw- Zn-hy-am-b- A-¥-iv-tNmZ-
\-bm¬- I-s≠-Ø-s∏´-Xp-am-sW-∂¿-∞w.- ""]-c-a-]p-cp-j-\m-b- b-Pv
R-`-K-hm-\n¬-\n-∂v- th-Zw- D¬∏-∂-am-bn''- F-∂m-Wv- E-tKz-Zw- 10˛mw-
a-Wv-U-ew- 90˛mw- kq-Iv-X-Øn¬- ]-d-bp∂Xv.- ""k¿-∆-i-Iv-X-\m-b-
ssZhw- kr-jv-Sn-bp-sS- B-cw-`-Øn¬- th-Z-ß-sf- krjv-Sn-®p''-sh-∂v-
B-cy-ka - m-P- kvY
- m-]I
- \-mb
- - kzm-an- Z-bm-\µ
- - k-ck
- zXn- hmZn-°p∂p.-
A-t±-lw- F-gp-Xp-∂p.- ""th-Z-߃- A-dn-hn-s≥-d- `-Wv-Um-chpw-
imkv{X-im-J-I-fp-sS- t{km-X- p-am-Wv.- A-h- A-\-¥-hpw- A-\-iz-
c-hp-amWv.- Cu- {]-]-©-Øn-se- \m-aap-≈- k-I-e-X-n-s\-bpw-Ip-dn-
®p≈- ]-cn-]m-h-\-hpw- A{]-am-Zn-X-hp-am-b- hn-Pv-Rm-\-ß-fm-W-h- Dƒ-
s°m-≈p-∂-Xv''-1.-
ssh-Zn-I- `m-j-t]m-epw- ssZ-hn-I-am-sW-∂m-Wv- Nn-e- ]-WvUn-
X-∑mcpsS- A-`n-{]m-bw.- ""k¿-§m-cw-`-Øn¬-˛ kr-jv-Sn-bp-sS- Xp-S-°-
1.- tKm¿-U≥- ssN¬-Uv-:- N-cn-{X-Øn¬- F-¥v- kw-`h-n-®p,- t]-Pv-:- 195.- 1 Dayananda Saraswathy: Rigveda Bhashyam, Page 11.
91 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-߃- 92

Øn¬-˛th-Z߃- {]-Im-in-X-am-sb-∂pw- ssh-Zn-I-`m-j- te-m-I-Øn Im-cyw- {]-tXy-Iw- {]-kv-Xmhy-am-Wv.-

se- G-I-`m-j-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂pw- {]m-No-\- `m-c-Xo-b-hnZzm-∑m¿- G- te-m-I-Øn¬-sh-®v- G-‰-hpw- ]-g-b- tc-J-Iƒ- th-Z-ß-fm-sW∂-
I-I-Wv-T-am-bn- A-`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ- eu-In-I-kw-kv-I-r-Xw- thZ- Ah-Im-i-hm-Zw- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\- c-ln-X-am-sW-∂v- hm-Zn-°p-∂- ]-WvUn-
Im-e-Øn-\p-ti-jw- h-f-sc-°-gn-™v- \n-e-hn¬- h-∂p-sh-∂pw- th-Z- X-∑m-cp-≠v.- ""Cu- hm-Zw- km-[q-Ic
- n-°m-hX
- √
- .- Im-cW
- w,- sa-skms∏m-
`mj- ]p-cm-X-\- `m-j-I-fp-sS- cq-]m-¥-c-am-sW-∂pw- ]m-iv-Nm-Xy-hn- t´m-an-b-bn-sebpw- CuPn-]v-Xn-se-bpw- km-ln-Xy-߃- Xo¿-®-bmbpw-
Zzm≥-am¿- F-√m-h-cpw- \n¿-Æ-bn-°p-∂p''-1.- F-∂m¬- Cu- ssZ-hn-I- th-Z-߃-°v- ap-ºp-≈-h-bm-Wv''-2 F-∂v- {io- Ir-jv-W-ssN-X-\y- hmZn-
hm-°v- C-∂-sØ- kw-kv-Ir-X-a-√.- A-Xv- a-s‰m-cp- `m-j-bm-Wv.- ""Cu- °p-∂p.-
ssZ-hn-I-hm-°v- a-\p-jy-hm-°v- A-√.- a-\p-jy-hm-°v- kw-kv-Ir-X-amWv.-
th-Z-Øn-se- kw-Pv-R-I-sf- B-{i-bn-®m-Wv- a-\p-jy-hm-°v- D-≠m-bXv.- "A-\m-te-Jy- k-ck - z-Xn' A-Yh - m- F-gp-Xs - ∏-Sm-Ø- hn-Zy-sb∂v-
tZ-h-hm-Wn- F-∂- ]-Zw- kw-kv-Ir-X-Øn-\v- C-∂v- {]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂psh- hnfn-°s - ∏-´n-cp-∂- th-Zß - f- n¬- A-t\-Iw- a-{¥-ßf - p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- A-
¶n-epw- ssZ-h-hm-°pw- a-\p-jy-hm°pw- X-Ωn-ep-≈- km-ayw- \n-anØw- h-bn¬- ]-eX - pw- \-jvS- s- ∏-´p-t]m-bn-´p-≠v.- k-Xy-hr-X- ]-t´¬- Fgp-Xp-
a-\p-jy-hm-°v- {I-ta-W- tZ-hh
- m-Wn- F-∂t- ]-cn¬- A-dn-bs - mWv''2.-
- ∏-´X ∂p-:- ""ln-µp-aX - Ø- n-s≥-d- {]m-Ya - n-I- t{km-X  - v- th-Za- m-Wv.- F√m- hn`m-
K-ßf - pw- th-Zt- Øm-Sv- Iq-dp- ]p-e¿Øp-Ib - pw- A-Xn-s≥-d- B-[n-Im-cn-I-
`m-jm-im-kv-{X-Pv-R-∑m-cp-sS- A-`n-{]m-b-Øn¬- C-t¥m-˛bq-tdm- X- Aw-Ko- I - c- n-°p-Ib - pw- sNøp-∂p.- Nn-e- th-Zh - m-Iy-߃- \jvS- s - ∏-´p-
]y≥- tKm-{X-Øn¬-s∏-´- `m-j-bm-b- kw-kv-Ir-X-Øn-\v- C-dm-\n-b≥- t]m-bn-´p-s≠-¶n-epw- Ct∏mƒ- \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂-h-X-s∂- A-t\-I-am-
th-Z-`m-j-bmb- A-sh-kv-X-bp-am-bn- h-f-sc-b-[n-Iw- km-ay-ap-≠v.- Cdm- Wv.'- '-3.- th-ZØ - n-se- F-√m- a{¥-ßf - pw- C-∂v- e-`y-as - √-¶n epw- D-≈-
\n-b≥- th-Z-{K-\v-Y-am-b- sk≥-dv- A-sh-kv-X-bn-se- `m-j-°pw- E-tKzZ- a{¥-߃- X-s∂-bm-Wv- th-Zs - a-∂v- hymJym-\n-®v- kw-Xr ]vX - c
- m- h- p-I-
kq-Iv-X-߃-°pw- h-fsc-b-[n-Iw- km-Zr-iy-ap-≠v.- F-∂m¬- sshZnI- bm-Wv- ssl-µh - - ]-WvU - n-X∑- m¿.- km-[pio-e≥- sI. ]c-ta-iz-c≥-]n-
km-ln-Xy-Øn-s≥-d- B-Zy-Ime-Øv- en-]n- D-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.- en-]nbpsS- ≈- F-gp-Xp-∂p- ""A-kw-Jym- ssh-th-Zmx- A\mZnbmb- th-Zw- A-kw-
{]-tbm-Kw- \n-jn-≤-am-bn- A-∂v- Icp-X-s]-´n-cp-∂p.- F-√m- [¿-Ω Jyw- a-{¥-ßt- fm-Sv- Iq-Sn-bp-≈X - m-Wv.- C-t∏mƒ- D]e_v [-am-b- a-{¥-
{K\v-Y-ß-fpw- ]-d-b-s∏-´-Xm-sW-∂-Xn-\p-≈- sX-fn-hm-bn- {io- \-tc{µ- k-aq-lß - ƒ- ]-cn-an-Xa - m-sW-¶n-epw,- A-Xp-Xs - ∂-bm-Wv- thZw''4.-
`q-j¨- a-\p-c-{_-ho-Xv-,- {]-Pm-]-Xn-c-{_-ho-Xv,- Ejn- c-{_-ho-Xv,- ap\nc-
{_-ho-Xv- F-∂o- {]-tbm-K-߃- F-Sp-Øp-≤-cn-°p-∂p-3.- C-ß-s\- kw th-Zw- ]-e- {]m-hi - y-ßf - n-em-bn- \-jvS- s∏-´X
- m-bpw- E-jn-amcn¬-
km-c-Øn-eq-sS- ssI-am-‰w- sN-ø-s∏-´n-cp-∂- ss-hZ-n-I- km-ln-Xy-߃- ]e-cpw- A-Xn-s\- ho-s≠-Sp-°p-∂-Xp-am-bp-≈- A-t\-Iw- {]-kv-Xm-h
ap-gp-h≥- Im-Wm-]m-Tw- ]-Tn-®n-cp-∂- h-en-sbm-cp- ]p-tcm-ln-X-h¿§w- \-Iƒ- ]ucm-Wn-I- {K-\v-Y-ß-fn¬- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bpw.- hm¬-ao-In-
B- Im-e-L-´-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- {_-lv-am- E-jn-bp-≠m-°n-b-Xmbn- cm-am-b-W-Øn¬- l\p-am≥- ]-d-bp-∂-Xm-bn- D-≤-cn-°p-∂p-:-''- \j-v-S
]-db-s∏-Sp-∂- {_m-lv-ao- en-]n-bm-Wv- B-Zy-am-bn- {]-Nm-c-Øn¬- h∂- s∏--´p-t]m-b th-Z-sØ- ho-s≠-Sp-Øp-sIm-≠p-h-∂-Xp-t]m-se- Rm≥-
en-]n- k{º-Zm-bw.- ]n-∂o-Sv- J-tcm-jv-Sn- F-∂- en-]n-bpw- {]-Nm-cØn¬- ko-X-sb- sIm-≠p-h-cmw''- (Xm-a-lw- B-\-bn-jym-an- \-jv-Smw- th-Z-
h-∂p.- {_m-la v- o- en-]n-bn¬-\n-∂m-Wv- tZ-h\- m-Kc
- n-bpw- a-s‰-√m- C¥y≥- {ip-Xn- an-h-)-5.- hn-jv-Wp- ]-d-bp-∂-Xm-bn- alm-`m-c-Xw- D-≤-cn-°p-∂p:-
en-]n-If- pw- D-Ss - e-SpØ-Xv.- Cu- en-]n-Is- f-√mw- B-Zy-Im-eØ - v- Ad_n- ""th-Z- {ip-Xn- \-jv-S-s∏-´-t∏mƒ- Rm-\-h-sb- ho-s≠Sp-Øp-sIm-≠p
sb-t∏m-se- h-eØp-\n-∂v- C-S-tØm-´m-Wv- F-gp-Xn-bn-cp-∂v1- F-∂- 1. `m-c-X- hn-Pv-Rm-\-tIm-iw,- hm-eyw- 2,- t]-Pv- 731.-
2. Ir-jv-W- ssN-X-\y-:- kw-kv-Ir-X- km-ln-Xy- N-cn-{Xw,- t]-Pv- 68.-
1.- \-tc-{µ- `q-j¨-:- ssh-Zn-I- km-lnXy- N-cn-{Xw,- t]-Pv- 27 3. Satyavrata Patel: Hinduism: Religion and way of Life, Page 5.
2 Ibid, Page 39. 4. km-[p-io-e≥- sI.- ]-c-ta-iz-c≥-]n-≈-:- ln-µp-[¿-Ω- ]-cn-N-bw,- t]-Pv- 164.-
3. Ibid, Page 41. 5. hm¬-ao-In- cm-am-b-Ww-:- In-jv-In-\v-[m-Im-Wv-Uw- 6:5.-
93 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-߃- 94

h-∂p.- F-∂n-´v- A-hs - b- {_m-la v- W

- ß - f- pw- a-{¥-ßf - pw-sIm-≠v- ]q¿Æ-
am-°n.- C-Xv- ]-≠v- Ir-X-bp-K-Øn-epw- Rm≥- sN-bv-X-XmWv''-(bZm-
th-Z- {ip-Xn¿- \-jv-Sm-a-bm- {]-Xym-lr-Xm- ]p-\x-kth-Zm-x-k-{ip-Xn-
Im-iN v- - Ir-Xmx-]q¿-∆w- Ir-tX-bp-tK)-1.- C-ßs - \- ]-e- ]p-cm-Wß- fnepw-
CXn-lm-k-ß-fn-ep-sa-√mw- th-Zw- \-jv-S-s∏-´-Xm-bpw- A-Xv- ho-s≠Sp-
Ø-Xm-bp-ap-≈- ]-cm-a¿-i-߃- Im-Wmw.- A-\m-te-Jy- k-c-kz-Xn
A-Y-hm- F-gp-Xs∏-Sm-Ø- hn-Zybm-bn-cp-∂- th-Zw,-- F-ß-s\-bm-Wv-
\-jv-S-s∏-´sX-∂v- a-\- n-em-Ip-∂n-√.- t£-a-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- £m-a-Øn-
s≥-d-bpw- A-Xyp-®m-h-kv-Y-I-fn¬- Pv-Rm-\-kw-c-£-W-Øn-\v- km-[-y
am-Im-sX- h-∂-Xp-sIm-≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww- thZ-\-jv-Sw- kw-`-hn-®-Xv- F
∂m-Wv- ]-e- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-cpw- hy-m-Jym-\n-°p-∂Xv.- a-\- n¬ -\n-∂v-
a-\-kp-I-fn-te-°v- ]-I¿-∂p-sIm-Sp-Øn-cp-∂- hnZy- F-ß-s\-bm-Wv-
\-jv-S-s∏-Sp-I?- th-Zw- B-Zy-Im-e-Øp-X-s∂- en-Jn-X- cq-]Øn-em-bn-
cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬- Cu- \-jvS- s - ∏-Se
- n-\v- A¿-∞a - p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- ]u-cmWn-
I-am-b- ]-e- {K-\v-Y-ß-fpw- \-jv-S-s∏-´-Xn-\v- C-∂p-X-s∂- sX-fnhp-I-
fp≠-t√m.- C-ß-s\- ]-e- {]m-h-iyw- \-jv-S-s∏-Sp-I-bpw- ho-s≠-Sp-°-
s∏-Sp-I-bpw- sNbv-X- th-Z-ß-fn¬- bm-sXm-cp- am-‰-hpw- h-∂n-´n-s√∂v-
kv]- j
- vS- a
- m-bn- ]-dbm≥- sX-fn-hp-Is - f-hn-sS?- ""k-l{- km-_vZ- ß - ƒ°p-
2
ti-jh - pw- th-Zß- f- n¬- hyXym-ks - am-∂pw- h-∂n-´n-√''- F-∂- {]kvXm-
h-\-°v- h-kv-Xp-\n-jv-T-am-b- sX-fnhp-I-fp-sS- ]n≥-_-e-an-s√-∂¿-∞w.-
th-Zß - ƒ-°v- ]m-Tt- `-Zß
- t- fm- am-‰X
- n-cp-Øep-It- fm- D-≠m-bn´n-
s√∂- hm-Z-hpw- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-c-ln-Xam-Wv.- th-Z-߃-°v- A-{]-am-Zn
Xz-a-h-Im-i-s∏-Sm-sa-∂v- kv-Ym-]n-°m-≥-th-≠n- ]p-kv-X-I-sa-gp-Xn-b-
\-tc-{µ-`q-j¨-Xs - ∂- A-t±-lØ - n-s≥-d- Nn-eh - m-Zß
- ƒ- kvY
- m-]n-°m≥-
th-≠n- th-Z-ß-fn¬- am-‰Øn-cp-Ø-ep-I-fp-≠m-bn-´p-s≠-∂v- k-Ω-Xn-
°p-∂p-≠v.- ""{I-ta-W- ]m-Tm-¥-c-ß-fpw- im-JI-fpw- \n-e-hn¬-h-cn-
Ibpw- tem-]n-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.- Nne¿- {_m-lv-a-W-ß-sf-bpw- thZ-
ß-fn¬- Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øn.- C-ß-s\- kw-ln-X-bpw- {_m-lv-a-W-hp-sa√mw-
Iq-Sn-°p-g-™-t∏mƒ- hym-k≥- A-h-sb- ]p-\¿-\n¿-Æ-bw- sN-bv-Xncn-
°mw.- A-ß-s\-bm-hmw- hym-k≥- th-Zw- ]-Ip-sØ-∂- IY- \n-ehn¬-
h-∂-Xv-''-1.- ""C-h-bn¬-\n-∂v- \-ap-°v- A-\p-am-\n-°m-hp-∂-Xv- kw-lnXI-
1.- a-lm-`m-c-Xw-:- im-¥n-]¿-∆w- 348:56.-
2. \-tc-{µ- `q-j¨-:- ssh-Zn-I- km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{Xw,- t]--Pv- 38.-
fpw- {_m-lv-a-W-ß-fpw- Iq-Sn-°p-g-™v- A- ¬- th-Zta-Xv- {]-hN\ta-
Xv- im-Jt- b-Xv- F-∂v- Xn-cn-®d
- n-bm-\m-hm-sX- h-∂- H-cp- Im-eL
- ´ap≠m-
bnc-p-∂p-sh-∂m-Wv''-2.-
th-Z-߃- A-]u-cp-tj-bw- A-Y-hm- ssZ-hn-I-am-sW-∂- hmZw-
ASn-kvYm-\-c-ln-X-am-sW-∂-`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-cp-≠v.-
C-Xn-\v- th-Zß-fn¬- \n-∂p-X-s∂- sX-fn-hp-I-fp-≤-cn-°-s∏-Sp-I-bpw-
sN-øp-∂p.- am-Iv-sUm-W¬,- Io-Øv- Xp-S-ßn-b- ]m-iv-Nm-Xy- th-Z-]Wv-
Un-X-∑m¿- Cu- A-`n-{]m-b-°m-cm-Wv.-3 E-tKz-Z-Øn-epw- {_m-lv-a-Wß-
fn-epw- Im-Wp-∂- a-{¥-Ir-Xv- F∂- ]-Z-Øn-\v- a-{¥-ß-fp≠m-°n-b-
Ihn-sb-∂m-Wv- A¿-∞-sa-∂pw- A-Xp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂- a-{¥-ß-fp-≠m-
°n-b-Xv- E-jn-am-cm-Wv- ssZ-h-a-s√-∂v- C-Xp-sIm≠v- hy-Iv-X-am-Ip-∂p-
sh-∂pw- A-h¿- hm-Zn-°p-∂p.- ""E-tj-a-{¥-Ir-Xmw''- (E-jn-am-cm-Wv- a
{¥-ß-fp-≠m-°n-b-h¿)- F-∂- E-tKz-Z4- h-N-\-hpw- ""in-ip¿-∆m- Bßv-
Kn-c-tkm- a-{¥-I-r-Xmw- a-{¥-Ir-Xm- ko-Xv''- (in-ip- B-¶n-c- v- a-{¥Ir-
Øm-bn-cp-∂p)- F-∂- Xm-Wv-Uy- {_m-lv-a-W5- h-N-\-hpw- ""k¿-∆- Ejn-
a{¥- E-Xv-'' (Cu- E-jn-am-sc-√mw- a-{¥-Ir-Øp-Iƒ)- F-∂- sF-Xtcb-
{_mlv-a-W6 h-N-\-hpw- "\-a- E-jn-t`ym- a-{¥-Ir-Xv- t`ym''- (a-{¥ Ir-
Øp-I-fm-b- E-jn-am¿-°v- \-a-kv-°m-cw)- F-∂- ssX-Øo-cn-b- Bc-
W-y-I-7 h-N-\hp-sa-√mw- th-Z-a-{¥-ß-fp-sS- I¿-Øm-°-ƒ- E-jn-am-cm-
bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂-Xn-\p-≈- sX-fn-hp-I-fm-bn- Nq-≠n-°m-Wn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.-
F-∂m¬- A-]u-cp-tj-b- hm-Zn-I-fp-sS- A-`n-{]m-b-Øn¬- I¬-∏
Øns≥-d- B-Zn-bn¬- Cu-iz-cm-\p-{K-l-Øm¬- a{¥w- e-`n-®-h-cm-Wv-
a{¥-Ir-Øp-Iƒ.- Cu-iz-c-\n¬-\n-∂v- thZw- e-`n-®-h-cm-Wv- E-jn-am¿-
F∂¿-∞w.-
th-Zß
- ƒ- tem-IØ- p-≈- k-Ie - - hn-PvR
- m-\ß
- f
- p-apƒ-s°m≈p-
∂p-sh-∂pw- A-h-bv-°v- H-cn-°-epw- sX-‰p-]-‰p-I-bn-s√-∂p-ap-≈- hm-Z
sØ- B[p-\n-I- ssl-µ-h- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-cn¬-X-s∂- \-s√m-cp- i-X
am-\w- A-\p-Iq-en-°p-∂n-√.- tUm-Iv-S¿- k¿-t∆-∏-≈n- cm-[-m-Ir-jv-W≥-
1. Ibid Page 51
2. Ibid, Page 53.
3. Macdonell A.A. and Kieth, AB: Vedic Index of Names and Subjects, Page 131.
4. E-tKz-Zw- 1:114:2.-
5. Xm-Wv-Uy-{_m-lv-a-Ww- 13:3:24
6. sF-X-tc-b- {_m-lv-a-Ww- 6:-1.-
7. ssX-Øn-co-b- B-c-W-y-Iw- 4:1:1.-
95 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-
F-gp-Xp-∂p-:- ""th-Z߃- {]-am-Z-a-pIv-X-ß-tfm- k¿-∆-Xpw- Dƒ-s°m-
≈p-∂-tXm- A-√.- B-Xv-aob- k-Xyw,- en-Jn-X- tc-J-I-tf-°mƒ- hfsc-
D-∂-X-am-b- h-kv-Xp-X-bm-Wv.- thZ-c-ln-X- {]-hm-N-I-∑m¿- {]-Jym-]n
®- bm-Ym¿-∞y-ß-sf- \mw- hn-e-a-Xn-°p-Ibpw- Aw-Ko-I-cn-°p-I-bpw-
sN-øp-∂-tXm-sSm-∏w- ]n-∂o-Sp-h-∂- \q-‰m-≠p-I-fn-se- a-Xm-[ym-]-I-
∑m-cp-sS- B-¥-cn-I-Z¿-i-\-sØ-°p-dn-®v- a-\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn-te-°pw-
\mw- \-bn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.- th-Zw,- A-Km-[-am-b- B-¥-cn-Im-\p-`-h-ß-fp-
sSbpw- hn-Pv-Rm-\- sh-fn-]m-Sp-I-fp-sS-bpw- tc-J-b-s{X''-1.- F-∂m¬-
kzm-an- Z-bm-\-µ- k-c-kz-Xn-sb-t∏m-se-bp-≈- Xo-{h-hm-Zn-Iƒ- th-Z
Øn-\v- bm-sXm-cp- sX-‰pw- h-cm≥- km-[y-X-bn-s√-∂- ]-£-°m-cmWv.-
kzm-an- Z-bm\-µ- k-c-kz-Xn- F-gp-Xp-∂p:- ""Pv-Rm-\-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- a-X-
]-c-am-b- k-Xy-ß-fp-sS-bpw- D-d-hn-S-am-b- \m-ep-th-Z-߃- ssZ-h-Øn-
s≥-d- hm°m-sW-∂v- Rm≥- hn-iz-kn-°p-∂p.- a-{¥-kw-ln-X-sb-∂dn-
b-s∏-Sp-∂- `m-Kw- am-{X-am-W-h.-sX‰mb- bm-sXm-∂pw- A-Xn-en-√.-
Xn-I-®pw- B-[n-Im-cn-I-ß-fm-W-h''-2.-
C-hn-sS- a-s‰m-cp- {]-[m-\- {]-iv-\-ap-≠v.- th-Z-sØ- s]m-Xp-hmbn-
aq∂v- Im-Wv-U-ß-fm-bm-Wv- hn-`-Pn-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.- eu-In-I-hpw-
]m-c-{Xn-I-hp-am-b- A-`o-jv-S kn-≤n-I-fpw- ku-Jyhpw- D-≠m-hp-∂-Xn-
\p-th-≠n-bp-≈- A\p-jv-Tm-\-ap-d-I-fp-≈- I¿-Ω-Im-Wv-U-am-Wv- H-∂v.-
Cu-iz-cm-cm-[-\- sN-tø-≠p-∂- co-Xn-bpw- sF-ln-I-hpw- ]m-c-{Xn-Ihpw-
]-c-am¿-∞n-I-hp-am-b- kn≤n-Iƒ-°p-≈- D-]m-b-ß-fp-a-S-ßp-∂- D-]m-
k-\m-Im-Wv-Uw- c-≠m-a-tØXpw- Cl-tem-I- ]-c-tem-I- X-Xz-ßfpw-
Po-hm-Xva
- m-hv- ]-ca- m-Xva
- m-hv- P-KØ
- v- F∂n-hb - p-sS- c-lk
- y-hp-aS- ß
- p∂-
PvRm-\-Im-Wv-Uw- aq-∂m-a-tØ-Xp-am-Wv.- thZ-߃-s°-√m-ap-≈-
kwln-X,- {_m-lva - W
- w,- B-cW - y- I
- w,- D-]\
- n-jØ - v- F∂o- \m-ev- hn`m-
K-ß-sf- Cu- aq-∂v- Im-Wv-U-ß-fp-am-bn- _-\v-[-s∏-Sp-Øn-bm-Wv- hyh-
l-cn-®p-t]m-cp-∂-Xv.- tZ-ho-tZ-h-∑m-cp-sS- kv-Xp-Xn-I-fpƒ-s°m-≈p-∂-
kwln-X-bpw- a-{¥-ß-fp-sS- Kq-Vm¿-∞-߃- hy-Iv-X-am-°p-I-bpw-
A-\p-jT v- m-\ß
- f- p-sS- hn-[n-hn-[m-\ß - ƒ- \n¿-t±-in-°p-Ib - pw- sN-øp∂-
`m-K-amb- {_m-lv-a-W-hpw- I¿-Ω-Im-Wv-U-Øn¬- Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂p.- GIm-
3. Dr. S Radhakrishnan: Indian Religions, Page 22.
4. Swami Dayananda Saraswthati: The Light of Truth, Page 657.
ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-߃- 96
¥-X-bn-en-cp-∂v- E-jn-am¿- th-Z-a-{¥-ß-sf- a-\-\w- sN-bv-Xp-sIm-≠v-
kv-Yn-c-s∏-Sp-Øn-b- XØz-hn-Nm-c-am-b- B-c-W-y-I-߃- D-]m-k-\m-
Im-Wv-U-Øn-epw- B-[ym-Xv-a-im-kv-{X-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- B-Xv-a-kw-_-\v-
[n-bm-b- N¿-®-bp-sS-bpw- tI-{µ-ß-fm-b- D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ- Pv-Rm-\-
Im-Wv-U-Øn-epw- Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂p.- kw-ln-X,- {_m-lv-aWw,- B-c-WyIw,-
D-]-\n-j-Øv- F-∂n-h- Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂-Xm-Wv- th-Zw.- Ch- ap-gp-h≥-
{ipXn- A-Y-hm- A-]u-cp-tj-bam-Wv- F-∂m-Wv- ssl-µ-h- hn-izmkw.-
km-[m-c-W- th-Z-sa-∂v- hy-h-l-cn-°-s∏--Sp-tºmƒ- kw-ln-X- am{Xsa-
hn-h-£n-°m-dp-≈q-sh-∂-Xv- i-cn-X-s∂- ]-s£, th-Z-ß-fp-sS- `mKw-
X-s∂-bm-Wv- {_m-lv-a-W-ß-fpw- B-c-Wy-I-ß-fpw- D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-
fp-sa-√mw.- F-∂m¬- Z-bm-\-µ- k-c-kz-Xn-bpw- A-t±-lw- kv-Ym-]n-®-
B-cy-k-am-P-Øn-s≥-d- h-Iv-Xm-°fpw- kw-ln-X-°v- am-{X-sa- ]q¿-Æ-
am-b- A-{]-am-Zn-Xzw- I¬-∏n-°p-∂p-≈q.- A-t±-l-Øn-s≥-d- "k-Xym¿Y-
{]-Im-i'-Øn¬-\n-∂v- ap-ºp-≤-cn-®- D-≤-c-Wn- A-Xv- hy-Iv-X-am-°p-∂p.-
Cu- hm-Zw- ln-µp-߃- C-t∂mfw-kzo-I-cn-®p- t]m-∂- A-`n{]m-bØn-
s\-Xn-cm-Wv.- kzm-an- hn-th-Im-\-µ≥- FgpXp-∂p-:- ""th-Z-ß-sf-∂m-¬-
kw-ln-X-Iƒ- am-{X-am-sW-∂p-≈- hm-Zw- hf-sc- ]p-Xn-b-Xpw- ]-tc-X
\m-b- {io- Z-bm-\-µ- kzm-an-I-fm¬- D-∂-bn-°-s∏-´n ´p-≈ Xp-am-Wv.-
C-Xv- km-[m-c-W- P-\-߃-°n-S-bn¬- Aw-Ko-I-cn-°-s∏-´n-´p-≈-X√.-
kw-ln-X-°v- ]p-Xn-b- A¿-∞-I¬-∏-\Iƒ- \¬-In- ssh-Zn-I-kn-≤m-
¥-sØ- ap-gph≥- hym-Jym-\n-°m-\p-≈- D-t±-iy-am-Wv- Cu- hm-Z-Øn\v-
]n∂n-ep-≈Xv.- hn-j-a-߃- F-∂n-´pw- A-h-km-\n-®n-´n-√.- C-∆n-[sam-
s°- sN-bv-Xn-´pw- {_mlv-a-W-ß-fp-sS- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-Øn-te-°v- A-h-
ho-≠pw- \n-]-Xn°p-I-bpw- sNbv-Xp''-1.-
kr-jvS- n-bp-sS- B-cw-`Ø
- n¬-Xs - ∂- th-Zw- A-hX - c- n-∏n-®p-sh∂-
hnizm-k{]-Im-cw- {]-]-©-Øn-\v- F-{X- ]-g-°-ap-t≠m- A-{X-bpw-
]g-°w- th-ZØn-\p-ap-≠v.- kzm-an- Z-bm-\-µ-s≥-d- a-X-{]-Im-cw- th-Z
߃- sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Ø-s∏-´-Xv- 1310 an-√y¨- h¿-j-߃-°v- ap-ºm-Wv.-
F-∂m¬- `m-jm-im-k{v- XPvR - ∑- m-cpw- h-kX v- p-\n-jT
v- - N-cn-{X-Im-c∑ - mcpw-
Cu- hm-ZØ - n-s\-Xn-cm-Wv.- {InkvX
- p-hn-\v- ap-ºv- B-bn-cm-am-≠n-\v- apºm
bn-- ]-e- Im-e-ß-fn-em-bn- cq-]w-sIm≠- E-tKz-Zw- _n.-kn.- 800\pw-
1 Letters of Swami Vivekananda, Page 96.
97 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-
_n.-kn- 1000Øn-\pw- a-t[y-bm-Wv- k-am-l-cn-°-s∏-´-sX-∂m-Wv- amIv-
kv-ap-≈¿-1 A-`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.- hn≥-d¿-\n-‰v-kn-s≥d- A-`n-{]m-b-Øn
¬- E-tKz-Z-Øn-s≥-d- B-Zn-a-{¥-߃-°v- 2500 sIm-√-sØ- ]g°w- Im
Wp-sa-∂m-Wv.- th-sd- Nn-e- ]m-iv-Nm-Xy- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m¿ A-h-bv-°v-
Ip-d-™-]-£w- 4000 sIm-√-sØ- ]-g-°w- I¬-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v2- .- E-tKzZ
Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- ]-g-b- Ko-X-߃- {In-kv-Xp-hn-\v- 1200 sIm-√-߃°p-
apsº-¶n-epw- c-Nn-°s - ∏-´X- m-bn-cn-°W - s- a-∂m-Wv- C.-Pn.- dm-]vk - ≥d3
- s
]£w.- F-∂m¬- `m-c-Xo-b- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-cn¬- {]-ap-J-\m-b- tUm.cm-
[m-Ir-jv-Ws≥d- A-`n-{]m-b-Øn¬- E-tKz-Z-kq-Iv-X-ß-fp-sS- Im-ew-
G-It- Z-iw- {In-kvX
- p-hn-\v- ]-Xn-\©- v- \q-‰m-≠p-Iƒ-°v- ap-ºm-Wv-4.- thZ-
߃- A-]u-cp-tj-b-tam- kzXx-{]-am-W-tam- A-s√-∂- Cu- ]-Wv-Un
X-∑m-cp-sS- hm-Z-sØ- Z-bm-\-µ- k-c-kz-Xn-bp-sS- A-\p-bm-bn-Iƒ- iIv-
X-am-bn-Ø-s∂- hn-a¿-in-°p-∂p-s≠-¶n-epw- h-kv-Xp-\n-jv-T-am-b- ]-T
\-߃- \-S-Øp-∂-h¿-°v- Cu- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-cp-sS- A-`n-{]m-b-ß-tf-
A-h-ew-_n-°mt\-- I-gn-bq.-
{ip-Xn,- \n-Ka- w,- {_-lav- w,- Bav\ - m-bw,- O-µ  - v,- {]-hN
- \
- w- F∂o-
]cym-b-ß-fp-≈- th-Zw- Kp-cp-ap-J-Øp-\n-∂p-X-s∂- ]-Tn-°-W-sa-∂m
Wv- {]amWw.- th-Z] - T
- \- Ø
- n-\v- H-cp- {I-aa- p-≠v.- E-jn,- O-µ  - v,- tZhX,-
k-z-c-\n-b-aw- F-∂n-h- A-dn-™m-Wv- th-Zw- ]-Tn-t°-≠-Xv.- ]-Tn-°p∂-
th-Za- {- ¥w,- {]-IS- a- m-°n-b- E-jn-tb-Xv,- A-sXßn-s\-bm-Wv- D-®c - nt°-
≠-Xv,- A-Xn¬- {]-Xn-]m-Zn®n-cn-°p-∂- tZ-h-X-bm-cv,- G-Xv- Im-cy-Øn\v-
F-ß-s\-bm-Wv- {]tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv- Xp-S-ßn-b- Imcy-߃- a-\
 n-em-°p-∂-Xv- th-Z-]-T-\-Øn-\v- A-\n-hm-cy-am-Wv.- E-jn-]m-c-º-cy-
{]-Im-cw- Kp-cp- in-jy-\v- D-]-tZ-in-°p-Ibpw- in-jy≥- A-h- lr-Zn-kv
Y-am-°p-I-bpw- sN-øp-∂- {I-a-Øn-em-Wv- B-Zy-amZyw- th-Zm≤y-b-\w-
\-S-Øn-h-∂n-cp-∂-Xv.- {]-tXy-I- a-l-Xz-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bp-≈- a{¥-Øn\v-
Xp-eyw,-- a-{¥w- am-{X-ta-bp-≈q-sh-∂v- hn-iz-kn-®p-h-∂-Xn-\m¬ th-Z-
a-{¥w- X¿-Pv-Pv-a- sN-øp-∂-Xp-Iq-Sn- \n-cp¬-km-l-s∏-Sp-Ø-s∏-´p.-1949
emWv- E-tK-zZ- Ø - n-s≥-d- B-Zy-sØ- Cw-•o-jv- ]-cn-`m-j- am-Ivk - va- p≈¿5
1. Fredrich Max Muller: The Vedas, Page 25.
2. `m-c-X- hn-Pv-Rm-\-tIm-iw,- hm-eyw- 2,- t]-Pv- 659.-
3. E.G. Rapson: Ancient India, Page 5.
4. Dr. S. Radhakrishnan: Indian Philosophy Vol. 1, Page 37
5. Fredrich Max Muller: Rigveda Samhita (London)
ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-߃- 98
]p-dØ
- n-d°- p-∂X
- v.- C-tX-Øp-S¿-∂v- C-∂v- tem-IØ
- p-≈- F√m- {][m\-
`mj-I-fn-epw- E-tKz-Z-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- a-‰v- th-Z-ß-fp-sS-bpw- ]-cn-`m-j-I
fp-≠v.- aebm-f-Øn¬- E-tKz-Z- kw-ln-X- ]-cn-`m-j-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-
∂-Xv- h-≈-tØm-fm-Wv1-.-
E-jn-h-cy-∑m¿-°v- Z¿-i-\-am-bn- e-`n-®p- X-e-ap-d-Iƒ- ssI-am-dn
sb-Øn-b- th-Zh - m-Iy-߃- Ir-jvW - s - sZz-]m-b\
- - a-l¿-jn E - °
- v,- bPp-
 v,- kmaw,- A-Y¿-∆w- F-∂n-ß-s\- \m-em-bn- hn-`-Pn-®p.- A-ßn-s\-
bm-Wv- th-Z-sØ- hy-kn-®-h-≥-- (hn-`-Pn-®-h≥)- A-Y-hm- th-Z-hymk≥-
F-∂v- t]-cp-h-∂-Xv.- {In-kv-Xp-hn-\v- ap-ºv- ]-Xn-\-©v,- ]-Xn-s\-´v- \q-‰m-
≠p-Iƒ-°v- \-Sp-hn-em-Wv- th-Z-hym-k≥- Po-hn-®n-cp-∂-sX-∂m-Wv- s]m-
Xp-sh- A-\pam-\n-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv.- Zzm-]-c-bp-Kw-h-sc- au-en-I-am-bn- Hcp-
th-Zt- a- D-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈q-sh-∂pw- B- bp-Km-¥c - Ø - n-em-Wv- hymk≥-
th-Z-sØ- \m-em-°n- ]-Ip-Ø-sX-∂p-amWv- hn-izm-kw.- F-∂m¬- Zbm-
\-µ- k-c-kz-Xn- Cu- A-`n-{]m-b-°m-c-\-√.- A-t±-lw- B-Zyw- ap-X¬-
°p-X-s∂- th-Z-߃- \m-em-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂- A-`n-{]m-b-°m-c-\m-Wv.-
A-Y¿-h-th-Z-Øn¬- th-Z-߃- F-∂v- {]-kv-Xm-hn-®-Xv- _-lp-h-N-\-
am-sW-∂pw- {ip-Xn,- kz-Xx-{]-am-W-am-b-Xn-\m¬- A-Xv- sX-‰m≥- ]mSn-
s√-∂pw- A-Xp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂- B-Zyw- ap-X¬-t°- H-∂n-e-[n-Iw- thZ-
ß-fp-≠m-bn-cn-°W - s - a-∂p-am-Wv- A-t±-lØ - n-s≥-d- H-∂m-as - Ø- hmZw.-
hymk-s≥-d- ]n-Xm-hpw- ]n-Xm-a-l\pw- {]-]n-Xm-a-l-\pw- H-s°-bm-b-
]-cm-ic-\pw- i-Iv-Xn-bpw- h-kn-jv-T-\pw- {_-lv-a¿-jn-bpw- \m-ep-th-Z-
ß-fpw- ]-Tn ®n-cp-∂p-sh-∂- ]-cm-a¿i-ß-fn¬-\n-∂pw- hym-k≥- thZw-
]-Ip-Øp-sh-∂- hm-Zw- A-kw-_\ - [
-v a- m-sW-∂-v hy-IX -v a- mIp∂psh∂mWv-
A-t±-l-Øn-s≥d- c-≠m-a-sØ- hm-Zw.- G-Xm-bm-epw- Cu- hmZßsf-
_-lp-`q-c-n-]-£w- sslµh]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-cpw- Aw-Ko-I-cn°p∂n√.
A-Y¿-∆-s\-∂- E-jn-bm-Wv- a-‰v- aq-∂v- th-Z-ß-fn¬-\n-∂pw- Nne-
hnj-b-ß-sf-°-p-dn-®- a-{¥-߃- H-∂m-bn-t®¿-Øv- A-Y¿-∆-th-Zw- B-
hn-jv-°-cn-®-sX-∂pw- H-c-`n-{]m-b-ap-≠v.- Cu- A-`n-{]m-bw- i-cn-bmbm-
epw- sX-‰m-bmepw- B-Zy-Im-e-Øv- aq-∂v- th-Z-ß-tf- D-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-
≈q-sh-∂-Xn-te-°v- D-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ- kq-N-\- \¬-Ip-∂p-≠v.- ""B-
Hmw-Im-c-Øn¬- aq-∂v- tZ-h-∑m-cpw- aq-∂v- tem-I-ß-fpw- aq-∂v- th-Z-ß-
6. h-≈-tØmƒ-:- E-tKz-Z- kw-ln-X- (]-cn-`m-j)- (Xr-»-n-h-t]-cq¿-).-
99 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-
fpw- aq-∂v- A-Kv-\n-I-fp-ap-≠v''-1 F-∂v- {_lv-a-hn-tZym-]-\n-j-Øn-epw-
""B-Zn-Xy-∑m¿,- cp-{Z≥-am¿,- a-cp-Øp-°ƒ,- h-kp-°ƒ,- A-iz-\o-Ip-amc-
∑m¿,- E-tKz-Zw,- bPp¿-th-Zw,- km-a-th-Zw,- a-{¥w,- AKv-\n,- B-Pyw,-
B-lp-Xn- F-∂n-hs - b-√mw- \m-cm-bW- ≥- X-s∂-bm-Wv.- D-Xv`- h
- w,- kw`-
hw- C-h-bpw- Zn-hy-\pw- tZ-h-\pw- G-I-\p-am-b- \m-cm-b-W≥- Xs∂bm
Wv''-2 F-∂v- kp-_m-tem-]-\n-j-Øpw- ]-d-bp-∂p.- C-h-bn¬-\n-∂pw-
Cu- D-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ- c-Nn-°p-∂-Im-e-Øv- A-Y¿-∆-th-Zw- D-≠m-bncp-
∂n-s√-∂pw- A-Xv- ]n-∂o-Sv- D-≠m-b-Xm-sW-∂pw- \ym-b-am-bn- A-\p
am-\n-°m-hp-∂-XmWv.-
""k-l-{km-_v-Z-߃-°pti-j-hpw- th-Z-ß-fn¬- hy-Xym-k-sam
∂pw- h-∂n-´n-√''- F-∂- hm-Z-°m-sc- Ip-g-°p-∂- H-cp- {]-[m-\- {]-iv-
\am-Wv- imJI-sf- kw-_\ - [
v- n-®- N¿-®I
- s
- f-√mw-Xs
- ∂. ""im-JI- fn¬-
Nn-e- am-‰ß--fp-s≠¶n-epw- aq-e-]m-T-Øn¬- H-cp- hy-Xym-k-hpw- h-∂n
´n-s√-∂v- am-{X-a-√,- Xo¿-Øpw- kw-c-£n-X-hp-am-Wv''3.- F-∂- {]-tbmKw-
X-s∂- C-°m-cyw- hy-IvX-am-°p-∂p.-
im-JIƒ- th-Zm-h-b-h-am-sW-∂pw- A-X-√- th-Z-hym-Jym-\ß-
fm-sW-∂pw- A-`n-{]m-b-ß-fp-≠v.- F-¥m-Wv- th-Z-im-J-I-sf-∂-Xns\-
°p-dn-®v- {io.- \-tc-{µ- `q-j¨- F-gp-Xp-∂p-:- ""th-Zw- kr-jv-Sn-®-X√.-
A-h- \n-Xy-amWv.- A¿-∞w- \n-Xy-am-sW-¶n-epw- A-£-c-ß-fn-epw-
hyRvP - \- ß
- f- n-epw- A-tßm-´p-an-tßm-´pw- am-‰w-hc
- pw.- A-ßs\- am‰w-
h-∂h - b- m-Wv- Im-TI- w,- Im-em]Iw,- au-ZI
- w,- ]m-∏n-em-Zw- Xp-Sß - nbh.-
C-hn-sS- A-£-c-ß-fn-epw- hy-Rv-P-\-ß-fn-epw- am-‰-sa-∂p-]-d-™Xv-
th-Z-im-J-I-sf- D-t±-in-®m-Wv.- A-h-bn-em-W-t√m- ]m-Tm-¥-c-߃-
D-≈X- v.- A-Xn-\m¬- H-c¿-∞s - Ø- hym-Jym-\n-°p-∂h - b - m-Wv- ]m-Tm¥-
4
c-߃- F-∂v- h-cp-∂p''- .- D-®m-c-W-t`-Z-hpw- ]m-T-t`-Z-hpw- am-{X-a-√-
im-J-Iƒ-°v- \n-Zm-\-am-b-sX-∂v- Im-Wmw.- Nn-e-im-J-I-fn¬- ]-e-
kq-Iv-Xß-fpw- Im-Wp-∂n-√. -""E-tKz-Z-Øn-s≥-d- Nn-e- im-J-I-fn¬-
aqt∂m- \m-tem- a-{¥-ß-fp-sS- Iq-Sp-X¬- Ip-d-hv- Im-Wmw.- im-I-e-
im-J-bn¬- ]-e- _m-e-Jn-√y- kq-Iv-X-ß-fpw- C-√.- _mjv-I-e- imJbn-
1.- {_-lv-a- hn-tZym-]-\n-j-Øv-:- im-¥n-]m-Tw- 5
2. kp-_m-tem-]-\n-j-Øv-:- 6:-3
3 \-tc-{µ- `q-j¨-:- ssh-Zn-I- km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{Xw,- t]-Pv- 38.-
4.Ibid, Page 66.
ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-߃- 100
ep-≠v.- aq-e-E-tKz-Z-Øn¬- F-√mw- D-≠p-Xm-\pw''1.- Nn-e- im-J-I-fn¬-
kq-Iv-X-߃- Ip-d-hv- ImWptºmƒ- a-‰v- Nn-e-h-bn¬- IqSp-X-em-Wp≈-
Xv.- ''-{_m-lv-a-W-ß-fn-epw- D-]-\njØp-I-fn-epw- {iu-X- kq-{Xßfn
epw- Im-Wp-∂- ]-e- a-{¥-ß-fpw- C-∂-sØ- E-tKz-Z-Øn-en-√.- I-≠p-
In-´n-b- Nn-e- im-J-I-fn-e-h-bp-≠p-Xm-\pw.- sFX-tc-b- {_m-lv-a-W-
Øn-se- {]-Xn-I-E-jn-bp-sS- a-{¥-߃- C-Xn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-ß-fm-Wv.-
C-h-sb- F-ß-s\- \n¿-Æ-bn-s®-Sp-°mw- F-∂-Xv- I-Sp-Ø- k-a-kybm-
Wv''-2.- th-Z-ß-fn¬- bm-sXm-cp- ssI-{In-b-I-fpw- \-S-∂n-´n-s√-∂- hmZw-
C-hn-sS- tNm-Zyw- sN-ø-s∏-Sp-∂p.- th-Z-kw-ln-X-I-f-sS- ]m-T-t`-Z-ßfm-
b- imJ-I-fn¬- ]-e-Xpw- \-jv-S-s∏Sp-I-Iq-Sn- sN-bv-Xn-´p-s≠-∂v- h-cp-
tºmƒ- Cu- tNmZyw- sN-ø-en-\v- {]-k-Iv-Xn-tb-dp-∂p.- \n-e-\n¬-°p∂-
im-JI - f
- n¬-Xs
- ∂- a-{¥-kw-Jy-If- p-SsS- F-ÆØ
- n¬-t]m-epw- hyXym-
k-ap-s≠-∂v- h-cp-tºmƒ- ep-]v-X-am-b- im-J-I-fn¬- Iq-Sp-X¬- hyXym-
k-ß-fp-≠m-hm-\p-≈- km-[y-X- \n-tj-[n-°m≥- h-ø.- ""im-J-I-sf-
kw-_-\v-[n-®- ]-T-\w- H-´pw- F-fp-∏-a-√.- _-lp-`q-cn-]-£w- im-J-Ifpw-
tem-]n-®p-t]m-bn.- A-h-sb- I-s≠-Øp-∂-Xv- Xp-temw- hn-j-a-am-Wv''3
F-∂m-Wv- Z-bm-\-µ- k-c-kz-Xn-bp-sS- A-\p-bm-bnIƒ- t]m-epw- ]dbp-
∂-Xv.-
E-tKz-Zw-:- B-cy-∑m-cp-sS- th-Z-km-ln-Xy-ß-fn¬-sh-®v- G-‰-hpw-
{]mNo-\h - pw- {]m-am-Wn-Ih - pw- E-tKz-Za- m-Wv.- "E-°v'- F-∂- ]-ZØ
- ns≥d-
A¿-∞w- kv-Xp-Xn-sb-∂m-Wv.- E-tKz-Zw- ap-gp-h≥- tZ-hkv-Xp-Xn- kw_-
\v-[n-bm-b- a-{¥-ß-fm-Wv. E-tKz-Z-Øn-\v- C-cp-]-Øn-sbm-∂v- im-J-I-
fp-s≠-∂m-Wv- ]-XR - P v- en- X-s≥-d- a-lm-`m-jy-Øn¬- ]-d™ - n-cn-°p∂-
Xv.- C-tX- A-`n-{]m-bw- Xs∂-bm-Wv- kzm-an-Z-bm-\-µ- k-c-kz-Xn-°pap-
≈-Xv.- F-∂m¬- kv-I-µ-]p-cm-W-Øn¬ E-tKz-Z-Øn-\v- A-dp-]-Øn-
sbm∂v- im-J-I-fp-s≠-∂v- ]-d-™n-cn-°p-∂p.- C∂v- {]-Nm-c-Øn-en-
cn-°p-∂- E-tKz-Z-kw-ln-X- im-I-e- im-J-bp-tS-Xm-Wv.- B-sI- ]-Øv-
a-WU v- e
- ß- f- n-em-bn- 1017 kq-IX v- ß
- f- m-Wv- E-tKz-ZØ
- n-\p-≈X - v.- imIe-
kw-ln-X-bn¬- C-√m-Ø-Xpw- ]n¬-°m-e-Øv- Iq-´n-t®¿-Ø-sX-∂v- Icp-
X-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-am-b- ]-Xn-s\m-∂v- _m-eJn-√y- kq-Iv-X-ß-fpw- Iq-Sn-
1.Ibid, Page 67.
2.Ibid Page 68
3.Ibid Page 68
101 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-߃- 102

Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bm¬- 1028 kq-Iv-X-ß-f-m-Wv- B-sI-bp-≈-Xv.- C-sX-√mw- h-∂- E-tKz-Zk

- q-IvX
- ß
- ƒ- ]-eX
- pw- at\m-lc
- a
- m-b- `m-h\
- I
- ƒ-sIm≠v-
Iq-Sn- Iq-´n- B-sI- 10522 E-°p-Iƒ- (t«m-I-߃-)- B-Wv- E-tKz-Z-Øn- k-ºp-jv-S-am-Wv.-
ep-≈-Xv.- C-Xv- im-I-e- im-J-bp-sS- Im-cy-am-Wv.- a-‰v- im-J-I-fn¬- hy E-tKz-Z-Øn¬- sF-X-tc-b-sa-∂pw- im-Jm-b-\-sa-∂pw- t]cmb-
Xy-kv-X- F-Æw- E-°p-I-fpw aWv-U-e-ßfp-am-Wp-≈-Xv.- F-{X- E-°p- b-Ym{Iaw- \m¬-∏-Xpw- ap-∏-Xpw- A-[ym-b-ß-fp-≈- c-≠v- {_m-lv-a-
I-fm-Wv- C-h-bn-ep-≈-sX-∂- hn-j-b-Øn¬- C-∂pw- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m¿- W-ß-fp≠v.- sF-X-tc-b-sa-∂pw- Iu-jo-X-In-sb-∂pw- t]-cm-b- c-≠v-
°n-S-bn¬- X¿-°w- \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂p-≠v.- E-tKz-Z-Øn-s≥-d- a-‰v- ]m-T B-c-Wy-I-ß-fp-ap≠v.- "iu-I-\o-b- in-£'- am-{X-am-Wv- j-Uw-K-ß-
t`-Z-ß-fm-b- ap-Zv-K-e-im-J,- im-e-h-im-J,- im-eob-im-J,- hm¬-k-y- fn¬- C-∂v- In-´m-\p-≈-Xv.- Bbp¿-th-Z-am-Wv- E-tKz-Z-Øn-s≥-d- D-]-
im-J,- ssi-in-co-im-J,- _u-[y-im-J,- A-Kv-\n-am-T-c-imJ, ]cm-i-c- th-Zw.- Ajv-Smw-K-ß-tfm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b- B-bp¿-th-Z-Øn-\v- A-t\-Iw- D]-
im-J,- Pm-Xq-I¿-Wy-imJ,- B-iz-em-b-\-im-J,- imw-Jm-b-\-im-J,- th-Z-߃- D-≠m-bn-´p-≠v.- A-Kv-\o-{[- kp-cm-P-{K\v-Yw,- I¿-Æ-I-{]-`,-
Iu-jo-X-In-im-J- Xp-S-ßn-b-h-sbm-∂pw-X-s∂- ]q¿-Æ-cq-]-Øn¬- [m-Xp-hm-Z-{K-\v-Yw,- [-\z-¥-co-kq-{Xw,- am-\-kq-{X-{K-\v-Yw- F-∂n-h-
C∂v- In´m\n-√.- A-hb - n¬- Nn-eX
- v- am-{X-am-Wv.- im-co-cn-Ih
- pw- am-\k
- n-Ih- p-am-b- Btcm-
C-∂v- e-`y-am-b- E-tKz-Z-Øn-se- A-≤ym-bw- Xn-cn-®p-≈- kq-Iv Kyw- F-ßn-s\- \n-e\ - n¿-Øm-sa-∂Xm-Wv- B-bp¿-th-ZØ - n-s≥-d- {]Xn-
X-ß-fpsS- F-Æw- C-ß-s\-bm-Wv.- H-∂mw- a-Wv-U-ew- 191,- c-≠mw- ]m-Zy- hn-j-bw.- B-bp¿-t∆-Zw,- A-Y¿-∆-th-Z-Øn-s≥-d- D-]-th-Z-am-
aWv-U-ew- 43,- aq-∂mw- a-Wv-U-ew- 62,- \m-emw- a-Wv-U-ew- 58,- A-©mw- sW-∂pw- A-`n-{]m-b-ap-≠v.-
a-Wv-U-ew- 87,- Bdmw- a-Wv-U-ew- 75,- G-gmw- a-Wv-U-ew- 104,- F-´mw- b-Pp¿-th-Zw-:- I¿-Ω-Im-Wv-U-am-Wv- {]-[m-\-am-bpw- b-Pp¿-thZ-
aWv-U-ew- 103,- H≥]-Xmw- a-Wv U-ew- 114,- ]-Ømw- a-Wv-U-ew- 191.- Øn-ep-≈X - v.- tlm-a߃-°pw- bm-Kß - ƒ-°p-ap-≈- a-{¥-ßf - m- W
- nXn¬-
""b-Pv-R-Øn-s≥-d- ]p-tcm-ln-X-\pw- kq-{X-[m-c-\pw- tlm-Xmhpw- {]-[m\-am-bpw- {]-Xn]m-Zn-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.- K-Zy-]-Zy- k-Ωn{i-am-
sFiz-cy-Zm-Xm-hp-am-b- A-Kv-\n-tZ-h-s\- Rm-≥- h-µn-°p-∂p''-1 F-∂- b- C-Xn-se- ]Zy-߃- an-°-Xpw- E-tKz-Z-Øn¬-\n-s∂-Sp-Ø-h-bm-Wv.-
a-{¥w- sIm≠m-cw-`n-°p-∂- E-tKz-Z-Øn¬- \mw- Im-Wp-∂-Xv- tZ-im-S- K-Zy-cq-]Ø
- n-ep-≈- hcn-If - n¬- {]-[m-\a
- m-bpw- bm-Kh
- n-[n-If
- m-Wp-≈Xv.-
\-°m-cm-b- H-cp-Iq-´w- a\p-jy-cp-sS,- Np‰p-]mSp-I-fn¬-\n-∂pw- {]-Ir- A-[z-c-th-Z-sa-∂pw- t]-cp≈- b-Pp¿-th-Z-Øn-\v- Ir-jv-W-b-Pp¿-thZw,-
Xn-bn¬- \n-∂pw- F-Xn-cm-fn-I-tfm-Sp-≈- tZ-jy-Øn¬-\n-∂pw- {]-tNmZn- ip-¢-b-Pp¿-th-Zw- F-∂n-ß-s\- c≠v- `m-K-ß-fp-≠v.-
X-am-bn- c-Nn-°-s∏-´- Ip-sd- h-N-\-ß-fm-Wv.- k-]v-X-kn-\v-[p-hn-te-°v- ap-Iv-Xn-tIm-]-\n-j-Øv- {]-Im-cw- \q-‰n- A≥-]-Xpw- N-c-W-hyql-
I-S∂- p-h∂
- - B-cy-∑m-cpw- C-hn-sS-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂- Z-kyp-°f - pw- X-Ωn¬- {K\vY
- {- ]-Im-cw- F¨-]Ø - n-bm-dpw- ]-XR
- Pv- e
- n-bp-sS- A-`n-{]m-b- {]Im-
\-S-∂- kw-L-´-\-ß-fm-Wv- ]-e- E-°p-I-fp-sSbpw- C-Xn-hr-Øw.- C-{µ- cw- \q-‰n- H-∂pw- im-J-I-fm-Wv- b-Pp¿-th-Z-Øn-\p-≈-Xv.- F-∂m¬-
s\-t∏m-ep-≈- tZ-h≥-am¿-t]m-epw- Cu- kw-L-´\-Øn-s≥-d- kr-jv-Sn- CXn¬- A-©v- imJ-I-fn¬-s∏-´- kw-ln-X-Iƒ- am-{X-sa- C-∂v- In-´m-
bm-sW-∂m-Wv- B-[p-\n-I- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-cn¬- \-s√mcp- hn-`m-K-Øn- \p-≈q.- C-Xn¬- Im-T-I-kwlnX,- I-]n-jv-T-e-kw-ln-X,- ssa-{Xm-bWo-
s≥-d- ]-£w.- ta-®n¬-kv-Y-e-߃ tX-Sn-sb-Øn-b- B-cy-∑m¿,- kky- kw-ln-X,- ssX-Øn-co-b- kw-ln-X- F∂o- im-J-I-ƒ- I-r-jv-W- bPq¿-
iym-a-f-hpw- ^-e-`q-bn-jv-T-hpw- \-Zn-Iƒ- \n-d-™-Xp-am-b- kn-\v-[p- ka- th-Z-Øn-epw- hm-P-kv-t\-bn- kw-ln-X- ip-¢- bPp¿-th-Z-Øn-epw- s]´-
X-e-Øn¬- {]-th-in-®-t∏mƒ- A-h-cp-sS- a-\-kp-I-fn¬- A-eX-√n-b- Xm-Wv.- hm-P-kv-t\-bn- kw-ln-X-°v- Im-Wz-im-J-sb∂pw- am-[z-¥n-I-
k-t¥m-jØn-s≥-d-bpw- B-iv-Ncy-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- ^-e-am-bn- ]p-d-Øp- im-J-sb-∂pw- t]-cp-≈- c-≠v- im-J-Iƒ-Iq-Sn-bp-≠v.-
1 A-Kv-\n-ao-tf- ]p-tcm-ln-Xw- ip-¢b
- P
- p¿-th-ZØ
- n-se- a-{¥-kw-Jy-bn¬- h-sc- ]-WvU
- n-X∑m¿-
b-Pv-R-kz- tZ-h- ar-Xzn-µ-w-
tlm-Xm-cw- c-Xv-\-[m-X-hw- (E-tKz-Zw- 1:1:1).- °nS-bn¬- A-`n-{]m-bm-¥-c-ß-fp-s≠-∂p-th-Ww- ]-d-bm≥.- C-Xn¬-
103 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-
B-sI- 1500 a-{¥-ß-fm-Wp-≈-sX-∂v- \tc-{µ-`q-j¨-1 ]-d-bp-tºmƒ-
1900 a-{¥-ß-fp-s≠∂m-Wv- ]-c-ta-iz-c≥-]n-≈-2 hm-Zn-°p-∂-Xv.- Hmtcm-
cp-Øc - pw- A-he
- w-_a
- m-°n-bX
- v- hy-Xy-kvX
- - im-JI
- s
- f-bm-hmw.- AXm-
bn-cn-°-W-w- hy-Xy-kvX- F-Æ-w- a-{¥-߃- H-tc- th-Z-Øn¬- X-s∂-
bp-s≠-∂v- ]-d-bm≥- Im-c-Ww.- ip-¢-b-Pp¿-th-Z-Øn-se- B-sI-bp≈-
\m¬-∏-Xv- A-[ym-b-ß-sf- 1975 JWv-Un-I-I-fm-bm-Wv- hn-`-Pn-®n-cn-
°p-∂-Xv.- 190 A-\p-hm-I-ß-fm-Wn-Xn-ep-≈-Xv.-
Ir-jv-W-b-Pp¿-th-Z-Øn-se- ssX-Øn-co-b- kw-ln-X-bv-°v- Ggv-
AjvT-I-ß-fpw- Hm-tcm- A-jv-T-I-Øn-epw- A-©p-ap-X¬- F-´p-h-sc-
A-[ym-b-ß-fp-am-Wp-≈-Xv.- 650 A-\p-hm-I-ß-fn-em-bn- ]-Xn-s\-´mbn-
c-tØm-fw- a-{¥-߃-C-Xn-ep-≠v.-
Z¿-i-]q¿-Æ-am-kw,- Nm-Xp¿-am-kyw,- A-Kv-\n-tlm-{Xw,- A-iz-
ta-[w,- cm-P-kq-bw- Xp-S-ßn-b- bm-K߃-°v- D-]tbm-Kn-t°-≠- a{¥-
ß-sf-∏-‰-bpw- bm-K-hn-[n-I-sf-°p-dn-®pw- hn-i-Z-am-bn- {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-
∂- b-Pp¿-th-Z-Ø-n-se- a{¥-ap-≠m-°n-b-h¿- {]-Pm-]-Xn,- h-kn-jv-T≥,-
hn-izm-an-{X≥- Xp-S-ßn-b- Ccp-∂-q-dn¬-∏-cw- E-jn-am-cm-Wv.- b-Pv-R-
th-Zn-bpw- A-Kv-\n-I-p-Wv-T-hpw- \n¿-Ωn-°p-tºmƒ- sNm-t√-≠- a-{¥-
߃-ap-X¬- bm-K-Ø-n-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂- s\øv,- N-a-X,- bq-]w,- bm-K-
th-Zn-°p-≈- C-jv-Sn-I- Xp-S-ßn-b-h-tbm-Sv- {]m¿-∞n-°p∂- a-{¥-߃-
h-sc- b-Pp¿-th-Zw- Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂p.-
A-dp-]X - n-\m-bn-cw- t«m-Iß - f- pƒ-s°m-≈p-∂- [\p¿-th-Za - mWv-
3
bPp¿-th-Z-Øn-s≥-d- D-]-th-Zw.- B¿.-Sn.-F-®v.- {Kn-^n-Øn-s≥-d- ip-¢-
b-Pp¿-th-Z- ]-cn-`m-jb - m-Wv- {]-kn-≤a - m-bX
- v.- Cw-•o-jn¬- {Kn-^n-Øn\v-
ap-ºpw- ]-e-cpw- ]-cn-`m-jI-sfgp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂p-sh-¶n-epw- b-Pp¿-thZ-
Øn-s≥-d- a-eb - m-f- ]cn-`m-jI - s
- fm-∂pw- Cu- te-JI - s
- ≥-d- Zr-jvS- nbn¬-
s∏-´n-´n-√.- tZ-ho-Nµ - n-s≥-d4- C-w•- o-jv- ]-cn-`m-jb - pw- ]-cs
- °- D-]tbmKn-
°-s∏-Sp-∂- k-c-f-am-b- ]-cn-`m-j-I-fn-sem-∂m-Wv.-
km-a-th-Zw-:- Km-\-{]-[m-\-am-b- th-Z-am-Wv- km-a-th-Zw.- B-sI-
1875 a-{¥-ß-fm-Wv- km-a-th-Z-Øn-ep-≈-Xv.- C-Xn¬- F-gp-]-Ø-©v-
1.- \-tc-{µ-`q-j¨-:- ssh-Zn-I-km-ln-Xy- N-cn-{Xw,- t]-:- 99.-
2.- sI.- ]-c-ta-iz-c≥-]n-≈-:- ln-µp-[¿-Ω- ]-cn-N-bw,- t]-:- 182.
3. Griffith-R.T.H-The Texts of the White Yajurveda (Benares).
4. Devi Chanth: The Yajurveda (New Delhi)
ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-߃- 104
a{¥-ß-sfmgn®v- _m-°n-sb-√mw- E-tKz-Z-Øn-se- F-´pw- H≥-]-Xpw-
aW-v-U-e-ß-fn¬-\ns∂Sp-Ø-h-bm-Wv.- C-h- ]m-Sp-∂-Xn-∂p-≈- kuI-
cy-Øn-\p-th-≠n- B-h¿-Øn, -]-cnh¿-Pv-P-\w- F-∂o- am-‰-߃- km-a-
th-Z- a-{¥-ß-fn¬- h-cp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.- km-a-th-Z-kw-ln-X- c-≠v- B¿®n-
I-ß-fm-bn- hn-`-Pn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.- D-Ø-cm¿-®n-I-hpw- ]q¿-∆m¿-®n-I-hpam-
W-h.- ]q¿-∆m¿-®n-I-Øn¬- BKv-t\-b-Im-Wv-Uw,- sF-{µ-Im-Wv-Uw,-
tkm-a-Im-Wv-Uw,- B-c-Wy-Im-Wv-Uw- F-∂o- \m-ev- hn-`mK-ß-fm-Wp-
≈-Xv.- C-Xn¬- B-sI- 650 a-{¥-ß-fm-Wp-≈-Xv.- ]-Ø-v A-≤ym-b-ß
fm-bn- hn-`-Pn-®n-cn-°p-∂- D-Ø-cm¿-®n-I-Øn-em-Wv- _m-°n- 1225 a{¥-
ßfpw- Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂-Xv.-
km-a-th-Z-Øn-s≥-d- im-J-I-fp-sS- F-Æ-Øn-epw- A-`n-{]m-b-
hy-Xym-k-ß-fp-≠v.- B-bn-c-am-sW-∂pw- B-bn-c-Øn- A-dp-]-Ø-©m
sW-∂pw- Bbn-c-Øn- F¨-]-Xm-sW-∂p-sa-√mw- A-`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp∂-
]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-cp-≠v.- F-∂m¬- Iu-Yp-ao-bw,- cm-Wm-b-\o-bw,- ssP-an
\o-bw- F-∂o- im-J-Iƒ- am{X-sa- C-∂v- In-´m-\p-≈q.-
Km-\v-[¿-∆ th-Z-am-Wv- k-m-a-th-Z-Øn-s≥-d- D-]t-h-Zw.- kw-KoX-
˛- \-rØ- hmZym-Xn-im-k{v- X-ßf- p-sS- aq-e{- K-\Y
v- s
- a-∂d
- n-bs
- ∏-Sp-∂- Km\v-
[¿-∆-th-Z-Ønse- E-jn-am-¿- tkmta-iz-c≥,- `-c-X-ap-\n- F-∂n-h-cmWv.-
D-]m-k-\m-{]-[m-\-am-b- km-a-th-Z-Øn-se- Km-\-cq-]-Øn-ep-≈-
a-{¥ß-fn¬- A-[n-Ih- pw- {]m¿-∞\- I
- fm-Wv.- A-Kv\
- n,- C-{µ≥,- tkmaw-
F-∂o- tZh-∑m-sc- kv-Xp-Xn-°p-∂- a-{¥-ß-fp-ap-≠v C-Xn¬.- Km-\-cq
]-Øn-ep-≈- {]m¿-∞-\-I-fn¬- ]-e-Xpw- h-f-sc- kpµ-c-ß-fm-Wv.- km-
ath-Zw- A-h-km-\n-∏n-°p-∂-Xv- ""ssZ-h-sa!- F-s≥-d- Im-Xp-Iƒ-°v-
\√-Xp-am-{Xw- tIƒ-°p-amdm-hp-I-bpw- t\-{X-߃-sIm-≠v- \-√-Xp-
am{Xw- Im-Wp-am-dm-hp-I-bpw- sN-tøW-ta''-1 F-∂- kp-µ-c-am-b-
{]m¿∞-\tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv.-
km-a-th-Z-Øn-\pw- Cw-•o-jn¬2 ]-cn-`m-j-I-fp-≠v.- a-e-bm-f- ]cn-
`mj-I-sfm-∂pw- Cu- te-J-I-\v- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-™n-´n-√.-
1 ""`-{Zw- I¿-tW-`n-:- ir-Wp-bm-a- tZ-hm-
`-{Zw- ]-tiy-am-Iv-jn-`n¿-P-b-{Xm''-
2 Max Muller: Sacred Books of the East (London),
Pandit Satyakam Vidyalankar:
The Holy Vedas (Delhi.), Devichand: The samaveda (Delhi)
105 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-߃- 106

A-Y¿-∆-th-Zw-:- \m-em-a-sØ- th-Z-am-b- A-Y¿-∆-th-Z-Øn-\v- IvX

- w- H-cp- {]-tl-fn-Ib
- m-sW-∂v- Bh¿-Øn-°p-Ib
- √
- m-sX- A-Xns≥d-
{_-lva-th-Z-sa-∂pw t]-cp-≠v.- a-‰v- aq-∂v- th-Z-ß-tf-°mƒ- A-Y¿-∆- A-¿-∞w- hy-Iv-X-am-°n-bn-´n-√.-
th-ZØ
- n-\vt- {ijvTX
- - Ip-dh
- m-sW-∂v- hm-Zn-°p-∂- ]-WvU
- n-X∑
- m-cp≠v.- in¬-]t- h-Zw,- A¿-Ym-]t- h-Zw- F-∂n-hb- m-Wv- A-Y¿-∆t- h-ZØn-
A-Y¿-h-W≥-am-cpw- Bw-Kn-c-k≥-am-cpw- D-]-tZ-in-®-Xv- F-∂- s≥-d- D-]-th-Z-߃.- U-ªyp.-Un.- hn-‰v-\n-bp-tS-Xm-b- A-Y¿-∆-thZ
A¿∞-Øn¬- "A-Y¿-∆mw-Kn-ck - w'- F-∂pw- AY¿-∆t- h-ZØ
- n-\v- t]cp- Øns≥-d-- C-w•ojv- ]-cn-`m-j1- bm-Wv- G-‰h-p-a-[n-Iw- -hm-bn-°-s∏Sp∂-
≠v.- A-ar-X th-Zw,- B-Xv-a-th-Zw- F-∂n-h-bpw- A-Y¿-∆-th-Z-Øn-s≥d- ]-cn-`m-j-I-fn-sem-∂v.- A-Y¿-∆-th-Z-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- a-e-bm-f- ]-cn-`m-j-
a-‰v- t]-cp-I-fm-Wv.- Cu- te-J-I-s≥-d- I-Æn¬-s]-´n-´n-√.-
]n-∏n-em-Zw,- Xu-Zw,- au-Zw,- iu-\I
- o-bw,- Pm-Pe
- w,- P-eZ- w,- {_lv- th-Z-ß-sf-°p-dn-®- kw-£n-]v-X- hn-h-c-W-Øn¬-\n-∂pw- {i≤n-
a-]Zw,- tZ-h-Z¿-iw,- Nm-c-W-ssh-\yw- F-∂n-ß-s\- H≥-]-Xv- im-JIƒ- °-s∏tS-≠- Ip-sd-Im-cy-߃- \-ap-°v- a-\- n-em-°m≥- I-gn-bp-∂p.-
A-Y¿-∆-th-Z-Øn-\p-≠m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n-epw- C-∂v- ]n-∏n-em-Zw,- iu-\Io- th-Z-Ønse- ]-e- kq-Iv-X-ß-fpw- Z¿-i-\o-`-hn-®-Xv- B¿-s°-∂v- hy-Iv-
bw- F-∂o- c≠v- im-J-I-fn¬-s]-´- th-Z-]m-T-߃- am-{X-am-Wp-≈-Xv.- X-a-√.- th-Z-a-{¥-ßfp sS- Zr-jv-Sm°-sf-°p-dn-®- kw-i-b-ß-fn¬- ]e-
_m-°n- G-gv- imJI-fpw- In-´m-\n-√.- Xpw- C-∂pw- Zq-co-I-cn-°-∏-´n ´n-√.- th-Z-im-J-Iƒ- X-Ωn¬- hy-Xymk-
A-Y¿-∆-th-Z-Øn¬- C-cp-]-Xv- Im-Wv-U-ß-fp-≠v.- A-h-bn¬- 730 ß-fp-≠v.- e-`n-°s - ∏-´- AwKp-eo-]cn-an-Xa- m-b- im-JI
- f
- n¬-Xs- ∂- a{¥
kqIv-X-ß-fpw- 5977 a-{¥-ß-fp-am-Wp-≈-Xv.- a-{¥-kw-Jy-bn¬- X¿°w- Øn-s≥-d- F-Æ-Øn¬-t]m-epw- hy-Xymk-ß-fp-s≠-∂v- h-cp-tºmƒ-
\n-e-\n¬-°p-∂p.- 5987 a-{¥-ß-fp-s≠-∂pw- A-X-√- 6000 a-{¥-ß-fp- A-e` - y-am-b- `q-cn-]£- w- im-JI- f- n¬- C-Xn-ep-a[n-Iw- hy-Xym-kß - fpw-
s≠-∂p-sa-√mw- hm-Zn-°p-∂- ]Wv-Un-X-∑m-cp≠v.- A-Y¿-∆-th-Z- a{¥- ssh-cp-≤y-ßf - p-ap-≠m-Im≥- km-[y-Xb - p-s≠-∂v- \-ap-°v- Xo¿-®b
- mbpw-
ß-fn¬- A-©n-sem-cp- `m-K-tØm-fw- a-{¥-߃- E-tKz-Z-Øn-ep-≈- A-\p-am-\n-°mw.- th-Z-hp-am-bn- _-\v-[-s∏-´- ]-e- {K\v-Y-ß-fpw- \-ap-
hbm-Wv.- °n-∂v- e-`y-a-√.- A-Xp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂- A-h- k-ºq¿-Æ-ß-f-√.-
cm-Py-X-{¥-]-c-am-b- Im-cy߃,- B-[ym-Xv-an-I- Im-c-y-߃,- th-Zß
- ƒ- A-°m-es - Ø- km-aq- l
- n-Im- h
- k
- Y
v- s
- b-°p-dn-®v- Xcp∂-
hnhm-l-a-{¥-߃,- Zpx-kz-]v-\-\m-i-I-ß-fm-b- a-{¥-߃,- ]u-jv-Sn- kqN-\-Iƒ- hn-e-s∏-´-Xm-Wv.- a-t‰-sXm-cp- {K-\v-Y-sØ-bpw- B-{i-bn-
I-am-b- {]m¿-∞-\-Iƒ,- {im-≤m-Xn-I¿-Ω-߃,- k¿-∏-hn-j-Øn-\p≈- °m-\n-√m-Ø- k-a-b-Øv- C-Ø-c-w- c-N-\-Iƒ- \-S-Øn-b-h¿- F-¥p-X-
{]-Xn-hn-[n,- i-{Xp-\m-i-Øn-\p-≈- am¿-§-߃,- B-`n-Nm-c-I¿-Ω-߃- s∂-bm-bm-epw- A]mc- I-gn-hp-I-fp-sS- D-S-a-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂v- kΩ-
F-∂n-h-sb-√m-am-Wv- AY¿-∆-th-Z-Øn-se- hn-j-b-߃.- A-Kv-\ym[m- Xn-°-Ww.- c-N-\-I-fn-se- `m-h\-bpw- ku-µ-cy-hpw- ]p-I-gv-Ø-s∏-tS-
\w,- tkm-a-bm-Kw,- hm-P-t]bw- ap-X-em-b- bm-K-ß-sf-°p-dn-®- hn-h-c ≠-Xp-X-s∂-bm-Wv.- s]m-Xp-sh- th-Z߃- hn-Pv-Rm-\-Øn-s≥-d- `Wv-
W-hpw- C-Xn-ep-≠v.- Um-c-߃-X-s∂-bm-Wv; F-s¥m-s°- Ip-d-hp-I-fp-s≠-¶n-epw.-
A-Y¿-∆t- h-ZØ - n-se- A-dp-]X - mw- A-≤y- m-bØ-ns - e- Ip-¥] - kq- F-gp-X-s∏-´- Im-e-Øv- k-aq-l-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂- ]-e- A-\v-[-
Iv-Xw- {]-kn-≤-hpw- F-∂m¬- \n-KqV-hp-am-Wv.- "Zpx-J-ß-sf-bpw- Zp-cn hn-izm-kß - f
- pw- th-Zß
- f- n¬- kzm-[o-\w- sN-ep-Øn-bX - m-bn- Im-Wm≥-
X-ß-sf-bpw- -Zq-co-I-cn-°p-∂-h≥' F-∂¿-∞w-h-cp-∂- Ip-¥]- i-_vZ- I-gn-bpw.- A-Xv- a-{¥-Zr-jvS- m-°f
- p-sS- I-gn-hp-tI-S√
- .- {]-Xyp-X- A-°me-
Øm¬- \m-a-I-c-Ww- sN-ø-s∏-´- {]-kv-Xp-X- kq-Iv-X-ß-fn¬- h-cm-\n- sØ- hn-Pv-Rm-\-Øn-s≥-d- A-]-cym-]v-X-X-bm-Wv- hy-Iv-X-am-°p-∂-Xv.-
cn-°p-∂- H-cp- alm-]pc-p-j-s\-°p-dn-®- {]-h-N-\-ß-fm-Wv- {]-[m-\- kq-cy-tZ-h-s\- B-cm-[n-®n-cp-∂- B-cy-∑m-cp-sS- hn-izm-k-am-b- kq-cy-
ambpw- A-Sß - n-bn-cn-°p-∂X - v.- {]-kn-≤c
- m-b- am-Ivk
- va
- p-≈s - d-bpw- ]Wv-
1 W.D. Whitney: Atharva Veda Samhita (Cambridge).
Un-‰v- cm-Pm-dm-an-s\-bpw- t]m-se-bp-≈- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m¿- Ip-¥]-kq-
107 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-߃- 108

tZ-h≥- G-gv- Ip-Xn-c-I-sf- ]q-´n-b- c-Y-Øn¬- `q-an-°v- Np-‰pw- I-d-ßn- te¿-s∏-´-Xm-bp-≈- A-Y¿-∆-th-Z-1 {]-kv-Xm-h-\-bpw- B-cy-∑m¿-°n-S-
k-©-cn-°p-I-bm-sW-∂1- [m-cW- th-Z-ß-fn-epw- Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂p-sh- bn-se- Ip-Øgn-™- ssew-Kn-I-hr-Øn-bn-te-°p-≈- kq-N-\-I-f-√m-
¶n-epw- A-sXm-cp- A-\v-[-hn-izm-k-am-sW∂v- C-∂v- Aw-Ko-I-cn-°s∏- sX- a-s‰m-∂pw- Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂n-√.-
´p-I-gn-™n-´p-≠v.- A-kp-c-]p-{X-\m-b- cm-lp- X-a- p-sIm-≠v- kq-cy- th-Z-ß-sf- hn-a¿in-°p-∂-Xn-∂p-th-≠n-tbm- th-Z-X-Xz-ß-sf-
s\- a-d-°p-∂-Xm-Wv- kq-cy-{K-l-W-Øn-\v- Im-c-W-sa-∂pw- 2 N-{µ-s\- √mw- A\v-[-hn-izm-k-ß-fm-sW-∂v- kv-Ym-]n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n-tbm-
cm-lp- hn-gp-ßp-∂-Xm-Wv- N-{µ-{K-l-W-Øn-\v- Im-c-W-sa-∂p-3ap-≈- A-√- C-{Xbpw- F-gp-Xn-b-Xv.- th-Z-Øn-s≥-d- a-l-Xz-hpw- th-Z-kq-Iv-X-
th-Z-kq-Iv-X-߃- A-°m-e-sØ- hn-Pv-Rm-\-Øns≥d ]cnanXnbmWv ß-fn¬- ssZ-hn-I- t_m-[-\-Øn-s≥-d- k-zm-[o-\-Øn-\p-≈- km-[y-X
hy-Iv-X-am-°p-∂-Xv.- bp-w- Aw-Ko-I-cn-°p-tºmƒ-X-s∂- th-Zw- A-{]-am-Zn-X-hpw- k-ºq¿-
A-an-X- k-w-t`m-K-am-Wv- £-b-tcm-K-Øn-\v- Im-c-W-sa-∂pw- Æ-hp-am-sW-∂- hm-Zw- i-cn-b-s√-∂v- Nq-≠n-°m-´p-hm-≥-th-≠n- am{X-
AXpw- I-gpØn-ep-≠m- h - p-∂-- K-WvU
- a
- m-eb
- pw- a-{¥-߃-sIm-≠v- am‰m- am-Wv.- tUm-Iv-S¿- cm-[m-Ir-jv-W-s\-t∏m-ep-≈- ]Iz-a-Xn-I-fm-b- ]Wv-
4
sa-∂p-ap-≈- [m-c-W-bpw- C-tX-t]m-se-Ø-s∂-bm-Wv.- a-{¥-hm-Z-hpw- Un-X-∑m-cpw- th-Zw- A-{]-am-Zn-X-a-s√-∂v- hm-Zn-°m-\p-≈- Im-c-W-hpw-
am-c-W-{]-tbm-K-ßfpw- b-Pv-R-ß-fpw- b-m-K-ß-fpw,- {]-Ir-Xn-sb-bpw˛ a-s‰m-∂√ - .--
tZ-h-∑m-sc-t∏m-epw-˛ \nb-{¥n-°m≥- ]-cym-]v-X-ß-fm-sW-∂- hn-izm-
k-am-Wv- th-Z-Øn-ep-S-\o-fw- ImWm≥- I-gn-bp-∂-Xv.-
th-Z-Øn-se- ssew-Kn-I-am-b- {]-kv-Xm-h-\-Iƒ- ]-e-t∏m-gpw-
«o-e-X-bp-sS- A-Xn¿-h-c-ºp-I-sf-- t`-Zn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.- Ip-am-cn-am-cp-sS-
am-dn-S-sØ-bpw- Xp-S-I-sf-bpw- a-‰v- A-h-b-h-ß-sf-bpw- h¿-Æn-°p-∂-
Nn-e- kq-Iv-X-߃- «o-e-X-bp-sS- F-√m- \n-b-a-ß-fpw- Im-‰n¬- ]-d-
Øp-∂-h-bm-Wv5.- ]r-jv-T-hm-bp-hn-s\-bpw- {]m-W-hm-bp-hn-s\-bpw- \n-
b-{¥n-°m-≥-- s]-Æm-Sp-am-bpw- hmKvssh-`-hw- t\-Sm≥- ap-´\m-Sp-am-
bpw- ]-c-a-am-b- sF-iz-c-y-߃- e-`n-°m-≥-- Im-f-bp-am-bp-ap-≈- ssew-
Kn-I-_-\v-[w6 \n-jv-I¿-jn-°p-∂- th-Z-߃- A{]-am-Zn-X-am-sW-∂-
A-`n{]m-bw- F-{X-tØm-fw- i-cn-bm-sW-∂v- A-Xn-s≥-d- hIvXm-°ƒ-
X-s∂-bm-Wv- hy-Iv-Xam-t°-≠-Xv.- b-a-s≥-d- k-tlm-Z-cn-bm-b- Im-am-
Xp-c,- b-as
- \- ssew-Kn-I_
- \- v[
- Ø
- n-\v- £-Wn-°p-∂X - m-bp-≈- E-tKzZ7
kq-Iv-X-hpw- ]n-Xm-hv- kz-¥w- ]p-{Xn-bp-am-bn- ssew-Kn-I-_-\v-[-Øn-
1 E-tKz-Zw- a-Wv-U-ew- 1 kq-Iv-Xw- 50.-
2 E-tKz-Zw a-- -Wv-U-ew- 10 kq-Iv-Xw- 40.-
3.- A-Y¿-∆-th-Zw-:- G-tIm-\-hnw-i- Im-WvUw-:- 9:-10.-
4. E-tKz-Zw: k-]v-X-Ia-Im-Wv-Uw-:- 76:-1˛5.-
5.- D-Zm-:- E-tKz-Zw-:- a-Wv-U-ew- 10,- kq-Iv-Xw- 10˛15,-
ip-¢-b-Pp¿-th-Zw- 23:-22˛25,-
A-Y¿-∆-th-Zw-:- N-Xp¿-Z-i-Im-Wv-Uw- 2:-38.
6.- ip-¢-b-Pp¿-th-Zw- 21:-60.-
7.- E-tK-z-Zw- a-:-10 kq-:- 10,-12.- 1.- A-Y¿-∆-th-Zw-:- \-h-a-Im-Wv-Uw- 10:-12.-
109
2 \p-_\ - [
{_m-lv-a-W-߃
th-Zk
- q- I
- X
v- ß
- ƒ- hym-Jym-\n-°p-Ib
- pw- ssh-Zn-II
- ¿-Ωß
- f
- mb-
bPv-R-ß-fp-sS-bpw- bm-K-ß-fp-sS-bpw- {In-bm-hn-[n-Iƒ- hn-h-cn-°p-
I-bpw- sNøp-∂- {K-\v-Y-ß-fm-Wv- {_-mlv-a-W-߃.- C-Xn¬- th-Z-
a{¥-ß-fp-sS- b-Pv-R-]-c-am-b- A¿-∞-am-Wv- {]-[m-\-am-bpw- D-≈-Xv.-
th-ZØn-s≥-d- ]-cym-b-am-b- {_-lv-a-sØ- hym-Jym-\n-°p-∂-Xv- A-
Yhm- th-Z-sØ- hym-Jym-\n-°p-∂-Xv- F-∂m-Wv- {_m-lv-a-W-Øn-s≥d-
A¿-∞-sa-∂v- A-`n-{]m-b-ap-≠v.- b-Pv-R-Ønse- ]p-tc-m-ln-X-\m-b-
{_lv-am-hn-s\- kw-_-\v-[n-®p-≈-Xv- F-∂- A¿∞-Øn-em-Wv- {_mlv-
a-Ww- F-∂- {]tbm-K-sa-∂pw- ]-£-ap-≠v.-
B-Xv-am-hn-s≥-d- A-kv-Xn-Xzw,- ]p-\¿-P-∑w,- A-a-c-Xzw,- Pm-Xn-
hy-h-kvY,- {]-Pm-]-Xn,- {Xn-tem-I-߃,- a-\p-jym-bp- v-,- ]q¿-Æm-bp v
In-´m-\p-≈- am¿§w,- Kr-l-kv-Ym-{i-aw,- hn-hm-lw,- kv-{Xo-bp-sS- kvYm-
\w,- ]p-Wy-hpw- ]m-]-hpw,- k-Xyw,- b-Pv-Rw,- ]m-]-tam-N-\w,- K-WnXw,-
tZ-h-X-Iƒ,- a-g,- AKv\n,- k-ap-{Zw,- kq-cy≥,- A-¥-co-£w,- [m-Xp°ƒ,-
kz¿-§w- F-∂n-h-bm-Wv- {_mlv-a-W-{K-\v-Y-ß-fn¬- N¿-®- sN-bv-Xn-
´p≈- hn-j-b-߃.-
ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-߃- 110
{_m-la v- W
- ß
- ƒ- B-[n-Im-cn-Ia- m-b- {ip-Xn-tc-JI- f- n¬-s∏-Sp∂n-
s√∂v- hm-Zn-°p-∂- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-cp-≠v.- {_m-lv-a-Ww- {ip-X-n-b-s√-
∂pw- kv-a-r-Xn-bm-sW-∂pw- hm-Zn-°p-∂- ]-Wv-Un-X∑m-cn¬- {]-ap-J\m-
Wv- "X-Øz-a-kn'-sb-∂- {K-\v-Y-Øn-eq-sS- a-e-bm-f-Øn-\v- kp-µ-cam-b-
D-]-\n-j-Ø-v hym-Jym-\w- kw-`m-h-\- sN-bv-X- kp-Ip-am¿- A-go-t°mSv.-
""{_m-lv-a-Ww- kv-ar-Xn-bm-Wv.- A-Xv- {ip-Xn-bm-sW-∂- hym-Jym-\-
amWv- {_m-lv-a-W-]u-tc-m-ln-Xy-sØ- Xm-ßn- \n¿-Øp-∂-Xv.- {ip-Xn-
I-f√m-Ø-h- B-[ym-Xv-an-I-am-b- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\- tc-J-If√.- A-Xp-sIm-
≠p-X-s∂- A-h- kzo-I-cn-°m≥- ssl-µ-h¿- _m-[y-kv-Y-cp-a-√.- thZm-
v- Ø- n- s
- e- I-e¿-∏p-Iƒ- am-{X-am-b- {_m-la v- W
- ß
- f- n-se- bPvR-
߃- th-Z-X-Xz-߃-°v- \n-c-°p-∂-X-√.- kv-ar-Xn-I-fm-b- {_m-lv-a-
W-ß-sf-t∏m-ep-≈- {K-\v-Y-ß-sf- {ip-Xn-bm-bn- kzo-I-cn-®- hn-th-N
\-an-√m-bva- b
- m-Wv- `m-cX
- o-bcp-sS- B-Xva - o-bt- _m-[w- B-Zy-am-bn- ]mfw
-sX-‰n-ho-gm-\p-≈- Im-cW-w-'' . 1
{_m-lv-a-W-߃- A-[n-I-hpw- K-Zy-cq-]-Øn-em-Wv.- Nn-e-bn-Sß-
fn¬- ]-Zy-ß-fp-ap-≠v.- th-Z-kw-ln-X-Iƒ-°p-≈-Xp-t]m-se- im-Jmt`-
Z-߃- {_mlva - W
- ß- ƒ-°p-ap-≠v.- {_m-lva
- W
- ß
- f
- p-sS-bpw- ]-e- imJ-
I-fpw- In-´m-\n-√.-
E-tKz-ZØ- n-s≥-d- {_m-lav- W-ßf - m-b- sF-Xt- c-bw,- Iu-jo-XIn,
imßv-Jm-b-\w- F-∂n-h- C-t∏mƒ- D-]-e-_v-[-am-Wv.- C-Xn¬- sF-X-
tc-b-Øn-\m-Wv- {]m-[m-\y-ap-≈-Xv.- F-´v- ]-©n-I-I-fpw- Hm-tcm- ]-©n
I-bn-epw- A-©v- ho-Xw- A-[-ym-b-ß-fp-am-Wv- sF-X-tc-b-Øn-ep-≈Xv.-
bmRvP - h
- ¬-Iy-s≥-d- a-I\ - m-b- a-lo-Zm-k- sF-Xt- c-b≥- c-Nn-®- sFX-
tc-b- {_m-lv-a-W-Øn¬- A-Kv-\n-tlm-{Xw,- A-Kv-\n-jvtTm-aw,- cm-Pkq-
bw- ap-X-em-b- b-Pv-R-ß-fm-Wv- hn-h-cn-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.- {In-kv-Xp-
h-n-\v- F-´v- i-X-I-߃-°v- ap-ºv- c-Nn-°-s∏-´- sF-X-tc-b- {_m-lv-a-W-
am-bn-cn-°-Ww- {_m-lv-a-W-ß-fn¬- G-‰-hpw- ]-g-°-ap-≈-Xv- F-∂m-
Wv- {]-ap-J- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m¿- ap-gp-h≥- A-`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.- ]p-\¿-P-
∑-kn-≤m-¥s - Ø-°p-dn-®v- B-Zy-am-bn- {]-kvX - m-hn-°s
- ∏-Sp-∂- Iu-jX-
In- {_m-lv-a-Ww- sF-X-tc-b-Øn-t\m-Sv- km-ay-ap-≈-Xm-Wv;- C-Xn¬-
ap-∏-Xv- A-[ym-b-ß-fp-≠v.- C-h- Iq-Sm-sX- E-tKz-Z-Øn-\p-≈- a-‰v- A©v-
1.- kp-Ip-am¿- A-go-t°m-Sv-:- X-Xz-hpw- a-\p-jy-\pw-,- t]-Pv- 26˛39.-
111 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-߃- 112

{_mlv-a-W-߃- C-∂v- In-´m-\n-√.- {_m-lv-a-W-߃- kzo-Im-cy-ß-fm-tWm- A-t√- F-∂- Im-cy-

ip-¢bPp¿-th-Z-Øn-s≥-d- am-[y-µn-\-w,- Im-Wzw- F-∂o- i-X-]- Øn¬- ssl-µ-h-]-Wv-Un-X-∑m¿-°n-S-bn¬-X-s∂- A-`n-{]m-bm-¥-c-
Y-{_m-lv-a-W-ß-fpw- Ir-jv-W- b-Pp¿-th-Z-Øn-s≥-d- ssX-Øn-cn-b- ß-fp-s≠-∂v- \mw- I-≠p.- {_m-lv-a-W-ß-fp-sS- {]m-am-Wn-I-X- AwKo-
{_mlv-a-W-hpw- C-∂v- D]e_v[amWvv-.- \q-dv- ho-Xw- A-[ym-b-ß-fp- I-cn-°p-∂- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-cn¬-X-s∂- \-s√m-cp- hn`m-K-w- {_m-lv-a-W-
≈-Xn-\m-em-Wv- ip-¢- b-Pp¿-th-Z-Øn-s≥-d- {_m-lv-a-W-߃-°v- iX- {]-Xn-]m-Z-I-ß-fm-b- b-Pv-R-Ønepw- bm-K-Øn-ep-ap-≈- A-\m-Nm-c-
]-Y-{_m-lv-a-W-߃- F-∂- t]-cp-h-∂-Xv.- {_m-lv-a-W-ß-fn¬- G-‰- ߃- ]n-∂o-Sv- I-S-∂p-Iq-Sn-b-Xm-sW-∂v- hm-Zn-°p-∂-h-cm-Wv.- {_mlv-
hp-w- {]-kn-≤-am-b-h-bpw- C-Xm-Wv.- km-aq-ln-I-{I-a-sØ-°p-dn-®pw- D¬- a-W-ß-fp-sS- B-hn¿-`m-hw- ip-≤-cq-]-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n-epw- Ime-
∏m-Z-\- co-Xn-sb-°p-dn-®pw- k-mw-kv-°m-cn-I- ]ptcm-K-Xn-sb-°p-dn-®p- {I-a-Øn¬- am-‰-Øn-cp-Ø-ep-Iƒ-°v- hnt[-b-am-bn- F∂mWv- Cu-
sa-√mw- C-Xn¬- {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p-≠v.- hn-tZ-lw,- Imin,- tIm-k-ew,- hn-`m-Kw- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-cp-sS- ]-£w.-
Ip-cp,- ]m-©m-ew- F-∂o- cm-jv-{S-ß-sf-°p-dn-®pw- A-Xnse- `-c-Wm-
[n-Im-cn-I-sf-°p-dn-®p-ap-≈- ]-cm-a¿-i-ß-fpw- i-X-]-Y-{_m-lv-a-W-
Øn¬- {]-kX v- m-hn-°p-∂p-≠v.- k-aq-lØ
- n¬- {_m-la v- W
- ¿-°p-≈- D∂-
X- kv-Ym-\-sØ-°p-dn-®- hn-h-c-ß-fpw- C-Xn¬-\n-∂v- \-ap-°v- e-`n-°pw.-
bp≤-ß-sf-°p-dn-®- ]-cm-a¿-i-ß-sfm-∂pw-X-s∂- i-X-]-Y-Øn¬-
ImWp-∂n-√.- bmK-ß-fm-Wv- A-Xn-se-bpw- {]-[m-\- {]-Xn-]m-Zy-
hnjbw.- b-Pp¿-t∆-Z-Ø-n s≥-d- ]-{¥-≠v- {_m-lv-a-W-߃- C-t∏mƒ-
D]-e-_-v[-a-√.- Ah-sb-°p-dn-®- hn-h-c-ß-fpw- \-ap-°n-∂v- A-dn-bn-√.-
km-a-th-Z-Øn-s≥-d- Xm-Wv-Uyw,- j-Uz-nw-i,- Om-tµm-Kyw,- ssZ-
h-X,- B¿-tj-b- km-a-hn-[m-\w,- kw-ln-tXm-]-\n-j-Zv,- hw-iw,- ssP-
an-\o-bw,- ssPan-\o-b- B¿tj-bw,- ssP-an-\o-tbm-]-\n-j-Zv- F-∂o-
{_m-lv-a-W-߃- C-∂v- e-`y-am-Wv.- C-Xn¬- Xm-Wv-Uy-hpw- ssP-an-\o-
b-hp-am-Wv- {]-[m-\w.- tIm-k-em-[n-]-Xn,- hn-t[-lm-[n-]-Xn- F-∂o-
cm-Pm-°-∑m-sc-°p-dn-®- {]-Xn-]m-Z-\-ßfpw- tkm-a-bm-K-sØ-°p-dn-®-
hn-h-c-W-ß-fp-am-Wv- Xm-Wv-Uyw- Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂-Xv.- i-Ip-\-ß-sf-
bpw- a-‰p-Nn-e- A¬-`p-X- I¿-Ω-ß-sf-bpw-Ip-dn-®- hn-i-Zo-I-c-W-ß-fm-
Wv- ssP-an-\o-b-Øn-ep-≈-Xv.- km-a-th-Z-Øn-s≥-d- a-‰v- \m-ev- {_mlv-a-
W-ß-sf-°p-dn-®v- \-ap-°n-∂v- H-∂p-a-dn-bn-√.- A-h- e-`y-a-√.-
tKm-]Y
- {- _m-lva
- W
- a
- m-Wv- A-Y¿-∆t- h-ZØ
- n-s≥-d- {_m-lva
- W
- w.-
c-≠v- ]¿-∆-ß-fm-Wv- tKm-]-Y- {_m-lv-a-WØn-\p-≈-Xv.- C-Xn-s≥-d-
]q¿-∆-]¿-∆-Øn¬- B-dv- {]-]m-T-I-ß-fpw- D-Ø-c-]¿-∆-Øn¬- A-©v-
{]-]m-T-I-ß-fpam-Wp-≈-Xv.- b-Pv-R-hpw- bm-K-hpw-X-s∂-bm-Wv- C-Xn-
se-bpw- hn-j-bw.-
113 ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-߃- 114

dn-®pw- N¿-®- sN-øp-∂p-≠v.- B-`n-Nm-c-{]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-sf-°p-dn-®- Bc-

Wy-Ik - q-IX
v- ß
- s
- f- A-\p-Iq-ea
- m-bn- hym-Jym-\n-°p-hm-\pw- Ah- A¿-
∞-am-°p-∂-Xv- a-‰v- \n-Kq-V- c-l-ky-ß-fm-sW-∂v- hcp-Øn-Øo¿-°p-
hm-\pw-th-≠n- ]-e- hym-JymXm-°-fpw- {i-an-®n-´p-≠v.- B-c-Wy-I-ßfn-
se- B-`n-Nm-c- {]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-sf-°p-dn-®v- hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xpw- a-‰p
am-b- `m-K-ß-sfm-gn-®v- _m-°n-am-{X-sa- kzo-Im-cy-am-hq-sb-∂v- hmZn
°p∂- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-cp-ap-≠v.-
B-c-Wy-I-߃- {_m-lv-a-W- {K-\v-Y-ß-fn¬-\n-s∂-Sp-Ø-h-

3 bmWv.- ssXcn¬- sh-Æ-t]m-se-bpw- a-e-b-]¿-∆-X-Øn¬- N-µ-\w-

t]m-se-bpw- Huj-[ß - f- n¬- A-ar-Xw- - t]m-se-bpw- th-Zß
- f
1
- n¬- \n∂v-
B-c-Wy-Iw- {]m-]v-X-am-Ip-∂p-sh-∂m-Wv- a-lm-`m-c-Xw- ]-d-bp-∂-Xv.-
B-c-Wy-I-ß-fn¬- ]-e-Xpw- {_m-lv-a-W-ß-tfm-Sv- C-S-I-e¿-∂m-Wv-
In-S-°p-∂-Xv.- D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn¬- ]e-Xpw- B-c-Wy-I-ß-fp-sS-
B-c-Wy-I-߃- Ahkm-\-Øn-em-bm-Wv- Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.-
E-tKz-ZØ - n-\v- sF-Xt- c-bw,- Iu-jo-XI - n,- imw-Jm-b\ - w- F∂o-
BcWy-Iß - f - m-Wp-≈X - v.- C-hb- n¬- {]-[m-\a - m-bpw- bm-Kh - n-[n-If - pw-
th-ZØ- n-s≥-d- D-]m-k\ - m-Im-WU -v a
- m-W-v B-cW - y- I - ß
- ƒ.-h\Øn Cu-iz-cm-kX -v n-Xz-sØ-°p-dn-®- N¿-®I - f- p-am-Wp-≈X - .v - b-Pp¿-th-ZØ - n\v,-
¬- (B-cW - yw)- G-Im-¥a - m-bn-cp-∂v- b-PvR - c- l- k - y-߃- A-Sßp∂ _r-lZ- m-cWyIw,- ssX-Øn-co-bw,- ssa-{Xm-bW - o-bw- F-∂o- B-cWy-
hn-Zy- kzbw- A-[y-b\ - w- - sN-øm≥- D-≈S- ° - w- sN-bvX - n-cn-°p-∂- {K\vY- I-ßf - p-≠v.- _r-lZm-cW - y-Iw- i-X] - Y- {- _m-lva - W
- Ø- n-s≥-d- A-hkm-
ß-fm-W-v B-cW - y-Iß - ƒ- F-∂m-W-v ]-WU -v n-‰-v `-Kh - Z- -v Z-Ø- \n¿∆Nn°p- \-sØ- Im-WvU - a - m-Wv.- Cu- B-cW - y-IØ - n-se- A-hk - m-\s - Ø- Bdv-
∂Xv1- -.- Im-´n-\I
- Ø - p-sh-®v- ]m-cm-bW - w- sN-øs - ∏-Sp-∂- {K-\vY - ߃°m Im-WU v- ß- f - m-Wv- _rl-Zm-cW - y-tIm-]\ - n-jØ- v.- ssX-Øn-co-bm-cWy-
Wv- B-cW - y-Is - a-∂v- ]-dbp-∂s - X-∂v- {]-kn-≤\ - m-b- IoØv2 X-s≥-d- Iw- {In-bm-am¿-§ß - s - f-°p-dn®mWv- {][m-\a - m-bpw- {]-Xn]m-Zn-°p-∂Xv.-
sFX-tc-b- B-cW - y- I
- `- m-jyØn-s≥-d- ap-Jh - p-cb- n¬- hy-IX v a- m-°p-∂p.- CXn-se- Nn-e- A-≤y- m-bß - ƒ- ssX-Ønco-tbm-]\ - n-jØ - v- F-∂d - nb-
bm-K-ß-fp-sS- B-¥-cn-I-am-b- A¿-∞-sØ-°p-dn-®- hn-i-Zo-Ic- s∏-Sp-∂p.- km-at- h-ZØ - n-s≥-d- B-cW - y-Iw- X-ehm-cm-cW - y-Ia - m-Wv.- A-
W-߃- B-c-WyI-Øn¬- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bpw.- Km¿-l-kv-Yym-{i-aw- Y¿-∆t- h-ZØ - n-s≥-d- B-cW - y-Iß- s - fm∂pw- X-s∂- I-≠p-In-´n-bn´n√.-
I-gn-™v- hm-\ {]-kv-Y-Øn-te-°v- {]-th-in-°p-∂-h¿- h-\-{]-tZ-i- \-tS- kq-Nn-∏n-®-Xp-t]m-se- th-Z-ß-fp-sS- D-]m-k-\m-Im-Wv-
Øp-sh-®v- \-S-Øp-∂- kwhm-Z-ß-fp-sS- cr-]Øn-em-Wv- B-c-Wy-I- Uamb- B-c-Wy-I-ß-fpw- k¿-∆-kzo-Im-cy-a-√.- A-h-bn¬- am-\p-jn-
ß-fp-sS- D-≈-S-°-sØ- {I-aoI-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.- H-cp- `m-K-Øv- D-∂-X- I-am-b- ssI-I-S-Ø-ep-Iƒ- \-S-∂n-cn-°p-∂p-sh-∂v- ssh-Zn-I-∑m-cn¬-
am-b- B-[ym-Xa v- X
- X
- z-߃- hn-iZ- o-Icn-°p-∂- B-cW
- y-Iß
- f- n¬-Xs∂- X-s∂- ]-e-cpw- ]-d-bp∂p.- C-t∏mƒ- D-]-e-_v-[-am-b- B-c-Wy-I-߃
a-dp-`m-K-Øv- B-`n-Nm-c-{]h-¿-Ø-\-ß-sf°pdn-®pw- a-{¥-hm-Z-sØ-°p- kºq¿-Æ-ß-fm-sW-∂v- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m¿-°v- A-`n-{]m-b-an-√.- C-\n-bpw-
1.- ]-Wv-Un-‰v- `-K-h-Xv- Z-Ø-:- ssh-Zn-I- hm-ßv-a-bv-Im- C-Xn-lm-k- v- `m-Kw- III t]-Pv- 230.- Ip-sd- B-c-Wy-I-߃- In-´m-\p-s≠-∂m-Wv- ]-Wv-Un-X-]-£w.-
D≤mcWw \-tc-{µ-`q-j¨.- ssh-Zn-I- km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{Xw-˛ t]-Pv-:- 21.-
2 Keith: Aitheraya Aranyaka, Page 15. 3.- a-lm-`m-c-Xw-:- im-¥n- ]¿-∆w- 331:3.-
115
4 A-Ø-c-Øn-ep-≈- _-\v-[-ß-sfm-∂p-an-√.- D-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ- F-{X-
D-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ-
th-Z-Øn-s≥-d- Pv-Rm-\-Im-Wv-Uam-Wv- D-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ.- th-
Z`m-K-am-b- {_m-lv-a-W-ß-fp-sS-tbm- B-c-Wy-I-ß-fp-sS-tbm- A-h-
km-\-Øm-bn- C-h- Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\m¬- th-Z-Øn-s≥-d- A-¥yw-
F-∂- A¿-∞-Øn¬- th-Zm-¥w- F-∂pw- D-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ- A-dn-b-
s]-Sp-∂-p.- "th-Zw'- F-∂- ]-Z-Øn-\v- "A-dn-hv'- F-∂v- A¿-∞w- ]-d-bp
tºmƒ- "{_-lv-a-Pv-Rm-\-Øn-s≥-d- A-h-km-\w'- F-∂- hn-h-£-bpw-
th-Zm-¥- i-_v-ZØn¬-\n-∂v- D¬-`q-X-am-Ip-∂p.- "D-]-\n-j-Øv'- F-∂-
]-Z-Øn-\v- "c-l-ky-am-b- im-kv-{Xw'- F-∂m-Wv- A¿-∞-sa-∂pw- A-Pv-
Rm-\w-sIm-≠v- a-d-™n-cn-°p-∂- (c-l-ky-am-b)- Adnhn-s\- sh-fn-
hm-°p-∂- im-kv-{X-am-Wv- D-]-\n-j-Øv- F-∂pw- hym-Jym-\n-°-s∏-Sp
∂p.- D-]- (A-Sp-Øv)- \n- (Xm-sg)- k-Zv- (C-cn-°p-I)- F-∂o- [m-Xp-
°ƒ- tN¿-∂m-Wv- D-]-\n-j-Øv- F-∂- ]-Zw- (D-]- +-\n- +- k- (j-)-Zv)-
D-≠m-b-sX∂pw- "Kp-cp-hn-s≥-d- A-Sp-Øn-cp-∂v- {i-≤m-]q¿-∆w- {i-hn-
t°-≠- {_-lv-a-X-Øz'sa-∂m-Wv- C-Xn-s≥-d- hn-h-£-sb-∂pw- A-`n-
{]m-b-ap-≠v.- D-]- (X-S-k-an-√m-Ø-Xv)- \n- (k-ºq-¿-Æw)- k-Zv- (Pv-Rm-
\w)- F-∂o- [m-Xp-°-fn¬-\n-∂pw- D¬-`-hn-®-Xn-\m¬- ""ad-hn-√m-Ø-
ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-߃- 116
k-ºq¿-ÆP - vR
- m-\'- '-sa-∂m-Wv- C-Xv- hn-h£
- n-°s
- ∏-Sp-∂s
- X-∂pw- hmZn-
°-s∏-Sp-∂p.- B-Xv-a-hn-Zy,- {_-lv-a-hn-Zy,- thZ-km-cw,- th-Z-e-£yw,-
th-Z-c-l-kyw- F-∂n-ß-s\- hn-hn-[-\m-a-ß-fn¬- D]\n-j-Øp-Iƒ-
hy-h-l-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-p-.-
th-Z-ß-fp-sS- A-\p-_-\v-[-am-bm-Wv- D-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ- -A-dn-b-
s∏-Sp∂-sX-¶n-epw- A-h- ]-cn-tim-[n-®m¬- Hm-tcm-∂pw- k-z-X-{¥-Ir-
Xn-I-fm-bmWv- \-ap-°-\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-I.- D-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ- X-Ωn¬- Bi-
b-_-\v-[w- \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂p-s≠-¶n-epw- A-h-bpw- th-Z-ß-fpw- X-Ωn¬-
sb-Æ-ap-s≠-∂- Im-cy-Øn¬- A`n-{]m-b- hy-Xym-k-ß-fp-≠v.- BsI-
c-≠m-bn-cw- D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fp-s≠-∂mWv- H-c-`n-{]m-bw1.- C-cp-∂q-sd-
Æ-ap-s≠-∂pw- \q-‰n- C-cp-]-sX-Æ-am-Wp-≈-sX-∂pw- \q-‰n- F-s´-Æta-
D-≈q-sh-∂pw- A-`n-{]m-bs- ∏-Sp-∂h - c- p-≠v- 2.- \q-‰n- \m¬-∏Ø - n-\m-seÆ-
am-sW-∂pw,- \q-‰n- F¨-]-Øn-aq-s∂-Æ-ap-s≠-∂pw- ap-∂q-‰n- A-dp-]-
Øn- A-s©-Æ-ap-s≠-∂pw- A-X-√,- B-bn-c-Øn- F-´v- D-]-\n-j-Øp-
I-fp-s≠-∂pw- A-`n-{]m-b-ap-s≠-∂v- tKm-b¬- Nq-≠n-°m-´p-∂p-3.-
t_mws_- \n¿-Æ-b- km-K-c- {]- v- {]-kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øn-b- Cu-im-Zn-
hnw-tim-Ø-c-i-tXm-]-\n-j-Øp-I-sf- B-[m-c-am-°n,- 108 D-]-\n-j-
Øp-Is - f- A-©v- hm-ey-ßf - n-em- b
- n- ""D-]\
- n-jZ- vZ- o-]vX
- n''- F-∂- t]cn¬-
a-e-bm-f-Øn¬- {]-kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.- {io.- sI.- `m-kv-°-c≥-
\m-b¿- Fw.-F.- _n.-F-UmWv ]cn`mjI≥. Un. {ioam≥ \ºqXncn
cNn®v ]WvUnXcXv\w sI.]n. \mcmbW ]njmtcmSn kwtim
[\w \n¿∆ln® "D]\njØv k¿∆kzw' 108 D]\njØpIfp
sSbpw H‰hmeyØnep≈ ]cn`mjbmWv.
\q-‰n- F-´v- D-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ- am-{X-am-Wv- C-∂v- e-`y-a-m-bn-´p-
≈Xv.- {iocma≥- l-\p-am-\v- \¬-Ip-∂- D-]-tZ-i-ß-fpsS- cq-]-Øn-ep-
≈- ap-Iv-Xn-tIm-]\n-j-Øn¬- \q-‰n- F-´v- D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-sf-bpw- Ah-
GsX-√mw- th-Z-ß-fp-ambn- _-\v-[-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-sh-∂pw- {]-kv-Xm-
hn-°p-∂p-≠v.- A-h- Cßs\bmWv- 4.-
1.- sI.- ]-c-ta-iz-c≥-]n-≈-:- ln-µp-[¿-Ω- ]-cn-N-bw,- t]-Pv-:- 189.-
2.- iq-c-\m-´v- Ip-™≥-]n-≈-:- ""D-]-\n-j-Zv-Zo-]v-Xn''-bp-sS- A-h-Xm-cn-I, -hm-eyw- 1 -t]-:- XV.-
3. S.R. Goyal: A Religious History of Ancient India, Vol II Page 40.
4. ap-Iv-Xn-tIm-]-\n-j-Øv-:- im-¥n-]m-T-߃-,- 1˛5
117 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-
E-tKz-Zw-:- sF-X-tc-bw,- Iu-jo-X-Io- {_m-lv-a-Ww,- \m-Z-_nµp,-
B-Xv-a-{]-t_m-[w,- \n¿-hm-Ww,- ap-Zv-K-ew,- A-£-am-en-I,- {Xn-]p-c-
Xm-]n-\n,- ku`m-Ky-e-£v-an,- _r-lv-hr-Nw,- (B-sI- ]-sØ-Æw-).-
ip-¢-b-Pp¿-th-Zw-:- Cu-im-hm-kyw,- _r-l-Zm-c-Wy-Iw,- Pm_m-
ew,- lw-kw,- ]-c-a-lw-kw,- kp-_m-ew,- a-{¥n-Iw,- \n-cm-ew-_w,- {Xnin-
Jn- {_mlv-a-Ww,- a-Wv-U-e-{_m-lv-a-Ww,- A-Zz-b-Xm-c-Iw,- ss]w-Kew,-
`n-£p-Iw,- Xp-co-bm-Xo-Xw,- A≤ym-Xav- w,- Xm-ck
- m-cw,- b-mPvR
- h
- ¬Iyw,-
im-Sym-b-\o-bw,- apIv-Xn-Iw- (B-sI- ]-sØm≥-]-sX-Æw-).-
Ir-jW v- b - P
- p¿-th-Zw-:- I-Th- √
- n,- ssX-Øn-co-bw,- {_-la v- w,- ssI-
heyw,- tiz-Xm-iz-X-cw,- K¿-`w,- \m-cm-b-Ww,- A-ar-X-_n-µp,- Aar-X-
\m-Zw,- Im-em-Kv-\n-cp-{Zw,- £p-cn-Iw,- k¿-h-km-cw,- ip-I- c-l-kyw,-
tX-tPm-_n-µp,- [ym-\-_n-µp,- {_-lv-a-hn-Zy,- tbm-K-X-Xzw,- Z-£n-W-
aq¿-Øn,- kv-I-µw,- im-co-c-Iw,- tbm-K-in-J,- G-Im-£-cw,- A-£n,- A
h-[q-Xw,- I-Tc - p-{Zw,- cp-{Z-lr-Zbw,- tbm-KI - p-WvU - e
- n-\n,- ]-©{- _-lvaw,-
{]m-Wm-Kv\- n-tlm-{Xw,- h-cm-lw,- I-en-k¥ - c- W
- w,- k-ck- z-Xo- clkyw-
(B-sI- ap-∏-Øn- c-s≠-Æw).-
km-a-th-Zw-:- tI-\w,- Nm-tµm-Kyw,- B-cp-Wn,- ssa-{Xm-bn-Wn,-
ssa-t{X-bn,- h-{P-kq-Nn-I,- tbm-K-Nq-Um-a-Wn,- hm-kp-tZ-hw,- a-lw,-
k-∂ym-kw,- A-hy-IX v- w,- Ip-WU
v- n-Iw,- km-hn-{Xn,- cp-{Zm-£P
- m-_mew,-
Z¿-i-\w,- Pm-_men- (B-sI- ]-Xn-\m-sd-Æw).-
A-Y¿-∆-th-Zw-:- {]-iv-\w,- ap-Wv-U-Iw,- am-W-V v- q-Iyw,- A-Y¿-∆-
in-cw,- A-Y¿-∆-in-J,- _r-l-Pv-Pm-_m-ew,- \r-knw-l-Xm-]n-\n,- \m-c-Z-
]-cn{hm-P-Iw,- ko-X,- i-c-`w,- a-lm-\m-cm-b-Ww,- cm-a-c-l-kyw,- cm-a-
Xm-]n-\n,- im-Wv-Un-√yw,- ]-c-a-lw-k- ]-cn-{hm-P-Iw,- A-∂-]q¿-Æm,-
kq-cyw,- B-Xv-aw,- ]m-ip-]m-Xw,- ]-c-{_-lv-aw,- {Xn-]p-cm- Xm-]-\n,- tZhn,-
`m-h-\,- `-kv-a-Pm-_m-ew,- K-W-]-Xn,- a-lm-hm-Iyw,- tK-m-]m-e-X-]-\w,-
Ir-jvW
- w,- l-b{- Ko-hw,- Z-Øm-t{X-bw- ,- KmcpUw- (B-sI- ap-∏Ø - nsbm-
s∂-Æw).-
C-ß-s\- \q-‰n-sb-´v- D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-sf-°p-dn-®v- {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-
∂- apIv-Xn-tIm-]-\n-j-Øv- X-s∂- C-h- Iq-Sm-sX-bpw- D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-
fp-≠v- F-∂- hy-w-Ky-am-bn- hy-Iv-X-am-°p-∂p-≠v.-
ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-߃- 118
""F-√-m- D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn-epw- sh-®v- km-c-`q-X-am-b- Cu- \q-‰n-
F-´v- D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fpw- H-cp- X-h-W-sb-¶n-epw- {i-hn-®m¬- t]m-epw-
k¿-∆-]m-]-ß-fpw- \-in-°p-∂p''-1 sh-∂v- ]-d-bp-tºmƒ- a-\- n-em-Ip-
∂-Xv- \q-‰n-sb-´v- D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ- Iq-Sm-sX- th-sd-bpw- th-Zm-¥ßƒ-
D-s≠-∂p-X-s∂-bmWv.- Cu- \q-‰n-sb-´v- D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fp-sS- sshZnI-
{]m-am-Wyw- kw-i-bn-°p-∂- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-cp-ap-≠v.- kzm-an- Z-bm-\-µ-
k-c-kz-Xn-bp-sS- in-jy-\m-b- \-tc-{µ-`q-j¨- F-gp-Xp-∂p-:- ""108 D-]-
\n-j-Øp-Iƒ- C-∂v- {]-Nm-c-Øn-ep-s≠-¶nepw- A-h-bp-sS- ssh-Zn-I-
{]m-am-Wyw- kw-i-bm-kv-]-Z-am-sW-∂-t{X- A\p-am-\n-t°-≠-Xv''-2.-
D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fp-sS- Im-e-sØ-°p-dn-®v- hy-Iv-X-am-sbm-cp- \nK-
a-\-Øn-se-Øm≥- {]-bm-k-ap-≠v.- {In-kv-Xp-hn-\v- ap-ºv- 700\pw- 100\pw-
a-t[y-bm-Wv- D-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ- c-Nn-°-s∏-´-sX-∂m-Wv- \n-cq-]-I- a-X-
sa-¶n-epw- AXn\v- hy-Iv-X-am-b- sX-fn-hp-I-fn-√.- C-∂v- e-`n-°p-∂-
an°- D-]-\n-j-Øp-Ifpw- c-≠m-bn-cw- h¿-j-sa-¶n-epw- ]-g-°-ap-≈-
Xm-sW-∂v- Nq-≠n-°m-Wn-°-s∏-Sp∂p.- th-Z-Im-e-Øn-\p-ti-j-am-Wv-
]-e- D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fp-sS-bpw- P-\-\-sa-∂m-Wv- A-h-bp-sS- `m-j-bn¬-
\n-∂v- a-\- n-em-Ip-∂-Xv.- _p-≤-\v- ap-ºmWv- C-h-bn¬- ]-e-Xn-s≥-d-
bpw- c-N-\- \-S-∂-sX-∂v- A-\p-am-\n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.- D]\nj-Zv- I¿-Øm-
°-sf-°p-dn-t®m- A-h-cp-sS- Im-e-sØ-bpw- N-cn-{X-sØbpw- Ip-dn-t®m-
hy-Iv-X-am-b- [m-c-W- C-∂v- B¿-°p-an-√.- D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fp-sS- c-N-\-
B¿-°p-am-Imw- F-∂- A-h-kv-Y-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂m-Wv- a-\- n-
em-°m≥- I-gn-bp-∂-Xv.- X-Xz-Pv-Rm-\-ap-≈- B¿-°pw- D-]-\n-j-Øp-
Iƒ- c-Nn-°m-\p-≈- kzm-X-{¥y-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- A-Xp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂-
D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fp-sS- c-N-bn-Xm-°-sf-°p-dn-t®m- c-N-\m-Im-e-sØ-°p-
dn-t®m- hyIv-X-am-b- H-cp- [m-c-W-bn-se-Øm≥- \-ap-°v- I-gn-bp-∂n-√.-
ap-Kƒ-N-{I-h¿-Øn-am-cp-sS- Im-e-Øp-t]m-epw- D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fp-sS- c-
N-\- \-S-∂n-´p-≠v.- A-Iv_¿- N-{I-h¿-Øn-bp-sS- Im-e-Øv- c-Nn-°s∏´-
A-t√m-]-\n-j-Øv- (A-Iv-_-tdm-]-\n-j-Øv)- C-h-bn-sem-∂m-Wv.- G-
Xm-≠v- k-a-Im-en-I-am-bn-´m-Wv- {In-kv-tXm-]-\n-j-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- c-N\-
\-S-∂-X-v.- C-hbv-s°m-∂pw- Hu-tZym-Kn-Imw-Ko-Imcw- e-`n-®n-´n-s√-¶n-
epw- "D-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ'- F-∂- t]-cn¬- C-h- \n-e-\n¬-°m≥- A-\p-
1.- ap-Iv-Xn-tIm-]-\n-j-Øv-:- 1:-44.-
2.- \-tc-{µ-`q-j-¨-:- ssh-Zn-I- km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{Xw-,- t]-Pv- 22.-
119 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-߃- 120

h-Zn-®p-sh-∂X - v- D-]\
- n-jX
- v- c-N\
- °
- v- {]-tXy-I°
- m-sc- am-{X-a√
- ,- A\p- N¿-®-Iƒ- hy-Xy-kv-X-ß-fpw- hn-cp-≤-ß-fp-am-b- Nn-¥m-[m-c-I-fp-sS-
h-Zn-®n-cp-∂-sX-∂v- hy-Iv-X-am-°p-∂p.- X-m-c-X-tay-\- ]p-Xn-b-Xm-b- Cu- D¬-∏-Øn°v- \n-Zm-\-am-bn.- A-ssZz-X-hm-Z-hpw- ssZz-X-kn-≤m-¥-hpw-
D]-\n-j-Øp-I-sfm-∂pw- {]-am-W-am-bn- kzo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂n-s√-∂- D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn¬- X-s∂- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bp-∂p.- {io- cm-lp¬-kmw-
bmYm¿-∞yw- a-\- n-e-m-°m-sX- C-h-bn¬-\n-∂pw- sX-fn-hp-I-fp-≤- Ir-Xym-b≥-- F-gp-Xp-∂p-:- ""D--]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn-se- Pv-Rm-X-cpw- A-Pv-Rm-
cn-°p-∂- A-hkv-Y-°v- Im-c-W-am-bn-´p-≈-Xpw- C-h-°v- ]n-∂n-se- "D]- X-cp-am-b- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m¿- X-Ωn¬- A-`n-{]m-b-hy-Xym-k-ap-≈-h-cmWv.-
\n-j-Øv'- F-∂ -hm-emWv.- A-h-cn¬- Nn-e-¿- B-cp-Wn-sb-bpw- At±-l-Øn-s≥-d- in-jy≥- bm-Pv-
D-]\n-j-Øp-I-fn¬- s]m-Xp-hm-bn- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bp-∂- Imcyw- R-h¬-°y-s\-bpw- t]m-se- A-ssZz-X-hn-Pv-Rm-\-hm-Zn-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p.-
kXym-t\z-j-W- Xr-jv-W-bm-Wv.- ssZ-hn-I-a-X-Øn-s≥-d- A-Sn-kv-Ym\- a-‰p-≈-h¿- ssZz-X-hm-Zn-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p.- aq-∂m-a-sXm-cp- Iq-´¿- i-co-c-cq-
t{km-X- p-I-sf-°p-dn-®v- A¬-∏w- A-h-t_m-[-ap-≈- H-cp- P-\-X-bpsS- ]-Øn¬- {_-lv-a-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- P-K-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- A-ssZz-X-`m-h-sØ-
k-Xym-t\z-j-W- Xr-jv-W.- ""k-a-kv-X- P-K-Xv-Im-c-W-am-b- {_-lv-aw- k-zo-I-cn-®p.- C-Øcw- Zm¿-i-\n-I≥-am-cp-sS- Nn-¥-I-sf- A-h-cp-sS-
G-Xm-Wv?- \m-sa-√m-hc - pw- G-Xn¬-\n-∂m-Wv- D¬-∏∂ - a- m-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv?- injy-∑m-cpw- im-J-I-fpw- {K-ln-®v,- A-Sp-Ø- X-e-ap-d-°v- D-]-tZ-in-®p-
B-cp-sS- {]-`m-h-Øm-em-Wv- \mw- Po-hn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv?- \mw- G-Xn-em- h-∂-Xn-s≥-d- kw-{K-l-am-Wv- D-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ''-1.- A-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv-
Wv- kw-{]-Xn-jvT - n-Xcm-bn-cn-°p-∂X - v?- \Ωp-sS- kp-J˛Zpx-Jß - ƒ- Bcp D-]\n-j-Øp-I-sf-- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂- th-Zm-¥-Z¿-i-\-Øn¬-
1
sS- hy-h-kv-Y-b-\p-k-cn-®m-Wn-cn-°p-∂-Xv'?- ""Bcp-sS- t{]-c-W-sIm X-s∂- hy-Xy-kv-X- Dƒ-∏n-cn-hp-I-fp-≠m-b-Xv.- ssZz-X-hp-w- A-ssZz-X-
≠m-Wv- Cu- a-\- v- hn-j-b-ß-fn¬- ]-Xn-°p-∂-Xv?- B-cp-sS- \n-tbm- hpw- hnin-jv-Sm-ssZz-X-hpw- ssZz-Xm-ssZz-X-hp-sa-√mw- kv-Ym-]n-°m-≥-
K-a\
- p-kc - n-®m-Wv- {]m-W≥- N-en-°p-∂X - v?- B-cp-sS- t{]-cW- sIm≠m- A-Xn-s≥d- B-Nm-cy-∑m¿- D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-sf-bm-Wv- D-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-
Wv- hm-°p-Iƒ- D-®-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv?- G-Xv- tZ-h-\m-Wv- t{im{X-ßsf- Øn-bn-cp-∂Xv.- {io-i-¶-c-\pw,- am-[z-\pw,- cm-am-\p-P-\p-sa-√mw- D-]-\n-
bpw- t\-{X-ß-sf-bpw- \n-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv?-''2 C--ß-s\- hn-h-[- tNmZy- j-Z] v- WvU
- - n-X∑
- m-cm-Wv.- A-h¿- Nn-¥m- ]
- c
- a
- m-bn- hn-cp-≤t- N-cn-If
- nemWv-
ß-fp-∂b - n-®p-sIm-≠v,- {]-]© - Ø - n-s≥-d- aq-eI - m-cW
- a - d - n-bm-≥- th≠n- \n¬-°p∂-Xv.- ]-t£,- C-h-cp-sS-sb-√mw- {]-am-Ww- D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-
bp-≈- {i-a-am-Wv- D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn¬- Zr-iy-am-Ip-∂-Xv.- {_-lv-a-sØ- fm-Wv.- Ah¿- X-ß-fp-sS- hm-Z-߃-°-\p-Iq-e-am-b- sX-fn-hp-Iƒ-
°p-dn-® At\z-j-W-a-√,- {]-X-yp-X- {_-lv-a-hpw- {]-]-©-hpw- X-Ωn¬,- sIm≠p-h-cp-∂Xv- D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn¬- \n-∂p-X-s∂-bm-Wv.-
A-s√-¶n¬- ]cam-Xv-am-hpw- Po-hm-Xv-am-hpw- X-Ωn-ep-≈- _-\v-[-sØ- D-]-\nj-Øp-Iƒ- c-Nn-°-s∏-´-Xn-\p-ti-jw- A-h-bn¬- Iq-´n-
°p-dn-® A-t\z-jW-am-Wv- C-hb - nse- hn-jb - w.- k-ak
- X v- - P-KØ- ns≥d- t®¿-°-ep-I-fpw- am-‰-Øn-c-p-Ø-ep-I-fpw- \-S-∂n-cn-°m-\p-≈- km-[yX-
bpw- Im-c-W-am-b,- C-{µn-bm-Xo-X-\m-b- H-cp- ]-c-{_-lv-a-sØ-°p-dn-®- bpw- \n-tj-[n-°m-\m-hn-√.- A-ssZz-X-Nn-¥-°p-≈- {]-am-W-am-bn- D≤-
t_m-[w- D-]\ - n-jØ - p-Iƒ-°v- ap-ºp-Xs - ∂- D-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- B- t_m[ cn-°-s∏-Sm-dp-≈- Om-tµm-tKym-]-\n-j-Øn-se- ""k- B-Xv-am- Xzw-
Øn-s≥-d- A-Sn-Ø-d-bn-em-Wv- C-h-bp-sS- c-N-\- \n¿-∆-ln-°-s∏-´n- Akn''- (B-Xv-am-hv- \o- Xs∂-bm-Wv)- F-∂- {]-tbm-Kw- ]n-∂o-Sv- IS-
cn°p-∂-Xv.- ∂p-Iq-Sn-b-Xm-sW-∂pw- b-Ym¿-∞-Øn¬- "" k- B-Xv-am- A- X-Øz-a
Po-hm-Xv-am-hpw- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hpw- X-Ωn-ep-≈- _-\v-[-sØ-°p-dn®- kn''- (B-Xv-am-hv- \o-b-√)- F-∂m-Wp-≈-sX-∂-pw- ssZz-Xm-Nm-cy-\mb-
am-[z≥- hmZn-®n-cp-∂p2.- A-ssZz-Xm-Nm-cy-\m-b- i-¶-c\m-I-s´- X-s≥d-
1.- Inw- Im-c-Ww- {_-lv-a- Ip-X-x-kv-a-Pm-Xmx- Po-hm-a- tI-\- Iz-N-kw-{]-Xn-jv-Tmx- Z¿-i-\-Øn-s≥-d- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-bm-bn- Ah-X-cn∏n-°p-∂-Xv- _rl-
A-[n-jv-Tn-Xmx- tI-\- kp-tJ-X-tc-jp- h¿-Øm-atl- {_-lv-a- hn-tZm- hy-h-kv-Ymw-
˛tiz-Xm-iz-X-tcm-]-\n-j-Øv- 1:-1.- Zm-c-Wy-tIm-]-\n-j-Øn-se- ""A-lw- {_m-lv-am-kv-an''- F∂- h-N-\-
2.- tI-t\-jn-Xw- ]-X-Xn- t{]-jn-Xw- a-\x-tI-\-{]m-Wx- {]-Y-a-x- ss{]-Xn- bp-Iv-Xx-
tI-t\-jn-Xmw- hm-N-an-amw- h-Z-¥n- N-Iv-jp-t{im-{Xw- I- D-]-tZ-thm- bp-\-Iv-Xn.- 1.- cm-lp¬- kmw-Ir-Xym-b≥-:- hn-iz-Z¿-i-\-߃,- t]-:- 559-
˛tI-t\m-]-\n-j-Øv- 1:-1.- 2.- sI.- Zm-tam-Z-c≥-:- `m-c-Xo-b- Nn-¥,- t]-Pv- 400.-
121 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-߃- 124

hpw- Om-tµm-Ky-Øn-se- ""X-Ø-z-a-kn''- F-∂- h-N-\-hp-am-Wv.- sØ- hn-h-cn-®p-h-t√m.- H-cp- D-]-\n-j-Øv- hn-Zym¿-∞n-bp-sS- {i-≤-
\-tS- kq-Nn-∏n-®{]-Im-cw- D-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ- X-Ωn¬-X-s∂- ]e- ]Xn-bp-∂- h-f-sc- {]-[m-\-s∏-´- H-cp- Im-cy-ap-≠n-hn-sS.- C-t∏m-gp-≈-
Imcy-ßf - n-epw- ssh-cp-≤y-߃- {]-IS- a - m-°p-∂p-≠v.- B-Xa v- m-hv- F¥m- D-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ-X-s∂- hy-Xy-kv-X-ß-fpw- hn-cp-≤-ß-fp-am-b- B-i-
sW-∂- N¿-®b - n¬-Xs - ∂- hy-IvX
- h- pw- G-Ih - p-am-b- H-cp- \n-Ka-\X - nse- b-ß-fpƒ-s°m-≈p-∂p-sh-¶n¬- e-`y-a-√m-Ø- D-]-\n-jØ-p-Iƒ- IqSp-
Øm≥- D-]\n-j-Øv- I¿-Øm-°ƒ-°v- I-gn-™n-´n-s√-∂p-th-Ww- a-\ X¬- hy-Xy-kv-X-ß-fm-b- B-i-b-߃- Dƒ-s°m-≈m-\p-≈- km-[yX-
 n-em-°m≥.- {]mW-\m-Wv- B-Xv-am-sh-∂- \n-e-bv°m-Wv- {]-iv-t\m- \n-tj-[n-°m-≥- I-gn-bn-√.- B-sI- c-≠m-bncw- D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fm-Wv-
]-\n-j-Øv- Im-cy-߃- N¿-®- sN-øp-∂-Xv.- Om-tµm-Ky-Øn-se- _m- D-≈-sX-¶n¬- 1892 D-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ- e-`n-°m-\p-≠v.- A-h-bn¬- ]-e-
em-In- a-l¿-jn-bpw- {]m-W≥- X-s∂-bm-Wv- B-Xv-am-sh-∂v- I-cp-Xnbn- Xn-s≥-d-bpw- B-i-b-߃- "A-`n-\-h- B-cy-[¿-Ω'-Øn-s≥-d- hn-izmk-
cp-∂p-sh-∂m-W-1v- a-\- n-em-°m≥- I-gn-bp-∂-Xv.- hn-Pv-Rm-\w- A-Yhm- ß-fp-am-bn- s]m-cp-Ø-t°-Sv- {]-I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠m-hmw.- A-Xm-bn-cn-
_p-≤n-bm-Wv- F-√m-‰n-s≥-d-bpw- I¿-Øm-sh-∂- ssX-Øn-co-tbm-]\n- °mw- Cu- \-jv-S-s∏-S-en-\v- A-s√-¶n¬- \-jv-S-s∏-Sp-Ø-en-\v- Im-c-W-
j-Øv- h-N-\-{]-Im-cw- _p-≤n-bm-Wv- B-Xv-am-sh-∂v- hmZn-°p-∂-hcpap- am-b-sX-∂v- \ym-b-am-bpw- Du-ln-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.- ""A-\m-te-Jy- kc-
≠v.- F-∂m¬- hym-]I - h- pw- B-\µ- k- z- c
- q-]h
- p-am-b- ]-c{- _-lva - w- Xs∂- kz-Xn'- AY-hm- "F-gp-X-s∏-Sm-Ø- hn-Zy'-bm-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬- Cu- \jv
bm-Wv- BXv-am-sh-∂- Nn-¥-bm-Wv- _r-l-Zm-c-Wy-I-Øn-epw- a-‰pw- S-s∏-Sp-Ø-en-\v- Iq-Sp-X¬- hn-j-aw- A-\p-`-hn-t°-≠n-h-∂n-cn-°m-
\ap°v- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bp-∂-Xv.- C-tX-t]m-se-X-s∂- tem-I-kr-jv-Sn \nSbn√.-
sb-°pdn-®pw- hy-Xy-kv-X-ß-fpw- hn-cp-≤-ß-fp-am-b- H-H-´-\-h-[n- ]-cm- B-sI- \q-‰n-sb-´v- D-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ- e-`-y-am-sW-¶n-epw- A-h
a¿-i-߃- D-]\n-j-Øp-I-fn¬- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bpw.- bn¬- ]-sØ-Æw- am-{X-am-Wv- G-‰-hpw- {]-[m-\-s∏-´-Xv.- i-¶-cm-Nm-cy
k-a-Im-en-I-am-b- A-\v-[-hn-izm-k-ß-fn¬- ]-e-Xpw- D-]-\n-j- cpw- A-Xp-t]mse- {]-[m-\-s∏-´-h-cpw- `m-jy-sa-gp-Xn-b- Cu- D-]-\n-j-
Øp-°-fp-sS- c-N-\-sb- kzm-[o-\n-®n-´p-≠v.- A-im-kv-{Xo-b-am-b- ]-e- Øp-Iƒ- "Z-tim-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ'- F-∂-d-n-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.- A-h-sb- \-ap
{]-kvX- m-h\- I- fpw- C-hb - pƒ-s°m-≈p-∂X - v- A-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv.- D-Zml- s°m-∂v- ]-cn-N-b-s∏Smw.-
c-WØ - n-\v,- K¿t`m-]\ - n-jØ - n¬- B¨-Ip-´n-bpw- s]¨-Ip-´n-bp-ap≠m- 1.- Cu-im-hm-tkym-]\ - n-jØ - :v- - ip-¢b - P
- p¿-th-ZØ
- n¬-s∏-´- Cu-
Im-\p-≈- Im-c-Ww- ]d-bp-∂-Xv- C-ßn-s\-bm-Wv.- ""ip-¢m-[n-Iy-Øm¬- D-]-\n-j-Øn¬- B-sI- ]-Xn-s\-´v- t«m-I-ß-fm-Wp-≈-Xv.- Z-tim-]-
]p-cp-j{- ]-Pb- pw- c-P 
- n-s≥d- B[n-Iy-Øm¬- kv{- Xo {- ]-Pb - pw- P\n°p- \n-j-ØpI-fn¬- G-‰h -- pw- sN-dp-Xm-Wv- Cu-im-hm-tkym-]-\n-jsØ-
∂p.- ip-¢-c-P- p-Iƒ- Xp-√y-am-bn-cp-∂m¬- \-]pw-k-I-k-¥m-\w- P- ¶n-epw- G-‰-hpw- amlm-Xv-ay-ta-dn-b- D-]-\n-j-Øv- C-Xm-sW-∂m-Wv-
\n-°p-∂p''-2.- C-tX- D-]-\n-j-Øn¬-X-s∂- ]-d-™n-cn-°p-∂- in-iphn- `qcn-]-£w- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-cp-sSbpw- A-`n-{]m-bw.- k¿-∆-i-Iv-X-\m-b-
s≥-d- hy-Xy-kvX - - A-hb - h- ß- f
- p-≠m-Ip-∂- {Iahpw- B-[p-\n-I- imkv- k¿-t∆-iz-c-s≥-d- k¿-∆m-[n-]Xy-am-Wv- CXnse- {]-Xn-]m-Zy-hn-j-bw.-
{X-\n-K-a-\-ß-fp-am-bn- s]m-cp-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂n-√.- C-Xv- H-cp- DZm-l-c-Ww- ""\n-Jn-e- {]-]©
- h- pw- P-Ut- N-X\ - - kz-cq-]a - m-bn-cn-°p-∂- k¿-∆h
- ym]n-
am-{Xw.- C-ßs - \- A-\h - [- n- A-\v[- h
- n-izm-kß - ƒ- D-]\
- n-jØ- p-Ifn¬- bm-b- Cu-iz-c-\m¬- ]-cn-]q¿-Æ-am-Ip-∂p.- A-Xns\- Dt]-£n-°msX-
Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bpw.- X-s∂- Cu- hn-iz-sØ- Xym-K-]q¿-∆w- A-\p-`-hn-®p-sIm-≠ncn-°p-I.-
e-`y-am-b- D-]\
- n-jØ
- p-Iƒ- 108 F-Æa
- m-sW-∂pw- B-sI- c≠m- A-Xym-{K-lw- ]m-Sn-√.- F-s¥-∂m¬- Cu- [-\w- B-cp-tS-Xm-Wv''-1
bn-cw- h-sc- D-]\n-j-Øp-Iƒ- D-s≠-∂v- A-`n-{]m-b-ap-s≠-∂pw- t\c- CXmWv- Cu-im-hm-ky-Øn-se- {]-Y-a-t«m-I-Øn-s≥-d- km-cw.-
1.- hn.-F-kv.-hn.- Kp-cp-k-zm-an- im-kv-{Xn-Iƒ-:- D-]-\n-j-±o-]v-Xn,- hm-eyw- 2s≥-d-
A-h-Xm-cn-I- t]-Pv- 11.- 1.- Cu-im-hm-ky-an-Zw- k¿-∆w- b-Xv-Inw-N- P-K-Xymw- P-K-Xv-
2.- K¿-t`m-]-\n-j-Øv- im¥n-]m-Tw-˛2 tX-\-Xy-Iv-tX-\- `p-Rv-Po-Ym- am- Kr-[x-I-ky- kzn-≤-\w.-
125 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-߃- 126

hnZybpw- AhnZybpw- X-Ωn-ep-≈- A-¥-c-ß-fpw- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hn-s\- \-©v- ho-Xw- t«m-Iß

- f- pw- XrXo-bh
- √
- n-bn¬- ]-Xn-s\-´v- t«m-Iß
- fpw-
am{Xw- D-]m-knt°-≠-Xn-s≥-d- A-\n-hm-cy-X-bp-sa-√mw- Cu- sN-dnb- A-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.-
D-]-\n-j-Øn-se- hnjb-as{X.- I-tTm-]\- n-jØ- v- kw-`m-jW- c- q-]Ø
- n-em-Wv.- b-a\ - pw- \-Nn-tIX-
Cu-im-hm-tkym-]\ - n-jØ- n-\v- `-Kh-ZK
v- o-Xb
- p-am-bn- h-fs
- c-tbsd-  v- F-∂- sN-dp-∏-°m-c-\pw- X-Ωn-em-Wv- kw-`m-j-Ww.- hm-P-{k-h n-
kmay-ap-≠v.- C-Xn-se- Nn-e- Bi-b-߃- Ko-X-bn-epw- Im-Wmw.- Nne- s≥-d- ]p{X-\m-b- D-±m-e-I≥- "hn-i-z-Pn-Øv'- F-∂- a-l-Øm-b- bPvRw-
t«mI-߃- A-tX-]-Sn-X-s∂- Ko-X-bn¬- F-Sp-Øv- tN¿-Øn-´p-≠v.- sN-øp-∂p.- sh≈w- Ip-Sn-°p-hm-\p-≈- i-Iv-Xn-tbm- ]p-√v- N-h-bv-°p-
2.- tI-t\m-]\ - n-jØ- v:- - km-at- h-Zo-ba
- m-b- tI-t\m-]\
- n-jØ - n¬- hm-\p-≈- sI¬-t∏m- C-√m-Ø- Nm-hm-fn-∏i - p-°s- f- Zm-\Ø - n-\p-th≠n-
BsI- \m-ev- J-Wv-U-ß-fm-Wp-≈-Xv.- H-∂pw- c-≠pw- J-Wv-U-߃- sIm-≠p-t]m-Ip-∂Xv- I-≠v- hnj-aw- tXm-∂n-b- D-±m-e-I-]p-{X-\m-b-
]-Zym-Xv-a-I-hpw- aq-∂pw- \m-epw- J-Wv-U-߃- K-Zym-Xv-a-I-hp-am-Wv.- \-Nn-tI-X- v- ""]n-Xm-th....- F-s∂- B¿-°m-Wv- Zm-\w- sN-øp-∂-Xv?''-
{]-Y-a- J-Wv-U-Øn¬- F-´pw- Zzn-Xo-b- J-Wv-U-Øn¬- A-©-pw- t«m- F-∂v- B-h¿-Øn-®v- aq-∂v- {]m-h-iyw- tNm-Zn-°p-∂p.- C-Xp-tI-´- A-Nv-
I-ß-fm-Wp-≈-Xv.- XrXo-b- J-Wv-U-Øn¬- ]-{¥-Wpw- N-Xp¿-∞-J- O≥- tZ-jy-s∏-´v- ""\n-s∂- Rm≥- ar-Xyp-hn-\m-Wv- sIm-Sp-°m-≥- t]m-
Wv-U-Øn¬- H-≥-]-Xpw- {ip-Xn-hm-Iy-ß-fp-≠v.- \-tS- D-≤c-- n-®- ""tIt\- Ip-∂-Xv''- F-∂v- ]-d-bp-∂p.- A-ß-n-s\- \-Nn-tI-X- n-s\- Im-e-\v- sIm-
jn-Xw- ]-X-Xn-t{]-jn-Xw''- (B-cpsS- t{]c-W-bm-em-Wv- a-\- v- hnj- Sp-°p-∂p.- \-Nn-tI-X- v- b-a-]p-cn-bn-se-Øn-b-t∏mƒ- b-a≥- kvY-e-
b-ß-fn¬- ]-Xn-°p-∂-Xv?-)- Xp-S-ßn-b- tNm-Zy-ß-fn-eq-sS- ssZ-hm-kvXn- Øn-√m-bn-cp-∂p.- aq-∂p-Zn-h-kw- \n-cm-lm-c\-m-bn- b-a-s\- {]-Xo-£n®v-
Xzw- kv-Ym-]n-°p-I-bm-Wv- B-Zy-J-Wv-U-Øn¬- {]-[m-\-am-bpw- sNøp- \Nn-tI-X- v- b-a-]p-cn-bn¬- X-ßp-∂p.- \-m-emw- Zn-h-kw- kv-Y-e-sØ-
∂-Xv.- c-≠mw- J-Wv-U-Øn¬- ""hn-Zy-bm- hn-µ-tX f- ar-Xw''- (hn-Zy- Øn-b- ba≥- {_m-lv-a-W-_m-e-s\- aq-∂p-Zn-h-kw- ]-´n-Wn-°n-´-Xn¬-
sIm-≠v- A-ar-X-Xzw {]m-]n-°mw)- F-∂v- kv-Ym-]n-°p-∂p.- aq-∂mw- hym-Ip-e-\m-bn- aq∂p-h-cw- tNm-Zn-°m≥- A-h-s\- A-\p-h-Zn-°p-∂p.-
JWv-U-Øn¬- hn-hn-[- tZ-h-∑m-sc-∏-‰n- {]-Xn-]m-Zn-®p-sIm-≠v- A-h- Xm≥- a-S-ßn-s®-√p-tºmƒ- ]n-Xm-hv- k-t¥m-j-tØm-sS- kzo-I-cn-°-
tc-°mƒ- i-Iv-Xn-bp-≈X - v- ]-c{- _-lva- Ø
- n-\m-sW-∂v- e-Lp-IY - I
- f
- neq- W-sa-∂- H-∂m-a-sØ- h-c-hpw- kz¿-§-tem-I -{]m-]v-Xn-°p-th-≠- AKv-
sS- hn-h-cn-°p∂p.- \m-emw- J-Wv-U-Øn¬- {_-lv-a-hn-Zy-bp-sS- B[m- \n- hn-Zy- D-]-tZ-in-®p-X-c-W-sa-∂- c-≠m-asØ- h-c-hpw- bm-sXm-cp-
c-ß-sf-°p-dn-®- N¿-®-bm-Wp-≈-Xv.- X-S- -ß-fp-an-√m-sX- b-a≥- A-\p-h-Zn-®p-sIm-Sp-Øp.- aq∂m-a-sØ-bpw-
G-‰-hpw- {]-[m-\-s∏-´-Xp-am-b- ""a-c-W-ti-jw- a-\p-jy-\v- F-¥v- kw-`-
B-Xav- PvR
- m-\s- Ø- kw-_\ - [
v- n-®- tI-t\m-]\
- n-jØ
- n-se- Bi- hn-°p-∂p''- F-∂v- ]-d-™p-X-c-W-sa-∂- h-cw- sIm-Sp-°m≥- b-a≥-
b-߃- `-K-h-Zv-Ko-X-bn-epw- Im-Wmw.- Cu- D-]-\n-j-Øn-se- Nn-e- BZy-Øn¬- hn-k-Ω-Xn-°p-∂p.- AXn-\v- ]-I-c-am-bn- G-Xv- cq-]-Øn-
t«m-I-ßfpw- `-K-h-Xv-Ko-X- A-tX-]-Sn- kzo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.- ep-≈- `u-XnI- kp-J-ku-I-cy-ß-fpw- B-h-iy-s∏-Sp-I-tbm- C-jv-S-ap-
3.- I-tTm-]-\n-jØ-v-: Ir-jv-W- b-Pp¿-t∆-Zo-b-am-Wv- I-tTm-]-\n- ≈-{X -Im-ew- Po-hn-®n-cn-°-W-sa-∂- h-c-tam- F-¥pw- th-W-sa-¶n¬-
jØv.- C-X-v Ir-jW -v b-Pp¿-t∆-Zo-ba - s
- √-∂pw- A-Y¿-t∆-Zo-ba - m-sW∂pw- tNm-Zn-°m≥- A-\p-aX - n-sIm-Sp-Øp-sh-¶n-epw- B-Xva - P
- vR
- m-\w- A-dnbp-
km-at- h-Zo-ba - m-sW-∂pw- hy-Xy-kX v- - A-`n-{]m-bß - f- p-≠v.- B-sI- c≠v- I-sb-∂- e-£y-Øn¬-\n-∂v- ]n∑m-dm≥- \-Nn-tI-X- v- X-øm-dm-Ip-
A-[ym-bß - f- m-Wv- Cu- D-]\- n-jØ - n-ep-≈X - v.- Hm-tcm- A-[ym-bØ - nepw- ∂n-√.- A-h-km-\w- B- {_m-lv-a-W-_m-e-\v- {_-lv-a-hn-Zy- D-]-tZ-in-
aq-∂v- ho-Xw- h-√n-I-fp-≠v.- H-∂mw- A-[ym-b-Øn-se- {]-Y-am-h-√n-bn¬- ®p-sIm-Sp-°m≥- b-a≥- \n¿-_-\v-[n-X-\m-hp-∂p.- Aßs\- ]-c-am-Xvam-
C-cp-]Ø- n- H≥-]Xv- t«m-Iß - f - pw- Zzn-Xo-bh- √- n-bn¬- C-cp-]Ø - n- A©v- hn-s\-°p-dn-®- Im-cy-߃- Hm-tcm-∂m-bn- Np-cp-f-gn-bp∂p.- ]p\¿-Pv-P-
t«m-I-ß-fpw- XrXo-b-h-√n-bn¬- ]-Xn-t\-gv- t«m-I-ß-fp-a-Wp-≈-Xv.- ∑-hm-Z-hpw- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hpw- Po-hm-Xv-am-hpw- H-∂m-sW-∂- hm-Zhpw-
c-≠mw- A-[ym-b-Øn-se- {]Y-am-h-√n-bn-epw- Zzn-Xo-b-h-√n-bn-epw- ]Xn- ]e- t«m-I-ß-fn-epw- \n-g-en-®p-Im-Wp-∂p-s≠-¶n-epw- a-c-Wm-\-¥cw-
127 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-߃- 128
kz¿-§-\-c-I-ß-fm-Wv- A-h-km-\-am-bn- e-`n-°m-\p-≈-Xv- F-∂pw- ]-c- i-co-c-Øn¬- {]-th-in-°p-∂-Xpw- kv-Yn-Xn-sN-øp-∂-Xpw- ]-p-d-Øp-t]m-
{_-lv-aw- k¿-∆-i-Iv-X-\m-Wv- F-∂pw- hy-Iv-X-am-bn-Ø-s∂- I-tTm-]- Ip-∂X - pw- Fßn-s\-bm-Wv?- A-[n-`q-Xh
- pw- A-[ym-Xva
- h
- pw- A-[n-ssZh-
\n-j-Xn¬- {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p-≠v.- C-Xn-se-bpw- ]-e- t«m-I-ß-fp-sS- hpw- F-¥m-Wv?-
bpw- km-cw- `-K-h-Zv-Ko-X- I-S sa-Sp-Ø-Xm-bn- Im-Wm≥- Ign-bpw.- ]n-∏n-em-Z≥-:- B-Xva
- m-hn¬-\n-∂m-Wv- {]m-W\p-≠m-Ip-∂X
- v.- a\-
4.- {]-iv-t\m-]-\n-j-Øv-:- A-Y¿-∆-th-Zo-b-am-Wv- {]-iv-t\m-]-\n-  n-s≥-d- k-¶¬-∏-a-\p-k-cn-®v- A-Xv- i-co-c-Øn¬- {]-th-in-°p-∂p.-
j-Øv.- `-cZ- zm-P]- p-{X-\m-b- kp-tI-i≥,- in-_n-bp-sS- ]p-{X-\m-b- kXy- lr-Z-b-Øn-ep-≈- B-Xv-am-hp-am-bn-t®¿-∂v- {]m-W≥- tem-I-sØ-
Im-a≥,- kq¿ø- ]u-{X-\m-b- Km¿-Kv-Ky≥,- A-iz-e-]p-{X-\m-b- Iu-i- \nb{¥n-°p-∂p.- a-c-W-Øn¬- tX--tPm-bp-Iv-X-\m-b- {]m-W≥- i-cocw-
ey≥,- hn-Z¿-`t- Z-io-b\ - m-b- `m¿-§h
- ≥,- I-Xy-]p-{X-\m-b- I-_\
- [
-v - F∂o- hn-´p-t]m-Ip-∂p.-
B-dv- ap-\n-am¿- ]n-∏n-emZ- a-l¿-jn-bp-sS- A-Sp-Øpt]m-bn- B-dv- {]iv- ku¿-øm-b-Wn-:- D-d-ßp-∂-Xpw- D-W-cp-∂-Xpw- kz-]v-\w- ImWp-
\-߃- D-∂-bn-°p-∂p.- F-√m-h-tcm-Spw- H-cp- kw-h¬-k-cw- {i-≤tbm- ∂-Xpsa-√mw- F-ß-s\-bm-Wv?-
Spw- {_-lv-a-N-cy-tØm-Spw- IqsS- X-]- p-sN-øm-\pw- ]n-∂o-Sv- tNmZyw-
tNm-Zn-°m-\pw- ]n∏-n-em-Z≥- B-Pv-Rm-]n-°p-∂p.- A-Xp-{]-Im-cw- sNbv- ]n-∏n-em-Z≥-:- B-Xv-am-hn-s≥-d- B-K-a-\-hn-K-a-\-ß-fm-Wv- D-d-°-
X-Xn-\p-ti-jw- Hm-tcm-cpØ--cpw- tNm-Zn-°p∂- tNm-Zy-hpw- A-Xn-\v- Øn\pw- D-W¿-®° - pw- Im-cW- w.- kz-]v\
- Ø
- n-eq-sS- kz-al
- n-as
- b- A\p-
]n-∏n-em-Z≥- \¬-Ip-∂- a-dp-]-Sn-bp-am-Wv- C-Xn-s≥-d-- D≈-S-°w.- B-dp- `-hn-®-dn-bp-Ibm-Wv.-
t]-cp-sS-bpw- tNm-Zy-ß-sf- Hm-tcm- {]iv-\-ß-fm-bn-Øn-cn-®n-cn-°p∂p.- k-Xy-Im-a≥-:- Hmw-¶m-c-[ym-\w-sIm-≠v- e-`n-°p-∂- ^-e-sa
A-ß-s\- B-sI- B-dv- {]-iv-\-ß-fm-Wp-≈-Xv.- H-∂mw- {]-iv-\-Øn¬- ¥mWv?-
]-Xn-\m-dpw- c-≠mw- {]-iv-\-Øn¬- ]-Xn-aq-∂pw- aq-∂mw- {]-iv-\-Øn¬- ]n-∏n-em-Z≥-:- `q-an-bn¬- k-º∂
- \
- m-Ip-Ib
- pw- N-{µ-tem-Iw,- kqcy-
]-{¥≠pw- \m-emw- {]-iv-\-Øn¬- ]-Xn-s\m-∂pw- A-©mw- {]-iv-\- temIw,- {_-lv-atem-Iw- F-∂n-h-sb- {]m-]n-°m≥- I-gn-bp-I-bpw- sN
Øn¬- G-gpw- B-dmw- {]-iv-\-Øn¬- F-´pw- hm-Iy-ß-fm-Wp-≈-Xv.- øpw,- Hmw¶m-c-[ym-\w- \-S-Øn-bm-se-∂pw- Hm-tcm- tem-I-sØ-bpw-
tNm-tZym-Ø-c-߃- C-ß-s\- kw-{K-ln-°mw.- {]m-]n-°-W-sa-¶n¬- G-sX-√mw- cq-]Øn¬- Hmw-¶m-c- [ym-\w- \-
I-_-\v[n-:- {]-P-I-sf-√mw- F-ßn-s\-bm-Wp-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv?- SØ-W-sa-∂pw- hn-h-cn-°p-∂p.-
]n-∏n-em-Z≥-:- {]-Pm-]-Xn- X-]- v- sN-bv-X- v- kr-jv-Sn-°v- km-[-\- kp-tI-im-hv-:- tjm V-- -i- I-e-I-fp-≈-h-\m-b- ]p-cp-j≥- F-hn
`q-X-am\b- c-bn-sb-bpw- {]m-W-s\-bpw- AY-hm- h-kv-Xp-sh-bpw- ssN- sS-bmWv- h-kn-°p-∂-Xv?-
X-\y-sØ-bpw- kr-jv-Sn-®p.- A-h-bm-Wv- {]-P-I-sf- kr-jv-Sn-®-Xv.- ]n-∏n-em-Z≥-:- ]-Xn-\m-dv- I-e-I-fp-≈-h-\m-b- ]p-cp-j≥- Cu- ico-
`m¿-K-h≥-:- G-sX-√mw- tZ-h-∑m-cm-Wv- {]-P-sb- \n-e-\n¿-Øp- cØn¬- X-s∂-bm-Wv.-
∂-Xv?- G-Xp-tZ-h-\m-Wv- C-sX-√mw- {]-Im-in-∏n-°p-∂-Xv?- A-h-cn-¬- 5.- ap-Wv-U-tIm-]-\n-j-Øv-:- A-Y¿-t∆-Zo-b-am-Wv- ap-Wv-U-tIm-
G-‰-hpw- t{ijv-T≥- B-cm-Wv?- ]-\nj--Øv.- "£p-c-I≥'- F-∂- A¿-∞w-h-cp-∂- "ap-Wv-U-I'-sa-∂- ]Zw-
]n-∏n-em-Z≥-:- ]-©-`q-Xm-Zn- tZ-h-∑m-cm-Wv- {]-]-©-sØ-bpw- {]- F-ßs - \-bm-Wv- Cu- D-]\- n-jØ
- n-s≥-d- \m-aa
- m-bn-Øo¿-∂s- X-∂v- hyIv-
P-I-sf-bpw- \n-e-\n¿-Øp-∂-Xv.- ]-t©-{µn-b-ß-fm-Wv- tZ-hm-\zn-Xcm- X-a-√.- c-≠v- J-Wv-U-߃- ho-X-ap-≈- aq-∂v- ap-Wv-U-I-ß-fm-Wv- Cu-
bn- F-√mw- {]-Im-in-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.- {]m-W-\m-Wv- t{i-jv-T-tZ-h-X.- D-]\
- n-jØ - n-ep-≈Xv.- H-∂mw- ap-WUv- I
- Ø
- n-se- H-∂mw- J-WU v- Ø
- n¬-
H≥-]-Xpw- c-≠mw- J-Wv-U-Øn¬- ]-Xn-aq-∂p-w- hm-Iy-ß-fpw- c-≠mw-
Iu-k-ey≥-:- F-hn-sS-\n-∂m-Wv- {]m-W-\p-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv?- A-Xv- ap-Wv-U-I-Øn-se- H-∂mw- JWv-U-Øn¬- ]-Øpw- c-≠mw-J-Wv-U-
129 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-
Øn¬- ]-Xn-s\m-∂pw- hm-Iy-ß-fpw- aq∂mw- ap-Wv-U-I-Øn-se- H∂mw-
J-Wv-U-Øn¬- ]-Øpw- c-≠mw- J-Wv-U-Øn¬- ]Xn-s\m-∂pw- hmIy-
ß-fp-am-Wv- A-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.-
k-I-e-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- kr-jv-Sn-I¿-Øm-hpw- kw-c-£-I-\p-am-b-
{_-lv-am-hv- X-s≥-d- aq-Ø- ]p-{X-\m-b- A-Y¿-∆m-hn-\v- D-]-tZ-in-®p-
sIm-Sp-Ø- k¿-∆-hn-Zy-Iƒ-°pw- A-[n-jv-T-m-\-am-b- {_-lv-a-hn-Zy-sb-
Aw-Kn-c- v- iu-\-I-\v- D-]-tZ-in-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-∂-Xm-Wv- ap-Wv-U-tIm-
]-\n-j-Øn-s≥-d- D-≈-S-°w.- AwKn-c- n-s≥-d- D-]-tZ-iw- B-cw-`n-°p-
∂-Xn-ß-s\-bm-Wv.- ""c-≠p-X-cw- hnZy-I-fp-≠v.- H-∂v- A-]cm-hn-Zy- at‰-
Xv- ]-cm-hn-Zy''-.- \m-ev- th-Z-ß-fpw- th-Zmw-K-ß-fpw- tN¿-∂-Xm-Wv- A]-
cm-hn-Zy.- A£-c{- _-lva - s
- Ø- A-dn-bp-∂- hn-Zy-bm-Wv- ]-cm-hn-Zy.- AZr-
iy-hpw- A-{Km-ly-hpw- A-tKm-{X-hpw- A-h¿Æ-hpw- H-s°-bm-b-- BXv-
am-hn-s\- A-dn-bp-∂-Xv- Cu- ]-cm-hn-Zy-bn-eq-sS-bm-Wv.- kI-e-`q-X-ß-
fp-sS-bpw- D¬-∏-Øn-kv-Ym-\-am-b- BX-v-am-hv- \n-Xy-hpw- k-kq-Iv-jv-a-
hp-am-Wv.- F-´p-I-m-en- h-e- \n¿-Ωn-°p-∂-Xp-t]m-se-bm-Wv- A-£-cm-
X-v-am-hv- {]-]-©-sØ- D-≠m-°p-∂-Xv.- ]-c-{_-lv-a-sØ- A-dn-bp-∂≥-
Zpx-J-ßfpw- ]m-]-ß-fp-sa-√mw- X-c-Ww- sN-bv-Xv- A-h-km-\w- ]-c{_-
lv-aw- X-s∂-bm-bn-Øo-cp-∂p.-
h-fsc- {]-kn-≤-ß-fpw- kp-µ-c-ß-fp-am-b- Nn-e- {ip-Xn-hm-Iy-
߃- Cu- D-]-\n-j-Ø-n-ep-≠v.- \-Ωp-sS- tZ-io-b-ap-{Z-bm-b- A-tim-I-
N-{I-Øn-\v- Xm-sg- F-gp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂- ""k-Xy-ta-h- P-b-tX''- (kXyw-
X-s∂- P-bn-°p∂p)- sb-∂- h-N-\w- ap-Wv-U-tIm-]-\n-j-Øn-ep-≈-
Xm-Wv.- ""A-\v-[-∑m-cm¬- \-bn-°-s∏-Sp-∂- A-\-v[-sc-t∏m-se''- (A-\v-
t[-ss\-h- \o-b-am-\m- b-Ym-\v-[m)- F-∂- {]-kn-≤-am-b- D-]-a-bpw-
Cu- D-]-\n-j-Øn-ep-≈-Xm-Wv.-
6.-am-W-vU-yq-tIm-]-\n-j-Øv-:- am-Wv-Uyq-tIm-]-\n-j-Øn¬- tI-
h-ew- ]-{¥-≠v- a-{¥-ß-fm-Wp-≈-Xv.- Z-tim-]-\n-j-Ø-p-Iƒ- ]-Tn-°¬-
{_m-lv-a-W-\v- A-\n-hm-cy-am-sW-∂v- hn-iz-kn-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂-Im-e-Øv,-
A-Y-hm- A-h- ap-gp-h-≥- ]-Tn-°m≥- I-gn-bm-sX-h-s∂-¶n¬- am-Wv-Uyq-
tIm-]-\n-j-sØ-¶nepw- ]-Tn-°¬- \n¿-_-\v-[-am-sW-∂v- \-n-jv-I¿-
jn°s∏-´n-cp-∂p.- Cu- D-]-\n-j-Øn-\v- A-{X-bpw- {]m-[m-\y-ap-≠v.-
"apapIv-jp-°ƒ-°v- ap-Iv-Xn-°m-bn-´v- amWv-Uyq-tIm-]-\n-j-Øp- X-s∂-
ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-߃- 130
a-Xnbm-Ipw-''-1 F-∂m-Wv- {io-cm-a≥- l\p-am-s\- D-]-tZ-in-°p-∂-Xv.-
{]-]-©w- ap-gp-h-\pw- Hmw-Im-c-kz-cq-]-am-b- A-£-c-hpw- {_-lv-
a-hp-am-sW-∂v- ]-d-™p-sIm-≠m-W-v Cu- D-]-\n-j-Øv- B-cw-`n-°p-
∂-Xv.- {_-lv-a-Øn¬-\n-∂pw- `n-∂-a-√m-Ø- B-Xv-am-hv- hn-iz≥,- ssX-
P-k-≥,- {]mPv-R≥,- Xp-co-b≥- F-∂o- \m-ev- ]m-Z-ß-tfm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bp-≈-
Xm-Wv.- Cu- \m-ev- A-h-kv-Y-sb-°p-dn-®- hn-h-c-W-am-Wv- Cu- D-]\n-
j-Øn-s≥-d- D-≈-S-°w.- am-Wv-Uq-Iy-am-Wv- th-Zm-¥-Z¿-i-\-Øn-s≥-d-
A-kv-Xn-hm-c-an-´- D-]-\n-j-Øv.- am-Wv-Uq-Iy-Øn-\v- Ku-U-]m-Zm-Nm-cy¿-
c-Nn-®- hym-Jym-\-{K-\v-Y-am-Wv- Ku-U-]-Z-ImcnI.- Cu- Im-cn-I-bm-Wv-
th-Zm-¥-Z¿-i-\-Øn-\v- A-Sn-Ø-d-]-Wn-X-Xv.- D-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ-°v- `m-
jy-sa-gp-Xn-b- i-¶-cm-Nm-cy¿- am-Wv-Uq-I-Øn-t\m-sSm∏-w- Ku-U-]-Z-
Im-cn-I-°pw- hym-Jym-\-sa-gp-Xn-bn-´p-≠v.- Ku-U-]m-Z-Im-cn-I- D-]-\n-
j-Zv- k-am-\-am-sW-∂m-Wv- A-ssZz-Xn-Iƒ- hn-iz-kn-°p-∂-Xv.-
7.- ssX-Øn-co-tbm-]-\n-j-Øv-:- Ir-jv-Wb-Pp¿-th-Zo-b-am-Wv-
ssX Øn-co-tbm-]-\n-j-Øv.- Xn-Øn-cn-sb-∂- a-l¿-jn-bp-sS- t]cn¬-
\n-∂m-Wv- ssX-Øn-co-b-sa-∂- \m-a-Øn-s≥-d- D¬-]-Øn-sb-∂m-Wv-
`q-cn-]-£- a-Xw.- B-sI aq-∂v- h-√-n-I-fm-Wv- C-Xn-ep-≈-Xv.- H-∂mw
h√n-°v- in-£m-h-en-sb-∂pw- c-≠mw-h-√n-°v- {_-lv-am-\-µ- h-√n-sb-
∂pw- aq-∂mw-h-√n-°v- `r-Kp-h-√n-sb-∂p-am-Wv- t]-cv.- Hm-tc-h-√n-sb-bpw-
A-\p-hm-I-ß-fm-bn- Xn-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.- in£m-h-√n-bn¬- ]-{¥≠-v-
A-\p--hm-I-ß-fpw- {_-lv-am-\-µ-h-√n-bn¬- H≥]-Xv- A-\phm-I-ß-fpw-
`-rKp-h-√n-bn¬- ]-Øv- A-\p-hm-I-ß-fpam-Wp-≈-Xv.-
B-Nm-cy≥- A-t¥-hm-kn-bm-b- in-jy-t\m-Sv- sN-øp-∂- D-]-tZ-
i-ßfpw- hn-hn-[- X-cw- D-]m-k-\-I-f-°p-dn-®- hn-h-c-W-ß-fp-am-Wv-
in-£m-h-√n-bp-sS- D-≈-S-°w.- A-Ω-sb-bpw- A-Nv-O-s\-bpw- A-Xn-
Yn-sb-bpw- tZ-h-∑m-cm-bn- Im-W-W-sa-∂- {]-kn-≤-am-b- D-]-tZ-iw-
C-Xn-ep-≈-Xm-Wv.- kw-ln-tXm-]m-k-\,- ]mw-Iv-tXm-]m-k-\,- Hmw-Im-
tcm-]m-k-\- F-∂o- {]-kn-≤- D-]m-k-\m- k-{º-Zm-b-ß-fpw- hn-h-cn-
°-s∏-´n-cn-°-p-∂-Xv- in-£m-h-√n-bn-em-Wv.- A-∂-abw,- {]m-W-a-bw,-
at\m-a-bw,- hn-Pv-Rm-\-a-bw,- B-\-µ-a-bw- F-∂o- ]-©-tIm-i-ß-sf-
°p-dn-®- {]-Xn-]m--Z-\-hpw- {_-lv-a-{]m-]v-Xn-bm-Wv- tam-£-sa-∂-
1.- am-Wv-UyqIy-ta-I- ta-hm-ew- ap-ap-Iv-jq-Wmw- hn-ap-Iv-Xn-tb--˛ap-Iv-Xn-tIm-]-\n-jØ-v- 1:-26.-
131 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-
kvYm]\-hp-am-Wv- {_lv-am-\-µ-h-√n-bp-sS- D-≈-S-°w.- ]n-Xm-hm-b-
h-cp-W-s≥-d- A-Sp-°¬-sN-∂p-≈- `r-Kp-hn-s≥-d- {_-lv-a-hn-Zy- D-]-tZ-
in- ° m≥- t h- ≠ n- b p- ≈ - A- ` y¿- ∞ - \ - b p- s S- A- S n- k v Y m- \ - Ø - n ¬-
hcpW≥- \-S-Øp-∂- {_lv-a-hn-tZym-]t-Z-i-am-Wv- `r-Kp-h-√n-bn-se-
{]-[m-\- hn-j-bw.- k-I-e-N-cm-N-c-ß-fp-sS-bpw- D¬-∏-Øn-°pw- \n-e-
\n¬-∏n-\pw- \m-i-Øn-\pw- Im-c-W-am-b-XmWv- {_-lv-a-sa-∂m-Wv- hcp-
tWm-]-tZ-i-Øn-s≥-d- Im-X¬.-
ssX-Øn-co-tbm-]-\n-j-Øn-eq-sS- I-S-∂p-t]m-Ip-tºmƒ- G-sX-
¶n-epw- H-cp- {]-tXy-I- kn-≤m-¥-Øn-s≥-d- kv-Ym-]-\-a-√- {]-Xyp-X,-
hy-Xy-kv-X- kn≤m-¥-ß-fp-sS- k¶e\amWv ImWm≥ Ignbp∂Xv.
kXyk\v[ambn \ncq]Ww \SØnbhsc√mw Cu hkvXpX
Nq≠n°mWn®n´p≠v . `mcXhnPv R m\tImiw FgpXp∂p:
""GsX¶nepw Hcp kn≤m¥a√, hnhn[ kn≤m¥ßfpsS i-I-e-
ß- f m- W v - D- ] - \ n- j - Ø p- I - f n¬- {]- X n- ] m- Z n- ° - s ∏- S p- ∂ - s X∂-
bmYm¿∞yw- ssXØn-co-bw- sh-fn-s]-Sp-Øp-∂p''-1.-
8.- sF-X-tc-tbm-]-\n-j-Øv-:- E-tKz-Zo-b-am-Wv- Cu- D-]\n-j-
Øv.- A{_m-lv-a-W-\m-b- sF-X-tc-b-\m-W-t{X- Cu- D-]-\n-j-Øn-
s≥-d- I¿-Ømhv.- aq-∂v- A≤ym-b-ß-fn-em-bn- B-dv- J-Wv-U-ß-fm-Wv-
B-sI- C-Xn-ep-≈-Xv.- ap∏-Øn-aq-∂v- hm-Iy-ß-fp-≈- Cu- D-]-\n-jØv-
Xm-c-X-tay-\- sN-dn-b- D]\n-j-Øp-I-fn-sem-∂m-Wv.-
D-]-\n-jØ-v- F-∂- ]-Z-Øn-\v- B-Xv-a-hn-Zy- F-∂m-Wv- A¿-∞-
sa-¶n¬- b-Ym¿-∞-Øn-ep-≈- D-]-\n-j-Øv- sF-X-tc-b-am-sW-∂v- ]d-
bm≥- I-gn-bpsa∂mWv ]WvUnXm`n{]mbw.- ""{]-]-©w- D-≠m-Ip-
∂-Xn-\p-ap-ºv- B-Xv-am-hv- am-{X-sa- D-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈q-''-2 F-∂v- ]-d-
™p-sIm-≠m-Wv- Cu- D-]-\n-j-Øv- Xp-S-ßp-∂-Xv- X-s∂.- tem-I-ß-
fp-sS-bpw- tem-I-]m-e-I-∑m-cp-sS-bpw- kr-jv-Sn-bm-Wv- {]-Y-am≤ym-b-
Ønse- B-Zy-J-Wv-U-Øn-se- {]-Xn-]m-Zy-w.- tZ-h-∑m-cp-sS- ]p-cp-j-i-
co-c-Øn-te-°p≈- k-∂n-th-i-am-Wv- CtX- A-≤ym-b-Øn-se-X-s∂-
Zzn-Xo-b- J-Wv-U-Øn-se- hn-j-bw.- {]-Y-am-≤-ym-b-Øn-se- Xr-Xo-bJ-
WvU - Ø- n¬- A-∂Ø - n-s≥-d- krj-Sv- n-bm-Wv- hn-hc
- n-°s
- ∏-´n-cn-°p∂Xv.-
1.- `m-c-X- hn-Pv-Rm-\-tIm-iw- hm-eyw- 2 t]-Pv-:-89.-
2.- B-Xv-am-hm- C-Z-ta-I- G-hm-{K- B-ko-Xv-˛ sF-X-tc-bw- 1:-1
ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-߃- 132
K¿-`-kv-Y-in-ip-hpw- am-Xm-hpw- X-Ωn-ep-≈- _-\v-[-hpw- ]p-\¿-
P-∑-kn-≤m-¥-hp-am-Wv- c-≠mw- A-≤ym-b-Øn-se- G-I-J-Wv-U-Øn¬-
hn-iZ- o-Ic
- n-®n-cn-°p-∂X
- v.- ]-ca
- m-Xva
- m-hm-Wv- D-]m-ky-tZ-hs
- \-∂v- kvYm-
]n-°p-I-bm--Wv- aq-∂mw- A-≤ym-b-Øn-se- G-I-J-Wv-U-Øn-eq-sS- sN-
øp-∂-Xv.-
9.- Om-tµm-tKym-]-\n-j-Øv-:- km-a-th-Zo-b-am-Wv- Om-tµm-tKym-
]-\n-jØv.- km-am-\yw- Zo¿-L-am-b- D-]-\n-j-Øm-Wn-Xv.- F-´v- A≤ym-
b-ß-fn-embn- B-sI- \q-‰n-b≥]-Øn-\m-ev- J-Wv-U-ß-fm-Wv- Om-
tµm-Ky-Øn-ep-≈Xv.- kw-hm-Z-cq-]-Øn-em-Wv- an-°- J-Wv-U-ß-fp-ap-
≈-Xv.- B-Nm-cy-\pw- in-jy\pw- X-Ωn-epw- hn-hn-[- B-Nm-c-y-∑m¿- XΩn-
epw- kw-hm-Z-߃- \-S-°p-∂p.- D-j-kv-Xn,- ssc-Iz≥,- Pm-X-{ip-Xn,-
Ku-X-a≥,- k-Xy-Im-a≥,- D-]-tIm-k-e≥,- {]hm-l-W≥,- D-±m-e-I-≥,-
tiz-Xt- I-Xp,- A-iz-]X
- n,- H-u]
- a
- \
- yp,- k-\m-XI
v- p-am-c≥,- \m-cZ- ≥,- {]Pm-
]-Xn,- C-{µ≥,- hn-tcm-N-\≥- F-∂n-ß-s\- hy-Xy-kv-X- hyIv-Xn-I-sf-
°p-dn-®- ]-cm-a¿-i-߃- D-≠v- Cu- D-]-\n-j-Øn¬.-
H-´-\-h-[n- hn-j-b-߃- {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°-s∏-´- _r-l-Øm-b- H-cp-
D-]-\n-j-Øm-Wv- Om-tµm-tKym-]-\n-j-Ø-v.- {]-Pm-]-Xn-bp-sS- ]p-{X∑m-
cm-b- tZ-hm-kp-c-∑m-cp-sS- bp-≤-hpw- D-]m-k-\-I-fpw- b-Pv-R-bm-Km-Zn-
I¿-Ω-Im-Wv-Uß-fn¬- k-a¿-∞-\m-bn-cp-∂- D-j-kv-Xn-bp-sS- {]-kn≤-
am-b- I-Y-bp-sa-√mw- H∂mw- A-≤ym-bØ-n-ep-≠v.- "]-´n-I-fp-sS- bm-K-
Øn-s≥-d- I-Y'-bpw- H-∂mw- A-≤ym-b-Ø-n-em-Wp-≈-Xv.- D-]m-k-\-Isf-
°p-dn-®- hn-i-Z-am-b- hn-h-cW--ß-fm-Wv- c-≠m- A-≤ym-b-Øn-se- D≈-
S-°w.- aq-∂mw- A-≤ym-b-Øn¬- B-Zn-tXym-]m-k-\-I-sf-°p-dn-®m-Wv-
{][-m-\-am-bpw- {]-Xn-]m-Zn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.- Zm-\-io-e-\m-b- P-\-{ip-Xn-
bp-sS- I-Y-sIm-≠v- Xp-S-ßp-∂- \m-emw- A≤ym-b-Øn¬- {_-lv-a-hn-
Zy-sb-bpw- A-Kv-\n-hn-Zy-sb-bpw-Ip-dn-®- {]-kv-Xm-h-\-I-fpw- a-‰v- tZhkv-
Xp-Xn-a-{¥-ß-fpw- A-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.- A-©mw- A-≤ym-b-Øn-se-
{][m\- hn-j-bw- A-Kv-\n- D-]m-k-\-bm-Wv.- C-Xn-se- B-dmw- A≤ym-
bw- thZm-¥n-Iƒ-°v- G-‰-hpw- {]-[m-\-s∏-´-Xm-Wv.- th-Zm-¥- Z¿-i-\-
Øn-s≥-d- A-Sn-Ø-d-bm-b- "X-Øz-a-kn'1 F-∂- hm-Iyw- {]-k-vXm-hn®n-
´p-≈X- v- Cu- D-]\
- n-jØ
- n-em-Wv.- Cu- A-≤ym-bØ - n¬- H≥-]X - v- XhW-
1.- A-Xv- \o-bm-Ip-∂p.-
133 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-
""X-Øzw- A-kn''- F-∂v- Bh¿-Øn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.- D-±m-e-I-s≥-d- tiz-
X-tI-Xp-hn-t\m-Sp-≈- D-]tZ-i-am-Wv- Cu- A-≤ym-b-Øn-ep-≈-Xv.- k-
\-X-vIp-am-c˛- \m-c-Z-kw-hm-Z-am-Wv- G-gmw- A-≤ym-b-Øn-se- hn-j-bw.-
th-Z-ß-fn-epw- im-kv-{X-ß-fn-epw- ]m-Wv-Un-Xy-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂- \m-cZ\v-
im-¥n- e-`n-°p-∂n-√.- A-ßn-s\- BX-v-a-Pv-Rm-\w- tX-Sn-s°m≠v- Zpx-
J-ß-fn¬-\n-∂pw- ap-Iv-X-am-Im\p-≈- am¿-§-߃- A-t\z-jn-°p-I-bm-
Wv- \m-c-Z≥.- ]-c-tem-I-sØ-bpw- ]p-\¿-P-∑-sØ-bpw- Ip-dn-®- hn-h-c-
W-ß-fm-Wv- F´-mw- A-≤-ym-b-Øn¬- {]-[m-\-am-bpw- D-≈-Xv.-
10.- _r-l-Zm-c-Wy-tIm-]-\n-j-Øv-:- b-Pp¿-th-Zo-b-am-Wv- _rl-
Zm-c-Wy-tIm-]-\n-j-Øv.- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- D-]-\n-j-Øm-b- C-Xn¬-
B-sI- B-dv- A-≤ym-b-ß-fm-Wp-≈-Xv.- Hm-tcm- A-≤-ym-b-ß-sf-bpw-
{_m-lv-a-W-ß-fm-bn- Xn-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.- H-∂pw- c-≠pw- A-≤ym-b-ß
fn¬- B-dv- ho-X-hpw- aq-∂mw- A-≤-ym-b-Øn¬- H≥-]-Xpw- \m-emw-
A≤ym-bØ - n¬- B-dpw- A-©mw- A≤ym-bØ - n¬- ]-Xn-\©- pw- Bdmw-
A-≤-ym-b-Øn¬- A-©pw- {_-m-l-va-W-ß-fm-Wp-≈Xv.-
bm-Km-i-z-sØ-°p-dn-®- h¿-Æ-\-I-fpw- {]-Pm-]-Xn-bp-sS- ]p-{X-
∑m-cmb- tZ-h-∑m-cpw- A-kp-c-∑m-cpw- X-Ωn-ep-≈- bp-≤-Øn-s≥-d- hnh-
c-Wh - p-am-Wv- H-∂mw- A≤ym-bØ - n-s≥-d- D-≈S- ° - w.- Km¿-Ky-\pw- APm-
X-i-{Xp-hpw- X-Ωnepw- bm-Pv-R-h¬-Iy-\pw- k-z-`m-cy-bm-b- ssa-t{Xbn-
bpw- X-Ωn-epap-≈- k-whm-Zß - f
- n-eq-sS- {_-lva- P
- vR
- m-\Ø- n-s≥-d- Npcp-
fp-Iƒ- A-gn-°s - ∏-Sp-Ib
- m-Wv- c-≠mw- A-≤ym-bØ - n¬.- aq-∂pw- \mepw-
A-≤ym-b-ß-fn¬- P-\-I- a-lm-cm-Pm-hn-s≥-d- b-Pv-R-ß-sf-bpw- At±-
lw- \¬-Ip-∂- Zm-\ß -- -sf-bpw- I-p-dn-®m-Wv- {]-X-n-]m-Zn-°-s∏--Sp-∂-Xv.-
{]-Pm-]-Xn- ]p{X-∑m-cm-b- tZ-hm-kp-c-∑-m-cpw- a\p-jy-cpw- {_-lv-a-Ncyw-
B-N-cn-®p-sIm-≠v- {_-lv-tam-]-tZ-iw- X-c-W-sa-∂v- Bh-iy-s∏-´-Xn-
s≥-d- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-Øn¬- A-t±-lw- \¬-In-b- "Z'- F-∂- D-]-tZ-isØ-
°p-dn-®- N¿-®-bpw- hn-hn-[- D-]m-k-\m-k-{º-Zmb--ß-sf-°p-dn-®- hn-h
c-W-hp-am-Wv- A-©mw- A-≤ym-b-Øn-se- D-≈-S-°w.- {]m-W-s≥-d- D¬-
Ir-jv-S-X-bpw- tiz-X-tI-Xp-hn-s≥-d-bpw {]-hm-l-W-s≥-d-bpw- kw-hmZ-
hpw- ]-©m-lv-\n- hn-Zy-sb-°p-dn-®- hn-h-c-W-hp-am-Wv- B-dmw- A-≤ym-
b-Øn-ep-≈-Xv.-
D-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ- {_-lv-a-Pv-Rm-\-sØ-°p-dn-®- A-t\z-j-
ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-߃- 134
WamWv- shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv.- G-I-hpw- A-Zzn-Xo-b-hp-am-b- ]-c-{_-
lv-a-sØ-°p-dn-®v,- X-e-ap-d-I-fn¬-\n-∂pw- ssI-am-dn- e-`n-®- `m-c-Xo-b-
a-\- n-s≥-d- D-]-t_m-[- a\-kn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂- Nn-¥-bm-Wv- D-]-\n-
jØp-I-fp-sS- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\w.- AKm-[-am-b- X-Xzm-t\z-j-W-Øns≥d-
]m-X-bm-Wv- D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn-eq-sS- Z¿-i-\o-`-hn-°p-∂-Xv.- ssZ-hn-I-
t_m-[-\-ß-fn¬- \n-∂p-≈- hn-izm-k-ß-fp-sS- iIe-߃- D-]-\n-j-
Øp-I-fn¬- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bp-sa-¶n-epw- im-iz-X- k-Xy-sØ-°-p-dn-®-
hyIv-X-hpw- kv-J-en-X-c-ln-X-hp-am-b- Nn-{Xw- A-h-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-X-n¬-
Ch- ]-cm-P-b-s∏-SpI-bm-Wv- sN-øp-∂-Xv-.- D-]-\n-j-Øv- c-N-\m-Im-e-
Øp-≠m-bn-cp-∂- A-\v-[hnizm-k-ß-fp-sS-bpw- ssZ-hn-I-t_m-[-\-ß-
fn¬-\n∂v- e-`n-®v- X-e-ap-d-I-fn-eq-sS- ssI-am-dn-sb-Øn-b- G-I-ssZ-h-
hn-izm-k-Øn-s≥-d-bpw,- kv-Y-e-Im-e-߃-°-Xo-X-\-m-b- ssZ-hn-Im-kv-
Xn-XzØn-s≥-d- s]m-cp-fp-tX-Sn-bp-≈- hy¿-∞-am-b- A-t\z-j-W-Øn-
s≥d-bpw- k-¶-e-\-amWv- D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn¬- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bp-∂Xv.-
D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn-eq-sS- sX-fn-™p-h-cp-∂- k-Xym-t\z-j-W-
Xrjv-W- Xo¿-®-bm-bpw- hn-e-a-Xn-°-s∏-tS-≠-Xm-Wv.- A-Xn-se- XXz-
hn-Nm-c- kw-hm-Z-߃ H-cp- ]-cn[n-h-sc- A-\p-k-cn-°-s∏-tS-≠-h-bp
am-Wv.- ]t£,- ssZ-hn-I-t_m-[-\-Øn-s≥-d- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-Øn-e-√m-
sX-bp-≈,- ssZ-hn-I-m-kv-Xn-XzØn-s≥-d- A¿-∞-a-dn-bm-\p-≈- A-t\z-
j-Ww- a-\p-jy-sc- hy-Iv-X-hpw- k-Xy-k-\v-[-hp-am-b- \n-K-a-\-Øn-se-
Øn-°p-I-bn-s√-∂m-Wv- D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn-se- {_lv-a-Pv-Rm-\-sØ-
°p-dn-®- ]-ck
- ]v- c
- h
- ncp-≤ß
- f
- m-b- N¿-®I
- ƒ- hy-IX
v- a
- m-°p-∂X
- v.- ""Jp¿-
B≥,- ss_-_nƒ,- Xu-dm-Øv- F-∂n-h- k-{i-≤w- ]-Tn-®n-´pw- i-an-
°m-Ø- B-[ym-Xv-an-I- Pv-Rm\-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bp-≈- Zm-lw- i-an-∏n
°m≥- D-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ-°m-Wv- I-gn-™-Xv''- F-∂- Zm-dm-jp-°v-hm1bp-
sS- {]-kv-Xmh\- ]-e-t∏mgpw- D-≤-cn-°-s∏-S-m-dp-≠v.- \q-‰n-sb-´v- D-]\n-
j-Øp-I-fp-sSbpw- km-cw- H-cp- {]m-h-iy-sa-¶n-epw- hm-bn-°p-hm-\pw-
Z-tim-]-\n-j-Øp-I-sf-°p-dn-®v- A¬-]w- hn-i-Z-am-bn-X-s∂- ]-Tn-°p-
hm-\pw- A-h-k-cw- e-`n-®- hy-Iv-Xn-bm-Wv- Cu- te-J-I-≥.- Cu-bp-≈-
h-s≥-d- hn-\o-X-am-b- A-`n-{]m-b-Øn¬- Cu- ]-cm-a¿-i-w- A-¬]w- I-
S-∂- I-øm-Wv.- hn-ip-≤- Jp¿-B-\n-se- G-‰-hpw- sN-dn-b- kq-d-Øp-I-
1 ap-Kƒ- N-{I-h¿-Øn-bm-bn-cp-∂- jm-P-lm-s≥-d- aq-Ø- ]p-{X≥.-
135 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- 136

fn-sem-∂m-b- kq-d-Øp¬- C-Jv-em-kn-\v- X-Øp-√y-am-bn,- ssZ-hm-kv-

Xn-Xz-sØ-°p-dn-®- hy-Iv-X-hpw- kw-i-b-c-ln-X-hp-am-b- [m-c-W-bp-≠m-
°p-∂- H-cp- kq-Iv-X-sa-¶n-epw-- D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn-en-√.- ssZ-hm-kv-Xn-
XzØn-s≥-d- k-Ø-sb-°p-dn-®v- kv-Y-e-Im-e-_-\v-[-\-Øn-ep-≈- a-\p-
jy-a-kv-Xn-jv-I-Øn-\v- a-\- n-em°m≥- I-gn-bn-√.- ssZ-hn-I-t_m-[-
\ß-fn-eq-sS- e-`y- a
- mIp ∂- A-dn-hp-am-{X-sa- X-Zvh
- n-jb- I- a
- m-bn- kzoI-
cn-°m≥- I-gn-bq.- Jp¿-B\ - n-s≥-db
- pw- D-]\
- n-jØ
- p-If - p-sS-bpw- hyXym-
kw- C-hn-sS-bm-Wv- {]-I-S-am-Ip-∂-Xv.- H-∂v- ssZ-h-Øn-¶¬- \n-∂pw-
t\-cn-´p-≈- sh-fn-]m-Sm-sW-¶n¬- a-t‰-Xv- a-\p-jy-cp-sS- [n-jW - - \SØp-
∂- A-t\z-j-Ww- am-{X-am-Wv.- A-Xn-\v- ]-cn-an-Xn-I-fp-≠m-hp-I- kzm`m-
hn-I-hp-am-Wv.-
3
th-Zmw-K-߃-
B-sd-Æ-am-Wv- th-Zmw-K-߃.- th-Z-߃- i-co-c-am-sW-¶n¬-
A-Xns‚- A-h-b-h-am-W-s{X- thZmw-K-߃.- th-Z-]-T-\-Øn-\v-
thZmwK- ]-T-\w- AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-sW-∂m-Wv- \n-b-aw.- th-Zmw-
K-߃- Zp¿-√-`-hpw- Zm¿-i-\-n-I- {]-[m-\-hp-a-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬- A-h-sb-
°p-dn-®- A-h-Km-V-am-b- ]-T-\-Øn-\v- Cu- te-J-I≥- ap-Xn¿-∂n-´n-√.-
F-¶nepw- ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-ß-fn¬- {]-[m-\-s∏-´-Xm-b- th-Z-ß-fp-
ambn- _-\v-[ s∏-´-Xm-I-bm¬- G-I-tZ-i-am-b- hn-h-cWw- B-h-iy-am-
sW-∂v- tXm∂p-∂p.- in-£,- I¬-∏w,- hym-I-c-W-w,- \n-cp-Iv-X-w,- tPym-
Xnjw,- O-µ- v-F-∂n-h-bm-Wv- th-Zmw-K-߃.-
th-Z-߃- F-ßn-s\- sNm-√-Ww- F-∂v- ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂- th-ZmwK-
amWv- in-£.- Hm-tcm- th-Z-Øn-\pw- A-Xn-t≥-d-Xm-b- D-®m-c-W- co-Xn-
I-fpw- in-£I- f
- p-ap-≠v.- Hm-tcm- A-£c
- h
- pw- H-‰°
- pw- Iq-´m-bpw- D®cn°-
s∏-Sp-tºmƒ- izm-k-K-Xn- F-ßn-s\-bm-I-W-sa-∂pw- i-_v-tZm¬-∏-
Øn-°r-- Im-c-W-am-b- hm-bp-{]-hm-lw- F-ßn-s\- \n-b-{¥n-°Wsa
∂pw- in-£-Iƒ- hn-i-Z-am-bn- {]Xn-]-m-Zn-°p-∂p.- bm-Pv-R-hm¬-°v-
in-£,- hm-kn-jv-To- in-£,- Im-Xym-b-\o- in-£,- ]-cm-i-co-in-£,-
137 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-߃- 138

\m-c-Zo- in-£,- iu-\-Io-b- in-£,- Ku-X-ao- in£,- ]m-Wn-\o-b- fmWv- B-[n-Im-cn-I-am-b- O-µ- v.-
in£- F-∂n-h-bm-Wv- {]-[m-\- in-£-Iƒ.- th-ZmwK-߃- Ign-™m¬- th-Z-ß-fp-am-bn- _-\v-[-s∏-´- a-‰v-
b-mK- ß
- f
- p-sS-bpw- b-PvR
- ß- f - p-sS-bpw- a-‰pw- \-SØ - n-∏n¬- Zo£n- {K-\v-Y-ß-fm-Wv- D-]-th-Z-߃.- B-bp¿-t∆-Zw,- [-\p¿-t∆-Zw- F-∂n-h-
t°≠- B-Nm-c-{I-a-߃- hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂- th-Zmw-K-am-Wv- I¬-∏w.- {]-kn-≤-ß-fWv.- Hm-tcm-tcm- th-Zhp-am-bn- _-\v-[-s∏-´- D-]-th-Z-ß-
kq{X-cq-]-Øn-ep-≈- I¬-∏-߃- th-Zmw-K-ß-fn¬- kp-{]-[m-\-am-Wv.- sf-°p-dn-®v- A-Xm-Xv- th-Z-kw-ln-X-I-sf-°p-dn-®v- ]-d-™n-S-Øv- {]-Xn-
I¬-∏k - q{X-ßs - f,- {iu-Xk
- q-{Xw,- Kr-ly-kq-{Xw,- [¿-Ωk - q-{Xw,- ip¬- ]m-Zn-®n-´p-≠v.-
_-kq-{Xw- F-∂n-ß-s\- \m-em-bn- Xcw-Xn-cn-®n-°p-∂p.- imw-Jm-b\-
I¬-∏-kq-{Xw,- A-iz-emb\ -I¬-∏-kq-Xw- F-∂n-h- E-tKz-Z-Øn-s≥-d-
bpw- B¿-tj-b- I¬-∏-kq{Xw,- em-Xym-b-\- {iu-X-kq-{Xw,- {Zm-lym-
b-W-kq-{Xw- F-∂n-h- km-a-th-Z-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- B-]-kv-Xw-_w,- _u-
≤m-b\- w,- k-Xym-jm-Vw,- ln-cW - y-tI-in,- am-\h - w- ,- `m-cZ- zm-Pw- F∂nh-
bPp¿-th-Z-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- ssh-Xm-\-kq-{Xw,- Iu-in-I-kq-{Xw- F∂nh-
A-Y¿-∆-th-Z-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- I-¬]kq{X{K-\v-Y-ß-fm-Wv-
th-Zß-sf-°p-dn-®v- a-\- n-em-°-W-sa-¶n¬- hym-I-c-Ww- ]Tn
°¬- A-\n-hm-c-y-am-Wv.- A-Sn-kvYm-\- `m-jm-kz-\-߃,- kz-\-]-cn-
Wm-aw,- ]-Z-\n-jv-]-Øn,- \m-aw,- {In-b,- hn-ti-j-Ww,- hn-`-Iv-Xn,- enwKw,-
h-N-\w,- {In-bm-cq-]-߃,- ]-cym-b- i-_v-Z- hn-Pv-Rm-\w- F-∂n-h-bm-
Wv- h-ym-I-c-W-Øn¬-\n∂v- e-`n-°p-∂-Xv.- ]m-Wn-\n-bp-sS- A-j-vSm-
[ym-bn-bm-Wv- hym-I-c-W- {K-\v-Y-ßfn¬- G-‰-hpw- ]-g-b-Xv.- ]-X-Rv-P-
en-bp-sS- a-lm-`m-jy-am-Wv- a-s‰m-cp- {]-[m-\- hymIc-W- {K-\v-Yw.-
ssh-Zn-I-i-_v-Z-ß-fm-Wv- \n-cp-Iv-X-ß-fn¬- k-am-l-cn-°-s∏-´n-
cn-°p∂-Xv.- bm-kI
v- s
- ≥-d- \n-cp-IX
v- a
- m-Wv- C-∂v- e-`n-°p-∂X
- n¬- G‰hpw-
]u-cm-WnIw.-
{K-l\
- n-eI- f
- pw- kqcy-N{- µ-kvYm-\ß
- f
- pw- ap-lq¿-Ø- k-ab
- ß-
fpw- t\m-°n- b-Pv-R-bm-Km-Zn- I¿-Ω-ß-fpw- a-‰pw- sN-øm≥- k-lm-bn
°p-∂- thZmw-K-am-Wv- tPym-Xn-jw.- G-‰-hpw- ]u-cm-Wn-I-am-b- tP-ym-
Xn-j-{K-\v-Y-am-b- tPymXn-j- th-Zmw-K-Øn¬- E-tKz-Z-Øn-se- ap-∏Øn-
bm-dv- t«m-Iß- f- pw- bPp¿-th-ZØ- n-se- \m¬-]Ø - n-aq-∂v- t«m-Iß
- fpw-
A-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
th-Z-kq-Iv-X-ß-fn¬- {]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p-∂- hr-Ø-ß-sf-°p-
dn®mWv- O-µ- v- {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-Xv.- ]nw-K-f-s≥-d- O-µ-kq-{X-ß-
139
6 F-∂m¬,- th-Z-߃-s°m-∏w- {]-[m-\-sa-∂v- {]-Xn-]-m-Zn-°-s∏´-
]p-cm-W-߃-
th-Z-hpw- th-Z-hp-am-bn- _-\v-[-s∏-´- {K-\v-Y-ß-fpw- {]-Zm-\w-
sNøp∂- B-i-b-߃- km-[m-c-W-°m¿-°v- a-\- n-e-m-Ip-∂- cq-]-
Øn¬- B-hn-jv-°-cn-®-Xm-Wv- ]p-cm-W-߃.- th-tZm-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ-
t]m-se-X-s∂- ssl-µ-h- AS-n-kv-Ym-\- {K-\v-Y-ß-fn¬-s∏-´-Xm-Wv-
]pcmW-߃.- Zp¿-{K-l-am-b- th-Z-X-Øz-߃-°v- k-c-f-am-b- I-Y-\-
ß-fn-eq-sS- hym-Jym-\w- \-SØ-p-I-bm-Wv- ]pcm-W-߃- sN-øp-∂-Xv.-
]p-cm-W-sa-∂- ]-Z-Øn-\¿∞w- ]-g-b-Xv- F-∂mWv.- hn-izm-km-Nm-c
ß-fpw- N-cn-{X-I-Y-\-ß-fpw- C-S-I-e¿-Øn-∏-d-bp-∂- ]-g-b- {K\v-Y-ß-
fm-Wv- km-t¶-Xn-I-am-bn- ]p-cm-W-߃.- th-Z-{]-Xn-]m-Zn-X-am-b-
IYIfpsS- hn-kv-Xr-X- cq-]-Øn-\v- ]p-d-sa- Nn-e- `m-hn-{]-h-N-\-ßfpw-
]pcm-W-ß-fn-ep-≠v.-
th-Z-ß-fpw- D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fpw- a-‰pw- ]p-cm-W-ß-sf- k-Xy-km-
£y-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xm-bn- Im-Wmw.- ""bPv-R-Øn-s≥-d- ^ -- e-am-bn- th-Z-
ß-tfm-sSm∏w- D-≠m-b-Xm-Wv- C-Xn-lm-k-hpw- ]p-cm-W-hp-sa-∂m-Wv''1
A-Y-¿-h-th-Zw- ]-dbp∂-Xv.- C-Xn-lm-k- ]p-cm-W-߃- th-Zw- X-s∂-
bm-sW-∂m-Wv2- i-X] - Y
- {- _m-lva
- W
- w- ]-db
- p-∂X
- v.- A-©m-as - Ø- thZ-
1.- E-N-km-am-\n-O-µmw-kn- ]p-cm-Ww- b-Pp-jm-h-lv-˛A-Y¿-∆- th-Zw- 15:-6:-4
2.- ]p-cm-Ww- th-Zx- tkm- f- b-an-Xn-˛i-X-]-Y{_m-lv-a-Ww,- 13˛4˛13.-
ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-߃- 140
am-Wv- ]p-cm-Ws- a-∂m-W1v- O-tµmtKym-]\ - n-jØ
- n-s≥-d- ]-£w.- _rl-
Zm-c-Wy-tIm-]-\n-j-Xv-`m-jy-Øn¬- "{io i-¶-c- `-Kv-h-Zv-]m-Z-¿'- ]dbp-
∂p.- ""\-\-™- hn-d-In¬- Xo-]nSn-®m¬- A-hn-S-hn-sS-bm-bn- ]-p-I-™p-
sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂- am-Xn-cn- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hn-s≥-d- \n-izm-k-Øn¬-\n-∂v-
E-tKz-Zw,- b-Pp¿-th-Zw,- km-a-th-Zw,- A-Y¿-∆mw-Kn-c- v,- C-Xnlm-kw,-
]p-cm-Ww,- hn-Zy,- D-]-\n-j-Øv,- t«m-Iw,- kq-{Xw,- hym-Jym-t\m-]mJym-
\-߃- F-∂n-h- D¬-∏-∂-am-bn.- C-h-sb-√mw- A-Xn-s≥-d- \n-izm-k-
amWv''2.-
]pcm-W-߃- A-kzo-Im-cy-am-sW-∂pw- ]p-cm-W- I-Y-Iƒ- km-¶¬-
∏n-Iw- am-{X-am-sW-∂p-am-Wv- B-[p-\n-I-cm-b- Nn-e- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-
cpsS- ]-£w.- {io.- Fkv.- Kp-]v-X≥- \m-b¿- F-gp-Xp-∂p-:- "th-Zm¿-∞w-
h-f-s®m-Sn-®v- \-Ωp-sS- ]q¿-∆nI¿- ]m-a-c-∑m¿-°v- \¬-In-b- k-¶¬-∏-
I-Y-I-fm-Wv- ]p-cmW-ß-fmbn-Øo¿-∂Xv.- hm-a-\≥- aq-∂-Sn-sIm-≠v-
aq-hp-e-I-w- A-f-∂-Xpw,-- C-{µ≥- A-l-√y-sb- {]m]n-®-Xpw- a-‰pw- th-Z-
a-{¥-ß-fp-sS- hn-e-£-W-{]m-b-am-b- cq-]m-¥-c-a-m-Wv.''3.- Bcy-k-amP-
kv-Ym-]-I-\m-b- kzm-an- Z-bm-\-µ- k-c-kz-Xn-bpw- ]p-cm-W-ß-fp-sS-
B-[n-Im-cn-I-X-sb- \n-tj-[n-®n-cp-∂p.-
C-t∏mƒ- e-`y-am-b- ]p-cm-Wß - f - n¬- G-‰h
- pw- {]-[m-\s - ∏-´- ]Xn-
s\´v- ]p-cm-Wß - f- m-Wv- A-jSv- m-Zi
- ]- p-cm-Wß - ƒ- F-∂d - n-bs- ∏-Sp-∂Xv.-
th-Zß- f - n¬- {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°s- ∏-´- B-Zn-]p-cm-W- kwln-Xb - √- - C-t∏mƒ-
e-`y-am-Ip-∂- ]p-cm-W-ß-sf-∂v- A-`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂-h-cp-≠v.- ""B-Zn-a-
a-lm-]p-cm-W- kw-lnX-°v- th-Z-tØm-fw-X-s∂- ]-g-°-ap-≠v.- A-Xv-
A-ß-s\-Ø-s∂- C-t∏mƒ- e`y-a-s√-¶n-epw- B- a-lm-{K-\v-Y-sØ-
B-[m-c-am-°n-bm-Wv- A-jv-Sm-Z-i- ]pcmWß-fpw- D-]-]p-cm-W-ß-fp-w-
\n¿-Ωn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv-''4 F-∂m-Wv- km[pio-e≥- sI.- ]-c-ta-iz-c≥-
]n-≈- ]-d-bp-∂-Xv.- B-Zn-]p-cm-W- kw-ln-X-sb-∂- B-i-b-sØ- A\p-
Iq-en-°p-∂-h-cpw- {]-Xn-Iq-en-°p-∂-h-cp-am-b- ]Wv-Un-X-∑m-cp-≠v.- F.-
Fw.-Sn.- Pm-Iv-k¨,- F.-tªm,- F-^v.-C.- ]m¿-Pn-´¿- F∂o- ]-WvUn-X-
1.- ]p-cm-Ww- ]-©-aw- th-Zm-\mw- th-Zw-˛Om-tµm-Kyw- 7:-1:-1.-
2.- D-≤-c-Ww-:- sI.- ]-c-ta-iz-c≥-]n-≈-:- ln-µp-[¿-Ω- ]-cn-N-bw- t]-Pv 222.-
3.- F-kv.- Kp-]v-X≥- \m-b¿-:- ssh-Zn-I- km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{Xw-:- A-h-Xm-cn-I- t]-Pv- XI.
141 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-
∑m¿- B-Zn-a- ]p-cm-W- kw-ln-Xs
- b-∂- B-ib
- w- Aw-Ko-Ic
- n-°ptºmƒ-
hn-Jym-X-\-m-b- Im-sW- AX-n-s\- ]m-sS- \n-tj-[n-°p-I-bm-Wv-
sNøp∂-Xv- 1.-
B-[p-\n-I- ]-WvU- n-X∑- m-cn¬- ]-e¿-°pw- ]p-cm-Wß
- ƒ- Akzo-
Im-cy-am-sW-∂v- ]-d-™-t√m.- A-Xn-se- A-hn-iz-k-\o-b-ß-fm-b- IY-
I-tfm- P\-Io-b-am-b- ssi-en-tbm- am-{X-am-tWm- Cu- A-kzo-Im-cy-
X-°v- Im-c-Ww.- BsW-∂v- ]-d-bp-I-h-ø.- th-Z-ß-fpw- D-]-\n-j-Øp-
I-fpw- {_m-lv-a-W-ß-fp-sa-√mw- A-hn-iz-k-\o-b-am-b- I-Y-Iƒ- Dƒ-
s°m-≈p-∂p-≠v.- cm-a-N-cn-X-hpw- Ir-jv-W-N-cn-X-hp-sa-√mw- A-Ø-cw-
I-Y-I-fn¬-\n-∂v- ap-Iv-X-am-sW-∂v- ]-d-bp-I-h-ø.- F-∂n-´pw,- C-h-sb-
√mw- {]-am-W-am-bn- kzo-I-cn-°p-∂-h¿- ]p-cm-W-ß-sf- ]p-dw-X-≈p-
∂-Xn-s≥-d- Hu-Nn-Xyw- a-\- n-em-Ip-∂n-√.- hn-Pv-Rm-\hpw- tam-£hpw-
{_m-lv-a-W-cn¬-am-{Xw- tI-{µo-I-cn-°-W-sa-∂- Nn-¥-bm-tWm- km[m-
c-W° - m¿-°p-t]m-epw- a-\ - n-em-Ip-∂- ]pcm-Wß - ƒ- A-kzo-Im-cyß-
fm-sW-∂v- ]-d-bp-∂-Xn-\v- ]n-∂n-ep-≈-Xv?- A-X-√,- ]p-cm-W-ß-fn¬-
]-eXn-epw- \-S-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂- {]-h-N-\-߃- X-߃-°v- A-\n-jv-S-
I-c-am-b-Xn-\m-emtWm?- F-¥p-X-s∂-bm-bn-cp-∂m-epw- th-Z-ß-fn¬-
t]-sc-Sp-Ø p-] -d-™- ]p-c m-W ß-s f- ]m- sS- \n- t j- [ n- ° p- ∂- X v -
sslµh- Z¿-i-\tØm-Sv- sN-øp∂- A-\o-Xn-bm-Wv.-
]p-cm-W-߃-°v- ]-©-e-£-ß-fm-Wp-≈-sX-∂m-Wv- B-dmw-
\q-‰m-≠n ¬- Po-hn-®n-cp-∂- A-ac - k
- nw-l≥- X-s≥-d- A-ac - t- Im-iØ
- n¬-
{]-kv-Xm-hn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.- k¿-§w,- {]-Xn-k¿-§w,- hw-iw,- a-\-z-¥-cw,-
hw-im-\p-N-cn-Xw- F∂n-h-b-s{X- A-Xv.- {]-]-©-kr-jv-Sn,- {]-]-©-
Im-c-Ww,- {]-]-©- ]-cn-Wm-aw- F∂n-h-bm-Wv- k¿-Kw-sIm-≠p-≈-
hn-h-£.- Hm-tcm- I¬-∏m-¥-Øn-ep-ap-≠m-Ip-∂- {]-f-b-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-
bp-≠m-hp-∂- {]-]-©-\m-i-Øn-\p-ti-j-ap-≈- ]p-\x-kr-jv-Sn-bm-Wv-
{]Xn-k¿-§w.- tZ-h-∑m¿,- A-kp-c-∑m¿,- b-£-∑m¿,- cm£-k-∑m¿,-
In-∂-c-∑m¿,- a-\p-jy¿- Xp-S-ßn-b-h-cp-sS- Po-h-hw-i-am-Wv- hw-iw-sIm-
≠v- D-t±-in-°p-∂-Xv.- {]-]-©-sØ- `-cn-°p-∂- B-sI- ]-Xn-\m-ev- a-\p-
°-fn-¬- H-cm-fp-sS- {]-]-©-`-c-W-Im-e-am-Wv- a-\z-¥-cw.- k-z-bw`q-ha\p
-ap-X¬-°v- a-\p-°-fn¬-\n-∂v- cm-Pm-°-∑m-cp-sS- D¬-∏-Øn-bpw- A-h-
1. S.R. Goyal: A Religious History of Ancient India, Vol. II Page 34.
ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-߃- 142
cpsS- N-cn-{X-hp-am-Wv- hw-im-\p-N-cn-Xw.- C-h- A-s©-Æ-am-Wv.- ]pcm-
W- e-£-W-ß-sf-∂v- ]-d-bp-tºmƒ- A¿-∞-am-°p-∂-Xv,- C-h-bm-Wv-
]p-cm-W-ß-fp-sS- s]mXp-hm-b- D-≈-S-°-sa-∂m-Wv.- C-h- Iq-Sm-sXbpw-
]-e- Im-c-y-ß-fpw- ]p-cm-Wß-fpƒ-s°m-≈p-∂p-≠v.-
-]p-cm-W-߃- c-Nn-®-Xv- th-Z-h-ym-k-\m-sW-∂m-Wv- {]amW
߃- ]d-bp-∂-Xv.- h-f-sc- Zo¿-L-am-b- H-cp- Im-e-b-f-hn-\p-≈n¬- cq]-
s∏-´- ]p-cm-W-ß-fp-sS- I¿-Ør-Xzw- H-scm-‰- hy-Iv-Xn-bn¬- B-tcm-]n-
°p-∂-Xv- i-cn-bm-sW∂v- tXm-∂p-∂n-√.- th-Z-߃-°pw- ]pc-m-W-ß-
fn¬- Hmtcm-∂n-\p-sa-√mw- hy-Xy-kv-X- hym-k-∑m¿- D-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-
sh-∂v- I-cp-Xp-∂-Xm-Wv- i-cn-sb-∂- hn-izm-k-°m-cm-Wv- B-[p-\n-I-
]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-cn¬- an-°-h-cpw.- {]-K¬-`-\m-b- ]n.hn.- Im-sW-1 ]pcmW-
ß-fp-sS- k-am-lm-c- Im-e-sØ- A-©p- L-´-ß-fm-bn- hn-`-Pn-®n-cn-
°p-∂p.- A-Y¿-∆-th-Z-Øn-epw- i-X-]-Y- {_m-lv-a-W-Øn-epw- D-]-\nj-
Øp-I-fn-epw- {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°-s]-´- ]p-cm-W-ß-fp-sS- Im-e-am-Wv- H-∂m-
a-sØ-L-´w.- Cu- ]p-cm-W-ß-sf-°p-dn-®v- \-ap-°v- C-∂v- H-cp- hn-h-c-hp-
an-√.- `-hn-jy¬-]p-cm-W-a-S-°w- aq-∂n¬- Ip-d-bm-Ø- ]p-cm-W-߃-
\n-e-hn¬-h-∂- Im-e-am-Wv- c-≠mw-L-´w.- C-Xv- {In-kv-Xp-hn-\v- ap-ºv-
\m-epw- A-©pw- \q-‰m-≠p-Iƒ-°n-S-bn-em-Wv- \-S-∂-Xv.- a-lm-`m-c-X-
Øn-epw- kv-ar-Xn-I-fn-epw- a-‰pw- D-≤-cn-°-s∏-´- ]p-cm-W-ß-fp-sS- cN\-
\-S-∂- Im-e-am-Wv- aq-∂mw-L-´w.- a¬-ky-]p-cm-Ww,- hm-bp-]p-cm-W-w,-
{_-lv-amWv-U-]p-cm-Ww- F-∂n-h- c-Nn-°-s∏-´- Cu- L-´w- {In-kv-Xp-
hn-\-pti-jw- c-≠p-w- aq-∂pw- \q-‰m-≠p-Iƒ-°n-S-bn-em-Wv.- {]-[m-\-
s∏-´- a-lm-]p-cm-W-ß-sf-√mw- t{Im-Uo-I-cn-°-s∏-´- {In-kv-Xp-hn-\-p-
ti-jw- A-©p-w- H≥-]X - pw- \q-‰m-≠p-Iƒ-°n-Sb - n-ep-≈- Im-eL - ´amWv-
\m- e mw- L - ´ w.- ]p- c m- W - k m- l n- X y- ß - f p- s S- ]- c n- W m- a - Ø n- s ≥- d -
A¥yL-´w- D-]-]p-cm-W-ß-fp-sS- t{Im-Uo-I-c-W- k-a-b-am-b- {Inkv-
Xp-hn-\p-ti-jw- Ggpw- ]-Xn-aq-∂pw- \q-‰m-≠p-Iƒ-°n-Sb - n-em-Wv.- {Inkv-
Xp-hn-\v- \m-ev- \q-‰m-≠p-Iƒ-°v- ap-sº-¶n-epw- B-cw-`-n-®- ]pcm-W-
cN-\- k-am-]n-°p-∂-Xv- {Inkv-Xphn-\v- ]-Xn-aq-∂v- \q-‰m-≠p-Iƒ-°v-
ti-j-am-sW-∂¿-∞w.- C-{X-bpw-Im-ew- "hym-k≥'- Po-hn-®n-cp-∂p-sh-
∂v- Du-ln-°p-I- h-ø.- A-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv,- B[p-\n-I- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m¿-
1 P.V. Kane: History of Dharmasastra volume 2, Page, 853-855.
143 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-
]p-cm-W-߃-t°m-tcm-∂n-\pw- {]-tXy-I- hymk-∑m-cm-sW-∂- \n-K-
a-\-Øn-se-Øn-t®-cp-∂-Xv.-
]p-cm-W-߃- {]-[m-\-am-bpw- c-≠m-bm-Wv- hn-`-Pn-°-s∏-´n-cn-
°p-∂Xv.- a-lm-]p-cm-W-ß-fpw- D-]-]p-cm-W-ß-fpw.- C-h-sb-Ø-s∂-
{Xn-aq¿-Øn-]-c-ambn- hn-`-Pn-°m-dp-≠v.- {_-lv-am-hv,- hn-jv-Wp,- in-h≥-
F-∂n-h-cm-W-t√m- {Xn-aq¿-Øn-Iƒ.- {_-lv-am-hn-s≥-d- a-ln-a- hn-h-cn-
°p-∂- ]p-cm-W-ß-sf- {_-lv-a-]pcm-W-ß-sf-∂pw- hn-jv-Wp-hn-s≥-d-
a-ln-a- D-b¿-Øn-∏n-Sn-°p-∂-h-sb- ssh-jv-W-h- ]p-cm-W-ß-sf-∂pw-
in-h- a-lX- zw- hn-iZ- o-Icn-°p-∂h
- s
- b- ssi-h]
- p-cm-Wß - s- f-∂pw- hnfn-
°p-∂p.- {_-lv-am-hv,- hn-jv-Wp,- in-h≥- F-∂n-h¿- bYm-{I-aw- c-P-kv,-
k-Xzw,- X-a-kv- F-∂o- Kp-W-ß-fp-≈-h-cm-I-bm¬- {_-lv a-]p-cm-W-
ß-sf- cm-P-k- ]p-cm-W-ß-sf-∂pw- ssh-jv-W-h- ]p-cm-W-ß-sf-
kmXzn-I-]p-cm-W-ß-sf-∂pw- ssi-h-]p-cm-W-ß-sf- Xm-a-k-]p-cm-W-
ß-sf∂pw- hn-fn-°m-dp-≠v.- A-jv-Sm-Z-i-]p-cm-W-ß-fn¬- B-sd-Æw-
cm-P-k-hpw- B-sd-Æw- Xm-a-k-hpw- B-sd-Æw- km-Xzn-I-hp-am-Wv.-
]-Xn-s\-´v- a-lm-]p-cm-W-ß-fpw- ]-Xn-s\-´v- D-]-]p-cm-W-ß-fp-
am-Wp-≈-sX-∂- Im-cyw- H-cp-hn-[w- F-√m-h-cpw- k-Ω-Xn-°p-∂p-sh-
∂-Xv- t\-cm-Wv.- ]t£,- G-Xm-Wv- Cu- ]-Xn-s\-´v- ]p-cm-W-ß-sf-∂-
Im-cy-Øn¬- A-`n-{]m-b-hy-Xym-k-߃- \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂p-≠v-.- s]mXp-
sh- C-∂v- Aw-Ko-I-cn-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂-Xv- tZ-ho-`m-K-h-X-Øn-se- ]-´n-
I-bm-Wv.- A-Xn-ßs - \-bm-Wv:- a¬-ky-]p-cm-Ww,- am¿-°W - tv- U-b- ]pcm-
Ww,- `m-K-h-X-]p-cm-Ww,- `-hn-jy-]p-cm-Ww,- {_-lv-a-]p-cm-Ww,- {_lv-
am-Wv-U-]p-cm-Ww,- {_-lv-ssa-- h¿-Ø-]pc-m-Ww,- hojv-Wp- ]p-cm-Ww,-
h-cm-l- ]p-cm-Ww,- hm-bp-]pcm-W-w,- hm-a-\-]p-cm-Ww,- A-Kv-\n-]p-cm-
Ww,- \m-c-Zo-b- ]p-cm-Ww,- ]-Xv-a-]p-cm-Ww,- enw-K-]p-cm-Ww,- Km-cp-V-
]p-cm-Ww,- Iq¿-Ω] - p-cm-Ww,- kvI
- µ
- ]
- p-cm-Ww.- hn-jvW
- p-]p-cm-WØ- n¬-
sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂- ]p-cm-W- ]-´n-I-bn¬- hm-bp-]p-cm-Ww-hn-´v- ]-Icw-
inh-]p-cm-W-am-Wv- tN¿-Øn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.- Iq¿-Ω-]p-cm-W-Øn-se- ]´n-
I-{]-Im-cw- A-Kv-\n-]p-cm-W-Øn-\p-]-I-cw- hm-b-p-]p-cm-W-a-m-Wp-≈-Xv.-
h-cm-l-]p-cm-W-Øn-se- ]-´n-I-bn¬- Km-cp-V-]p-cm-W-hpw- {_-lv-am-
Wv-U-]p-cm-W-hpw- hn-´v- ]-I-cw- hm-bp-]p-cm-W-hpw- \-c-knw-l-]p-cmW-
hp-am-Wv- tN¿-Øn-cn-°p-∂Xv.-
ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-߃- 144
D-]]- p-cm-Wß
- f- pw- ]-Xn-s\-´m-sW-∂v- s]m-Xp-hm-bn- ]-db
- s
- ∏Sp-
∂p-sh-¶n-epw- A-Xv- G-sX-√m-am-sW-∂- Im-cy-Øn-ep-ap-≠v- A-`n-{]m-
b-hy-Xym-k-߃.- k-\¬-Ip-am-cw,- \m-c-Z-knw-lw,- \m-c-Zo-bw,- inhw,-
Zu¿-hm-k-kw,- Im-]n-ew,- hm-a-\w,- Hu-j-\-kw,- \-µn-tI-iz-cw,- hmcp-
Ww-,- Imfn-Iw,- a-tl-iz-cw,- kmw-_w,- ku-cw,- ]-m-cm-i-cyw,- I¬-°n,-
a-m-co-Nw,- `m¿-K-hw- F-∂n-h-bm-Wv- Iq¿-Ω-]p-cm-W-{]-Im-c-ap-≈-
D-]-]p-cm-W-߃.- F-∂m¬- _r-l-Zv-[¿-Ω- ]p-cm-W-Øn¬- sIm-Sp-
Øn-cn-°p-∂- D-]-]p-cm-W-ß-fp-sS- ]-´n-I- CXn¬-\n-∂pw- h-f-sc-
hyXy-kv-X-am-Wv.- B-Zn,- B-Zn-Xyw,- _r-l-∂m-c-Zo-bw,- \m-c Zo-bw,-
\-µn-tI-iz-cw,- _r-l-∂-µn-tI-iz-cw,- kmw-_w,- {In-bm-tbm-K-km-cw,-
Imfn-Iw,- [¿-Ωw-,- hn-jv-Wp-[¿-tΩm-Ø-cw,- in-h-[¿-Ωw,- hn-jvWp-
[¿-Ωw,- hm-a-\w,- hm-cp-W-w,- \-c-knw-lw,- `m¿-K-hw,- _r-l-Zv-[¿-Ωw-
F-∂n-h-bm-Wh.-
]p-cm-W-ß-fp-sS- Im-cy-Øn-ep-≈- Cu- A-`n-{]m-b-hy-Xym-kw-
ImWn-°p-∂-sX-¥m-Wv?- ]p-cm-W-ß-fn¬- ]-e-Xpw- Iq-´n-t®¿-°-s∏-
´-Xpw- a-‰p- Nneh- \-jvS- s
- ∏-Sp-Øs - ∏-´X
- p-am-sW-∂- h-kvX - p-Xb√msX
as‰m∂pa√. `mcX- hn-PvR-m-\- tIm-iw- F-gp-Xp-∂p-:- ""]-p-cm-W-ß-
fp-sS- F-Æw- ]-Xn-s\-´v- F-∂v- a-lm-]p-cm-W-ßfp-sS- Im-cy-Øn-em-
bm-epw- D-]-]p-cm-W-ß-fps-S- Im-cy-Øn-em-bm-epw- D-d-∏-n-®p-]-d-bp-
∂p≠v F-√-h-cpw.- F-∂m¬- A-h- G-sXm-s°- F-∂- Im-cy-Øn¬-
A-`n-{]m-b-hy-Xym-k-߃- D-≠v.- ]p-cm-W-ß-fp-sS- Iq-´-Øn¬- Xn-cp-
In-°-b-‰-epw- Du-cn-°-f-b-epw- \-S-∂n-´p-s≠-∂v- Np-cp-°-w-'-'1.- alm-]p-
cm-W-ß-fp-sS-bpw- D-]-]p-cm-W-ß-fp-sS-bpw- F-Æ-Øn-ep-≈- ]-c-kv-
]-c- hy-Xym-kw- Im-Wn-°p-∂X - v- ]-Xn-s\-´n-e[- n-Iw- ]p-cm-Wß - f
- p≠m-
bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂m-sW-∂v- hm-Zn-°p-∂- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-cp-≠v.- \m¬-∏-Øn-
A-©n¬-]cw- a-lm-]p-cm-W-ß-fpw- \q-dn¬-]-cw- D-]-]p-cm-W-ß-fp-ap-
s≠-∂v- kv-Ym-]n-°p∂-h-cp-ap-≠v.- B¿.-kn.- l-{k- X-s≥-d- ""D-]-
]p-cm-W-ß-sf-°p-dn-®- ]-T\߃''2 F-∂- {K-\v-Y-Øn¬- \q-dn¬-∏-
cw- D-]-]p-cm-W-ß-sf-°p-dn-®v- {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂p≠v.-
1. `mcXhnPvRm\tImiw hmeyw 2 t]Pv 259
2. R.C. Hazra: Studies in the Upapuranas.
145 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-
A-jv-Sm-Z-i-]p-cm-W-ß-sf- \-ap-s°m-∂v- ]-cn-N-b-s∏-Smw.-
1.- a¬-ky-]p-cm-Ww-:- G-‰-hpw- ]-g-°-ap-≈- ]p-cm-Ww- C-Xm-
sW-∂mWv- hn-iz-kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.- 290 A≤ym-b-ß-fp-≈- C-Xn¬-
B-sI- 14000 t«m-I-ß-fm-Wp-≈-Xv.- a-¬-kym-h-X-c- I-Y-I-fpw,- Zm-\
[¿-Ωm-Zn-\n-b-a-ß-fp-am-Wv- C-Xn-se- {]-Xn-]m-Zyw.-
2.- am¿-°-Wv-tU-b- ]p-cm-Ww-:- B-sI- 9000 t«m-I-ß-fp-≠m-
bn-cn-t°-≠- Cu- ]p-cm-W-Øn¬- C-∂v- 6900 t«m-I-߃- am-{X-am-
Wp-≈-Xv.- 2100 t«m-I-߃- \-jv-S-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p.- {io-Ir-jv-W-s≥-d-
_m-ey-eo-e-I-fpw- {_lv-am-Wv-U-sØ-°p-dn-®- I-Y-I-fpw- k-Zm-Nm-c-
sØ-°p-dn-®- hn-i-Zo-I-c-W-ß-fp-am-Wv- C-Xn-ep-≈-Xv.-
3.- `m-K-h-X-]p-cm-Ww-:- G-‰-hpw- {]-Nm-c-ap-≈- ]p-cm-W-am-Wv-
`m-K-hXw.- e-£-W-sam-Ø- G-I- ]p-cm-W-hpw- `m-K-h-X-am-sW-∂v-
]d-b-s∏-Sp∂p.- ]-{¥≠v- kv-I-\v-[-ß-fn-em-bn- 335 A-≤ym-b-ß-fpw-
14073 t«m-I-ß-fp-ap≠n-Xn¬.- G-Xm-\pw- K-Zy-t«m-I-ß-fp-s≠¶n-epw-
`q-cn-`m-K-hpw- ]-Zyt«m-I-߃- X-s∂-bm-Wv.- a-lm-h-njv-Wp-hn-s≥-d-
Z-im-h-Xm-c-I-Y-I-fm-Wv- C-Xn-se- ]ivNm-Ø-ew.- A-h-Xm-c-ß-fn¬-
Ir-jv-W-\v- Iq-Sp-X¬- {]m-[m-\yw- \¬-In-bncn°p∂p.- {io-a-lm-`m-c
X-Øn-s≥-d- \m-en-sem-∂n-e-[n-Iw- h-en-∏-ap-≈- Z-i-a-kv-I\v-[-Ø-n¬-
Ir-jv-W-eo-e-I-fm-Wv- {]-[-m-\-am-bpw- D-≈-Xv.-
4.- `-hn-jy-]p-cm-Ww-:- `m-hn-Im-e-sØ-°p-dn-®- {]-h-N-\-ß-f-S-
ßn-b- ]p-cm-Wa - m-Wn-Xv.- `-hn-jy-]p-cm-Ww-- ]q¿-Æc
- q-]Ø
- n¬- C-t∏mƒ-
e-`y-a-√.- e`y-am-b- {K-\vY-Øn-s≥-d- ]q¿-∆m¿-≤-Øn¬- 141 A-≤ym-b-
hpw- DØ-cm¿≤--Øn¬- 171 A-≤ym-b-hp-am-Wp-≈-Xv-.- B-sI- ]-Xn-\m-
em-bn-c-tØm-fw- t«mI-ß-fp-≠v.- kq-c-y≥- a-\p-hn-t\m-Sv- kw-km-cn°p-
∂- c-q-]-Øn-em-Wv- ]p-cm-Ww- c-Nn-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.- kq-cy≥,- AKv-
\n,- \m-K-߃- F-∂n-h-bp-sS- B-cm[-\-sb-°p-dn-®v- {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂-
`-hn-jy-]p-cm-W-Øn¬- \nch[n {]-h-N-\ß-fp-ap-≠v.-
5.- {_-lv-a-]p-cm-Ww-:- B-Zn-]p-cm-W-sa-∂pw- hn-fn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-
{_-lva-]p-cm-W-Øn¬- 245 A-≤-ym-b-ß-fn-em-bn- ]-Xn-aq-∂m-bn-cw-
t«m-I-ß-fm-Wp≈-Xv.- k¿-K-{]-{In-b,- tZ-hm-kp-c-∑m-cp-sS- P-∑-I-Y,-
kq-cy- N
- {- µ-hw-iß
- ƒ,- kz¿-§w- ,- \-cI
- w,- ]m-Xm-fw- F-∂n-hs
- b-°pdns®-
√mw- Cu- ]p-cm-W-Øn¬- hn-h-cn-°p-∂p-≠v.-
ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-߃- 146
6.- {_-lv-am-Wv-U-]p-cm-Ww-:- C-Xn¬- ]-{¥-≠m-bn-cw- t«m-Iß-
fm-Wp-≈X - v.- ]p-Wy-kvY
- e
- ß
- s
- f-bpw- ]p-Wym-Xva
- m-°s
- f-bpw- hm-gvØp-
∂- kqIv-X-ß-fm-Wv- {]-[m-\-am-bpw- C-Xn-ep-≈-Xv.- B-≤ym-Xv-a- cmam-
b-Ww- Cu- ]pcm-W-Øn-s≥-d- `m-K-am-bn-´m-W- v- I-cp-X-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.- cma-
\n-eq-sS-bp-≈- tam-£-am-Wv- B-≤ym-Xv-a- cm-am-b-W-Øn-se- hn-jbw.-
{_-lv-am-Wv-U-]p-cm-W-hpw- ]q¿-Æ-am-bn- C-∂v- e-`y-a-√.-
7.- {_-lvs
- sa-h¿-Ø] - p-cm-Ww- :- - \m-ev- Im-WvU - ß- f- n-em-bn- ]Xn-
s\´m-bn-cw- t«m-Iß - f - m-Wv- C-Xn-ep-≈X - v.- {_-lva
- m-hn-s≥-d- hn-h¿Ø-
(]cn-Wmaw)-am-Wv- {]-]-©-sa-∂-Xm-Wv- C-Xn-se- ap-Jy- {]-Xn-]mZyw.-
A-h-km-\-sØ- ImWv-U-Øn¬- Ir-jv-W-eo-e-I-fpw- a-‰pw- hn-h-cn°p-
∂p-≠v.- km-hn-{Xn,- kp-c-`n,- Im¿-Ø-ho-cy≥,- ]-c-ip-cm-a-≥- F-∂n-h-
cp-sS- I-Y-I-fp-ap-≠v- Cu- ]p-cm-WØn¬.-
8.- hn-j-vWp-]p-cm-Ww-:- ]p-cm-Wc-Xv-\-sa-∂v- hn-fn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-
Cu- ]p-cm-WØ-n-\m-Wv- G-‰-hpw- ]-g-°-sa-∂v- hm-Zn-°p-∂-h-cp-≠v.-
B-dv- Aw-i-ß-fn-em-bn- C-cp-]-Øn-aq-∂m-bn-cw- t«m-I-ß-fm-Wn-Xn-
ep-≈-Xv.- G-gm-bn-cw- t«m-I-ß-fp-≈- hn-jv-Wp-[-¿-tΩm-Ø-c- J-WvU-
sa-∂- Hcp- Aw-iw-Iq-Sn-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p- C-Xn-se-∂pw- A-Xv- \-jv-S-
s∏-´-Xm-bn-cn-°m-\n-S-bp-s≠-∂pw- hniz-kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.- hn-jv-Wp-hn
s≥-d- ]-Øv- A-h-Xm-c-ß-sf-°p-dn-®pw- CXn¬- ]-cm-a¿-in-°p-∂p-s≠-
¶n-epw- h-cm-lm-h-Xm-c-Øn-\m-Wv- {]m-[m-\yw- sI-m-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂Xv.-
9.- h-cm-l-]p-cm-Ww-:- 218 A-≤ym-b-ß-fpw- 24000 t«m-I-ß-fp-
am-Wv- h-cm-l- ]p-cm-W-Øn¬- D-≠m-bn-cn-t°-≠-Xv.- ]t£,- C-t∏mƒ-
e-`n-°p-∂- h-cm-l-]p-cm-W-Øn¬- 10000 t«m-I-ß-tf-bp-≈q.- ]-Xn\m-
em-bn-cw- t«m-I-߃- Im-Wm-\n-√.- h-cm-lm-h-Xm-c-sØ-°p-dn-®- h¿-
Æ-\-I-fm-Wv- C-Xn¬- Iq-Sp-X-em-bpap-≈-Xv.- `-K-h-Xv-Ko-X-bp-sS- amlm-
Xv-ay-sØ-°p-dn-®pw- ]-cm-a¿-i-n-°-s∏-´-n-cn-°p-∂p.-
10.- hm-bp-]p-cm-Ww-:- hm-bp-`-K-hm≥- ]-d-™- ]-p-cm-W-am-Wn-
sX-∂mWv- hn-izm-kw.- ]-Xn-\m-em-bn-cw- t«m-I-ß-fm-Wn-Xn-ep-≈Xv.-
in-h-kv-Xp-Xn-I-fmWv- C-Xn¬- {]-[m-\-am-bpw- D-≈-Xv.-
11.- hm-a-\-]p-cm-Ww-:- 95 A-≤ym-b-ß-fn-em-bn- ]-Xn-\m-bn-cw-
t«m-Iß-fm-Wv- Cu- ]p-cm-W-Øn-ep-≈-Xv.- a-lm-hn-jv-Wp-hn-s≥-d-
F√m- A-h-Xm-c-ß-sf-°p-dn-®pw- ]-d-bp-∂p-s≠-¶n-epw- hm-a-\m-h-Xm-
147 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-
c-Øn-\v- {]-tXy-I- {]m[m-\yw- \¬-In-bn-cn-°p-∂p.- hm-a-\-]p-cm-W-
Øn-\pw- h-cm-l-]p-cm-W-Øn\pw- D-≈-S-°-Øn¬- km-Zr-iy-ap-≠v.-
12.- A-K\ v- n-]p-cm-Ww-:- A-K\
v- n-`K
- h
- m≥- h-kn-jT v- a
- l
- ¿-jn-tbmSp-
]d™- D-]-tZ-i-ß-fm-Wv- Cu- ]p-cm-W-apƒ-s°m-≈p-∂-sX-∂v- hni-
kn-°s∏-Sp-∂p.- ap-∂q-‰n- F¨-]-Øn-aq-∂v- A-≤ym-b-ß-fn-em-bn- ]Xn-
\-øm-bn-c-Øn¬-∏-cw- t«m-I-ß-fp-≠v-˛cm-a-Ir-jv-Wm-h-Xm-c-ß-sf-°p-
dn-®pw- in-he - nwK-sØ-°p-dn-®pw- Zp-¿K - m-tZ-hn-sb-∏‰
- n-bp-sa-√mw- CXn¬-
]cm-a¿-i-ß-fp-≠v.
13.- \m-cZ- o-b- ]pcm-Ww-:- \m-cZ- ≥- k-\¬-Ip-am-ct- \m-Sv- ]-dbp∂-
IY-bp-sS- cq-]-Øn-em-Wv- Cu- ]p-cm-Ww.- B-sI- 207 A-≤ym-b-ß-fn-
em-bn- Ccp]-Øn- A-øm-bn-cw- t«m-I-߃- C-Xn¬- D-≠m-bn-cn-°-
W-sa-¶n-epw- C-∂v- e`n°p-∂- \m-c-Zo-b- ]p-cm-W-Øn¬- 18110 t«m-
I-ß-tf-bp-≈q.- 6890 t«mI-߃- Im-Wm-\n-√.-
14.- ]-Xv-a-]p-cm-Ww-:- B-dv- Im-Wv-U-ß-fn-em-bn- A≥-]-Øn-
Aømbn-cw- t«m-I-ß-fm-Wv- C-Xn-ep-≈-Xv.- {_-lv-am-hn-s≥-d- C-cn-∏n-
S-am-b- ]-Xv-a-sØ-°p-dn-®v- hn-h-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m-em-Wv- C-Xn-\v- ]-Xv-a-
]p-cm-W-sa-∂v- t]-cv- e-`n-®Xv.- ]-{¥-≠v- am-k-ß-fp-sS- {]m-[m-\y-
sØ-°p-dn-®pw- c-Lp-hw-i-cm-a-s≥-d bpw- i-Ip-¥-f-bp-sS-bpw- I-Y-I-
sf-∏-‰n-bpw- C-Xn¬- hn-i-Zo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.
15.- enw-K-]p-cm-Ww-:- ]-Xn-s\m-∂m-bn-cw- t«m-I-ß-fm-Wv- C∂n-
Xn-ep-≈-Xv.- Cu-im-\-I¬-∏-I-Y-I-fm-Wv- C-Xn-se- D-≈-S-°w.- C-∂v-
e-`n-°p-∂- enw-K-]p-cm-Ww- k-ºq¿-Æ-a-s√-∂v- A-`n-{]m-b-ap-≠v.-
16.- Km-cp-V-]p-cm-Ww-:- a-lm-h-n-jv-Wp- K-cp-V-\v- D-]-tZ-in-®-
Xm-Wv- Cu- ]p-cm-W-sa-∂m-Wv- hn-izm-kw.- 279 A-≤ym-b-ß-fn-em-bn-
18000 t«m-I-ß-fm-Wv- C-Xn-ep-≠m-bn-cn-t°-≠-sX-¶n-epw- C-∂v- e-`n-
°p-∂- {K-\v-Y-Øn¬- 11000 t«m-I-ß-tf-bp-≈q.- K-cp-V-s≥-d- D¬-∏-
Øn-bm-Wv- C-Xn-se- {]-[m-\- {]-Xn-]-m-Zyw.- D-Ø-tc-¥y-bn-se- lnµp-
°ƒ- a-c-Wm-\-¥-c- I¿-Ω-߃- \SØp-tºmƒ- ]m-cm-b-Ww- sN-øp-
∂-Xv- Cu- ]p-cm-W-am-Wv.-
17.- Iq¿-Ω-]p-cm-Ww-:- Iq¿-Ω-aq¿-Øn- ]m-Xm-f-Øn¬-sh-®v- C{µ-
Zyp-av-\-s≥-d- I-Y- ]-d-bp-∂- Iq-´-Øn-¬- D-]-tZ-in-°p-∂-Xm-Wv- Iq¿-Ω-
]p-cm-Ws - a-∂m-Wv- hn-izm-kw- .- C-Xn-s≥-d- \m-ev- kw-ln-XI
- f
- n¬- {_lv-
ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-߃- 148
a-kw-ln-X- am-{X-sa- C-t∏mƒ- e-`n-°p-∂p-≈q.- Iq¿-Ω-]p-cm-W-Xn¬-
17000 t«m-I-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cn-°-W-sa-¶n-epw- C-∂v- 6000 t«m-I-߃-
am-{X-sa- In-´m-\p-≈q.-
18.- kv-I-µ-]p-cm-Ww-:- G-‰-hpw- h-en-∏-ta-dn-b- ]p-cm-W-am-WnXv.-
81100 t«m-I-ß-fm-Wn-Xn-ep-≈-Xv.- {io- kp-{_-lv-a-Wy-eo-e-I-fpw- Xo¿
∞m-S\ - - kvYe - ß
- f- p-sS- am-lm-Xa
v- y-ßf
- pw- A-Sß
- n-bn-cn-°p-∂- CXn¬,-
a-‰v- ]p-cm-W-ß-fn-se- I-Y-I-fp-sS- kw-{K-l-hp-apƒ-s°m-≈p-∂p.-
B-Zn-a-]p-cm-W-kw-ln-X-bp-sS- cq-]tam- A-Xn-e-S-ßp-∂- Bi-
btam- F-s¥-∂v- \-ap-°-dn-™p-Iq-S.- A-Xn-\m¬- A-Xpw- C-∂v- e-`n-
°p-∂- ]p-cmW-ß-fpw- XΩn¬- H-Øp-t\m-°n,- B-Zn-a- ]p-cm-W-k-w-
ln-X-tbm-Sv- A-jv-Sm-Z-i- ]p-cm-W-ß-fpw- D-]-]p-cm-W-ß-fpw- F-{X-
tØm-fw- \o-Xn-]p-e¿-Øp-∂p-sh∂v- ]-d-bm≥- \-ap-°v- I-gn-bn-√.- th-
Z-ßf - n-epw- D-]\
- n-jØ
- p-If
- n-epw- a-‰pw- {]Xn-]Z- n-°s - ∏-´n-cn-°p-∂- ]pcm-
W-Øn-s≥-d- ]q¿-Æ- cq-]w- C-∂v- e-`y-a-s√-∂v- am-{X-a-√- A-Xv- F-ßn-
s\-bm-sW-∂v- Du-ln-°m≥-t]m-epw- C-∂v- \-ap-°v- km-[y-a-√.- A-Xv-
e-`y-am-Ip-Ib - m-sW-¶n¬- ssl-µh - Z- ¿-i\ - Ø- n-s≥-d- ASnkvYm-\i - neI-
fn-te-°v- sh-fn-®w- ho-im≥- ]-cym-]X v- a
- m-Ip-sa-∂v- \mw- {]Xymin°p-I.-
B-Zn-a-]p-cm-W-kw-ln-X-bn¬-\n-∂- v- F-gp-sØ-Sp-X-s∏-´-h-bm-
sW∂v- A-\p-am-\n-°-s∏-Sp-∂- A-jv-Sm-Z-i-]p-cm-W-ß-fn¬-\n-∂p
X-s∂- Ip-sd- `m-K-ß-fpw- t«m-I-ß-fpw- \-jv-S-s∏-´-Xm-bn- \mw- I≠p.-
C-∂v- A-h-ti-jn-°p-∂- `m-K-Øp-X-s∂- ssl-µ-h- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m¿°v-
A-\n-jv-S-I-c-am-b- {]kv-Xm-h-\-I-fp-≈-Xn-\m¬- ]p-cm-W-ß-sf- ]msS-
\n-tj-[n-°p-I-bm-Wv- H-cp hn`mKw- sN-øp-∂-Xv.- e-`n-t°-≠- a-‰v- `mK-
߃- Iq-Sn- e-`y-am-bm¬- Cu- "A-\n-jv-Sw'- h¿-≤n-°-p-I-tb-bp-≈qsh-
∂v- \-ap-°q-ln-°mw.- B-Zy-Im-e- ]WvU - n-X∑- m¿-°p-Xs- ∂- "A-\njvS'-
I-c-am-b- `m-K-ß-fm-bn-cn-°mw- A-h¿- ]p-cm-W-ß-fn¬-\n-∂v- a-d-®psh-
®-Xv.- X-ß-fp-sS- C-O-°pw- ]m-c-º-cy- hn-izm-k-߃-°pw- B-am-ib-
Øn-\pw- "A-\n-jv-S-I-c'-ß-fm-b- `m-K-߃- A-h¿- a-d®p-sh-°p-I-
kzm`m-hn-I-am-Wv.- Cu- "\-jv-S-s∏-S¬'- \-S-∂-Xv-t_m-[-]q¿-∆-am-Im-
\m-Wv- km-[y-Xs - b-∂¿-∞w.- ]p-cm-Wß - ƒ- P\-߃-°v- a-\  - n-emIp-
∂- `m-j-bn-em-sW-∂-Xn-\m¬- Cu- a-d-®p-sh°-s∏-´- `m-K-߃- ]pcm-
W-ßf - n-ep-≠m-hp-∂X- v- `m-hn-bn¬- A-]I - S-ßf- p-≠m-°p-sa-∂v- Ah¿-
a-\ n-em-°n-bn-cn-°-Ww.-
149
7 ≈- ""Hu-i-\-ko- \o-Xn-im-kv-{X''-hpw- c-Nn-®p-sh-∂v- Im-Wp-∂p-sh-
kv-ar-Xn-Iƒ-
"ipXn'-sb- B-kv-]-Z-am-°n- c-Nn-°-s∏-´- E-jn-t{]m-Iv-X- h-N\-
ß-fmWv- kv-ar-Xn-Iƒ.- Cu- A¿-∞-Øn¬- th-Zmw-K-߃,- C-Xnlm-
k-߃,- ]p-cmW ߃,- \o-Xn-im-kv-{Xw- F-∂n-h-sb-√mw- kv-ar-Xn-
I-fn¬- Dƒ-s∏-Spw.- P-\-ßfp sS Im¿-Ωn-I- Im-cy-ß-fpw- cm-jv-{So-b-
\n-b-a-ß-fpw- Ip-Spw-_- {]-iv-\-ßfpw- km-aq-lym-Nm-c-ß-fpw- hn-h-cn-
°p-∂- [¿-Ωi - m-k{v- X-am-Wv- {]-tXy-Ia - m-bn- kva
- r-Xn-Iƒ- F-∂- t]cn¬-
A-dn-b-s∏--Sp-∂-Xv.- {ip-Xn-sb- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-am°n- c-Nn-°-s∏-´-Xm-
sW∂v- I-cp-Xs - ∏-Sp-∂- kva- r-Xn-Iƒ,- "{ip-Xn'- I-gn-™m¬- ]n-s∂bp≈-
{]-am-W-am-Wv.-
B-Zy-Im-e-tØ-Xn-\v- hn-cp-≤-am-bn,- Im-em-¥-c-Øn¬- P-\-߃-
hnj-tb-Op-°-fm-bn- am-dn-b-t∏mƒ- tZ-h-∑m-cpw- E-jn-am-cpw- tN¿-∂v-
kr-jv-Sn-I¿-Øm-hm-b- {_-lv-am-hn-s≥-d-b-Sp-°¬- k-¶-S-ap-W¿-Øn®-
Xn-s≥-d- A-Sn-kvY
- m-\Ø- n¬,- A-t±-lw- am-\h - k- a
- p-Zm-bØ
- n-s≥-d- \ne
\n¬-∏n-\m-hi- y-am-b- \o-Xn-im-kv{- Xw- \¬-In- A-\p-{K-ln-®p.- C-XmWv-
{_-lv-a-Ir-X-am-b- "ZWv-U-\o-Xn-im-kv-{X'-sa-∂m-Wv- hn-izm-kw.- H-cp-
e-£w- A-≤ym-b-ß-ƒ- A-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂- Cu- Z-Wv-U-\o-Xn-im-kv-
ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-߃- 150
{X-sØ-°p-dn-®v- \-ap-°v- e-`n-°p∂- hn-hc
- w- a-lm-`m-cX
- w- im-¥n- ]¿∆-
Øn-se- 59˛mw- A-≤ym-b-Øn¬-\n-∂mWv.- Cu- Z-Wv-U- \o-Xn-im-kv
{X-tam- A-Xn-s≥-d- G-sX-¶n-epw- `m-K-ß-tfm- C-∂v- In-´m-\n-√.-
{_-lv-am-hn-s≥-d- Ir-Xn-bm-b- Z-Wv-U-\o-Xn-im-kv-{X-sØ- `-K
hm≥- inh≥- kw-t£-]n-®v- ]-Xn-\m-bn-cw- A-≤-ym-b-ß-fp-≈- ""ssh
im-em-£- \oXn-im-kv-{X''-hpw- C-{µ-≥- C-Xn-s\-bpw- kw-t£-]n-®v-
]-Xn-\m-bn-cw- A-≤-ym-b-ß-fp-≈- ""_m-lp-Z-¥-I- \o-Xn-im-kv-{X-hpw''-
ip-{Im-Nm-cy≥- C-Xn-s\-bpw- kw-t£-]n-®v- B-bn-cw- A-≤ym-b-ß-fp
∂-√m-sX- Cu- {K-\v-Y-ß-sfm-∂pw- C-t∏mƒ- D]-e-_v-[-a-√.- C-∂v-
e`y-am-Ip-∂- \o-Xn-im-kv-{X- {K-\v-Y-ß-sf-°p-dn-®m-I-s´- a‰v- {K-\v-Y-
ß-fn-sem-∂pw-X-s∂- ]-cm-a¿-i-ß-fp-an-√.-
kv-ar-Xn-kw-Jy- \q-‰n-sb-´m-sW-∂pw- A-Xn¬- Iq-Sp-X-em-sW-
∂pw- A`n-{]m-b-ap-≠v.- F-∂m¬- ap-Jy-am-b-h- C-cp-]-sX-Æ-am-Ip-∂p.-
a-\p-kvar-Xn-bpw- bm-Pv-R-h¬-Iy-kv-ar-Xn-bp-am-Wv- C-h-bn-te-‰-hpw-
{][m-\-s∏-´-Xv.- C-h- IqSm-sX-bp-≈- ]-Xn-s\-´v- kv-ar-Xn-I-fm-Wv- Ajv-
Sm-Z-i-kv-ar-Xn-Iƒ- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.- hn-jv-Wp-kv-ar-Xn,- A-{In-kv-
ar-Xn,- lm-co-X-kv-ar-Xn,- Bw-Kn-c-kv-arXn,- b-a-kv-ar-Xn,- B-]-kv- Xw_-
kv-ar-Xn,- tZ-h-e-kv-ar-Xn,- kw-h¿-Ø-kv-ar-Xn,- ImXym-b-\-kv-ar-Xn,-
_rl-kv-]-Xn-kv-ar-Xn,- ]-cm-i-c-kv-ar-Xn,- hym-k-kv-arXn,- iw-J-kv-ar-
Xn,- en-Jn-Xk- va
- r-Xn,- Z-£k-- va
- r- X
- n,- Ku-Xa
- k
- va
- r-Xn,- im-Xm-X]
- k
- varXn,-
h-kn-jv-T-kv-ar-Xn- F-∂n-h-bm-W-h.- A-{Xn,- hn-jv-Wp,- lm-co-X≥,-
Djm-\- v,- Aw-Kn-c- v,- b-a≥,- Im-Xym-b-\≥,- _r-l-kv-]-Xn,- ]-cm-i-
c≥,- hym-k≥,- Z-£≥-,- Ku-X-a≥,- h-kn-jv-T≥,- \m-c-Z≥,- B-]-kv-Xw-
_≥,- `rKp,- iw-J≥,- en-Jn-X≥- F-∂n-h-cm-Wv- A-jv-Sm-Zi-kv-ar-Xn-I-
fp-sS- I¿-Øm-°ƒ.-
a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-:- k-v-ar-Xn-I-fn¬-sh-®v- G-‰-hpw- {]m-No-\-am-Wv- a\p-
kv-ar-Xn-sb-∂m-Wv- ]-Wv-Un-Xm-\p-am-\w.- _n.-kn.- B-bn-c-Øn-\pw-
A™q-dn\p-an-S-bv-°m-Wv- A-Xv- c-Nn-°-s∏-´-sX-∂m-Wv- H-cp- hn-`mKw-
]-WvUn-X∑ - m-cp-sS- A-`n-{]m-bw-1.- _n.-kn.- c-≠mw- \q-‰m-≠n-\v- tijam-
Wv- a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-bp-sS-cN-\ \-S-∂-sX-∂m-Wv- B¿.-kn.- a-Pqw-Zm-dp-sS-
1.- `m-c-X-hn-Pv-Rm-\-tIm-iw- hm-eyw- 2,- t]-Pv- 428.-
151 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-
A-`n-{]m-bw1.- a-\p- Po-hn-®n-cp-∂-Xv- {io-_p-≤-\p-ti-j-am-sW-∂m-Wv-
am¿-Iv-kn-kv-‰v- N-cn-{X-Im-c-\m-b- Un.-Un.- sIm-kmw-_n-bp-sS2 ]-£w.-
_n.-kn.- C-cp-\q-dn-\pw- F.-Un.- C-cp-\qdn-\p-an-S°
- v- t{Im-Uo-Ic
- n-°s]´-
a-\p-kvar-Xn-bn¬- ]-e-t∏m-gm-bn- ]-cnjv-°-c-W-߃- h-cpØn-bn-´p≠v-
F-∂m-Wv- F-kv.-B¿.- tKm-b¬3- F-gp-Xp-∂Xvv.- a-\p-kv-ar-Xn- B-Zy-Im
e-Øv- kq-{X-cq-]-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂pw- ]n-∂o-Sv- `rKp-a-\p-hm-Wv-
A-Xn-s\- kw-hm-Z-cq-]-Øn-ep-≈- t«m-I-cq-]-Øn-em-°n-bXv- F∂pam-
Wv- hn-izm-kw.-
]-{¥-≠v- A-[ym-bß - f - n-em-bn- c-≠m-bn-cØ- n-sb-gp-∂q-dv- t«mI-
ß-fm-Wv- a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-bn-ep-≈-Xv.- {]-]-t©m¬-]-Øn,- Po-thm¬-∏-
Øn,- {]-fbw,- tjm-U-kw-kv-°m-c-߃,- \m-ev- B-{i-a-߃,- ]-©-
a-lm-bP- vR
- ß- ƒ- P-\\-ac - W
- - hn-jb - n-If
- m-b- I¿-Ωß- ƒ,- hn-hmlw,-
IpSpw-_-Po-hn-Xw,- Kp-cpip-{iq-j,- kv{Xo-[¿-Ωw,- {_m-lv-aW-[¿-Ωw,-
£-{Xn--b-[¿-Ωw,- ssh-iy-[¿-Ωw,- iq-{Z-[¿-Ωw,- I¿-Ω-^-ew,- tam£w-
Xp-S-ßn- H-´-\-h-[n- hn-j-b-ß-sf-°pdn®- {]-Xn-]m-Z-\-ß-fp≠v- a-\p-
kv-ar-Xn-bn¬.- Cu- hn-j-b-ß-sf-√mw- Nm-Xp-¿-h¿-Æy-hy-h-kv-Y-bpsS-
A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-Øn-em-Wv- hn-h-cn-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.- k¿∆- h¿-Æ-ß-
fp-sS-bpw- A-¥-cm-f- Pm-Xn-°m-cp-sS-bpw- [¿-Ω-߃- ap-gp-h≥- D]-tZ
in-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\v- a-\p-hn-s≥-d- A-Sp-Øp-sN-∂- v- Nn-e- a-l¿-jn-
am¿- B-h-iy-s∏-´-X-\p-k-cn-®m-Wv- h¿-Æm-{i-a-[¿-Ω-sØ-°p-dn-®v-
At±-lw- D]-tZ-in-®-sX-∂m-Wv- a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-4 X-s∂- ]-d-bp-∂-Xv.-
Hscm‰ tkmjyenkv ‰ v XXzkwlnX°pw {]Zm\w
sNøm\mhmØ Hcp k¥pjvS kaqlØns≥d ASnkvYm\amWv
a\pkvarXn {]Zm\w sNøp∂sX∂mWv {]apJ lnµp ]p\cpPvPo
h\hmZnbpw B¿.Fkv.Fkv. ap≥ k¿kwLNmeIpamb KpcpPn
tKmƒhmƒ°¿ ]d™Xv5.
bm-Pv-R-h¬-Iy-kv-ar-Xn-:- B-Nm-cw,- hy-h-lm-cw,- {]m-b-iv-Nn
Øw- F-∂o- aq-∂v- A-≤ym-b-ß-fn-em-bn- B-bn-c-Øn-ap-∏-Øn-aq-∂v-
1. R.C. Majumdar: The History and Culture of Indian People, Vol.2.
2. D.D. Kosambi: An Introduction to the study of Indian History.
3. S.R. Goyal: A Religious History of Ancient India, Vol.2
4.- a-\p-kva-r-Xn- 1:-2
5. From the Redfort grounds D≤cWw: amXr`qan BgvN]Xn∏v 1988 P\phcn 17˛13)
ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-߃- 152
t«m-Iß
- f- p≈- bm-PR-v h
- ¬-Iy-ka-v r-Xn-bm-W-v a-\p-ka
-v r-Xn- I-gn-™m¬-
]n-s∂- G-‰-hpw- {]-[m-\-s∏-´- kv-ar-Xn.- C-Xn-\v- an-Xm-£-c- \n-b-aw-
F-∂- t]-cn¬- H-cp- `mjyap≠v.-
kv-ar-Xn-I-fpw- Pm-Xn-Nn-¥-bpw-:-˛ kv-a-r-Xn-Iƒ- s]m-Xp-sh-
{_mlv-a-Wm-[n-]-Xy-sØ-bpw- A-h¿-Æ]o-U-\-sØ-bpw- t{]m¬-km
ln-∏n-°p-Ib - mWv- sN-øp-∂X - v.- _p-≤a
- X
- Ø
- n-s≥-d- X-≈n-°b
- ‰
- t- Øm
sS- Pm-Xn-hy-h-kv-Y-°pw- {_m-lv-a-W- ta-[m-hn-Xz-Øn-\pw- X-f¿-®-
t\-cn-´p.- A-Xn-s\- F-¥v- hn-e-sIm-Sp-Øpw- X-I¿Øp-tXm¬-]n-°pI-
{_m-lv-a-W-a-X-Øn-s≥-d- A-\n-hm-cy- Xm¬-∏-c-y-am-bn- am-dn.- A-Xn¬-
\n-∂m-Wv- kv-ar-Xn-I-fp-sS- P-∑-sa-∂mWv- sIm-kmw-_n-sb-t∏m-sebp-
≈- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m¿- ]-d-bp-∂-Xv.-
""hn-U-V v- n-bm-bm-epw- hn-Zzm-\m-bm-epw- {_m-lv-a-W≥- Cu-iz-c-
Xp-ey\mWv.- A-Kv-\n- A-Sp-∏n-em-bm-epw- Np-S-e-bn-em-bm-epw- ]q-Pn°-
s∏-tS-≠X - m-Wv''-1 F-∂- {]-kvX - m-h\ - b
- n-eq-sS- \m-cZ- k - va- r-Xn-bpw- ""{_m-
lv-a-W≥- Zp¿-am-¿-§n-bm-sW-¶n-epw- ]q-P-y\ -- m-Wv.- iq-{Z-\m-I-s´,- PntX-
{µn-b-\m-bm¬-t]mepw- ]q-Py-\m-hp-I-bn-√''-2 F-∂- hm-Iy-Ø-n-eqsS-
]-cm-ic - k
- va
- r-Xn-bpw- {_m-lva - W- t- a-[m-hn-Xz-Øn-\v- A-Sn-Ød - - ]-Wnbp-
I-bm-Wv- sN-øp-∂-Xv.- {_m-lv-a-W≥- ssZ-h-Xp-ey-\pw- \n¿-_-\v-[-
ambpw- A-\p-k-cn-°-s∏-tS-≠-h-\p3am-sW-∂v- ]-Tn-∏n-°p-∂- a-\p-kv-
ar-Xn- th-Z-߃- ]-Tn-∏n-°p-hm-t\m- kz-Øv- kºm-Zn-°p-hm-t\m- D≈-
A-[n-Im-cw- iq{-Z-\v- C-s√-∂m-Wv4 \n-jv-I¿-jn-°p-∂-Xv.- h-√- ImcW-
h-im-epw- iq-{Z-s≥-d- ssI-hi - w- kz-Øv- h-∂p-t]m-bm¬,- A-Xv- ]nSns®-
Sp-Øv- kz-¥-am-°m-\p-≈- A-h-Im-i-hpw- {_m-lv-a-W-\ps-≠∂m-Wv-
a-\p-kv-a-r-Xn-bp-sS- \n-b-aw-5.-
km-aq-ln-I\ -- n-b-a-߃-:- km-aq-ln-I-- {]-iv-\-ß-fn-epw- {_m-lv-
a-W-\p-w- £-{Xn-b-\pw- ssh-iy-\pw- iq-{Z-\pw- hy-Xy-kv-X- hn-[n-I-
fmWv- kv-ar-Xn-Iƒ- I¬-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.- £-{Xn-b-s\- {_m-lv-a-W≥-
1.- A-hn-Zzmw- iv-ssN-h- hn-Zzm-iv-N- {_m-lv-a-tWm- ssZ-h-Xw- a-l¬-
{]m-Wo-X-iv-N- {]-Xn-Xi -- v-N- b-Ym-\n¿- sZ-h-Xw- a-l¬-˛\m-c-Z- k-v-ar-Xn- 9:-317.-
2.- Zp-iotem f]n- Zzn-Px-]q-tPym-\-Xp- iq-t{Zm- Pn-tX-{µ-n-b-˛]-cm-i-c-kv-ar-Xn,- 8:-33.-
3.- a-\p-kv-ar-Xn- 9:317
4.- i-Iv-X-t\m-]n- ln-iq-t{Z-W- \- Im-tcym- [-\-k-©-bx-˛a-\p-kv-ar-Xn- 10˛129.-
5.- hn-{k-_v-[w- {_m-lv-a-Wx-iq-{Zm-Xv {Z-thym-]-Zm-\-am-N-tc-Xv- \-ln-
X-kym-Iv-Xn In-©n-Xv- kzw- `¿-Ør lm-tcym-[-t\m-ln-kx-˛a-\-pk -- -var-Xn-:- 8:-417.-
153 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-߃- 154

Bt£-]n-®m¬- A-º-Xp-]-W-am-Wv- ]n-g.- ssh-iy-s\- B-t£-]n- kv-{Xo,- H-cn-°-epw- kzm-X-{¥-Øn-\¿-l-b-√''1 F-∂m-Wv- a-\p-kv-arXn-
®m¬- C-cp-]-Øn-b-©v- ]-Ww.- iq-{Z-s\-bm-sW-¶n¬- sh-dpw- ]-{¥≠v- bp-sS- hn-[n.- kv-{Xo- bu-∆-\-{]m-b-Øn¬-X-s∂- hn-[-h-bm-bm¬
]-Ww- am-{X-am-Wv- ]n-g.- iq-{Z≥- {_mlv-a-W-s\- A-]-am-\n-®m¬- Ah- t]mepw,- ]p-\¿-hn-hm-lw- a-\p-kvar-Xn- A-\p-h-Zn-°p-∂n-√2.- `¿-Øm-
s≥-d- \m-h-v A-dp-Øp-I-f-b-Ww.- Xm-gv-∂- h¿-Æ-Øn¬- P-\n-®- Hcmƒ- hv- Pm-c-hr-Øn- sN-øp-∂-h-\m-sW-¶n¬-t]m-epw- kv-{Xo- A-bm-sf--
D-b¿-∂- h¿-Æ-Øn-¬- P-\n-®-h-s\- I-tø-‰w- sNbv-Xm¬,- G-Xv- A-h ssZ-h-Xp-eyw- ]-cn-K-Wn-°-W-sa-∂v- A-\p-im-kn-°p-∂- a\p,- A-tX-
b-hw- sIm-≠m-tWm- A-Xv- sN-bX v- X
- v- B- A-hb
- h
- w- ap-dn-®p-If
- bWw.- {]-hr-Øn-- sN-øp-∂- kv-{Xo-°v- \¬-Ip-∂- in-£- ]-c-ky-am-bn- ]-´n
I-tøm- h-Sn-tbm- Hm-ßn-bm¬- ssI- ap-dn-®p-I-f-b-Ww.- Nhn´n-bm¬- Iƒ-°v- I-Sn-®p-Io-dm≥- F-dn-™p-sIm-Sp-°p-I-bm-sW-∂-Xm-Wv.-
Im¬- ap-dn-®p-I-f-b-Ww1.- C-ß-s\- t]m-Ip-∂p- a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-bnse- kv{Xo°v- Ip-Spw-_k - z-Øn-\v- A-hI - m-ia- n-s√-∂v- {]-Jym-]n-°p-∂- a\p-
kmaqln-Ii -- n-£m- \n-b-a-߃.- A-hf - p-sS- A-≤zm-\Ø - n-s≥-d- Iq-en-t]m-epw- ]-pc - pj-t≥-dX
- n-\v- ]-IpXn-
{_m-lva - W
- s- ≥-d- H-∏w- \-S∂
- - iq-{Z-s\- NΩ-´n-sIm-≠S- n-°Ww.- bm- b n- c n- ° - W - s a∂v - \n- j v - I ¿- j n- ° p- ∂ p. 3 lnµp- ]n- ¥ p- S ¿- ® m-
iq{Z≥- tam-jv-Sn-®m¬- A-h-s≥-d- kzØv- ]n-Sn-®-S-°n- A-h-s\- sIm√ \nbahpw- kz-Ø-h-Im-i- \n-b-a-hp-sa-√mw- a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-sb- am-\n-®p-
Ww.- B-cy-kv-{Xo-sb- iq-{Z≥- {]m-]n-®m¬- A-h-s≥-d- ]p-cp-jm-hbhw- sIm-≠m-Wv- \n¿-Ωn-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.-
th¿-s∏-Sp-Øn- A-h-s≥-d- kz-Øp-°ƒ- ]n-Sn-®-S-°n- A-h-s\- sIm√ \ym-bo-Ic- W
- ß- ƒ-:- kva- r-Xn-Is
- f- \ym-bo-Ic
- n-°m-\pw- hymJym-
Ww.- iq-{Z≥- th-Zw- {i-hn-®m¬- A-hs - ≥-d- Im-Xn¬- Cu-øh - pw- Dcp°pw- \n®v- Xp-ºn-√m-Xm-°m-\p-ap-≈- {i-aß-ƒ- C-∂pw- \-S-∂p-sIm-≠n-
D-cp-°n-sbm-gn-°W - w.- th-Zw- D-®cn-®- iq-{Z-s≥-d- \m-hv- A-dp-Øv- th¿s∏- cn°p-∂p.- h¿Æm-{i-a- hy-h-kv-Y- sXm-gn¬- hn-`-P-\-hp-am-bn- _-\v-[-
Sp-ØW - w.- iq{Zs\- A-[n-t£-]n-°p-∂- {_m-lva - W
- \ - v- H-cp- in£bpw- s∏-´-Xm-sW-∂m-Wv- H-cp- h-ym-Jym-\w.- sXm-gn¬- hn-`-P-\-hp-am-bn-
sIm-Sp-°m≥- ]mSn√.- {_m-lv-a-W≥- tam-jv-Sn-®m¬- A-h-s≥-d- I-Æp _-\v-[-s∏-´-Xm-sW-¶n¬-X-s∂- P∑m-Sn-kv-Ym-\-Øn-ep-≈- Pm-Xn- hn`-
Iƒ- c-≠pw- sI-´p-I-am-{Xw- sN-bv-Xv- A-h-s\- sh-dp-sX- hn-´-bbv-° P-\w- \o-Xn-bs
- √-∂v- A¬-∏w- Nn-¥n-®m¬- t_m-[y-am-Ipw.- P-∑Ø - ns‚-
Ww.- C-sX-√m-am-Wv- B-]kv-Xw-_- [¿-Ω-kq-{X-Øn-se- \n-b-a-߃.2- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-Øn-e-√-;- I¿-Ω-Øn-s≥-d- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-Øn-em-Wv- PmXn-
{_m-lv-a-W-s\- sIm-√p-∂- iq-{Z-s\- aq-∂v- {]m-h-iy-am-bn- Xobn hn-`-P-\-sa-∂- hm-Z-hpw- A-Sn-kvYm-\- c-ln-X-amWv.- ""{_m-lv-a-W- tbm-
en´v- Ip-d-®p-Ip-d-®m-bn- Nn-{X-h-[w- sN-bv-Xv- sIm-√-W-sa-∂v- I¬-∏n \n-bn¬- P-\n-®-h≥'',- ""iq-{Z- tbm-\n-bn¬- P-\n-®-h≥''- Xp-S-ßn-b-
°p∂- Ku-X-a-[¿-Ω-kq-{Xw- iq-{Z-s\-sIm-√p-∂- D-b¿-∂- Pm-Xn ]cm-a¿-i-߃- D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn¬- h-sc- Im-Wmw.- C-Xv- Pm-Xn-hy-
°m¿°v\ - ¬Ip-∂- in£- H-cp- h¿-js - Ø- X-Sh - pw- ]-{¥-≠v- ]-ip°ƒ- h-kv-Y- P-∑m-Sn-kv-Ym-\-Øn¬- X-∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p- I-W-°m-°n-bn-cp-
]ngbpw- am-{X-am-W .- 3 ∂-sX∂v- kp-X-cmw- hy-Iv-X-am-°p-∂p.-
Xm-gv∂
- - Pm-Xn-°m-sc- am-{X-a√- ,- k-aq-lØ - n-s≥-d- am-Xm-°fmb- ""ho-≠pw- a-\p-kva
- r-Xn-°v- \n-ba
- {]m-_e
- yw- \¬-IW- s- a-∂v- Hcm-
kv{Xo-Is - f-°q-Sn- A-ka - X
- z-Øn-s≥-db - pw- A-Sn-aØ
- Ø- n-s≥-db - pw- Nß fpw- B-h-iy-s∏-´n-´n-√.- {K-\v-Yim-e-I-fn-ep-w- K-th-j-W-kv-Ym-]-\-ß-
e-Iƒ-°p-≈n¬- _-\v[ - n-®n-Sm-\m-Wv- kva- rXn-Iƒ- s]m-Xp-sh- {i-an°p f-n-epw- s]mSn-]n-Sn-®p-In-S-°p-∂- H-cp- {]m-No-\-{K-\v-Yw- Np-´p-I-cn-°-
∂-Xv.- ""Iu-amcm-h-kv-Y-bn¬- ]n-Xm-hn-\m-e-pw- bu-∆-\m-h-kv-Y-bn¬- W-sa-∂- B-h-iyw- as‰-¥m- B-Wv- kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv''4 F-∂-
`¿-Øm-hn-\m-epw- hm¿-≤I - y-Øn¬- ]p{X-\m-epw- kwc£n°s∏tS≠-
1.- ]n-Xm-c-£-Xn- Iu-am-tc- `¿-Øm-c-£-Xn- bu-∆-t\-
c-£-¥-kv-Y- ho-tc- ]p-{Xm- \x-kv-{Xo- kzm-X-{¥y-a¿-l-Xn-˛a-\p-kv-ar-Xn,- 9:-3.-
1.- a-\p-kv-ar-Xn- 8:-279˛283.- 2.- a-\p-kv-ar-Xn- 5:-159.-
2.- D-≤m-- -c-Ww-:- Ir-jv-Wm-\-µ-kzm-an-:- C-¥yb-n-se- h¿-Æ-k-a-cw-,- t]-Pv- 93˛95.- 3.- a-\p-kv-ar-Xn- 5:-159˛161.-
3. Ibid -t]-Pv:- 95.- 4.- am-Xr-`q-an- B-gv-N-∏-Xn-∏v,- 1988 P-\p-h-cn- 17˛23.-
155 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-
]n.]c-ta-iz-cs - ≥-d- {]-kvX
- m-h\ - - sh-dpw- "I-Æn¬- s]m-Sn-bn-S¬'- am{X-
am-Wv.- a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-bn-epw- a-‰v- k-ar-Xn-I-fn-ep-ap-≈- B-Nm-c-߃-°v-
\n-b-a-{]m-_-eyw- th-W-sa-∂m-h-iy-s∏-´v- {]t£m-`ß -- ƒ- \-S-Øp-
∂-h¿- C-∂p-ap-≠v.- ]p-cn-i-¶-cm-Nm-c-y-cp-sS- {]-Jym-]-\-ß-fpw- {]-kv-
Xm-h\ - I
- f- pw- tI-´n-´pw- _-[n- c
- X
- - \-Sn-°p-Ib - m-Wv- ]-ct- a-iz-c\ - pw- Iq´m-
fn-I-fpw.- ]p-cn-i-¶-cm-Nm-cy¿- ]-d-™p-:- ""ssZ-hn-I- Kp-W-ß-tfm-sSbpw-
i-Iv-Xn-tbm-sS-bpw- P-\n-°p-∂-h-cm-b- {_m-lv-a-W¿,- k-aq-l-Øn-se-
am-\y-X- ho-s≠Sp-°m-\pw- F-Xn-cm-fn-Iƒ-s°-Xn-tc- t]m-cm-Sm-\pw-
H-∂n-°-Ww''-1.- ""l-cn-P-\-ß-fp-sS- t£-{X-{]-th-i-\-Øn-\v- ln-µpaX-
{K-\v-Y-߃- A-\p-hm-Zw- \¬-Ip-∂n-√.- kv-{Xo-I-fpw- lcn-P-\-ß-fpw-
im-kv-{Xw- ]-Tn-°p-∂-Xn-\pw- A-h- F-Xn-cv- \n¬-°p-∂p''2.- a-\p-kvarXn-
"G-´n-se- ]-ip'- am-{X-am-sW-∂- hm-Zw- A-Sn-kvYm-\-c-ln-X-am-
sW∂¿∞w.-
kv-{Xo-]o-U-\-Øn-s≥-d- G-‰-hpw- aq¿-Ø-cq-]-hpw- C-¥y-bn¬-
\n-tcm[n-°s - ∏-´- B-Nm-ch
- p-am-b- k-Xn- k-{º-Zm-bs
- Ø-t∏m-epw- A\p-
Iq-en-®v- kwkm-cn-°m≥- N-¶q-‰w- Im-Wn-®- ]p-cn-i-¶-cm-Nm-cy¿-s°-
Xn-sc- sN-dp-hn-c¬- A-\-°m-s\-¶n-epw- I-gn-bm-Ø-h-cm-Wv- ln-µp-
]p-\-cp-Pv-Po-h-\-hm-Zn-Iƒ.- kv-ar-Xn-Iƒ- kr-jv-Sn-®p-hn-´- Pm-Xn-Nn-¥-
bpw- {_m-lv-a-W- ta-[m-hn-Xz-t_m-[-hpw- C-∂pw- \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂p-
sh-∂-Xn-s≥-d- {]-Xo-I-am-Wv- ]p-cn-i-¶-cm-Nm-cy¿.- Pm-Xn- \n¿-Ωq-e-\-
Øn-\pw- kv-{Xo- hn-tam-N-\-Øn-\pw- th-≠n- hm-Zn-°p-∂-h¿-°v,- AXp-
sIm-≠p-X-s∂- kv-ar-Xn-Iƒ- Np-s´-cn-°-W-sa-∂v- ]-d-tb-≠n-h-cp-∂p-
sh-¶n¬- A-Xv- kzm-`m-hn-Iw- am-{Xw.-
ssI-I-S-Ø-ep-Iƒ-:- a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-sb- kw-_-\v-[n-®v- Cu-b-Sp-
Øp-\S-∂- hn-hm-Z-Øn¬-\n-∂pw- D-cp-Øn-cn-™- a-s‰m-cp- h-kv-Xp-X-
bp-≠v.- k-v-ar-Xn- {K-\v-Y-ß-fn¬- A-Xv- c-Nn-°-s∏--´v- Im-e-L-´-߃-°p-
ti-jh- pw- Iq-´n-t®¿-°e - p-If
- pw- sh-´n-®c
- p-°e
- p-If
- pw- \-S∂
- n-´p-s≠∂-
Im-cyw- Aw-Ko-I-cn-°p-hm≥- Cu- kw-hm-ZØn¬- ]-s¶-Sp-Ø- ]-Wv-
Un-X-∑m¿- k-∂-≤-am-hp-I-bp-≠m-bn.- s{]m-^.- sI.- a-tl-iz-c≥-
\mb¿- F-gp-Xp-∂p-:- "" a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-bn¬ ]-e- Im-e-Øm-bn- Iq-´n-t®¿-
1.- am-Xr-`q-an- 15˛5˛1988.-
2. Indian Express 4-4-1988.
ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-߃- 156
°-ep-Iƒ- \-S-∂n-´p-≠v.- C-t∏m-gpw- B¿.-F-kv.-F- p-Im¿- A-Xv- \-S-
Øn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p.- 1965 \-hw-_¿- 14˛mw- Xo-b-Xn- U-¬-ln-bn-
se- sN-t¶m-´- ssa-Xm-\-Øv- X-Sn-®p-Iq-Sn-b- B¿.-F-kv.-F p-Imsc-
A-`n-k-w-t_m-[-\- sN-bv-Xp-sIm-≠v- A-h-cp-sS- t\-Xm-hm-b- am.k.
tKmƒ-hmƒ--°¿- \-S-Øn-b- {]-`m-j-W-Øn¬- a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-bn¬-\n-s∂-
∂p-]-d-™v- H-cp- t«m-Iw- D-≤-cn-®p.-
bm-hm-Xv-{Zn-tb-Xv- Pw--cw- Xm-h-Xv-k-Xzw- ln- tZ-ln-\mw-
A-[n-Iw- tbm-`n-a-t\y-X- k- kv-tX-t\m- Z-Wv-U-a¿-l-Xn.
C-ß-s\-sbm-cp- t«m-Iw- a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-bn¬- C-√.- ]-c-k-v]-c-hn
cp-≤-ß-fm-b- H-t´-sd- {]-kv-Xm-h-\-Iƒ- a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-bn¬- Im-Wp-∂Xv-
]-e-Im-eØm-bn- ]-e-cpw- ]-e-Xpw- Iq-´n-t®¿-Ø-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv''- 1.-
A-®-Sn-bp-sS- km-t¶-Xn-I- hn-Zy-I-fpw- a-‰v- hn-Pv-Rm-\-ti-J-c-
tWm-]m-[n-I-fpw- h-f¿-∂v- hn-I-kn-®- C-∂p-t]m-epw- kv-ar-Xn-{K-\v-Y-
ß-fn¬- Iq-´n-t®¿-°-ep-Iƒ-°m-bn- {i-aw- \-S-∂p-sh-¶n¬- Hm¿-Ω-i-
Iv-Xn- am-{X-ap-]-tbmKn-®p-sIm-≠p-≈- t{]-j-W-co-Xn- kzo-I-cn-®n-cp∂-
C-∂-se-I-fn¬- F-{X-am-{Xw- Iq-´n-t®¿-°-e-p-I-fpw- am-‰-Øn-cp-Ø-epI
fpw- \-S-∂n-cn-°mw- F-∂v- \-ap-°v-\ym-b-am-bpw- Du-ln-°m-hp-∂-XmWv.-
Xm-c-Xtay-\- ]u-cm-Wn-I-X- Ip-d-hm-b- kv-ar-Xn- {K-\v-Y-ß-fn¬-
I-S-Øn-°q-´-ep-Iƒ- \-S-∂p-sh-¶n¬,- A-Xn-t\-°mƒ- ]p-cm-X-\-hpw-
B-Zn-Im-e- I-sø-gp-Øv- {]-Xn-Iƒ- A-e-`y-hp-am-b- th-tZm-]-\n-j-Øp-
I-fn-epw- a-‰pw- ISØ-n-°q-´-ep-Iƒ- \-S-∂n-´n-s√-∂v- F-ßn-s\- ]-dbm-
\m-hpw?- kzm¿-∞-Xm¬-]-cy-߃-°p-th-≠n- kv-ar-Xn-{K-\v-Y-ß-fn¬-
{_m-lv-a-W-¿- I-S-Øn-°q-´-ep-Iƒ- \-S-Øn-sb-¶n¬- kv-ar-Xn-I-tf-°m-
f-[n-Iw- {_m-lv-a-W-I-c-ß-fn-eqsS- I-S-∂p-h-∂- a-‰v- {K-\v-Y-ß-fn¬-
Iq-Sp-X¬- h-N-\-߃- Iq-´n-t®¿-Øn-cn-°Ww.- C-∂v- e-`y-am-Ip-∂-
ssl-µ-h- {K-\v-Y-ß-fn¬-\n-∂v- A-Xn-s≥-d- aq-e{K-\v-Yß-fn-en-√m-Ø-
h-N-\-߃- H-gn-hm-°m≥- km-[n-s®-¶n¬- am-{X-sa- `m-c-X-Ønse-
"ssZ-hn-Ia- X
- '- s
- Ø-Ip-d®
- - H-cp- G-It- Z-i- [m-cW
- s
- b-¶n-epw- A-hbn¬-
\n∂v- \-ap-°v- e-`n-°p-I-bp-≈q.-
1 ""a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-bpw- k-Xn-bpw''-:- am-Xr-`-q-an- B-gv-N-∏-Xn-∏v- 1988 P-\p-h-cn- 17˛23.-
157
8 ®n-cp-∂- {io-_p-≤≥- kv-Ym-]n-®- _p-≤-a-X-sØ-°p-dn-®- ]-cm-a¿-i-
C-Xn-lm-k-߃-
th-Z-X-Øz-ß-sf- I-Ym-cq-]-Øn¬- A-h-X-cn-∏n-°p-I-bm-Wv-
CXn-lm-k-ß-fp-sS- [¿-Ωw.- "b-tXm- [¿-Ω-kv-X-tXm'- F-hn-sS- [¿-
Ω-ap-t≠m- A-hnsS- hn-P-b-ap-≠v- F-∂-Xm-Wv- C-Xn-lm-k-ß-fp-sS-
X-X-zw.- [¿-Ω-Øn-\v- •m\n- kw-`-hn-®-t∏mƒ- A-Xn-s\- kw-kv-Ym-]n-
°m-≥-th-≠n- h-∂- A-h-Xm-c-ß-fpsS- I-Y-bm-Wv- C-Xn-lm-k-ß-fp-
sS- D-≈-S-°w.- C-X- C-l- B-kw-˛C-{]-Im-c-am-Wv- C-hn-sS- kw-`-hn-
®-Xv˛ F-∂- i-_v-Z-ß-fn¬-\n-∂m-Wv- C-Xn-lm-k- i_vZ-Øn-s≥-d-
hyp¬-∏Ø - n.- Im¬-`m-Kw- [¿-Ωw- \-in-®- t{X-Xm-bp-KØ- n-se- hnjvWp-
A-hX - m-cs
- Ø-°p-dn-®- I-Y\- a
- m-b- cm-am-bW
- h
- pw- ]-Ip-Xn-bpw- [¿Ωw-
\-in-®- Zzm-]c-bp-K-Øn-se- A-h-Xm-c-am-b- Ir-jv-W-s≥-d- I-Y- ]-dbp-
∂- a-lm-`m-c-X-hp-am-Wv- c-≠v- C-Xn-lm-k-߃-.-
cm-am-b-Ww-:- cm-am-b-Ww- B-Zn-Im-hy-hpw- hm-¬ao-In- B-Zn-I-
hn-bpam-bm-Wv- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.- th-Z-ß-fn-se-bpw,- D-]-\n-j-Øp-
I-fn-se-bpw- ]-e- h-cn-I-fpw- Im-hy-cq-]-Øn-em-Wv.- cm-am-b-Ww- th-Z
ß-fp-sS- c-N-\- I-gn-™v- Ip-sd-Im-e-߃-°ptij-am-Wv- c-Nn-°-s∏-
´-sX-∂v- ssl-µ-h¿-X-s∂- hn-izkn-°p-∂p.- A-t∏mƒ-]n-s∂,- cm-am-
ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-߃- 158
b-Ww- B-Zy-Im-hy-am-sW-∂- k¶¬∏w,- C-¥y-bp-sS- ]-c-n-[n-°-I-
Øp-sh-®v- am-{Xw- t\m-°p-tºmƒ-t]mepw- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-c-ln-X-a-m
sW∂v- a-\- n-em-°m≥- I-gn-bpw.-
cm-am-b-Ww- c-Nn-°-s∏-´- Im-e-sØ-°p-dn-®v- A-`n-{]m-b-hy-Xym-
k-ß-fp-≠v.- {In-kv-Xp-hn-\v- c-≠v- \q-‰m-≠p-Iƒ-°v- ap-tºm- A-Xn-\p-
ti-j-tam- BWv- cm-am-b-Ww- c-Nn-°-s∏-´-sX-∂m-Wv- ]-Wv-Un-X-cn¬
Nnecp-sS- \n-K-a-\w-1.- _n.-kn.-A-©mw- \q-‰m-≠n-em--sW-∂pw- A-`n-
{]m-bs- ∏-Sp-∂h - p-≠v2.- - {In-kvX
- c - p-hn-\v- ap-ºv- A-©mw-\q-‰m-≠n¬- Pohn-
߃- cm-am-b-W3Øn-ep-≠v.- _n.-kn.- \m-emw- i-XI-Øn-se-gp-X-s∏´-
]m-en-`m-j-bn-ep-≈- _u-≤-Ir-Xn-bm-b- Z-i-c-Y-Pm-X-I-Ønse- IY-
Iƒ-°v- cm-am-b-W- I-Y-bp-am-bn- km-Zr-iy-ap-≠v.- C-Xn¬-\n-s∂√mw-
cm-am-b-W-c-N-\- \-S-∂-Xv- _n.-kn.- \m-emw- \q-‰m-≠n-\p-ti-j-am-sW-
∂mWv- a-\- n-em-Ip-∂-Xv.-
hm¬-ao-In- a-l¿jn- \q-dp-tIm-Sn- t«m-I-߃- c-Nn-®n-cp-∂p-
sh-∂pw- A-Xn¬-\n-∂v- e-h-Ip-i-∑m-sc- ]-Tn-∏n-®- C-cp-]-Øn- \m-em-
bn-cw- t«m-I-ß-sfm-gn-®v- a-s‰-√mw- {_-lv-a-tem-I-Ønte-°pt]m-bn-
F-∂pw- H-cp- hn-izm-k-ap-≠v-4.- C-∂p-≈- 24000 t«m-I-ß-tfm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-
hm¬-ao-In- cm-am-b-Ww-- _m-e-Im-Wv-Uw,- A-tbm-[ym-Im-Wv-Uw,- Bc-
Wy-Im-Wv-Uw,- In-jv-In-\v-[m-Im-Wv-Uw,- kp-µ-c-Im-Wv-Uw,- bp-≤-Im-
Wv-Uw,- D-Ø-c-Im-Wv-Uw- F-∂n-ßs\- G-gp- Im-Wv-U-ß-fm-bn- hn`-
Pn-°-s]-´n-´p-≠v.- C-Xn¬- B-Zy-sØ- _m-e-Im-Wv-U-hpw- A-h-km-\-
sØ- D-Ø-c-Im-Wv-U-hpw- B-Zy-Im-e- cm-am-b-W-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-
s√-∂pw- ]n-∂o-Sv- Iq-´n-t®¿-°-s∏-´-Xm-sW-∂p-am-Wv- {]-apJ- ]-WvUn-
X-∑m-cp-sS- ap-gp-h≥- A-`n-{]m-bw.-
kz-in-jy-\m-b- `-c-Zzm-P-t\m-Sp-Iq-sS- X-a-km-\-Zn-bn¬- kv-\m-
\-Øn-\p-t]m-b- hm¬-ao-In- a-l¿-jn- C-W-°p-cp-hn-I-fn-sem-∂n-s\-
Im-´m-f≥- Asº-øp-∂-Xpw- Zpx-Jm¿-Ø-bm-b- s]¨-]-£n- ]n-S-™p-
I-c-bp-∂-Xpw- I≠v- a-\- en-™p.- B- I-cp-W-bn¬- \n-∂p-bn¿ sIm
1. K.M. Munshi: The History and Culture of Indian People Vol. II Page 254.
-2 `m-c-X- hn-Pv-Rm-\-tIm-iw- hm-eyw- 2,- t]-Pv- 558.-
3 hm¬-ao-In- cm-am-bWw-:- A-tbm-[ym-Im-W-vUw- 108˛mw- k¿-Kw.-
4 ln-µp- [¿-Ω-]-cn-N-bw,- t]-Pv- 214.-
159 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-
≠- im-]-am-Wv- cm-am-b-W-Øn-s≥-d- {]Y-a- t«m-I-am-bn- am-dn-b-Xv.-
""A-cp-Xv- Im-´m-fm.....- {Iu-©- an-Yp-\-ß-fn¬- Im-a-tam-ln-X-am
b- H∂n-s\- h-[n-®- \o- G-sd-°m-ew- Po-hn-°m-Xn-cn-°-s´-''1 F-∂mWv-
im-]w.- Cu- t«m-I-Øn-s≥-d- Xm-f-hpw- e-b-hpw- ku-µ-cy-hpw- h-f-sc-
b-[n-Iw- C-jvSs∏´- hm¬-ao-In- C-tX- cq-]-Øn¬- H-cp- a-lm-]p-cp-
jm-Jym-\-Øn-\v- t{]-cn-X-\mbn.- C-∂v- Cu- tem-I-Øv- Po-hn-®n-cn-
°p-∂h - c- n¬-sh-®v- G‰-hpw- KpW-]q¿-Æ\ - m-b- a-\p-jy-\m-cm-Wv- F∂-
A-t\z-j-W-Øn-\v cm-a-\-√m-sX- a-‰m-cp-a-√- F-∂- D-Ø-c-am-Wv- \m-
cZ- a-l¿-jn-bn¬ -\n-∂v- e-`n-®-Xv.- A-ß-s\-bmWv- cma-I-Ym-Jym\w-
\-S-Øm-≥- hm¬-ao-In- a-l¿-jn- ap-X-n-cp-∂-Xv.-
A-tbm-[y-bn-se- cm-Pm-hm-bn-cp-∂- Z-i-c-Y-s≥-d- aq-∂v- `m-cy-am-
cn¬- H-cm-fm-b- Iu-k-ey-bp-sS- ]p-{X-\m-Wv- cm-a≥.- ssI-tI-bn,- kpan
{X- F-∂n-h-cm-Wv- a-‰v- c-≠v- `m-cy-am¿.- Zo¿-L-Im-ew- X-\n-°v- k-¥m-
\-ß-fn-√m-ØXn¬- Zpx-Jn-®v- ]p-{X-Im-tajvSn-bm-Kw- \-S-Øp-I-bpw-
bm-K-Øn¬-sh-®v- irw-K-ap\n- b-Pv-R-]n-Wv-Uw- X-øm-dm-°n- Z-i-c-Y-
s≥-d- aq-∂v- `m-cy-am¿-°pw- sIm-Sp-°pI bpw- sN-øp-∂p.- Cu- ]n-Wv-
Uß-ƒ- I-gn-®v- aq-∂p-t]-cpw- K¿-`n-Wn-I-fm-bn.- Iu-k-ey- cm-a-t\-
bpw- ssI-tI-bn- `-c-X-t\-bpw- kp-an-{X- e-£v-a-W-t\-bpw- i-{XpLv-
\-t\-bpw- {]-k-hn-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.- Ip-sd-°m-ew- I-gn-™v- cma≥-
ko-X-sb- hn-hm-lw- sN-øp-∂p.- cm-a-\v- {]m-b-am-b-t∏mƒ- A-t±-l-
sØ- cmP-]-Z-hn- G¬-∏n-®p-sIm-Sp-Øv- cm-Py-`-c-W-Im-cy-ß-fn¬-\n-
∂pw- hn-c-an-°m≥- Z-i-c-Y≥- B-{K-ln-°p-∂p.- B- k-a-b-Øv- Xm-\p-
am-bn- ap-ºp-≠m-°n-b- D-S º-Sn-b-\p-k-cn-®v- F-t∏m-gm-h-iy-s∏-´m-epw-
\-S-∏m-°m≥- Z-i-c-Y≥- _m-[y-X-s∏-´-Xm-b- B-{K-lw-- k-^-e-am-°n-
Ø-c-W-sa-∂v- ssI-tI-bn- B-h-iy-s∏-Sp-∂p.- ssI-tI-bn- X-s≥-d-
]p-{X-\m-b- `-c-X-s\- cm-Pm-hm-°-W-sa-∂pw- cma≥- ]-{¥-≠v- h¿-jw-
h-\-hm-kw- \-S-Ø-W-sa-∂pw- B-h-iy-s∏-Sp-∂p.- ]n-Xmhn-s≥-d- hmKv-
Z-Ø- ]m-e-\-Øn-\p-th-≠n- cm-a≥- ko-X-tbm-Spw- e-£v-a-W-t\m-Spw-
Iq-sS- h-\-hm-k-Øn-\v- t]m-Ip-∂p.- h-\-hm-k-Øn-\n-S-°-v e-¶m-cm-P-
m-hm-b- cm-h-W≥- F-∂- cm-£-k≥- ko-X-sb- X-´n-s°m-≠pt]m-bn-
1.- am- \n-jm-Z-:- {]-Xn-jv-Tmw-Xz- a- K-a- iv-im-iz-Xox- k-amx-
b-Xv- {Iu-©-an-Yp-\m- tZ-I- a-h-[ox- Im-a-tam-ln-Xw-
ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-߃- 160
sIm-´m-c-Øn¬- ]m¿-∏n-°p-∂p.- ko-X-sb- Xn-c-°n-bn-d-ßn-b- cm-a\pw-
e-£v-a-W-\pw- am¿-§-a-t[y- hm-\-c-t\-Xm-°-fm-b- kp-{Ko-h-s\-bpw-
l-\p-am-s\-bpw- I-≠kv- p-lr-Z_
v- \
- [
v- w- kvY
- m-]n-°p-∂p.- C-hc
- p-sS- IqSn-
k-lm-b-tØm-sS- e-¶-bn-te°v- ]-S-\-bn-®v,- cm-h-W-s\- bp-≤-Øn¬-
tXm¬-∏n-®v- ko-Xs- b- c-£n-°p-∂p.- A-t∏m-tg-°pw- ssI-tI-bn- Bh-
iys∏-´- ]-{¥-≠v- h¿-j-sa-∂- Im-em-h-[n- A-h-km-\n-®-X-\p-k-cn®v-
cm-a-\pw- ko-X-bpw- e-£v-a-W-\pw- Atbm-[y-bn-te-°v- a-S-ßp-∂p.-
`c-X≥- knw-lm-k-\w- D-t]-£n-°p-I-bpw- cm-a≥- cm-Py-`-c-Ww- Gs‰-
Sp-°p-I-bpw- sN-øp-∂p.- C-Xm-Wv- hm¬-ao-In- cmam-b-W-Øn-s≥-d-
kw£n-]v-Xw.-
Ir-Xbp-Kw,- t{X-Xm-bp-Kw,- Zzm-]c-bp-Kw,- I-en-bp-Kw- F-∂o-
bpKßfn¬- t{X-Xm-bp-K-Øn-em-Wv- {io-cm-a-s≥-d- `-c-W-w- \-S-∂-sX
∂m-Wv- hnizm-kw.- I-en-bp-Kw- Xp-S-ßn-bn-´v- 5092 h¿-j-ß-fm-sb-
∂m-Wv- I-W-°v.- Zzm-]-c-bp-Kw- 8,-64000 h¿-j-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂v-
Icp-Xs- ∏-Sp-∂p.- A-Xn\pw- ap-ºp-≈- t{X-Xm-bp-KØn¬- 12,-99,-000 h¿j-
ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂pw- hn-iz-kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.- t{XXm-bp-K-Øn-s≥-d-
A-h-km-\-Øn-em-Wv- {io-cm-a≥- `cWw- \-S-Øn-b-sX-¶n-epw,- ]p-cm
W-߃- {]-Im-cw- 8,-69,-092 h¿-j-߃°v- ap-ºm-Wv- B- Im-e-L-´w-
F-∂-\p-am-\n-t°-≠n-h-cpw.- F-´v- e-£wh--¿-j-߃°v- ap-ºv- tem-I-
Øn-se-hn-sS-sb-¶n-epw- \m-K-cn-I-X-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn- sX-fn-hp-
I-fn-√.- Cu- A-Sn-kY v- m-\Ø
- n¬- cm-aI - Y- - A-Sn-kY
v- m-\c- l
- n-Xa
- m-sW∂v-
hm-Zn-°p-∂h - c
- p-≠v.- A-hc - p-sS- A-`n-{]m-bØ- n¬ c--ma - m-bW- w- \s√mcp-
t\m-h¬- am-{X-am-Wv.
hm-¬a - o-In- cm-am-bW- w- - Iq-Sm-sX- H-´\
- h
- [- n- cm-am-bW - ß - f - p≠v.-
A≤ym-Xv-a- cm-am-b-Ww,- a-lm-cm-am-bW-w,- kw-hr-X-cm-am-b-Ww,- AK-
kvXy- cm-am-b-Ww,- tem-a-k- cm-am-b-W-w,- a-Rv-Pp-f- cm-am-b-Ww,- ku-
]-Xy- cm-am-bW-w,- ku-lm¿-±- cm-am-b-Ww- Xp-S-ßn- Ip-sd- kw-kv-Ir
X- cm-am-bW-߃-Xs - ∂-bp-≠v.- Xp-©s - Ø-gp-ØNvO - s-- ≥-d- A-≤ymXv-
a- cm-am-bm-Ww- In-fn∏-m-´m-Wv- a-e-bm-f-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- {]-Nm-c-ap≈-
cm-am-bW - I- m-hyw.- I-PvR - i- vi- cm-am-bW - w,- cm-aI- Y- ∏- m-´v,- cm-aN
- c- nXw-
Xp-S-ßn- th-sd-bpw- cm-a-I-Y-Iƒ- a-e-bm-f-Øn-ep-≠v.- X-an-gn¬- I-º-
cm-am-bW- h- pw- ln-µn-bn¬- Xpf-koZmk- cm-am-bW - h - p-am-Wv- {]-kn≤w.-
161 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-
Cu- cm-am-b-W-ß-sf-√mw- \¬-Ip∂- cm-a-Nn-{Xw- hy-Xy-kv-X-am-Wv.-
]-c-kv-]-c- hn-cp-≤-ß-fm-b- H-´-\-h-[n- Im-cy߃- Cu- cm-am-b-W-ß-
fn-ep-≠v.-
a-lm-`m-cXw-:- {io-Ir-jv-Wm-h-Xm-c-sØ-°p-dn-®- I-Y-\-am-b-
alm`m-c-X-am-Wv- G-‰-hpw- a-l-Øm-b- C-Xn-lm-k-{K-\v-Y-am-bn- Adn-
b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.- th-Z-hym-k≥- c-Nn-®-sX-∂v- hn-i-z-kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂- a-lm-
`m-c-Xw,- ]-©-ath-Z-sa-∂- t]-cn¬- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.- k-c-kz-Xo- \Zo-
Xo-c-Øn-se- B-{i-a-Ønen-cp-∂v- th-Z-hym-k≥- c-Nn-®- a-lm-`m-c-Xw-
in-jy-\m-b- ssh-i-ºm-b-\-s\- ]Tn-∏n-°p-I-bpw- ]n-∂o-Sv- ssh-i-
ºm-b-\≥- P-\-ta-P-b-\v- D-]-tZ-in-®p-sImSp-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp-sh-
∂m-Wv- sF-Xn-lyw.- "`m-c-Xw'- F-∂- i-_v-Z-Øn-se- Hmtcm- A£
chpw- Hm-tcm- a-l-Øm-b- B-i-b-ß-sf- {]-Xn-\n-[m-\w- sNøp-∂p-
sh-∂v- ]-d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.- "`m'- F-∂- A-£-cw-sIm-≠v- F-√m- th-Z-ß-
fnepw- `m-kn-°p-∂-Xv- F-∂pw,- "c'- F-∂- A-£-cw-sIm-≠v- F-√m-
Pohn-I-fn-epw- cXn-bp-≈-Xv- F∂-- "X'- F-∂- A-£-cw-sIm-≠v- F√m-
Xo¿-∞-ß-sf-bpw- X-cn-°p-∂-Xv- F-∂p-am-Wv- hn-h-£n-°p-∂-X-s{X.-
C-∂v- Im-Wp-∂- a-lm-`m-c-X-Øn-\v- _n.-kn.- c-≠mw- \q-‰m-≠n-
te-s-d- ]-g-°-an-s√-∂m-Wv- ]-W-vUn-Xm-\p-am-\w.- _n.-kn.- c≠mw- \q‰m-
≠n-\pw- F.Un.- c-≠mw- \q-‰m-≠n-\p-an-S-bv-°m-Wv- a-lm-`m-c-Xw- C-∂-
sØ- cq-]-Øn-em-b-sX-∂m-Wv- Un.-Un.-sIm-kmw-_n-1bpw- tUm. cm[m-
I-a¬-ap-°¿-Pn-bpw-2 ]-db - p-∂X - .v - hn≥-d¿\n-‰k -v n-s≥-d- A-`n-{]m-bØ
- n¬,-
a-lm-`m-c-X-Øn-\v- _n.-kn.- \m-emw- \q-‰m-≠n-e-[n-Iw- ]u-cm-Wn-I-X-
tbm- F.-Un.- \m-emw- \q-‰m-≠n-e-[nIw- B-[p-\n-I-X-tbm- \¬-Im-≥-
I-gn-bn-√.-3 hy-m-k≥- F-gp-Xn-b-Xv- tI-h-ew- 8800 t«m-I-ß-fp-≈- "Pb'-
F-∂- Im-hyw- am-{X-am-sW-∂pw- ssh-i-ºm-b≥- A-Xn-s\- 24000 t«m-
I-ßf - p-≈- "`m-cX- w'- F-∂- {K-\vY - a- m-°n-sb-∂pw- kq-X≥- F-∂- BNm-
cy-\m-Wv- `m-cX- k- w-ln-Xs - b- Ip-d® - p-Iq-Sn- hn-]p-es- ∏Sp-Øn- H-cp- e£w-
t«m-I-ß-fp-≈- "a-lm-`m-c-Xw'- B-°n-b-sX-∂pw-4 A-`n{]m-b-ap-≠v.-
F-∂m¬- "th-Z-hym-k- hn-c-Nn-X-am-b- aq-e-`m-c-X-Øn¬- A-t\-
1. D.D. Kosambi: An Introduction to the Study of Indian History, Page 133.
2. Radha Kamal Mukharjee: The Culture and Art of India. Page 214.
3. Quoted by S.R. Goyal: A Religious History of Ancient India, Vol. 11 Page 17.
4. B.B. Lal: Mahabharatha: Myth and Reality, Page 53.
ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-߃- 162
I-e£w t«m-I-߃- D-≠m-bn-cp-∂-h-bn¬- `q-cn-]-£-hpw- {_-lv-a-
tem-I-sØ- {]m-]n-®p-sh-∂m-Wv-'- hn-izm-kw-1.- c-N-\m-Im-e-Øv- a-lm-
`m-c-X-Øn¬- Ct∏m-gp-≈-Xn¬-Ip-d-®v- t«m-I-ßt-- f- D-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-
≈q-sh-∂pw- ]n-∂o-Sv- Iq-´n-t®¿-°-ep-Iƒ- \-S-∂n-´p-s≠-∂pw- H-c-p-
hn[w- F-√m- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-cpw- k-Ω-Xn-°p-∂p-≠v.- Ir-jv-W-ssN-X-
\y- F-gp-Xp-∂p.- ""a-lm-`m-cX-Øn-s≥-d- aq-ew- _n.-kn.- \m-emw- \q-‰m-
≠n-\v- ap-ºp-X-s∂- c-Nn-°-s∏-´-Xm-sW¶n-epw- A-Xn¬- ]n¬-°m-e-
Øv- ]-e-Xpw- Iq-´n-t®¿-Øn-´m-Wv- C-∂-sØ- cq-]w- ssI-h-∂-Xv.- tIh-
ew- 24000 t«m-I-ß-f-S-ßn-b- H-cp- Im-hy-am-Wv- (A-Xn-s≥-d- t]¿-
"`mc-Xw'- F-∂m-bn-cp-∂p.)- ]n-∂o-Sv- H-cp- e-£-Øn-te-sd- ]-Zy-ß-fp
≈- a-lm-`m-c-Xam-bn-Øo¿-∂-Xv''-2.- a-lm-`m-c-X-Øn-\v- aq-∂v- ]-I¿-
Øn-sb-gp-X-ep-Iƒ- \-S-∂n-´p-s≠-∂v- bm-Ym-kv-Yn-Xn-I-∑m¿-t]m-epw-
k-Ω-Xn-°p-∂- Im-cy-am-Wv-3.-
a-lm-`m-c-X-Øn-s≥-d- I¿-Øm-hm-b- th-Z-hym-k-s\-°p-dn-®pw-
hn-cp-≤m-`n-{]m-b-ß-fp-≠v.- D-]-cn-N-c-h-kp- F-∂- cm-Pm-hn¬-\n-∂v-
K¿-`n-Wn-bmb- A-{Zn-I-sb-∂- a¬-ky-I-\y-I- {]-k-hn-®- k-Xy-h-Xn-
bn¬- ]-cm-i-c-a-l¿-jn°v- P-\n-®- Ir-jv-W-ssZz-]m-b-\m-Wv- th-Z-
hym-k≥- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-sX-∂mWv- hn-izm-kw.- F-∂m-¬ th-Z-
hym-k≥- F-∂-Xv- H-cp- hy-Iv-Xn-b-s√-∂pw- AsXmcp- kv-Ym-\-\m-aw-
am-{X-am-sW-∂pw- ]-e- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m¿-°pw- A-`n-{]m-b-ap-s≠∂v- \-
tS- kq-Nn-∏n-®n-´p-≠v.- i-¶-cm-Nm-cy¿,- t]m-∏v,- ]m-{Xn-bm¿-°o-kv- Xp-
S-ßn-b-h-t]m-se-bp-≈- kv-Ym-\-t∏-cv- am-{X-am-Wv- I-W-z≥,- hym-k≥-
F-∂n-h-sb-∂m-Wv- Kp-cp-\n-Xy- ssN-X-\y-b-Xn-4 ]-d-bp-∂-Xv.- hym-k≥-
F-∂ \m-aØn\v- kw-hn-[m-b-I≥,- {]-km-[-I≥- k-am-l-cn-®- hy-Iv-
Xn- Xp-S-ßn-b- A¿-∞-ß-fp-s≠-∂pw- th-Z-߃- k-am-l-cn-®- hy-Iv
Xn- th-Z-hym-k-\pw- a-lm-`m-c-Xw- Xp-S-ßn-b-h- k-am-l-cn-®-h¿- hy-
Xy-kv-X- hym-k-∑m-cpw- B-Im-\m-Wv- km[y-X-sb-∂m-Wv- am¿-K-c-
‰pw- sP-bnw-kv- kv-s‰-Uv-se-Kpw-5 A-`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.-
- H-t∂Im¬- e-£w- t«m-I-ß-fp-≈- a-lm-`m-c-X-Øn¬- ]-Xn-
1.- sI.- ]-c-ttiz-c≥-]n-≈-:- ln-µp-[¿-Ω- ]-cn-N-bw,- t]-Pv- 216.-
2. Krishna Chaithanya: A New History of Sanskrit Literature Page, 200.
3.- sh-´w-am-Wn-:- ]-p-cm-Wn-Iv- F≥-ssk-t¢m-]o-Un-b,- t]-Pv- 875.-
4. Nithya Chaithanya Yathi- The Bhagavad Gita, Page 1.
5. Margerette and James Stutleg: A Dictionary of Hinduism, Page 151.
163 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-
s\-´v- ]¿-∆-ß-fn-em-bn- c-≠m-bn-cw- A-≤ym-b-ß-fpw- \q-dv- D-]-]¿-∆
ß-fpw- A-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.- aq-∂v- h¿-jw- sIm-≠m-Wv- th-Z- hym-k-
a-l¿-jn- C-Xv- cNn-®-sX-∂v- hn-iz-kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.- h-f-sc- hn-i-Z-am
b- H-cp- C-Xn-hr-Ø-amWv- `m-c-X-Øn-t≥-d-Xv.- Ir-jv-W-s\-∂- {]-[m-\-
IYm-]m-{X-sØ- Np-‰n-bp-≈- IY-\-Øn-eq-sS- H-∂v- F-Øn-t\-m-°mw.-
bm-Z-h- hw-i-Øn¬-s∏-´- D-{K-tk-\-s≥-d- a-I-\m-b- hm-kp-tZ-
h-\mWv- {io-Ir-jv-W-s≥-d- ]n-Xm-hv.- D-{K-tk-\-s≥-d- k-tlm-Z-c-\mb-
tZ-h-I-s≥-d- aIƒ- tZ-h-In-bm-Wv- A-t±-l-Ø-n-s≥-d- am-X-m-hv.- tZ-h-
In-bp-sS- F-´m-a-sØ- a-I≥- X-s∂- sIm-√p-sa-∂v- A-i-co-cn- tI-´-
tZh-In-bp-sS- a-®p-\≥- Iwk≥- tZ-h-In-sb- sIm-√m≥- {i-an-°p-∂p.-
tZ-h-In- {]-k-hn-°p-∂- Ip-™p-ß-sf-sb-√mw- Iw-k-\v- \¬-Im-sa∂-
\n-_-\v-[-\-bn¬- A-h-sf- sIm-e-bn¬-\n∂p-sam-gn-hm-°-s∏-´p-sh-¶n-
epw,-- tZ-h-In-bpw- `¿-Øm-hpw- X-S-hn-em°-s∏-Sp-∂p.- tZ-h-In-°p-≠mb-
B-dv- Ip-™p-ß-sf-bpw- Iw-k≥- sIm-√p-∂p.- G-gm-asØ- Ip-´n-bm-b-
_-e-cm-a≥- hm-kp-tZ-h-s≥-d- a-s‰m-cp- `m-cy-bm-b- tcm-ln-Wn-bpsS-
K¿-`-]m-{X-Øn-te-°v- am-‰-s∏-Sp-I-bpw- tcm-ln-Wn-bp-sS- a-I-\m-bn-
Pohn-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.-
F-´m-a-sØ- ]p-{X-\m-b- Ir-jv-W≥- P-\n-®-t∏mƒ- X-s∂,- hnjv-
Wp-hn-s≥-d- \n¿-t±-i-{]-Im-cw- ]n-Xm-hv- c-l-ky-am-bn- b-ap-\m-\-Zn-bp-
sS- a-dp-Ic - b- n-ep-≈- A-ºm-Sn-bn¬- \-µt- Km-]c - p-sS- ho-´n-se-Øn,- At±-
l-Øn-s≥-d- `mcy- b-tim-Z- {]-k-hn-®- s]¨-Ip-´n-sb- F-Sp-°p-I-
bpw- ]-Ic - w- Ir-jvW - s- \- Ahn-sS- sh-°p-Ib - pw- sN-bvX - p.- B- Ip™n-
s\-bpw- sIm-√p-hm≥- ]Xn-hn≥-]-Sn- Iw-k≥ {i-an-®-t∏mƒ- A-Xv-
B-Im-i-Øn-te-°v- D-b¿-Ø-s∏-´p.- \-µ-\pw- b-tim-Z-bpw- h-f¿-Øp∂-
Ip-™v- X-s≥-d- A-¥I - \ - m-sW-∂v- {]-hN- n-°s - ∏-´- tZ-hI - n-bp-sS- F´m-
a-sØ- ]p-{X-\m-sW-∂v- a-\-kn-em-°n-b- Iwk≥,- Ir-jv-W-s\- sIm
√m≥- H-∂n-\p-]n-d-sI- H-∂m-bn- ]-e- A-S-hp-Ifpw- {]-tbm-Kn-®p-sh¶n-
epw- A-sX-√mw- ]-cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≠m-bn.- ]q-X-\,- XrWm-h¿-Ø≥,-
i-S-I≥,- h-Xv-km-kp-c≥,- _-I≥,- A-Lm-kp-c≥- Xp-S-ßn-b-h¿- Irjv-
W-s\- h-[n-°m≥-th-≠n,- Iw-k-s≥-d- I¬-∏-\-{]-Im-c-w- \n-tbm-Kn-
°-s∏-´h - c - m-Wv.- Ir-jW v- h - [
- Ø
- n-\p-≈- {i-aØ- n¬- C-hs - c-√mw- sIm√-
s∏-SpI-bp-≠m-bn.- ]n-∂o-Sv- ]-e- A-Xv-`p-X-ß-fpw- Ir-jv-W≥- Im-Wn-
ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-߃- 164
®-Xm-bn- a-lm`m-c-Xw- hn-h-cn-°p-∂p.-
hm-kp-tZ-h-k-tlm-Z-cn-bm-b- Ip-¥n-sb- l-kv-Xn-\-]p-c-Øn-se-
cm-Pmhm-b- ]m-Wv-Up-hm-Wv- hn-hm-lw- sN-bv-X-Xv.- am-{Zn-sb-∂- as‰m-
cp- `m-cy-Iq-Sn-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p- ]mWv-Up-hn-\v.- `m-cy-am-cp-am-bn- _-\v-[
s∏-´m¬- X¬£Ww- a-cn-°p-sa-∂v- ]m-Wv-Up-hn-\v- im-]w- e-`n-®p.-
A-t±-lØ - n-s≥-d- `m-cy-bm-b- Ip-¥n- b-a[
- ¿-Ω≥,- hm-bp,- C-{µ≥- F∂n-
h-cn¬-\n-∂pw- K¿-`w- [-cn-®v- b-Ym-{I-aw,- [¿-Ω-]p-{X≥,- `o-a≥,- A¿-
Pp-\≥- F-∂o- a-°s - f- {]-k hn-®p.- am{Zn Aiz\o tZhXIfn¬\n∂v
K¿`w[cn®v \Ipes\bpw kltZhs\bpw {]khn®p.Cu- A©p-
t]-cm-Wv- ]m-Wv-U-h-∑m¿.- ]m-Wv-Up- a-cn-®-t∏mƒ- am{Zn kXn- A\p-
jv-T-n-®p.- Ip-¥n- ]-©-]-m-Wv-U-h-∑m-sc- h-f¿-Øn-s°m-≠v- Po-hn®p.-
]m-Wv-Up-hn-s\-Xp-S¿-∂v- k-tlm-Z-c-\m-b- [r-X-cm-jv-{S¿- lkv-
Xn-\-]p-c-Øn-se- cm-Pm-hm-bn.- [r-X-cm-jv-{S-k-¥m-\-ß-fm-b- Iu-ch¿-
]m-Wv-U-h¿-°v- A¿-l-am-b- A-h-Im-i-߃- sIm-Sp-°m-Ø-Xn-\m¬-
A-h¿- XΩn¬- A-hI - m-iØ
- ¿-°a - p-≠m-bn.- A-hI
- m-iß
- ƒ- t\-Snsb-
Sp-°m-\m-bn- bp-≤w- sN-øm≥- Ir-jv-W≥- ]m-Wv-U-h-∑m-sc- D-]-tZ-
in-®p.- ]m-Wv-Uh- {]-ap-J-\m-b- A¿-Pp-\-s≥-d- tX-cm-fn-bm-bn- Ip-cp-
t£-{X- bp-≤-Øn¬- tkh-\-a-\p-jvTn-°p-∂- Ir-jv-W≥,- bp-≤m-cw-`-
Øn¬- _-\v-[p-°-sf- h-[n-°m-≥- a-Sn-®v- B-bp-[w- Xm-sg-sh-°p-∂-
A¿-Pv-Pp-\-\v- \¬-Ip-∂- D]-tZ-i-ß-fmWv- `-K-h-ZvKo-X.- Ip-cpt£-{X-
bp-≤-Øn¬- ]m-Wv-U-h¿- hn-P-bn-°p-I-bpw- Ah¿- `-c-Ww- \-S-ØpI-
bpw- sN-bv-Xp.-
hn-Z¿-`-bn-se- cm-Pm-hm-b- `o-jv-a-I-s≥-d- a-Iƒ- cp-K-van-Wn-sb-
bm-Wv- Ir-jv-W≥- B-Zy-am-bn- hn-hm-lw- sN-øp-∂-Xv.- A-Xn-\p-tijw-
k-Xy-`m-a,- Pmw-_h - X- n,- Im-fn-¥n,- an-{X-hn-µ,- k-Xy,- `-{Z (ssItIbn),-
e-£v-a-Wm- Xp-S-ßn- ]-Xn-\m-dmbn-cØn- F-´v- kv-{Xo-I-sf- I-√ymWw-
I-gn-®p.- H-cp- e-£Ø- n- F¨-]X - n \m-bn-cw- a-°f - p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-hs{X-
{io-Ir-jv-W-\v.-
Ir-jv-W-s≥-d- a-°-fn-sem-cm-fm-b- kmw-_-h-s\,- bm-Z-h≥-am¿-
H-cp- D-∑m-Z-th-f-bn¬- H-cp- K¿-`n-Wn-bp-sS- th-jw-sI-´n-®v- B- K¿-`n
Wn- {]-k-hn-°p-∂- Ip-™v- F-¥m-sW-∂v- ap-\n-am-tcm-Sv- ]-cn-lm-k-
`m-h-Øn¬- tNm-Zn®p.- A-hƒ- H-cp- C-cp-ºp-e-° {]-k-hn-°p-sa-∂pw-
165 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-߃- 166

A-Xv- b-mZ-h-cp-sS- \m-i-Øn\v- \n-Zm-\-am-Ip-sa-∂pw- {Ip-≤-\m-b- ap\n- ´m-Wv- G-‰-hpw- {]-kn-≤w.- hym-k-`m-c-X-tØm-Sv- \o-Xn- ]p-e¿-Øn-
i-]n-®p.- ]n-t‰-∂p-X-s∂- kmw-_-h≥- C-cp-º-p-e-°- {]-k-hn-°p-Ibpw- s°m-≠m-Wv- C-Xn-s≥-d- c-N-\- \-S-∂-sX-¶n-epw- Ihn-I-fp-sS- `m-h-\-
sN-bv-Xp.- A-h- D-c-®p-c-®v- s]m-Sn-bm°n- I-S-en-te-s°-dn-s™-¶n- A-h-sb- kzm-[o-\n-®n´p-≠v.- {io-h-S-°pw-Iq¿- cm-P-m-cm-P-h¿-Ω- F-gp
epw,- I-c-bv-°v- ASn-®p-I-b-dn- tIm-ep-I-fm-bn- h-f¿-∂p-h-∂p.- bm-Zh¿- Xp-∂p-:- ""`m-c-Xw- aq-e-Ø-n-\pw- F-gp-Ø-Nv-O-s≥-d- In-fn-∏m-´n\pw- H-cp-
Cu- C-c-t¶m-epIƒ-sIm-≠v- ]-c-kv-]-cw- t]m-c-Sn-®v- acn®p.- Cu- C-cp- {]-[m-\- h-y-Xym-k-ap-≈-Xv- k-hn-ti-jw- kv-a-c-n-t°-≠-Xm-Ip-∂p.-
ºn-s≥-d- H-cp- `m-Kw- th-S-\p-In-´n.- A-bm-f-Xv- A-º-p-ap-\bmbn- D-]- hymk-hn-c-Nn-X-am-b- C-Xn-lm-k-Øn¬- [¿-Ω-Øn-\m-Wv- ]-c-aam-b-
tbm-Kn-®p.- X-]  - v- sN-bvX
- p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂- {io-Ir-jvW - ≥- am-\m-sW∂v- {]m-[m-\yw- \¬-In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.- A-Xn¬- `-Iv-Xn-°v- kv-Ym-\w- I¬-
sX‰n-≤-cn-®v- B- th-S≥- A-sº-bv-Xp.- A-ºp-sIm-≠v- ho-W- {io-Ir- ∏n-®n-´p-≠v.- A-Xv- A-{][m-\w- A-s√-¶n¬- [¿-Ω-Øn-\v- Xm-sg-bm-
jv-W\Sp-Øv- h-∂- th-S≥- £-am-bm-N-\w- \-S-Øp-I-bpw- A-t±-lw- Ip-∂p.- k¿-∆-{X- Kn-cn-in-J-cw-t]mse- {]-tim-`n-°p-∂-Xpw- A-sXm-
s]m-dp-Øp- sImSp-°p-Ib - pw- sN-bX
v- p.- Zn-°p-If
- n-te-s°-√mw- {]-Imiw- ∂p-X-s∂.- In-fn-∏m-´n¬- a-lm-`-Iv-X-\mb- Xp-©-ØmNm-cy≥- aq-eØn-
hn-X-dn-s°m-≠v- IrjvW-≥- kz¿-§-Øn-te-°v- bm-{X-bm-bn.- s≥-d- B- kv-Yn-Xn-°v- A¬-∏w- H-cp- am-‰w- hcpØn-bn-´p-≠v''-1.-
a-lm-`m-c-Xw- H-cp- kw-`-h- I-Y-b-s√-∂v- A-`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂-h-
cp-≠v.- A-Xv- sh-dp-sam-cp- I-Y-bm-sW-∂pw- Ir-jv-W≥,- A¿-Pv-Pp-\≥-
F-∂n-h¿- I-Ym-]m-{X-ßfm-sW-∂p-am-Wv- A-h-cp-sS- ]-£w.- th-Z
km-ln-Xy-Øn-sem-cn-S-Øpw- a-lm-`m-c-X- bp-≤-sØ-°p-dn-®- ]-cm-a¿-
i-ß-fn-se-∂-Xpw- _n.-kn.- \m-emw- i-X-I-Øn-\v- ap-ºp-≈- H-cp- IrXn-
bn-epw- a-lm-`m-cX- s- Ø-°p-dn-®v- ]-d™
- n-´n-s√-∂X- p-am-Wv- A-Xv- \ntj-
[n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈- Im-c-W-am-bn- ]-db-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.- C-¥y-bn¬- a-lm-
`m-cX
- b
- p-≤w- \-S∂ - p-sh-∂v- ]-db
- s
- ∏-Sp-∂- Im-eØ - v- h-en-b- cm-Py߃-
\n-e-\n-∂n-cp-∂p-sh-∂pw- C-hn-sS-sb-√mw- hnI-kn-X-am-b- \m-K-cn-I-
X-Iƒ- kr-jv-Sn-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂p-sh-∂pw- A-h¿-°v- h≥-tXm-Xn-ep-≈-
ssk-\n-I- i-Iv-Xn- D-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂pw- C-cp-ºv- C-¥y-bn¬- kp-e-
`-am-bn- D-]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂p-sh-∂pw- I-cp-Xp-∂-Xv- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-c-lnX-
am-sW-∂pw- hm-Zn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.- tUm.- kn.-kn.- k¿-°m¿,- tUm.- F®v.-
Un.- k-¶m-en-1 Xp-S-ßn-b- {]-K¬-`-cm-b- ]-e-cp-sS-bpw- A-`n-{]m-bw-
C-Xm-Wv.-
hym-k-s≥-d- aq-e- a-lm-`m-c-X-sØ- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-am-°n- hn-hn-
[- C¥y≥- `m-j-I-fn¬- a-lm-`m-c-X- `m-jy-ß-fpw- a-‰pw- {]-kn-≤o-I-
cn-°-s∏-´n-´p-≠v.- hymk-a-lm-`m-c-X-Xn-s≥-d- ]-Zm-\p-]-Z- a-e-bm-f- ]-
cn-`m-j-bm-Wv- sIm-Sp-ß-√q¿- Ip-™n-°p-´≥- X-ºp-cm≥- \n¿-h-ln-
®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.- Xp-©-sØ-gp-Ø-Nv-O-s≥-d- {io-a-lm-`m-c-Xw- In-fn-∏m-
1. Quoted by B.B. Lal: Mahabharatha: Myth and Reality, Page 4,5 1. h-S-°pw-Iq¿- cm-P-cm-P-h¿-Ω-:- {io-a-lm-`m-c-Xw,- t]-Pv.- 15.-
167
9 kzm-an- hnth-Im-\-µ-\pw-4 hn-ti-jn-∏n-°p-∂p.-
`-Kv-h-Zv-Ko-X-
]-Xn-s\-´v- ]¿-∆-ß-fp-≈- a-lm-`m-c-X-Øn-se- B-dm-a-sØ- ]¿-
∆-amb- `o-jv-a-]¿-∆-Øn-se- C-cp-]-Ø-©v- ap-X¬- \m¬-∏-Øn-c-≠p-
h-sc- A≤ym-b-ß-fm-Wv- `-Kv-h-Zv-Ko-X.- C-Xv- H-cp- kz-X-{¥-{K-\v-Y-a-
s√-¶n-epw- G-‰-hp-a-[n-Iw- D-≤-cn-°-s∏-Sp-I-bpw- h-ym-Jym-\n-°-s∏-Sp-
I-bpw- sN-øp-∂- ssl-µ-h- {K-\v-Y-sa-∂- \n-e-°v- C-Xn-\v- {]-k-Iv-Xn-
bp-≠v.- ln-µp- ]p-\-cp-Pv-Po-h-\-hm-Zn-Ifpw- \-thm-∞m-\-\m-b-I-∑m-cpw-
G-Io-I-c-W-kn-≤m-¥-°m-cp-sa√mw- H-cp-t]m-se- A-h-ew-_n-°p-∂-
{K-\v-Y-am-Wv- Ko-X.- B-cm-[-\m-kv-Y-e-ß-fpw- co-Xn-I-fpw- cq-]-ß-fpw-
aq¿-Øn-I-fpw- hy-Xy-kv-X-am-b,- kn-≤m-¥-ß-fpw- X-Xz-ß-fpw- hncp-
≤-am-b- hnhn-[- ln-µp-{Kq-∏p-I-sf- H-∂n-∏n-°m-\p-≈- B-bp-[-am-bpw-
C-∂v- {]-[m-\-am-bpw- D-]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏Sp-∂-Xv- `-Kv-h-Zv-Ko-X-bm-Wv.-
Ko-X- ]-e-cp-sS-bpw- ]p-I-gv-Ø-ep-Iƒ-°v- hn-t[-b-am-bn-´p-≠v.-
kzm-X-{¥y-k-a-c-Øn-\v- A-\p-Iq-e-am-bn- Ko-X-sb hym-Jym-\n-°m-≥-
A-°m-eØ - v- {i-aß
- ƒ- - \-S∂
- n-cp-∂p.- sh-≈°- m¿-s°-Xn-cm-bn- _wKm-
fn¬- hn-π-h- {]kv-Ym-\w- B-cw-`n-®- _-¶nw-N-{µ-N-tXm-]m-[ym-b-bpsS-
bpw- _-dn≥-tLm-jv,- Ac-hn-µtv- Lm-jv,- D-√m-kI v- ¿- Z-Øv- Xp-Sß
- nbh¿-
Ko-Xb- n¬-\n-∂v- h-N\
- ß- f- p-≤c
- n-®p-sIm-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-hs- {X1 P-\ß
- sf-
1. Dilip Bose- Marxism and the Bhagvath Geetha. Page. 55
ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-߃- 168
kw-L-Sn-∏n-®n-cp-∂-Xv.- kzm-an- hnthIm-\-µ-s≥-d- in-jy-b-m-b- ]m-iv-
Nm-X-y-h-\n-X- kn-kv-‰¿- \n-th-Zn-X- ]-d-™-Xv- ""C-¥y-bp-sS- c-Iv-X-
Øn-s≥-d- c-IvX
- h - pw- amw-kØ- n-s≥-d- amw-kh - p-am-Wv- Ko-X''-1sb-∂mWv.-
B-Nm-cy- hn-t\m-_-`m-sh- F-gp-Xp-∂-Xn-ß-s\-bmWv.- ""Ko-X-bp-ambp-
≈- F-s≥-d- kw-_-\v-[w- X¿-°m-Xo-X-am-Wv.- am-Xm-hn-s≥-d- ap-e-∏m-
ev- F-s≥-d- ico-cs - Ø- F-{X-am-{Xw- ]p-jvS- n-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-t≠m- AXn-
e-[n-Iw- Ko-Xm-Zp-Kv-[w- F-s≥-d- lr-Z-b-sØ-bpw- _p≤n-sb-bpw- t]m-
jn-∏n-®n-´p-≠v''-2.- km¿-∆-{Xn-I-am-b- k-tµ-i-am-Wv- Ko-X-bp-tS-sX-∂v-
tUm.- Fkv.- cm-[m-Ir-jv-W-\pw-3 Ko-X- i-Iv-X-nbp-sS- D-d-hn-S-am-sW∂v-
`m-c-X-Øn-ep-≠m-b- Z¿-i-\-ß-fp-sS- I¿-Øm-°-sf-√mw- A-h-
cp-sS- Nn-¥I - ƒ-°\- p-Iq-ea- m-bn- Ko-Xs
- b- hym-Jym-\n®n-´p-≠v.- AssZz-
Xm-Nm-c-y\mb- i-¶-cm-Nm-cy¿- Ko-X-sb- hym-Jym-\n-®-Xv- Pv-Rm-\-am¿-
§-Øn-eq-sS- B-Xv-a-km-£m¬-°m-cw- A-Y-hm- tam-£w- t\-Smw- F∂-
cq-]-Øn-em-Wv.- Ko-XbpsS- i-¶-c-hym-Jym-\-am-Wv- C-∂v- D-]-e-_v-[-
am-b-h-bn¬- G-‰-hpw- ]-g-bXv.- hnin-jv-Sm-ssZ-z-Xm-Nm-cy-\m-b- c-m-am-
\p-P-\pw- ssZz-Xm-Nm-cy-\m-b- am-[z-\pw- Ko-X-sb- hym-Jym-\n-®-Xv- `Iv-
Xn-am¿-§-Øn-eq-sS- tam-£w- t\-Sm-sa-∂- Bi-b-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv.-
c-ho-{µ-\m-Y- SmtKm¿,- A-c-hn-µ≥,- hn-th-Im-\-µ≥- F-∂n-h¿- Ko-X-
sb- hym-Jym-\n-°p-∂-Xv- I¿-Ω-am¿-§-Øn-\v- {]m-[m-\yw- sImSp-Øp-
sIm-≠m-Wv.- Km-\v-[n-Pn,- Xn-e-I≥- F-∂n-h¿- kzm-X-{¥y- k-a-c-Øn-
\-\p-Iq-e-am-bn- Ko-X-sb- hym-Jym-\n-®-t∏mƒ- {_n-´o-jp-Im¿- km{am-
Py-Xz-Øn\v- A-\p-Iq-ea - m-b- {]-Nc-WØ - n-\pw- h¿-§o-bh
- m-Zn-Iƒ- apkv-
en-Iƒ-s°-Xn-cmb- I-em-]-߃-°p-th-≠n-bp-w- Ko-X-sb- hym-Jym-
\n-®p-5.-
]-Xn-s\-´v- A≤ym-bß- f
- n- e
- m-bn- B-sI- F-gp-∂q-dv- t«m-Iß
- fm-
Wv- Ko-X-bn-ep-≈-Xv.- Cu- A-≤ym-b-ß-sf- I¿-Ω-Im-Wv-Uw,- D-]m-
k\m- Im-Wv-Uw,- Pv-Rm-\-Im-Wv-Uw- F-∂n-ß-s\- aq-∂m-bn- Xn-cn®n-
cn-°p-∂p.- Hm-tcm- Im-Wv-U-ß-fn-epw- B-dp-ho-Xw- A-≤ym-b-ß-sf-
1. Quoted by Prmnath Bazaz: The Role of Bhagavad Gita in Indian History, Page 290.
2. B-Nm-cy-hn-t\m-_-`m-sh-: Ko-Xm-{]-h-N-\w,- t]-Pv- 1.-
3. Dr. S. Radha Krishnan: Indian Philosophy Vol II, Page 479.
4 Swami Vivekananda: Thoughts on Gita, Page 73.
5. Dilip Bose: Marxism and the Bhagvath Geetha, Page 14.
169 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-߃- 170

bm-Wv- Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.- B-Zy- A-≤ym-b-am-b- A¿-Pv-Pp- c{]-Xo-I-ß-fm-b- h-kv-Xp-°-sf-°p-dn-®- hn-h-c-W-am-Wp-≈-Xv.- A≥]-

\-hn-jm-Z- tbm-K-Øn¬- \m¬-∏-Øn-tb-gv- t«m-I-ß-fm-Wp-≈-Xv.- Øn- A-©v- t«m-I-ß-fp-≈- hn-iz-cq-]-Z¿-i-\-tbm-K-sa-∂- ]-Xn-s\m
""kRv-P-bm...-[¿-Ω-t£-{X-am-b- Ip-cp-t£-{X-Øn¬- bp-≤w- sN-øm- ∂mw- A≤ymb-Øn¬- A¿-Pv-P-p-\-t\m-Sv- I¿-Ωw- sN-øm-\p-]-tZ-in®p-
\m-bn- F-Øn-t®¿-∂- F-s≥-d- B-fp-I-fpw- ]m-Wv-Up-]p-{Xm-Zn-I-fpw- sIm-≠v- {ioIr-jv W≥- X-s≥-d- hn-iz-cq-]w- Im-Wn-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-∂-
F-¥v- sN-bv-Xp''2- sh-∂- [r-X-cm-jv-{S-tcm-Sp-≈- tNm-Zy-tØm-sS- Bcw- cw-Ka- m-Wp-≈X - v.- ]-{¥≠m-as - Ø- `-IvX- n-tbm-Ks
- a-∂- A-≤ym-bt- Øm
`n-°p-∂- Cu- A-≤ym-bØ - n¬- A-¿P - P -v p-\≥,- {io-Ir-jW -v t- \m-S-v k¶Sw- sS- D-]m-k-\m-Im-Wv-Uw- k-am]n-°p-∂p.- C-cp-]-Xv- t«m-I-߃- am{X-
]-d-bp-∂-Xm-Wv- {]-[m-\-am-bpw- D-≈-Xv.- c-≠m-a-sØ- A-≤ym-b-am-b- ap-≈- {]-kvX - p- X- - A-≤ym-bØ - n¬- Cuiz-tcm-]m-k\ - s- b-°p-dn-®- hnh-
kmw-Jy-tbm-K-Øn¬- F-gp-]-Øn-c-≠v- t«m-I-ß-fm-Wp-≈-Xv.- BXv- c-Wh - pw- `-IvX
- n-{]m-]vX - a
- m-°p-∂X
- n-\p-≈- am¿§-ßs - f-°p-dn-®- h-ni
- Zo-
am-hn-s≥-d- \n-Xy-X-bpw- A-\-iz-c-X-bpw- hy-Iv-X-am-°n-s°m-Sp-°p-I- I-c-W-ß-fp-am-Wv- Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂-Xv.-
bm-Wv- Cu- A-≤ym-b-Øn-eq-sS- Ir-jv-W-≥- sN-øp-∂-Xv.- \m¬-∏-Øn- {]-Ir-Xn- ]p-cp-j- hn-th-I-tbm-K-sa-∂- ]-Xn-aq-∂mw- A-≤ym-b-
aq-∂v- t«m-I-ß-fp-≈- I¿-Ω-tbm-K-sa-∂- aq-∂mw- A-≤ym-b-Øn¬- tØmSp-Iq-Sn- Pv-Rm-\-Im-Wv-U-w- B-cw-`n-°p-∂p-.- B-Xv-am-hpw- i-co-c
I¿-Ω-Øn-s≥-d- a-l-Xz-hpw- ta-∑-bpw- hn-h-cn-®p-sIm-≠v- A-Xn-eq-sS- hpw- X-Ωn-ep≈- hy-Xym-kw,- P-U-ssN-X-\y-ß-sf- hn-th-Nn-®-dn-bp∂-
kz¿-§{- ]m-]X v- n- km-[n-°psa-∂v- kvY - m-]n-°p-Ib - m-Wv.- \m-emw- A≤ym- hn-[-w- F-∂n-h- hn-h cn-°p-∂- Cu- A-≤-bm-b-Øn¬- ap-∏-Øn-\m-ev-
b-am-b- PvR - m-\I - ¿-Ω- k-∂ym-kt- bm-KØ - n-se- \m-¬∏ - Ø - n-c≠
- v- kqIv- t«m-Iß - f - m-Wp-≈X - v.- kXz,- c-Pk - v,- X-tam- Kp-Wß - f - p-≈˛- {Xn-KpWm-
X-ßf - n-eq-sS- PvR- m-\Ø - n-s≥-d- a-lX - z- h - pw- A-hX- m-tcm-t±-iy--hpw- shfn- Xv-a-I-am-b- {]-Ir-Xn-bp-sS- hn-h-cW-hpw- D-Ø-a-`-Iv-X-s≥-d- e-£-W-
s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.- I¿-Ωk - ∂ - ym-ktbm-Ks - a-∂- A-≤ym-bØ - n-epw- I¿Ωm- ß-fp-am-Wv- C-cp-]-Øn-tb-gv- t«m-I-ß-fp-≈- Kp-W-{X-b-hn-`m-K-tbm-
\p-jT v- m-\Ø - n-s≥-d- a-lX - z-am-Wv- hn-hc - n-°p-∂X - v.- Cu- A-©mw- A≤ym- K-sa-∂- ]-Xn-\m-emw- A-≤ym-b-Øn-se- {]-Xn-]m-Zyw.- ]-Xn-\-©mw-
b-Øn¬- C-cp-]-Øn-sbm≥-]-Xv- kq-Iv-X-ß-fm-Wp-≈-Xv.- I¿-Ω-Im-Wv- A-≤ym-ba - m-b- ]p-cptjm-Øa - t- bm-KØ - n¬- C-cp-]X - v- t«m-Iß - f - mWp-
U-Øn-se- A-hk - m-\s- Ø- A-≤ym-ba - m-b- [ym-\t- bm-KØ - n-se- \m¬- ≈-Xv.- Cu-iz-c-kz-`m-h-hpw- k¿-∆-Pv-R-X-bpw- hy-Iv-X-am-°p-∂- Cu-
∏-Øn-tb-gv- t«m-I-ß-fn-eq-sS- [ym-\-Øn-s≥-d- A-Sn-kvYm-\-am¿- A-≤ym-b-Øn¬- {]-]-©w,- ssZ-hw,- Po-h-≥- F-∂n-h- X-Ωn-ep-≈- _
§ßfpw- ap-d-I-fp-am-Wv- hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv.- \v[sØbpw -Ip-dn-®v- hn-h-cn-®n-´p-≠v.- C-cp-]-Ø-n-\m-ev- t«m-I-ß-fp-
ap-∏-Xv- t«m-I-ß-fp-≈- Pv-Rm-\-hn-Pv-Rm-\-tbm-K-sa-∂- G-gmw- ≈- tZ-hm-kp-c-k-º-Zzn-`m-K-tbm-K-sa-∂- ]-Xn-\m-dmw- A-≤ym-b-Øn¬-
A≤ym-bt- Øm-Sp-Iq-Sn- D-]m-k\ - m- Im-WvU
- a - m-cw-`n-°p-∂p.- ssZ-hØn- ssZ-h-sa-∂pw- Bkp-c-sa-∂p-ap-≈- c-≠p-X-cw- kr-jv-Sn-I-sf-°p-dn-®pw-
s≥-d- G-IXz-sØ-bpw- Kp-W-ß-sf-bpw,- ]-c,- A-]-c- Xp-S-ßn-b- {]Ir- Im-a-t{Im-[-- tem`m-Zn-Iƒ- \-c-I-Øn-te-°p-≈- h-gn-bm-sW-∂- h-kv
Xn-I-sf-bpw- Ipdn®- hn-h-c-W-am-Wn-Xn¬.- C-cp-]-Øn-sb-´v- t«m-I- Xp-Xs - b-°p-dn-®p-ap-≈- hnh-cW - ß - f-- m-Wp-≈X - v.- k-Xzw,- cm-Pk - w,- Xma-
ß-fp-≈- A-£-c-{_-lv-a- tbmK-sa-∂- F-´mw- A-≤ym-b-Øn¬- ssZh- kw- F-∂o- aq-∂v- Kp-Wß - s
- f-°p-dn®pw- b-PvR - w,- Zm-\w,- X-]  - v- F∂n-
kv-a-c-W-sb-bpw- ap-Iv-Xn-sb-bpw- I¿-Ω-sØ-bpw- I-p-dn-®m-Wv- {]-Xn- h-sb-∏-‰n-bpw- hn-h-cn-°p-∂- ]-Xn-t\gmw- A-≤ym-b-am-b- {i-≤m-t{Xb-
]m-Zn-°p-∂-Xv.- H≥]-Xmw- A-≤ym-b-am-b- cmP-Kp-ly-tbm-K-Øn-se- hn-`m-K-tbm-K-Øn¬- C-cp-]-Øn-sb-´v- t«m-I-ß-fm-Wp-≈-Xv.- F-gp-]-
ap-∏-Øn-\m-ev- t«m-I-ß-fn¬- Cu-iz-c-`-Iv-Xn-sb-bpw- Pv-Rm-\-hn-Pv-Rm- Øn-sb-´v- t«m-I-ß-fp-≈- tam-£-k-\ym-ktbm-KamWv- Ko-X-bn-se-
\-ß-sf-bpw- Ip-dn-®- ]-cm-a¿-i-ß-fmWp-≈-Xv.- hn-`q-Xn-tbm-K-sa-∂- A-h-km-\-sØ- A-≤ym-b-w.- kz-¥-am-bn- I¿-Ω-߃- A-\pjv-Tn-°p-
I-bm-Wv- A-\-y-[¿-Ω-sØ- B-{i-bn-°p-∂-Xn-epw- D-Øa-sa∂- Bi-
]-Ømw- A-≤ym-b-Øn-se- \m¬-∏-Øn-c-≠v- t«m-I-ß-fn-epw- Cuiz-
b-am-Wv- Cu- A-≤ym-b-Øn¬- sX-fn-™v- Im-Wp-∂-Xv.-
2.- [¿-Ω-t£-{X- Ip-cp-t£t-{X- k-a-th-Xm-bp-bp-Xv-k-hx-
am-a-Imx-]m-Wv-U-hm-iv-ssN-h- In-a- Ip¿-h-X- k-Rv-P-b-˛Ko-X- 1:-1.- a-lm-`m-cX
- Ø
- n-\I
- Ø
- m-Wv- Ko-Xs
- b- C-∂v- \-ap-°v- Im-Wm≥-
171 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-߃- 172

I-gnbp-∂X - v.- F-∂m-¬- `-Kvh - Z- vK

- o-X- H-cp- k-zX - {- ¥- Ir-Xn-bm-sW-∂v- A c-N\
- - \-S∂
- Xv- _p-≤a - X
- Ø- n-s≥-d- Bhn¿-`m-hØ - n-\-v ap-ºm-sW-∂mWv.-
`n-{]m-bs - ∏-Sp-∂- ]-WU -v n-X∑ - m-cp-ap-≠.v - C-cp-hi - Ø - pw- bp-≤Ø - n\v- Xøm- F-∂m¬- _p-≤a - X
- m-ib - ß- s
- f-°p-dn®- hnh-cß - f - n-√m-sX- Ko-Xb - n-se-
sd-Sp-°p∂- ssk-\y-Øn-\v- \-Sp-hn¬-\n-∂v- C-Ø-cw- D-]tZi߃- c-≠mw- A-≤ym-bw- 55 ap-X¬- 72 hsc-bp-≈- t«m-Iß - f - pw- A-©mw-
\¬-Ip-I- A-km[y-am-sW-∂-v Nq-≠n-°m-Wn-°s - ∏-Sp-∂p.- {]K¬`- ]Wv- A-≤ym-bØ - n-se- 25˛mw- t«m-Ihpw- F-gp-Xm≥- I-gn-bn-s√-∂m-Wv- Un.
Un-X∑ - m-cm-b- Sm¬-t_m-bn-kv- ho-e¿ - ,- tX-ew-Kv- F-∂n-h¿ C - u- A-`n- Un.- sIm-kmw-_n-1 hm-Zn-°p∂-Xv.- Ko-Xb - n-se- B-ib - ß
- ƒ- ]-gb - X
- m
{]m-b° - m- c- m-Wv-1.- F-∂m¬- alm-`m-cX - h - pw- Ko-Xb - pw- H-scm‰- {K-\vY - - sW-¶n-epw- `m-j- D-b¿-∂- ¢m-kn-°¬- kw-kvI - r-Xa - m-sW-∂X - n-\m¬-
2
Im-c\ - m¬- c-Nn-°s - ∏-´X- m-sW-∂m-Wv _m-eK - w-Km-[c - - Xn-eI - ≥- kvYm- A-X-v {In-kX-v p-hn-\-v aq∂v- \q-‰m-≠p-Iƒ-°p-ti-jw- F-gp-Xs - ∏-´X
- m-sW∂v-
]n-°p-∂X - v.- H-scm-‰- {K-\vY - I - m-c\ - m¬- c-Nn°-s∏-´X - m-Wv- Ko-Xs - b-∂v- hn-iz-kn-°p-∂X - mWv- \ym-bs - a-∂pw- A-t±-lw- Nq-≠n-°m-´p-∂p-2.-
h-mZ- n-°p-∂- tUm.- cm-[m-Ir-jvW - ≥-Xs - ∂- ]-e- Im-eß - f- n-em-bn- c-Nn- k-aI - m-eo-\ß
- f - m-b- hy-Xy-kvX - - Z¿-i\- ß
- s - f- k-a\ - z-bn-∏n°m-
°-s∏-´- I-rX - n-Iƒ- C-Xn¬- Dƒ-s°m-≈n-®n-´p-s≠∂v- ]-db - p-∂p-≠3v- .- \p≈- {i-a-am-Wv- Ko-X-bn¬- Im-Wp-∂-Xv.- Z-¿-i-\-ß-fp-sS-sbm-∂pw-
{]-K¬-`] - W - vU - n-X\ - m-b- Pn.-Fk - v.- J-bd - n-s≥-d- A-`n-{]m-bØ - n¬- aq∂v- t]-sc-Sp-Øv- ]-db - m-sX- C-sX-√mw- X-∂n¬- \n-∂p-≈X - m-sW-∂v- hmZn
]-WvU - n-X∑ - m- c
- p-sS- c-N\ - I- ƒ- k-am-lc - n-®X- m-Wv- `-Kv-hZ- vK - o-X4- .- Ko-X- °p-Ib - m-Wv- Ir-jvW≥- sN-ø∂ - X - v.- hy-Xy-kvX - ß
- f - pw- hn-cp-≤ß - f
- p-
bp-sS- aq-e{- K-\Y v- Ø
- n¬- {]-Ya - m-≤ym-bw- apX¬- ]-Xn-s\m-∂mw- A≤ym- am-b- Z¿-i\ - ß
- ƒ- H-scm‰- ssZ-hØ - n-¶¬-\n-∂v- h-cm-\p-≈- km[y-X-
bw- h-sc-bpw- ]-Xn-aq-∂mw- A-≤ym-bØ - n-se- 63 ap-X¬- 78h-sc- t«mI- 3
bn-s√-∂v- Un.-Un.- sIm-kmw-_n- Nq-≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂p-≠v.- F-√m- am¿-
ß-fpw- am-{X-sa- D-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈q-sh-∂pw- _m-°n- ]n-∂o-Sv- Iq-´n-t®¿- §-ßf - pw- X-∂n-te-°m-sW-∂v- ]-db - p∂- Ir-jv-W≥-Xs - ∂- sshZn-I-
Ø-Xm-sW∂p-ap-≈- A-`n-{]m-b° - m-cp-ap≠v5.- bPvR- ß - s- f-bpw- bm-Kß - s - f-bpw- a-‰v- B-Nm-cß - s - f-bp-sa-√mw- hn-a¿-
Ko-Xb - p-sS- c-N\- m- I- m-es- Ø-°p-dn-®pw- A-`n-{]m-bh - y-Xym-kßfp- in-°p-∂p-≠v.- hn-cp-≤ß - f - m-b- Z¿-i\ - ß - s- f- Iq-´n-bn-W° - m-≥- th-≠n-
≠v.- `-KvhZ- vK
- o-X- c-Nn-°s - ∏-´X- v- {In-kvX - p-hn-\v- ap-ºv- A-©mw- \q‰m-≠n bp≈- {i-aØ - m-em-W-v Ko-Xb - n¬- ssh-cp-≤y-߃- I-S∂p-Iq-Sn-bsX∂pw-
em-sW-∂m-Wv- tUm.- cm-[m-Ir-jW v- s- ≥-d6- ]-£w.-- _m-eK - w-Km-[c - - Xne- hmZn-°s - ∏-Sp-∂p.-
7
I-s≥-d- A`n-{]m-bh - pw- C-Xp-Xs - ∂-bm-Wv.- B¿.-Pn.- `-WvUm¿-°¿- ]d- cm-[m-Ir-jvW
- ≥- F-gp-Xn-:-
bp-∂X - v Ko-X° - -v {In-kX -v p-hn-\-v \m-e-v \q-‰m-≠-v ap-sº-¶n-epw- ]-g° - aps≠-
8
∂m-W .- _n.-kn.- aq-∂mw- \q-‰m-≠n-\v- ap-sº-¶n-epw- KoX- c-Nn-°s - ∏´n´p- ""Ko-XI - m-eØ - -v [¿-Ωm-Nc-Ws - Ø-°p-dn-®- hy-Xy-kX -v - A-`n{]mb-
9
s≠-∂m-W-v sI.-Sn.- sX-ew-Kn-s≥-d- hn-izm-kw.- Ko-Xb - p-sS- aq-ew- _n.kn.- ߃- {]-Nm-cØ - n-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- I¿-Ωm-\pj-vT - m-\ß- s - f-∏‰n-bp-≈-
c-≠mw- \q-‰m-≠n¬- \n¿-Ωn-Xa - m-bn-´p-s≠-¶nepw- A-Xv- C-∂s - Ø- cq]- ssh-Zn-I- kn≤m-¥ß - ƒ,- bmYm¿-∞y-sØ- A-t\z-jn-°p∂- D-]\ - n-
Øn-em-bX - v- F.-Un.- c-≠mw- \q-‰m-t≠m-sS-bm-sW-∂m-Wv- Km¿-s_bp- j-Xv- X-Xz-߃,- F-√m-hn-[- I¿-Ωß - s - f-bpw- D-t]-£n-°m-\p-]t- Z-in-
sS-10 A-`n-{]m-bw.- P-hl - ¿-em¬- s\-lvdphn11s≥d- A-`n-{]m-bw- Ko-Xm °p-∂- _u-≤N - n-¥I - ƒ,- B-kX v- n-I∑ - m-cp-sS- Cu-iz- c- m-cm-[\ - m- kn≤m-
1. Quoted by Dr. Radha Krishnan: Indian Philosophy Vol 1, Page 523.
¥w-˛C-ßs - \- hn-hn-[- Nn-¥m-[m-cI - s- f-sb-√mw- tN-¿Ø - v- ]-ck - v]
- c- -
2. Bal Gangadar Tilak: Bhagvat Geeta Rahasyam Page 785. kmw-KX - y-ap-≈- H-cp- ]-≤X - n-bm-°m≥- {i-an-°p-Ib - m-Wv- `Kvh - o-X''4.-
- Z- vK
3. Indian Philosophy Vol 1 Page 524.
4. G.S. Khair: The Quest for Original Gita, Page 106. ]-ck
- v]
- c - - hn-cp-≤ß - f - m-b- Z¿-i\ - ß
- ƒ- Iq´nbn-W°m≥-th-≠n- {ian-
5. PremNath Bazaz. The Role of Bhagavad Gita in Indian History, Page 66. °p-tºmƒ- ssh-cp-≤y-ap-≠m-hp-I- kzm-`m-hn-Ia - mW-t√m.-
6. Indian Philosophy, Vol 1, Page 524.
7. Gita Rahasyam, Page 270.
8. R.G. Bhandarkar: The Original Gita, Page 14. 1. D.D. Kosambi: Myth and Reality, Page 16.
9. Quoted by K.N. Upadhyaya: Early Budhism and Bhagavad Gita, Page 1. 2. Ibid.
10. Ibid 3. D.D. Kosambi: The Culture and Civilization of Ancient India, Page 207.
11. The Discovery of India, Page 90 4. Dr. Radha Krishnan: Indian Philosophy, Page 526,
173 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- 174

Ko-X- Nm-Xp¿-h¿-Wy-hy-hk - vY- ° - v- F-Xn-c√ - .- ""Kp-Wß - ƒ-°pw-

I¿Ω-߃-°p-a\ - p-kc - n-®-v Rm≥- X-s∂-bm-W-v \m-e-v Pm-Xn-Is - f- krjv-
Sn-®X - v'- '1 F-∂v- hy-IvX - a - m-bn- {]-kvX - m-hn-°p-∂- Ir-jvW - ≥- amt\m-\nb-
a-\w,- C-{µnb- \n-ba - \- w,- {h-Xw,- iu-Nw,- {]-Xn-Im- t- c-Om- `m-hw,- B¿-
PvP- h- w,- PvR - m- \ - w,- hn-PvR - m-\w,- B-kvX - n-Iyw F-∂n-h- {_-lva - W-I¿-
Ω-ßf - pw- ]-cm-{I-aw,- tX-P  - v,- ss[-cyw,- km-a¿-∞yw,- bp-≤Øn¬- ]n-
≥-aS- ß - m-Xn-cn-°p-I,- k¬-]m-{X-Zm-\w,- {]-`p-iI - vX- n- F-∂nh- £-{Xn-
b-I¿-Ωß - f - pw- Ir-jn,- ]-ip-]c - n-]m-e\ - w,- hm-Wn-Pyw- Xp-Sßn-bh - - ssh-
2
iy-I¿-Ωß - f - pw- ]-cn-Nm-cI - h - r-Øn- iq{Z-I¿-Ωh - p-am-sW-∂-v kw-ib - te-
i-at- \y- hn-hc - n-°p-∂p-≠v.- F-∂m¬- ""kv{Xo-It- fm- ssh-iy-∑m-tcm-
iq-{Z-tcm- \o-NI - p-eØ - n¬- P-\n-®h - t- cm- B-cm-bn-cp∂m-epw- F-s∂-
th-≠-t]m-se- tk-hn-°p-∂-]-£w- D-Ø-a-K-Xn-sb- {]m-]n-°p-∂-
XmWv''3 F-∂pw- Ir-jvW - ≥- ]-db - p-∂p-≠v.- C-Xv- `-Kvh - Z- vKo-X- P-∑m-Sn
kvY - m-\Ø - n-ep-≈- Pm-Xo-bX - - Aw-Ko-Ic - n-°p-∂n√-sb-∂X - n- \
- v- sX-fn-
hm-bn- D-≤c - n-°s - ∏-Sm- d - p-≠v.- b-Ym¿-∞Ø - n¬- Cu- hN-\w,- kv{- XoIfpw-
ssh-iy∑m-cpw- iq-{Z-cpw- \o-N-Ip-e-Ø-n¬- P-\n-®-hcpw- {_m-lv-a-W-
£-{Xn-bm-Zn-Is - f- A-t]-£n-®v- A-[a - ≥-am-cp-amsW-∂p-Xs - ∂-bm-Wv-
hy-IX v- a - m-°p-∂X - v.-
A-im- k - v{- Xo-ba - m-b- H-´\ - h
- [- n- ]-cm-a¿-iß - f - pw- Ko-X- Dƒs°m-
≈p∂p-≠v.- A-Xv- Ko-Xm-Im-cs - ≥-d- A-dn-hn√m-bva - b
- √ - ;- - A-°m-eØ - p-
≈- APvR - m-\a - m-W-v hy-IX -v a
- m-°p-∂X - .v - `-Kh -v Z- K-v o-X- ln-µp-aX - Ø
- ns≥d-
A-Sn-kvY - m-\m-[m-ca - m-bm-Wv- C-∂v- A-hX - c- n-∏n-°p-∂s - X-¶n-epw- hyIv-
X-hpw- kvJ - e- n-Xc - l- n-Xh - p-am-b- H-cp- {]-]© - h - o-£W - t- am- Po-hn-XZ- ¿-
i-\t- am- kw-`m-h\ - - sNøp-∂X - n¬- Cu- {K-\vY - h - pw- ]-cm-Pb - s
- ∏-Sp-I-
bm-Wv- sN-øp-∂-Xv.- hy-Xy-kv-X- Z¿-i-\-ß-sf- Iq-´n-bn-W-°m-\p≈-
hy¿∞-am-b- {i-aØ - n-\n-S° - v- hyIvX - a- m-b- ssZ-hk - ¶ - ¬-]w-t]m-epw-
A-hX - c
- n-∏n-°m≥- Ko-X° - v- I-gn-bp-∂n-√.- ln-µp-cm-jv{- S-Øns≥d- A-Sn- `m-Kw aq-∂v-
kv-Ym-\- t{km-X-s -∂v- tLm-jn-°-s∏-Sp-∂- KoXbn¬- cm-jv-{So-b-
˛km-aq-ln-I˛-- Ip-Spw-_- \n-ba
fpw- A-Sß
- ß- s
- p-∂n-√.- H-cp- k-ºq¿-Æ- Po-hn-XZ- ¿
- f-°p-dn-®- hn-iZ- a
- i - \
- m-b- hnh-cW
- w- - k-w`- m-h\- sNøm≥-
- ß- - A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ-
Ko-X° - v- I-gn-bp-∂n-s√∂¿-∞w.-
1. Nm-Xp¿-h¿-Wyw- a-bm- kr-jv-Sw- Kp-W-I¿-Ω- hn-`m-K-ix-˛`-Kv-h-Zv-Ko-X,- 4:-13.-
2.- `-Kv-h-Xvo-X- 18:-41˛45
3. Ibid 9:32
176 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-
- cn-{X-sØ-°p-dn-®v- C-kv-em-an-\v- hy-Iv-X-am-sbm-cp-
N Im-gv-N-∏m-Sp-≠v.- D-]-t`m-K-hy-h-kv-Y-bn-tem D¬-
∏m-Z-\-am-‰-ß-fn-tem- am-{Xw- Du-∂n-\n-∂p-sIm-≠p-≈-
`u-Xn-I- {]-Xy-b-im-kv-{X-ß-fp-sS- N-cn-{X-ho-£-W-Øn¬-\n-∂v-
-XnI-®pw- hy-Xy-kv-X-am-W-Xv.- `u-Xn-I- X-Xz-im-kv-{X-ß-fp-sS-
A-Sn-Ød- b - n-¬- kvYm-]n-°s - ∏-´- N-cn-{X-hym-Jym-\ß - s- f-√mw- hy-
h-kv-Yn-Xn-bpw- k-w-kv-Im-c-hp-amWv- Z¿-i-\-ß-sf- krjv-Sn-°p-
∂-sX-∂- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\m-Z¿-i-Øn-t∑-em-Wv- kvYm-]n-X-am-bn-cn-
°p-∂-Xv.- F-∂m¬- Z¿-i-\-ßfpw- A-Xn-s≥-d- {]-tbm-K-hp-amWv-
\m-Kc- n-IX
- b - p-sS-bpw- kwkvI - m- c
- Ø
- n-s≥-db- pw- kr-jvS- n-°v- \nZm-
\-am-Ip-∂s - X-∂- X-XzØn-t∑-em-Wv- Ck-ve - mw- N-cn-{X-hym-Jym\w-
\n¿-∆-ln-°p-∂-Xv.- "kw-kv-I-m-cw'- F-∂- ]-Z-Øn-s≥-d- Xs∂-
\n¿-∆-N-\-Øn¬- `uXnI- {]-Xy-b-im-kv-{X-߃- h-kv-Xp-\n-jvT-
X°v- A-an-X{]m-[m-\yw- \¬-Ip-tºmƒ,- -C-kv-emw- B-Xv-a-\n-
jvTX-°mWv- {]m-[m-\yw- I¬-]n-°p-∂-Xv.-
ssZ-h-hn-izm-k-sØ-°p-dn-®pw- A-Xn-s≥-d- D¬-∏-Ønsb-
kw_-\v-[n-®p-ap-≈- `u-Xn-I- {]-Xy-b-im-kv-{X-ß-fp-sS k-¶¬-
∏w- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-c-ln-X-am-Ip-∂-Xv- C-hn-sS-bm-Wv-.- {]Ir-Xn- {]Xn-
`m-k-ß-tfm-Sp-≈- `-b-Øn¬-\n∂v- D-cp-Øn-cn-™v,- ]n-Xp-cm-cm-
[-\-bn-eq-sS- h-f¿∂p-h-∂- ssZ-hhnizmkw,- ap-X-em-fn-Ø-
Ime-L´- Ø- n¬- A-Xn-s≥-d- G-‰hpw- D-∂X - cq-]a
- m-b- GIssZh-
A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ- 177
hn-izm-kØ- n-se-Øn-t®¿-∂p-sh-∂m-Wv- N-cn-{X-]c - a
- mb- `u-XnI-
hmZw- kn-≤m-¥n-°p-∂-Xv-1.- G-I-tZ-iw- C-tX- ho-£-Ww- X-s∂-
b-m-Wv- tam¿K\pw2 tKm¿-U≥- ssN¬-Up-sa-√mw-3 ap-t∂m-´p-
sh-°p-∂-Xv.- ]t£,- Cu- ho-£Ww- A-Sn-kv-Y-m-\-c-ln-X-am-
sW-∂pw- B[p-\n-I- D¬-J-\-\- K-th-j-W߃- Cu- hn-izm-
k-Øn-\v- hn-cp-≤-am-b- h-kv-XpX-I-fm-Wv- ]p-d-Øp-sIm-≠p-h-
∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂s - X-∂pw- hm-Zn-°p-∂- ]-WvU - n-X∑- m-cp-ap≠v.-
hn-b-∂m- bq-Wnthgv-kn-‰nbn-se-- s{]m-^.- U-ªyp.- jv-an-‰v- Fgp-
Xp∂p:- ""]u-cm-Wn-I- \m-K-cn-I-X-Ifn¬- B-cm-[n-°-s∏-´n-cp-
∂-Xv- GI-ssZ-h-hn-izm-k-{]-Im-c-ap-≈- b-Ym¿-∞- ssZhhpw-
A-h-bpƒ-s°m-≈p-∂- aXw- ip-≤- G-I-ssZ-h-Øn-e-[n-jv-Tn-X-
am-b- aXhp-am-bn-cp-∂p.- C°m-cy-Øn-ep-≈- {K-\v-Y-Im-c-∑m-cpsS-
F-Xn¿-∏p-I-sf- t\cn-Sm-≥- C-∂v- \-ap-°v- Ign-bpw.- A-Xn-]p-cmX\
tKm{X-h¿-§-ß-fn¬- `q-cn-]-£-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- ssZ-h-Øn-\p≈Xv,-
bYm¿- ∞ - G- I - s sZ- h hn- i zm- k - Ø n- e p- ≈ - B- c m- [ y- s ≥- d -
kz`mhw- X-s∂-bm-sW-∂v- H-cp- G-I-tZ-i- ]T-\-Øn¬-\n-∂p-
X-s∂- hyIv-X-am-hp-∂p-≠v''-4.-
`q-an-bn-se- J-eo--^-bm-b- a-\p-jy-s\- A-√m-lp- krjv-Sn
®n-cn-°p-∂Xv- G-I-ssZ-h-hn-izm-kn-bm-bn-s°m-≠m-Wv.- ""G-I-
ssZ-h-hnizm-kn-bm-bn- \o-\n-s≥-d- ap-J-sØ- a-X-Øn\v- hnt[-
b-am-°p-I.- A-√mlp- a-\p-jy-sc- G-Xv- {]-Ir-Xn-bn¬- kr-jv-Sn
®p-thm- B- {]-Ir-Xn- (kzo-Icn-°p-I)''-5.- G-I-ssZh- hn-izmkw-
X- ß - f p- s S- Po- h n- X m- Z ¿- i - Ø n- s ≥d- A- S n- Ø - d - b m- b n- c p- ∂ -
ImeØv- k-aq-l-Øn¬- km-tlm-Z-c-y-hpw- kvt\l-hpw- k-l-
h¿-Øn-Ø-hpw- \n-e-\n-∂n-cp-∂p.- a-\p-jy-s≥-d- ip-≤-{]-Ir-Xn-
bn¬-\n-∂v-˛ G-I-ssZ-h- hn-izm-k-Øn¬-\n-∂v-˛ A-h≥- hyXn-
N-en-°p-hm-\pw- {]-Ir-Xn-sb-bpw- ]q¿-∆-]n-Xm-°-sf-bpw- a-‰pw-
Bcm[n-°m-\pw- Xp-S-ßn-b-t∏mƒ- A-h¿-°n-S-bn¬- kv]¿-≤I-
fpw- kw-L-´-\-ß-fpw- A-kzm-c-ky-ß-fp-ap-≠m-bn.- A-Xn¬-\n∂v-
a\p-jy-sc- ]n¥n-cn-∏n-°m-\pw- G-I-ssZ-h- hn-izm-k-Øn-te-°v-
Xn-cn-®p-sIm-≠p-h-∂v- km-tlm-Z-c-y- k-¶¬-∏-Øn-\v- aq¿-Ø-
1. Marx and Engels: On Religion.
2. Lewis Henry Morgan: Ancient Society.
3. Gorden Childe: What Happened in History.
4. W. Schmidt: The Origin and Growth of Religion, Page 8.
5.- Jp¿-B≥- 30:-31
178 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-
cq]w- \¬-I-p-hm-\pw-th-≠n- {]hm-N-I-∑m¿- \n-tbm-Kn-°-s∏´p.
""P-\߃- G-I-k-apZm-b-am-bn-cp-∂p.- A-ß-s\- A-√m-lp-
kt¥m-j-hm¿-Ø- A-dn-bn-°p-∂-h-cpw- Xm-°o-Xv- \¬-Ip-∂-
h-cp-am-bn- {]-hm-N-I-∑m-sc- A-b-®p.- A-h-tcmsSm-∏w- b-Ym¿∞-
hp-am-bn- th-Z-{K-\v-Y-hpw- A-h≥- A-h-X-cn-∏n-®p.- a-\pjy¿-
bm-sXm-∂n¬- `n-∂m-`n-{]m-b-Øn-em-tbm- A-Xn¬- A-h¿-°n-S-
bn¬- hn-[n- I¬-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n''-1 ssZ-hnI- am¿-§-Z¿-
i\w- kzo-I-cn-®-h¿- k-Xy-hn-izm-kn-I-fpw- Xnc-kv-°-cn-®-h¿-
k-Xy-\n-tj-[n-I-fp-am-bn- am-dn.- Cu- {]-hm-N-I- ]-c-º-c- ]-Xn\m-
ev- \q-‰m-≠p-Iƒ-°p-ap-ºv- A-td-_y-bn¬- ap-l-Ω-Zv- (k)- BKan-
°p-∂-Xp-h-sc- Xp-S¿®-bm-bn- \n-e-\n∂p.- G-sXm-cp- k-aq-lam-
tWm- k-Xy-Øn¬-\n-∂p-w- hyXn-Ne - n-°p-∂X - v- B- k-aq-lØ
- n¬-
{]-hm-N-I-∑m¿- -I-S-∂p-hcn-I-bpw- am¿-§-Z¿-i-\w- \¬-Ip-I-bpw-
sN-bv-Xp.- C-ß-s\- {]-hm-N-I-∑m-cp-sS- B-K-a-\-ap-≠m-Im-Ø-
H-scm-‰- k-ap-Zm-b-hp-an-√.- ""A-√m-lp-hn-s\- Bcm-[n-°p-hn≥.-
A-h-\√m-Ø- Bcm-[y-∑m-sc- sh-Sn-bp-hn-≥- F-∂v- {]-t_m-[\w-
sN øm≥- F-√m- k-aq-l-ß-fn-te-°pw- \mw- Zq-X-∑m-sc- A-b
®n-´p-≠v''-2.- Xm°o-Xp-Im-c-\n-√m-sX- H-cp- k-aq-lhpw- I-gn™p-
t]m-bn-´n-√''-3.-
A-t∏mƒ,- C-¥y-bn-te-°pw- {]-hm-N-I-∑m¿- I-S-∂p-h∂n-
cn-°-Ww.- A-h-cn-em-cp-sS-bpw- t]-cv- Jp¿-B≥- ]-d-bp-∂n-s√∂-
Xv- t\cm-Wv.- H-cp- e£-Øn-e-[n-Iw- {]-hm-N-I-∑m-cn¬- C-cp-]-
Øn-b-©m-fp-I-fp-sS- t]-cv- am-{X-sa- Jp¿-B≥- sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Øp-
∂p-≈q.- ""Nn-e- Zq-X ∑m-sc-°p-dn-®v- \mw- Xm-¶ƒ°v- hn-h-c-W-w-
X-∂n-´p-≠v.- Nn-e- Zq-X-∑m-sc-°p-dn-®v- Xm-¶-ƒ-°v- \mw- hn-h-cWw-
X-∂n-´n-√''-4 F-∂m-Wv- ssZhw- hy-Iv-X-am-°p-∂-Xv.- sh-fn-s∏--Sp-
Ø-s∏-Sm-Ø- {]-hm-N-I-∑m-cn¬- `mc-Xo-b- {]-hm-N-I-∑m-cp-ap-
≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww.- A-h-cpw- a-‰v- {]-hm-N-I-∑msc-t]m-se- {]-t_m
[-\w- sN-bv-X-Xv- G-I-ssZ-h- hn-izm-k-am-bncp∂p.- ssZ-hn-I-
t_m-[-\-ß-fp-sS- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p- Ah¿- kw-km-
cn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.- G-I-ssZ-h-hn-izm-k-hpw- X-Pv-P-\y-ßfm-b- {]h¿-
Ø-\-ß-fpw- \n-e-\n-∂n-cp-∂- Im-e-Øv- C-¥y-bn¬- k-aXzhpw-
1.- Jp¿-B≥- 2:-213.-
2.- Jp¿-B≥- 16:-36
3.- Jp¿-B≥- 35:-16.-
4.- Jp¿-B≥- 4:-164.-
A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ- 179
km-tlm-Z-cy-hpw- \n-e-\n-∂p.- ]n-∂o-Sv- {]-Ir-Xn-]q-P-bn-te-°pw-
aq¿-Øo-]q-P-bn-te-°pw- ]n-Xp-cm-cm-[-\-bo-te-°pw- a-\p-jy¿-
h-gn-sX-‰n.- A-t∏mƒ- A-k-a-Xz-hpw- PmXo-b-X-bpw- kv-]¿-≤-
Ifp-ap-≠m-bn.- Ah-km-\-sØ- {]-hm-N-I≥- a-°-bn¬- A-hX-
cn-®p.- A-t±-l-sØ- ]n≥-]-‰n-b-h¿- tam-£w- t\-Sn.- a-\p-jy\n¿-
Ωn-X-ß-fm-b- k-¶p-Nn-X-Xzß-fn¬- \n-∂-v tam-N-\-hpw- t\-Sn.-
ssZ-hn-I- a-X-Øn-s≥-d- hn-izm-k-{]-am-W-ß-fn¬- {]-[m\-
ambn-´p-≈Xv- G-I-ssZ-h-hn-izm-kw,- a-e-°p-I-fn-ep-≈- hn
izmkw,- {]-hm-N-I-∑m-cn-ep-≈- hn-izm-k-w,- ssZ-hn-I- {K-\v-Y-
ß-fn-ep-≈- hn-izm-kw,- ]-c-tem-I- hn-izmkw,- \-∑-Xn-∑-Iƒ-
ssZ- h Øn- ¶ ¬- \ n- ∂ m- s W- ∂ - hn- i zm- k w- F- ∂ n- h - b m- W v . -
`mcXob- {]-hm-N-I-∑m-cpw- {]t_m-[\w- sN-bv-X-Xv- Cu- hnizm-
k-߃- X-s∂-bm-bn-cn-°-Ww.- ]-t£,- {]mNI- {]t_m-[-\ß-
sf-°p-dn-®- kv-J-en-X-c-ln-X-am-b- hn-h-c-߃- X-cp∂- tc-J-Isf-
hn-sS?- C-∂v- e-`n-°p-∂- ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-ßtf-sX-¶n-epw- hyIv-
X-am-b- H-cp- tc-J- X-cp-∂p-t≠m?- C-√-X-s∂.-
GI-ssZ-h- hn-izm-kØ - n¬-\n-∂v- hy-Xn-Ne - n-®p-sIm-≠ncn-
°p∂- H-cp- k-aq-lØ - n-s≥-d- Nn-{X-am-Wv- th-Zß - f- n-epw- D-]\- nj-
Øp-If- n-epw- \ap°v- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bp-∂X - v.- A-h- ]p-cm-Wß - fn-
se-Øp-tºm-tg-°v- _-lp-ssZ-hm- c - m[-\b- p-sS- G-‰h - pw- aq¿-Ø
amb- cq-]a- mWv- Zr-iy-am-Ip-∂Xv.-
]-t£,- Cu- {K-\vY - ß- f - n¬-Xs
- ∂- ssZ-hn-I- t_m-[\ - Øn-
s≥d- ASn-kv-Ym-\-Øn-ep-≈- hn-izm-k-ß-fp-sS- ]-cn-W-an-®- cq]-
߃- ImWm≥- I-gnbpw.- ]p-cm-X-\- `m-c-X-Øn-se- ssZ-hn-I-
aX-sØ-°p-dn-®- A-t\z-j-W-Øn\v- "ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-ß-sf'-
b-√m-sX- A-he - w-_n-°p-Ib - pw- h-ø.- Imc-Ww- a-‰v- H-cp- tcJbpw-
C-∂v- In-´m-\n-√.- ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-ß-fn-¬- X-s∂-bp-≈- ssZhnI-
a- X - Ø n- s ≥- d - kzm- [ o- \ amWv - \mw- ]- c n- t im- [ n- ° m≥- H- c p-
ßp∂Xv.- ssZ-hn-I- a-X-Øn¬-\n-∂- v hn-{K-lm-cm-[-\-bn-te°pw-
A-tXm-S-\p-_-\v-[n®- hn-izm-k-ß-fnte°pw- F-ß-s\- ]-cn-W-
an-®p-sh-∂pw- C-∂v- Im-Wp-∂- hnizm-k-ßfpsS- aq-esa-¥m-
bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂p-ap-≈- A-t\z-j-W-am-Wv- A-Sp-Ø- t]-PpI-
fn¬.......-
180
1 s°- {]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂-Xv.- B- i-Iv-Xn-bp-sS- H-cp- Kp-Ww- "ZoZn-hn-I¨'-
G-I-ssZ-h- hn-izm-kw
ap-∏-Øn-ap-t°m-Sn- ssZ-h-ß-sf- sh-®m-cm-[n-°p-∂-h-cm-Wv-
lnµp-°ƒ.- ln-µp-hn-s\- kw-_-\v-[n-®n-S-tØm-fw- Hm-tcm- in-e-bpw-
a-c-hpw- aW¬-Ø-cn-bp-sa-√mw- ssZ-h-am-Wv.- Hm-tcm- D-Ω-d-∏-Sn-bpw-
]q-Pm-hn-{K-l-amWv.- GI-ssZ-hm-cm-[-\-bp-sS- em-Rv-O-\-t]m-epw-
km[m- c - W - ln- µ p°- f p- s S- hnizmkm- N m- c - ß - f n¬- Im- W p- I -
km[ya√.- Cu- _-lp-ssZ-h-hn-`m-h-\-bn¬- A`n-am-\n-°p-∂-h-cm-
Wv- A-`n-\-h- lnµp- _p-≤n-Po-hn-Iƒ.- _-lp-tZ-h-Xm- k¶¬-∏-sØ-
ssl-µ-h-X-bp-sS- am-{X-am-b- k-¿-∆mw-Ko-I-c-W-Øn-s≥-d- D-Zm-Ø-am-
Xr-I-bmbn- A-h¿- A-h-Xcn-∏n-°p-∂p.- {io-.- ]n.-]-c-ta-iz-c≥- F-gp-
Xp∂p:- ""`q-X-t{]-X-߃- ap-X¬- ]-c-{_-lv-aw-h-sc,- I-√pw- a-c-hpw-
apX¬- \ncmImc-\n¿-Kp-W- {_-lva - w- h-sc- B-cm-[n-°p-∂h - s
- c- AXw-
Ko-I-cn-°p-∂p''1- .-
B-cym-K-a-\-Øn-\v- ap-ºv- C-¥y-bn¬- ip-≤-am-b- G-I-ssZ-h-
hn-izm-k-am-bn-cp-∂p- \n-e-\n-∂n-cp-∂-sX-∂v- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m¿- hy-Iv-
X-am-°n-bn-´p-≠v.- au-em-\m- A-_p¬-I-emw- B-km-Zv- F-gp-Xp-∂-p-:-
1 am-Xr-`q-an- B-gv-N-∏-Xn-∏v-:- 1989 Pq¨- 11˛17.-
A-Sn-kvY
- m-\i
- n-eI
- ƒ- 181
""C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zn-hm-kn-Is- f- ]n-∂o-Sv- h-∂- B-cy- ∑
- m¿- "Zkyp-
°ƒ'- F-∂- lm-ky-\m-a-Øn-em-Wv- hn-fn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.- Z-ky-p°-fp-sS-
A-Sn-kvYm-\- ssZ-h-k-¶¬-∏w- G-I-Xz-Øn-e-[n-jv-Tn-X-am-bn-cp-∂p.-
A-h¿- hn-{K-lm-cm-[-I-cm-bn-cp-∂n-√.- A-h-cp-sS- G-I-ssZ-h-Øn-s≥d-
t]-cv- Huw- F-∂m-bn-cp-∂p.- A-Xn-\v- Xp-ey-am-b- H-cp- kw-kv-Ir-X-
]Zw- C-µp-hm-≥- B-Ip-∂p.- B- G-Imkv-Xn-Xz-Øn-s≥-d- A-[n-Im-cw-
k-I-e- N-cm-N-c-ß-fp-sS-bpw- F-√-m- tZ-h-∑m-cp-sS-bp-w-ta¬- hym-]-I-
am-Ip-∂p.- B- a-lm-i-Iv-Xn-bp-sS- \n-b-a-a-\p-k-cn®m-Wv- tZ-h-∑m-scm-
F-∂m-Ip-∂p.- H-cn-°-epw- A-{i-≤- _m-[n-°m-Ø- Zr-jv-SntbmSp-Iq-
Sn-bp-≈-h≥- F-∂¿-∞w''-1.- s{]m-^-k¿- entbm-t]mƒ-Uv- t]m¨-
Ntdm-U-dpw- B≥-dn-enw-Kp-sa-√mw2- \-S-Øn-b- ]-T-\-ß-fpw- B-Zy-Ime-
`m-c-Xo-b¿- G-I-ssZ-h-hn-izm-kn-I-fm-sW-∂m-Wv- hy-Iv-X-am°p-∂Xv.-
ln-µp-aX - {- K-\vY
- ß
- s - f-∂v- hy-hl
- c - n-°s
- ∏-Sp-∂- ]p-kvX - I
- ß- ƒ-
_lp-ssZ-hm-cm-[-\-sb- {]Xy-£-tam- ]-tcm-£-tam- Bbn- Aw-KoI
cn-°p-∂p-sh-∂-Xv- t\-cmWv.- ]-t£,- A-h-bp-sS- c-N-\-°- v- ap-ºv- kaq-
l-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂- G-I-ssZ-h-hn-izm-kw- Cu- {K-\v-Y-ß-fn¬- kzm-
[o-\w- sN-ep-Øn-b-Xm-bn- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bpw.- th-Z-ß-fn-epw- D]\nj-
Øp-If - n-epw- a-‰p-ap-≈- _-lp-tZ-hX - m-k¶- ¬-∏ß - f - pw- A-hb- psS- KpW-
K-Wh- ¿-Æ\ - I- f- pw- H-gn-®p-\n¿-Øn-bm¬- ip-≤a - m-b- G-Is- sZh-hnizm-
k-Øn-s≥-d- kp-µ-c-am-b- Nn{X-am-Wv- \-ap-°v- e-`n-°p-∂-Xv.-
th-Z-kw-ln-X-I-fn¬-:- I¿-Ω-Im-Wv-U-{]-[m-\-am-Wv- th-Z-kw-
ln-XIƒ.- ]-t£,- ln-µp-a-X-{K-\v-Y-ß-fn¬- G-‰-hpw- {]m-am-Wn-I-X-
I¬-]n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- th-Z-߃-°p-X-s∂-bm-Wv.- th-Z-ß-fn¬- {]-[m-
\-am-b- E-tKz-Z-Øn¬- tZ-h-X-am-cp-sS- kw-Jy- ap-∂q-‰n- ap-∏-Øn-aq-∂p-
h-sc- s]-cp-In-sb∂pw- A-Xn¬- {]-[m-\n-I-fm-b- C-{µ≥,- an-{X≥,- h-
cp-W≥,- A-Kv-\n,- hn-jv-Wp- F∂n-h¿- Hm-tcm- {]-tXy-I- h-Ip-∏p-I-fp-
sS- tZ-h-∑m-cm-bn- am-dn-sb-∂pw- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bp-∂p.- H-cp-`m-K-Øv-
tZ-h-∑m¿-°v- h-Ip-∏p-Iƒ- hn-`-Pn-°p-∂- th-Z-߃-X-s∂- a-dp-`m-K-
Øv- F-√m-‰n-t≥-d-bpw- D-S-a-kv-Y-\m-b- G-I-ssZ-h-sØ-°p-dn®- ]-cm-
a¿-i-ß-fpƒ-s°m-≈p-∂p.-
1.- A-_p¬- I-emw- B-km-Zv-:- ssZ-h- k-¶¬-∏w- Im-e-L-´-ß-fn-eq-sS-,- t]-Pv- 27
2.- Quoted by A-^o-^v- F.-F-^v.- Xz-∫m-d-: C-kv-emw- a-X- X-Xz-߃,- t]-Pv- 75,-76
182 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ- 183

ln-c-Wy-K¿-`≥,- hn-iz-I¿-Ωm-hv,- {]-Pm-]-Xn- Xp-S-ßn-b- \m-a A-h-\m-Wv- k¿-∆- `p-h-\-ß-fp-sS-bpw- A-[o-im-[n-Im-cn.- A-h≥- `qan-
ß-f-n-se-√mw- th-Z-ß-fn¬- ssZ-hw- kw-t_m-[-\- sN-ø-s∏-Sp-∂p≠v.- sb-bpw- kz¿-§-sØ-bpw- AXXv- kv-Ym-\-ß-fn¬- kv-Ym-]n-®p.- A-h-
Cu- {]-]-©-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- k-I-e- tZ-h-∑m-cp-sS-bpw- kr-jv-Sn-°p-apºv- \n¬- \n-∂m-Wv- k¿-∆- Ncm-Nm-c-ß-fp-ap-≠m-b-Xv.- tem-Iw- ap-gp-h≥-
H-cp- i-Iv-Xn- C-hn-Sw- ap-gp-h≥- hym-]n-®n-cp-∂p-sh-∂v- E-tKz-Z-Øn-se- ln-cW- y-K¿
- `
- s
- ≥-d- I¬-∏\
- I- f
- \
- p-kc
- n-°p-∂p.- A-Xp-sIm-≠v- A-h\p-
kr-jSv- n-Ko-Xw- hyIvX - a- m-°p-∂p.- ""At∏mƒ- A-kØ - pw- k-Øpw- C√m- 1
am-{Xw- l-hn- ¿-∏n-°p-I'' .- km-a-th-Z-hpw- G-I-ssZ-h-sØ- ln-cWy-
bn-cp-∂p.- hm-bp-a-Wv-U-ehpw- A-Xn-\p-ap-I-fn¬- B-Im-i-hp-an-√.- K¿-`≥- F-∂v- hn-fn-°p-∂p-≠v.-
Fs¥m-∂-m-W-Xv?- F-hn-sS-bmWXv- aq-Sn-°n-S-∂-Xv?- G-sXm∂m-W- G-I-ssZ-h-sØ-X-s∂- hn-hn-[- \m-a-ß-fn¬- hn-fn-°p-∂- k{º-
Xn-\v- c-£- \¬-In-b-Xv?- A-hn-sS- K-l-\hpw- A-Km-[-hp-am-b- P-e- Zmbw- ap-ºp-ap-X¬-°p-X-s∂- D-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂m-Wv- a-\- n-em-
∏c-∏p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-thm?- ar-Xyp-hp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.- Aa-c-Xz-hp-ap-≠m- °m-≥- I-gn-bp-∂-Xv.- ln-c-Wy-K¿-`-s≥-d- A-tX- kz-`m-h-߃-X-s∂-
bn-cp-∂n-√;- - cm-∏I - e
- p-If - p-sS- Nn-l\ v- ß
- s- fm-∂p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√.- GI- hn-iz-I¿-Ωm-hn-epw- Btcm-]n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬- C-h- c-≠pw- H-tc-
am-b- A-Xv- kz-¥w- B-¥c - n-Ii- I
- vX
- n-sIm-≠v- hm-bp-hn-√m-sX- izmka- ssZ-h-sØ-°p-dn-®- k-¶¬-∏-Øn-s≥-d- hn-hn-[- \m-a-߃- am-{X-am-
1-
b-®p'' .- Cu- h-N-\w- \o-≠pt]m-bn- Cu- i-Iv-Xn-sb- B-cm-Wv- krjvSn- bn-cn-°mw.- ""{]-]-©-ß-sf-bpw- tZh-∑m-sc-bpw- kr-jv-Sn-®-Xpw- kz¿-
®-sX-∂- tNm-Zy-Øn-se-Øp-∂p.- A-t∏mƒ- A-Xpw- G-I-am-b- B- §-hpw- `q-an-bpw- a-‰pw- \n¿-Ωn-®-Xpw- hn-iz-I¿-Ωm-hm-Wv.- k¿-∆-hym-
iIv-Xn°v- am-{X-ta- A-dn-bq-sh-∂- k-¶-¬∏ -- -Øn-em-Wv- F-Øn-t®-cp- ]n-bm-b- A-h≥- F-√m-hn-[- kp-J-ß-fp-sS-bpw- Dd-hn-S-am-Wv.- A-Xn-
∂-Xv.- ""aq-eI - m-cW
- t- a-sX-∂pw,- kr-jSv- n-bp-sS- D-dh - n-Ss
- a-s¥-∂pw- B¿- \m¬- hn-iz-I¿-Ωm-hn-s\- h-µn-°p-I''2.- E-tKz-Z-Øn¬- X-s∂- hn-cmSv-
{]-Jym-]n-°pw?- tZ-h-∑m-cpw- a-‰pw- kr-jv-Sn-°v- ti-j-am-Wp-≠m-b-Xv.- - \-bpw3 B-Zn-bpw- A-¥h
]p-cp-js - p-an√m-Øh - \
- m-bn- hm-gvØn-bX - mbn-
A-t∏m-gsX--ßn-s\- Bhn¿-`-hn-®-sX-∂v- B¿-°-dn-bmw?- A-Xn-s\- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bpw.- C-Xn¬-\n-∂pw- G-Is - sZ-hØ- n-s≥-d- a-s‰mcp- t]cp-
B¿- kr-jvS- n-®p?- B¿- krjvS- n-®n-√?- D-]c - n-tem-IØ - v- kvY
- n-Xn- sNøp- X-s∂-bm-Wv- hn-cm-Sv- ]p-cp-j≥- F-∂v- \-ap-°q-ln-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.-
2
∂- A-Xn-\v- am-{X-a-dn-bmw''- .-
b-Pp¿-th-Z-Ønepw- {]-Pm-]-Xn-sb-∂- t]-cn-epw- hniz-I¿-Ωm-
B-Zn-bpw- A-¥-hp-an-√m-Ø- G-I-ssZ-h-sØ- l-n-c-Wy-K¿-`≥- sh∂ t]cn-epw- Cu- G-Is - sZ-hw- kw-t_m-[\ - - sN-øs
- ∏-´n-cn-°p∂p.-
F-∂v- E-tKz-Z-Øn¬- ]-e-bn-S-ß-fn-epw- kw-t_m-[-\- sNbv-X-Xm-bn- ""Cu- kr-jv-Sn-bp-sS- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-sa-¥m-bn-cp-∂p?- tem-Im-cw-`-Øn¬-
Im-Wmw.- ""BZn-bn¬- ln-c-Wy-K¿-`≥- am-{X-sa- D-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈q.- Cu- kr-jv-Sn-bp-sS- D-]m-Zm-\-Im-c-W-sa-¥m-bn-cp-∂p?- Cu- hn-im-e-
1.- \m-k-Zm-ko-t∂m- k-Zm-ko-Ø- Zm-\o
kr-jv-Sn-sb- P-\n-∏n-®- hn-iz-I¿-Ωm-hm-b- {]-Pm-]-Xn- `q-an-sb-bpw-
∂m-ko-{Z- tPm-t\m- thym-am- ]-tbm-c-X-v A-¥-co-£m-Zn-I-sf-bpw- c-Nn-®v- A-h-sb-sb-√mw- k-z-¥w- i-Iv-Xn-bn¬
Io-am- h-co-h-x- Ip-l- I-ky- i¿-a∂w-`x-
In-am-ko-Zv- K-l-\w- Kw-`o-cw- s]m-Xn-™p-sh-®n-cn-°p-∂p-''4.- Cu- {]-Pm-]-Xn- k-I-e- N-cm-Nc-ß-
\-ar-Xyp- cm-ko-Z-ar-Xw- \- X¿ln- fp-sS-bpw- \m-Y-\m-W-∂v- Im-Wn-°p-∂- H-cp- {]m¿-∞-\- t\m-°p-I-:-''-
\-cm-{Xym- A-lv-\- B-kn-Xv- {]-tI-Xx-
B-\o- Z- hm-Xw- kz-[-bm-X-tZ-Iw- 1.- ln-c-Wy-K¿-`x- k-a-h¿-Ø-Xm-t{K-
X-kv- am-≤ym-\y-∂- ]-cx-Inw-N-\m-k- (E-tKz-Zw- 10:-129:1,-2).- `q-X-ky- Pm-Xx- ]-Xn-tc-I- B-ko-Xv-
2.- tIm- A≤m- thZI Cl{]tam-NXv- k-Zm-[m-c- ]r-Yn- how,- Zym-ap-tX-amw-
Iq-X BPm- Ip-X Cbw- hn-kr-jv-Snx- I-kv-ssa- tZhm-b- l-hn-jm- hn-t[-a.- (E-tKz-Zw- 10:-121:-1).-
A¿-hm-K-vtZ-hm- A-ky- hn-k¿-P-t\- 2.- E-tKz-Zw- 10:-81:-1.-
\m-Ym- tIm-th-Z- b-X- B-_-`q--h- 3 E-tKz-Zw 10:90:2.
C-bw- hn-kr-jv-Sncy--X- B-_-`q-h- 4.- Inw- kzn-Zm- ko-Z-[n-jv-Tm-\- am-cw-`W-w-
b-Zn- hm-Z-t[- b-Zn-hm-\- I-X-a-Xv-kzn-Xv- I-Ym-kzo-Xv-
tbm- A-kym-[y-£x- ]-c-ta- thym-a b-tXm- `q-aow- P-\-b-
≥- Xv- tkm- Aw-K-th-Z- b-Zn- hm- \- th-Z.- (E-tKz-Zw- 10:129:-6,-7).- \w-hn-iz-I¿-Ωm- hn-Zym-au¿-tWm≥- a-ln-\m- hn-iz-N-£m-x- (ip-¢-b-Pp¿-th-Zw- 17:-18).-
184 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ- 185

NXp-∏p-\n-eß--fp-sS-bpw- \-S-h-gn-I-fp-sS-bpw- \m-Sn-s≥-d-bpw- Im-Sn F-√m-hn-[- ssZ-hn-I- i-Iv-Xn-I-fp-w- A-h-\n¬- tI-{µo-I-cn-®p-sIm-≠v-

s≥dbp-w- Ip-∂n-s≥-d-bpw- Ip-≠n-s≥-d-bpw- B-e-I-fp-sS-bpw- B-e-b- sF-Iy-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p''1.-
ß-fpsS-bpw- Kpl-bp-sS-bpw- P-em-i-b-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- \n-em-hn-s≥-d- Cu- te-mI - w- ap-gp-h≥- kr-jvS- n-®v- ]-cn-]m-en-°p-∂- i-IvX - n- GI-
bpw- i_v-Z-Øns≥d-bpw- [q-fn-I-fp-sS-bpw- sN-Sn-I-fp-sS-bpw- Np-≈n°- \msW-∂- k-Xyw- th-Z-ß-fn¬-\n-∂v- hy-Iv-X-am-Ip-∂p.- A-h-s≥d-
ºn-s≥dbpw- `q-an-IfpsSbpw- ]pf-s®m-gp-Ip-∂- \-Zn-I-fp-sS-bpw- a-c i-Iv-Xn-bm-Wv- k-I-e- tem-I-ß-fn-epw- hym-]n-®p-In-S-°p-∂-Xv.- Ah≥-
Øn-se- ]-®n-e-I-fp-sS-bpw aÆn¬- sImgn-™- C-e-I-fp-sS-bpw- \mY- A-P-ø-\pw- A-\¥\pw- A-\m-Zy-\p-am-Wv.- ""{]Im-itKm-]p-cßfmb
\m-b- A-tß-bv-°v- \-a-kv-Im-cw''1.- {Kl\£{Xßfpw- Pv-Rm-\n-Ifp-sa√mw- GIssZhØn-em-Wv-
G-I-\m-b- ssZ-h-Øn-\v- k-am-¥-c≥-am-cn-s√-∂ bm-Ym¿∞yw- A`bw {]m-]n-°p-∂Xv-'-2 F-∂- A-Y¿-∆-th-Z- kq-Iv-X-Øn¬-\n-∂pw-
th-Z߃- D¬-tLm-jn-°p-∂p-≠v.- ""G-I-\m-b- A-h-≥- G-I-\m-bn-X- C-°m-cyw- kp-X-cmw- hy-Iv-X-am-Ip-∂p.- b-Pp¿-th-Z-hpw- Cu- h-kv-XpX-
s∂- Fs∂∂pw- \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂-h-\m-sW-∂v- hn-iz-kn-°p-I.- c≠m- hy-IXv- a
- m-°p-∂p-≠v.- ""IogS°m≥- I-gn-bm-Ø- {]-]© - s - Ø- kw-c£n-
a-sXm-cp- ssZ-hw- C-√ -X-s∂''2 F-∂m-Wv- A-Y¿-∆-th-Zw- ]dbp- °p-∂-Xv- A-h-\-s{X.- `qan,- BImiw,- A-Xn-\v- \-Sp-hn-ep-≈- tem-Iw-
∂Xvv.- ""A-h-\v- k-am-¥-c-∑mcn√.- A-h-s≥-d- Io¿-Øn,- k-Xy-ambpw F-∂n-ß-s\- {Xn-tem-I-ß-sf- krjvSn-®-Xpw- A-h-\s{X.- kp-{]-[m-
-a-l-Øm-Ip-∂p''3 sh-∂v- b-Pp¿-th-Z-hpw- hy-Iv-X-am-°p-∂p.- \-am-b- F-√m- {]-hr-Øn-If - p-sS-bpw- [¿-ΩsØ- kw-c£ - n-°p-∂h - \pw-
""{]Pm-]m-eI\pw- Nn-{Xm-hcp-W≥-am-cn¬- GI\p-am-bh≥- ]-cn-]m-en-°p-∂-h-\pw- A-h-\m-Wv.- {]m]-©n-I- PohnX-Øn-s≥-d- k
[mcm-fw- sNdn-b {Zhy-ßsf,- Cu- tem-IØn-se Ncm-Ncßsf,- ¥p-en-X-Xzw- \n-e-\n¿-Øp-∂-Xv- Cu- \n-b-a-ß-fm-Wv''3.- ""A-Pø-\m-
C{]Im-cw- kz-tXPt m-Sp-Iq-Sn- t\m-°p-∂p''4- F-∂-v E-tKz-Zw- hy-Iv b- ssZ-hØ - n-s≥-d- D-∂X - a- m-b- i-IvX- n t- em-Iß
- f- n¬- ap-gp-h≥- hym]n-
-4
X-am-°p-tºmƒ- G-I-ssZ-h-hn-izm-k-am-Wv- \-ap-°Xnepw-- Im-Wm≥- ®p-In-S-°p-∂p'' sh-∂- E-tKz-Z- kq-Iv-X-hpw- C-°m-cy-Øn-te-°p-X-s∂
bmWv- hn-c¬- Nq-≠p-∂-Xv.-
I-gn-bp-∂Xv.-
1.- Io¿-Øn-b-iv-Nx- b-iv-Nmw- `iv-Nx- \-`-Iv-j- v-
A-Y¿-∆t- h-ZØ - n¬- ssZ-hØ - n-s≥-d- G-IX
- z-sØ-°p-dn-®- hyIv- {_m-lv-a-W- h¿-O-kw- Om-∂w-- Om-Wm-Xyw-N-
X-hpw- kv-]-jv-S-hp-am-b- {]-kv-Xm-h-\-Iƒ- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bpw.- ""Cu- G-Xw- tZ-h-ta-I- hr-Xw- th-Zx- \-Zzn-Xn-
tbm- \-Xr-Xn-b-iv-N-Xp¿-t∞m-
ssZ-h-sØ- G-I-\m-bn- A-dn-bp-∂-h≥- k-Xy-w- a-\- n-em-°n-bn-cn- \m-]yp-iv-N-tX-
°p-∂p.- A-h-≥- cs≠-t∂m- aq-s∂-t∂m- \m-se-t∂m- A-s©-t∂m- b- G-Xw- tZ-h-ta-I- hr-Xw- th-Zx-
\- ]-©t- am- \- k-jvT - lw-- k-]vX - t- am- \m- ]yp-Ny--tX
B-sd-t∂m- G-sg-t∂m- F-s´t∂m- H-º-sX-t∂m- ]-sØt∂m- hnfn- - b- G-Xw- tZ-ht- a-I- hr-Xw- th-Zx-
\- jvT- t- am- \-\h- t- am- Z-it- am- \]yp-Ny--tX
°-s∏-Sp-∂n-√.- iz-kn-°p-∂-Xpw- izkn-°m-Ø-Xp-am-b- k-I-e-Xn- b- G-Xw- tZ-ht- a- I- hr-Xw- th-Zx-
s\bpw- A-h≥- \n-co-£-Ww- \-S-Øn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p.- D-∂-X-amb- k- k¿-∆k - sv- sa- hn- ]-iNv- X- n-bi
- N v- - {]-Wm-Xn-bi
- Nv- t- \-
b- G-Xw- tZ-ht- a-I- hr-Xw- th-Zx-
i-Iv-Xn-I-fpƒ-s°m-≈p-∂- A-h-≥- G-I-\m-Wv.- G-I≥- am-{X-am-Wv.- X-an-Zw- \n-K-Xw- k-lx- k- G-j- G-I G-I-h-tZ-I- G-h-
b- G-Xw- tZ-h-ta- I- hr-Xw-
1.- Ir-jv-W- b-Pp¿-th-Zw- 4:-6˛9.- th-Zx- (AY¿-∆-th-Zw- 13:-5:-14˛21).-
2.- X-an-Zw- \n-I-X-w- klx-k- G-i-G-I- G-I-{h-tX-I- G-h- 2.- k¿-t∆- A-kv-an≥- tZ-h- G-I- {h-tXm- `-h-¥n-
bG-Xw- tZ-h-ta-I- hr-Xw- th-Zx- k¿-t∆- A-kv-an≥- tZ-h- b- G-Xw- tZ-h-ta-I- hr-Xw- th-Zx- (A-Y¿-∆-th-Zw- 13:-5˛22).-
G-I-hr-tXm- `-h-¥n- 3.- C-Zw- hn-jv-Wp¿-hn- N-{I-ta- t{X[m- \n-Z-tX- ]-Zm
b- G-Xw- tZ-h-ta-I-hr-X-wth-Z- (A-Y¿-∆- th-Zw- 13˛5˛20,-21). k-Ωq-Tv-a-ky- ]m-T-kp-tc- (A-Y¿-∆-th-Zw- 7:-26:-4).-
3.- \- X-ky- {]-Xn-am- B-kv-Xo- b-iy-\m-av- a-l-Zy-k-tl- (b-Pp¿-th-Zw- 32:-3)- 4.- X-Zn-Zm-k-`p-h-t\-ip- tPy-jv-Tw-
4.- A-b-ta-I- C-∞m- ]p-cq-- N-jvtS- hn- hn-i-]-Xox- b-tXm-P-vPv-R- D-{K-kv-tX-z-iz-\r-a-W v- -
Xky-hr-Xm-\y-\p-- h-iv-N-cm-a-ko- (E-tKz-Zw- 8:25:16).- k-tZym-P-Pv-Rm-t\m- \n- cn-Wm-Xn- i-{Xp-
\-\q-bw- hn-tiz- a-Z¥yp-am-lx-- (EtK-z-Zw- 10:-120:-1).-
186 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ- 187

th-Z-ß-fn-se- {]m¿-∞-\-I-fn-epw- Cu- G-I-ssZ-h- Z¿-i-\w- {]m¿-∞-\- hy-Iv-X-am-°p-∂p:

\ng-en-®p-Im-Wp-∂p-≠v.- th-Z{]m¿-∞\ - I - f- [- n-Ih
- pw- B-cw-`n-°p-∂Xv-
Hmw-Im-c- i-_v-Z-ap-cp-hn-´p-sIm-≠m-Wv.- Hmw-Im-c- i-_v-Z-sØ-°p-dn-®p-
am-{Xw- hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂- sN-dn-b- H-cp- D-]-\n-j-Øp-≠v.- ]-Xn-aq-∂v-
t«m-I-߃- am-{X-ap≈- C-Xn-s≥-d- t]-cv- {]-W-thm-]-\n-j-Øv- F∂m
Wv.- Cu- Hmw-Im-c- i_vZ-sØ- G-Im-£-c-{_-lv-a-sa-∂v- hn-fn-°-s∏-
S-m\
- p-≈- Im-cW- s- Ø-°p-dn®- hni-Zo-Ic - W- a - m-Wn-Xn-ep-≈X- v.- ""HmwIm-
c-Øn¬- aq-∂v- tZ-h-∑m-cpw- aq-∂v- tem-I-hpw- aq-∂v- th-Z-ß-fpw- aq-∂v-
AK-v-\n-I-fpw- aq-∂v- am-{X-I-fpw- A¿≤am-{X-I-fp-sa-√mw- A-S-ßn-bncn
°p-∂p-sh-∂v- ]-d-b-s∏Sp-∂p.- F-s¥-∂m¬- A-Xv- B- ]-c-a-in-h-
XXz-k-z-cq-]-am-Wv''1 F-∂m-Wv- {]-kv-Xp-X- D-]-\n-j-Øv- ]dbp-∂-Xv.-
A,-D,-a- F-∂o- aq-∂-£-c-ß-fp-sS- k-a-\z-b-am-Wv- Hmw- Im-c-i-_v-Z
sa∂pw- A-h- A-\m-Zn,- D-≤-c-Ww,- a-c-Ww- F-\o- kw-Pv-R-I-sf--bmWv-
{]-Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°p-∂-sX-∂p-am-Wv- Nn-e ]Wv-Un-X∑m-cp-sS A`n{]m-
b-w.- A-P-ø-\pw- A-\m-Zn-bpw- a-\p-jy-sc t\¿-am¿-§-Øn-te-°v- \-bn
°p-∂-h-\pw- a-cn-∏n-°p-∂-h-\pw- F√m-am-b- G-I-ssZ-h-sØ-bmWv-
Cu- i-_v-Zw- Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂-sX-∂¿-∞w.-
kp-]-cn-Nn-X-am-b- H-cp- th-Z-{]m¿-∞-\- t\m-°p-I:
""Hmw- A-k-tXm-am-kXv- K-a-b
X-a-tkm-am- tPm-Xn¿- K-a-b-
ar-tXym-Ωm- A-ar-Xw- K-a-b.-
""Hmw- Im-c- i-_v-Z-ta......- A-\n-Xy-am-b- A-k-Xy-Øn¬-\n-∂v-
\n-Xy-a-m-b- k-Xy-Øn-te-°v- F-s∂- \-bn-®-\p-{K-ln-t°-W-ta.-
APvRm-\a - m-Ip-∂- A-\[v- I
- m-cØn¬-\n-∂v- PvR - m-\t- Pym-Xn- n-te°v-
F-s∂- \-bn-®\ - p-{K-ln°-Wt- a.- a-cW- Ø
- n¬-\n-∂v- A-ac - X
- z-Øn-te°v-
F-s∂- \-bn-®-\p-{K-ln-°-W-ta''.-
{Xn-Ime-PvR-m-\n-bm-b- G-I-ssZ-h-sØ-°p-dn-®- k-¶¬-∏-ß-
fm-Wv- an-°- th-Z{- ]m¿-∞\
- I
- f
- n-epw- Im-Wp-∂X
- v.- G-I\m-b- {_lvaw-
{Xn-Im-e-Pv-Rm-\n-bm-sW∂v- AY¿-∆-th-Z-Øn-se- Xm-sg-∏-d-bp-∂-
1.- X{X-tZ-hm-kv-{X-bx- t{]m-Iv-Xm-
tem-Im- th-Zm- kv-{X-tbm-Kv-\-bx-
Xn-t{km- am-{Xm¿- [-am-{Xm-N-
{]-Xy-£-y- in-h-k-y-X-Xv- ({]-W-thm-]-\-n-jØ-v 3).-
""`q-X- `-hn-jy-Xv- h¿-Ø-am-\- ]-Zm¿-∞-ß-fn-se-√mw- F-√m-bv
t∏m-gpw- hym-]-I- kz-cq-]-\m-bn-cn-°p-∂,- k¿-∆m-\-µ-a-b-\m-b- {_lv-
a-Øn-\v- \-a-kv-Im-cw''-1.-
tX-P- n-s≥-d-bpw- Hm-P- n-s≥-d-bpw- ho-cy-Øn-t≥-d-bpw- _e
Øn-s≥d-bpw- ]-c-a-am-b- t{km-X- n-t\m-Sv- A-h-sb- B-h-iy-s∏--´p-
sIm-≠v- sN-øp-∂- th-Z-Øn-se- Xm-sg- ]-d-bp-∂- {]m¿-∞-\-bpw- ssZ-
h-Øn-s≥-d- G-I-Xz-am-Wv- hy-Iv-X-am-°p-∂-Xv:-- ""tl- k¿-t∆-iz-cm....-
tXP- m-b- A-ßv- F-s∂-bpw- tX-P-kzn-bm-t°-W-ta.- ho-cy-am-b-
A-hn-Sp-∂v- F-s∂-bpw- ho-cy-hm-\m-t°W-ta.- A-hn-Sp-∂v- _e-amWv.-
F-s∂-bpw- _-e-hm-\m-t°-W-ta.- Hm-P- m-b- A-ßv- F-s∂-bpw-
HmPkn-bm-t°-W-ta.- A-ßv- D¬-km-l-kz-cq-]-\m-Wv.- F-s∂-bpw-
D¬-km-l-hm\m-t°-W-ta.- A-hn-Sp-∂v- k-l-\-i-Iv-Xn-bm-Wv.- Fs∂
bpw- k-l-\-iIv-Xn-bp-≈-h-\m-°-W-ta...''-2.-
C-Ø-c-sam-cp- {]m¿-∞-\-°v- {io- Z-bm-\-µ- k-c-kz-Xn- \¬-
Ip∂- hymJym-\w- {i-t≤-ba - m-Wv:- "kr-jvS- n-°p-ap-ºv- tX-tPm-ab- ß- fm-
b- kq-cym-Zn- k-Ie- - tem-Iß
- f - p-sS-bpw- D¬-∏Ø - n- kvY - m-\h
- pw- B[m-
c-hp-am-bncp-∂-Xv- G-sXm-t∂m,- C-Xn-\v- ap-ºp-≠m-bn-´p-≈-Xpw- C-\n-
D-≠m-Ip-∂-Xp-am-b- kIe- ]-Zm¿-∞-ß-fp-sS-bpw- {Xn-Im-e-Øn-se-
kzm-an- G-sX-t∂m,- A-Xv- k¿-∆-tem-I-ß-sf-bpw- \n¿-Ωn-®v- c-£n®p-
sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p.- B- ]-c-am-Xv-hm-hns\- R-߃- `-Iv-Xn-]q¿-∆w- \an-
°p-∂p''-3.-
D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn¬:- D-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ- s]m-Xp-sh- Zm¿-i-\nI-
{]iv\
- ß
- f- m-Wv- ssI-Im- c
- yw- sN-øp-∂X
- v.- {]m-]©
- n-I- {]-Xn-`m-k߃-
°v- ]n∂n-se- bm-Ym¿-∞y-sØ-°p-dn-®- A-t\z-j-W-tØm-sSm-∏w-
X-s∂- B- bm-Ym¿-∞y-hpw- a-\p-jym-kv-Xn-Xz-hpw- X-Ωn-ep-≈- _\v[-
sØ-°p-dn-®- A-t\z-j-W-hpw- Iq-Sn- D-]-\n-j-Ø-p-Iƒ- Dƒ-s°m≈p
1. tbm-`q-Xw- N- `-hyw- N- k¿-∆w- b-iv-Nm- [n-Xn-jv-T-Xn-
kz-c-ky-N- tI-h-ew- X-k ssa- tPyjv-T-m-b- {_-lv-a-tW- \-a-x-
2.Hmw- tX-tPm-kn- tX-tPm-a-bn-t[-ln-
ho¿-ø-a-kn- ho-cy-abn-t[-ln-
_-e-a-kn- _-ew- abn-t[-ln-
Hm-P-tkym-tPm- a-bn-t[-ln-
3.\-tc-{µ- `q-j¨-:- th-Z- ]-cy-S-\w- ]p-dw--:- 53.-
188 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ- 189

∂p.- Cu- A-t\z-jW - a - m-Wv- Im-Sp-Ib - d- n- "A-lw- {_-lva- m-kva

- n'-sb∂- bpw- kr-jvS- n-®X
- v.- A-h\
- m-Ip-∂p- A-hs - b- ]-cn-]m-en-°p-∂X- v.- Ah≥-
kn-≤m-¥-Øn-te-°v- Nn-e-sc- \bn-®-Xv.- ssZ-hm-kv-Xn-Iy-sØ-°p-dn®- G-I-\m-Ip-∂p.- ""A-Zzn-Xo-b-\m-b- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hv- P-{K-{Zq-]-Pm-e-sØ-
N¿-®I - ƒ- ]p-tcm-Ka- n-®v- A-hs - ≥-d- krjvS- n-sb-°p-dn-®pw- cq-]s- Ø°p- kr-jv-Sn-®v- Xs≥d- kz-cq-]-`q-X-am-b- im-k-\m- i-Iv-Xn-bm¬- A-Xns\-
dn-®p-sa-√m-ap-≈- Im-Sp-Ib - d
- n-b- N¿-®b - n-te°p-Iq-Sn- D-]\- n-jØ- p-Iƒ- `-cn-°p-∂p.- B- hn-hn-[- im-k-\m-_-e-Øm¬- k-a-kv-X- tem-I-ßsf-
F-Øn-s∏-Sp-∂Xv- Im-Wmw-.- bpw- tem-I-]m-e-I-∑m-sc-bpw- b-Ym-tbm-Kyw- `-cn-°p-∂p.- G-I-\m-bn
A-Zzn-Xo-b-\m-b- A-kv-Xn-Xz-am-Wv- {]-]-©-krjv-Sn-°p-]n-∂n¬- Ø-s∂- k-ak - vX
- - P-KØ
- n-s≥-db- pw- D-¬∏- Ø
- n-°pw- hn-kvX- m-cØ- n\pw-
{]-h¿Øn-®-sX-∂v- D-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ- tLm-jn-°p-∂p.- Cu- G-I-iIv- k-a¿-∞-\m-bn-cn-°p-∂- B- {_-lv-a-sØ- X-tXz-\- A-dn-bp-∂- a-lm-
Xn-sb-bmWv- A-h- "{_-lv-aw'- F-∂v- hn-fn-°p-∂-Xv.- {_-lv-a- i_v-Zw- ]p-cp-j-∑m¿- A-a-c-∑m-cm-bn- `-hn-°p-∂p''-1.-
ssZ-h-i-_v-Zw -t]m-se-X-s∂- \-]pw-k-I-enw-K-am-Wv.- tZ-h-∑mcpsS- ""Pv-Rm-\-k-z-cq-]-\m-b- B- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hv- k¿-∆-{k-jv-Sm-hpw-
tZ-h-\pw- A-Zzn-Xo-b-\pw- \ncm-Im-c-hp-am-b- A-kv-Xn-Xz-sØ-bm-Wv- k¿∆Pv-R-\pw- B-Xv-a-tbm-\n-bpw- Im-e-Im-e-\pw- k¿-∆-Znhy-Kp-W-
D]-\n-j-Zv-Im-e-Øv- {_-lv-a-i-_v-Zw-sIm≠v- hn-h-£n-®-sX-∂v- {io k-º∂\pw- k¿-∆t- Ø-bpw- A-dn-bp-∂h - \ - p-am-Ip-∂p.- A-h≥- {][m\-
cm-lp¬- kmw-Ir-Xym-b≥-1 hy-Iv-X-am°p∂p≠v.- t£-{X-PR v- ]
- Xnbpw- ({]-Ir-Xn-bp-sS-bpw- Po-hm-Xa v- m-hn-s≥-db
- pw- A[n-
]-Xn)- k-a-kv-X- KpWß-fp-sS-bpw- im-k-I-\pw- P-\-\-a-c-W- k-z-cq-]
th-Z-Øn¬- "B-Xv-am-hv-'- F-∂- {]-tbm-Kw- {]m-W-s\-t∂m- a\-
am-b- kw-km-c-Øn¬- _-\v[\-Øn-\pw- kv-Yn-Xn-bv-°v- tam-£-Øn\pw-
s t∂m- am-{Xw- A¿-∞-apƒ-s°m-≈p-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p.- F-∂m¬- D]-
Im-c-W-`q-X-\p-a-m-Ip-∂p''2.-
\n-j-Øp-I-fn¬- ]-c-ta-iz-c-s≥-d- ]-cym-b-am-bpw- B-Xv-am-hv- F-∂v-
{]tbm-Kn-®-Xm-bn- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bpw.- D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn-se- B-Xv-a- ""B- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hv- X-∑-b-\pw,- A-ar-X-kz-cq-]-\pw,- B-Xv-a-kzcq-
i-_v-Zw c-≠v- am-\-ß-fpƒ-s°m-≈p∂p.- H-∂v,- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hv-.- c-≠v, ]-Øn¬- tem-I] - m-e∑ - m-cn-epw- kvY
- n-Xn-sN-øp-∂h
- \- pw- k¿-∆P
- vR
- \pw-
Po-hmX-v-am-hv.- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hv- {]-]-©- krjv-Sn-°p-ap-ºv- \n-an-Ø-am-bn- k¿-∆-K-\pw- Cu- `q-h-\-Øn-s≥-d- kw-c£-I-\p-am-Ip-∂p.- A-h≥- Cu-
\n-e-sIm-≠-h-\pw- Po-hm-Xv-am-hv- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hn-\m¬- kr-jv-Sn-°-s∏´v- k-ºq¿-Æ- P-K-Øn-s\-bpw- \n-Xy-hpw- `-cn-°p-∂p.- F-s¥-∂m¬- Cu-
Po-h-I-fn¬- tN-X-\- \n-e-\n¿-Øp-∂-h\ -- p-am-Wv.- Ch- -c-≠pw- D-]-\nj- {]-]-©-sØ-- `-cn-°p-hm≥- a-s‰m-cp- tl-Xp-hp-an-√''-3.-
Øp-I-fn¬- B-Xv-a- i-_v-Zw-sIm-≠m-Wv- {]-Xn-\n-[o-I-cn°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv.- th-Z-ß-fn¬- k¿-∆-Øn-\pw- ap-ºp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xm-bn- hn-tijn-
Po-hm-Xv-am-hn-s\-bpw- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hn-s\-bpw- A-h-bp-sS- Kp-W-[¿-Ω- ∏n-®n-´p-≈- ln-c-WyK¿-`-s\-t∏m-epw- kr-jv-Sn-®-Xv- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hmsW-
h¿-Æ-\-I-fn¬-\n-t∂- \-ap-°v- th¿-Xn-cn-®v- a-\- n-em-°m≥- I-gn-bq.- ∂pw- C{µmZntZ-h-∑m-sc-sb-√mw- ]-S-®-Xpw- A-Xp-X-s∂-bm-sW-∂pw-
G-I-\pw- A-Zzn-Xo-b-\p-am-b- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hp-X-s∂-bm-Wv- {_lv- tiz-Xm-iz-Xt- cm-]\
- n-jØ
- v- hy-IX
v- a
- m-°p-∂p-≠:v- '- '-C{- µm-Zn-tZ-h∑
- m-cpsS-
a-sa∂v- D-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ-X-s∂- hy-Iv-X-am-°p-∂p-≠v.- ""Cu- ]-c-am-Xv 1.- b- G-tIm- Pm-e- hm-\-o-i-X- Cu-i- \o-`nx-
k¿-∆m≥- tem-Im-\o-i-tX- Cu-i-\o-`nx-
am-hm-Wv- k¿-∆-Øn-\pw- B-[m-cw.- {]-Pv-Rm-\- kz-cq-]-bm-b- Cu- b- G-ssh-I- D-Zv-`-th- kw-`-th-iv-N-b-
]c-am-Xv-am-hv- Xs∂-bmWv- {_-lvaw''2 F-∂m-Wv- sF-X-tc-tbm-]\n- G-XZv-hn-Zq-c- ar-Xm-kv- tX- `-h-¥n- (tiz-Xm-i-X-tcm-]-\n-j-Øv- 3:-1)-
2. k- hn-iz-Ir-Xv- hn-iz-n-Zm-Xv-a-tbm
j-Øv- ]-d-bp-∂Xv.- -\n¿-Pv-Rm-- Im-e- Im-tem- Kp--Wo-- k¿-∆-hn-Zy-
{]-[m-\-t£-{X-Pv-R- ]-Xn¿-Kp-tW-ix-
Cu- ]-ca
- m-Xva
- m-hm-Ip-∂p- tem-Iß
- s
- f-bpw- tem-I]
- m-eI
- ∑
- msc- kwkm-c-tam-£- kv-Yn-Xn-_-\v-[- tl-Xp-x- (AtX{K\v-Yw- 6:16)
3.- k- X≥-a-tbm- lr--ar-X- Cu-i-kw-kv-tYm-
1.- cm-lp¬- kmw-Ir-Xym-b≥-:- hn-iz-Z¿-i-\-߃- ]p-dw- 557.- Pv-Rx-k¿-∆-tKm- `p-h-\-kym-ky- tKm-]v-Xm-
2.- {]-Pv-Rm-t\- {]-Xn-jv-Tn-Xw- {]-Pv-Rm-t\-t{Xm-tem-Ix- b- Cu-ti- A-ky- P-K-tXm- \n-Xy-ta-h
{]-Pv- Rm-{]-Xn-jv-T- {]-Pvm-\w- {_-lv-a-˛(sF-X-tc-tbm-]-\n-j-Xv- 3:-1:-3)- \m-t\ym- tl-Xp¿- hn-Zy-tX- Cu-i-\m-b- (AtX{K\v-Yw 6:17)
190 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ- 191

D¬-∏Ø - n-°pw- hr-≤n-°pw- tl-Xp-`q-X\-mb - n-cn-°p-∂h- \- pw- k¿-∆m[n ]-c-am-Xv-am-hn-\v- C-{µn-b-ß-fn-√.- ]-s£,- A-h≥- Im-Wp-I-bpw-
]-Xn-bpw- k¿-hP- vR
- \pw- B-Zy-am-bn- ln-cW - y-K¿-`s- \- k-rj
- vS- n-®h\p- tIƒ-°p-I-bp-sa-√mw- sN-øp-∂p-≠v.- "" B- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hv- I-c-N-c-W-c-
am-b- B- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hv- \-sΩ- ip-`-_p-≤n-bp-≈-h-cm-°n-Øo¿-°-s´''1.- ln-X-\m-sW-¶n-epw- k-a-kv-X- h-kv-Xp-°-sf-bpw- {K-ln-°p-∂-h-\pw-
{]-Ir-Xn-bn-se- hy-Xy-kX
v- - {]-Xn-`m-kß
- ƒ-t]m-epw- kw-`h
- n°p- A-Xn-th-Kw- k¿-h{- X- K-an-°p-∂h - \- pw- I-Æp-IƒIq-Sm-sX- k¿-∆hpw-
∂Xv- Cu- ]-c-{_-lv-a-sØ- `-b-∂n-´m-Wv-.- ""C-Xn-s\- `-b-∂n-´m-Wv- Im-Wp-∂-h-\pw- ImXp-Iƒ- Iq-Sm-sX- F-√mw- tIƒ-°p-∂-h-\p-am
hm-bp- N-en-°p∂Xv.- C-Xn-s\- `-b-∂m-Wv- kq-cy≥- D-Zn-°p-∂-Xv-.- CXn- Ip∂p.- A-h≥ - - A-dn-tb-≠X - m-bn-´p-≈X - v- F-√mw- A-dn-bp-∂p.- F∂m¬-
s\- `-b-∂n-´p-X-s∂-bmWv- A-Kv-\n-bpw- C{µ-\pw- ]-©-a-\m-b- ar-Xyp A-h-s\- A-dn-bp-∂-h-\m-bn-´v- Bcp-an-√.- Pv-Rm-\n-Iƒ- A-h-s\- alm-
hpw- I¿Ω-߃- A\p--jvTn-°p-∂-Xv''-2.- s\-∂pw- B-Zn-]p-cp-j-s\-∂pw- ]-d-bp-∂p''1.-
-P-K-Øn-s≥-d- Im-c-W-sa-¥m-Wv?- kz-`m-h-am-tWm-?- Im-e-am C-{µn-bm-Xo-X-\m-Wv- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hv.- A-h-s\- Im-Wp-hm≥- I-gn
tWm?- A√-X-s∂.- P-K-Øns≥-d- Im-c-Ww- ]-c-tK-iz-c≥- am-{X-amWv.- bn-√.- ""Cu- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hn-s≥-d- cq-]w- Zr-jv-Sn-°p- hn-j-b-a√.- Cu-
""Cu- P-K-Øn-\v- Im-c-Ww- kz-`m-h-amsW-∂v- Nn-e- _p-≤n-am-∑mc-pw- ]c-am-Xva- m-hns\- amw-kN - £- p- p-sIm-≠v- B¿-°pw- Im-Wp-hm≥- km
Im-e-am-sW-∂v- a-‰p-Nn-ecpw- ]-d-bp-∂p.- C-h¿- tam-l-{K-kv-X-cm-b-Xn- [y-a-√.- km-[-I-∑m¿- lr-Z-b-kv-Yn-X-\pw- A-¥-cym-an-bp-am-b- ]-c-am-
\m¬- P-K-Xv-Im-c-W-sa-s¥-∂-dn-™-p-Iq-Sm.- k¿-∆-i-Iv-Xn-am-\m-b- ]c- Xv-am-hn-s\- `-Iv-Xn-tbm-Sp -IqSnb- l-r-Z-b-tØm-Spw- \n¿-Ω-e- a-\-t m-
ta-iz-c-s≥-d- a-lm-hn-ti-j-am-WnXv.- B- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hn-s≥-d- a-ln-a- Spw,- C-{]-Im-cw- A-dn-bp-∂h - ∑m-cm-bn- `-hn-°p-∂p''2- .- C-°mcyw-
- ¿- A-ac
sIm-≠m-Wv- Cu- {_-lv-a-N-{Iw- I-d-ßn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xv''-3.- X-s∂- I-tTm-]-\n-j-Øv- Ip-d-®p-Iq-Sn- hy-IvX-am-bn- hnh-cn-°p-∂p.-
""B- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hv- hm-°n-\pw- Im-Xn-\pw- _p-≤n°pw- A-{]m-]y-amWv.-
kq-cy-N{- µm-Zn-Iƒ- {]-Im-in-°p-∂X
- v- ]-c{- _-la
v- Ø
- n-s≥-d- I¬]- F-∂m¬- B-cp-sS-ta¬- A-h-\v- Ir-]-bp-t≠m- A-h-\v- B-`m-Kyw- e`n-
\-bm-em-Wv- ""A-hn-sS- kq-cy≥- {]-Im-in-°p-∂n-√.- N-{µ-\pw- \-£{X- °p-∂p.- F-s¥-∂m¬- A-h≥- Ir-]m-]m-{X-Ø-n¬- am-{X-sa- kzbw-
ß-fpw- {]-Im-in-°p-∂n-√.- Cu- hn-Zyp-Øp-°-fpw- {]-Im-in-°p-∂n-√.- {]-Xy-£-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≈q''3.-
]n-s∂- Cu- A-Kv-\n- F-hn-sS?- tX-tP-m-a-b-am-b- B- ]-c-{_-l-va-sØ-
A-\p-k-cn-®v- as‰√mw- {]-Im-in-°p-∂p.- A-Xn-s≥-d- tim-`-sIm-≠p- I-Æpw- Im-Xpw- a-\ - p-sa-√mw- {_-lva
- s- Ø- t\-cn¬- A-dnbm≥-
X-s∂-bm-Wv- Cu- {]-]-©w- apgp-h≥- {]-Im-in-°p-∂X-v''-4.- Ai-Iv-X-sa-¶n-epw- C-h-sb-√mw- i-Iv-Xn- t\-Sp-∂-Xv- {_-lv-a-Øn-\m-
em-sW-∂v- D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ- tLm-jn-°p-∂p.- ""A-hn-sS- I-tÆm-
1.- tbm- tZ-hm-\mw- {]-`-h-iv-tNm-Zv-`-h-iv-N- hmt°m- a-\-t m- FØp-∂n-√.- A-Xn-s\-∏-‰n- F-ß-s\-bm-Wv- ]-d-
hn-izm-[n-t]m- cp-t{Zm-a-l¿-jnx- tb-≠s- X-∂pw- \-ap-°d
- n-™p-IqSm.- a-‰p-≈h
- c- n¬- \n-∂pw- tI-´v- a\ n-
ln-c-Wy-K¿-`w- P-\-b-m-am-k- ]q¿-∆w-
k- t\m- _p-≤ym- ip-`-bm- kw-bp-\-Iv-Xp- (AtX{K\v-Yw 3:4)
2 `o-jm- kv-am-Xv-hm--Xx- ]-h-tX,- 1.- A-]m-Wn-]m-tZm- P-h-t\m- Kr-lo-Xm-
`o-tjm-tZ-Xn- kq-cyx- ]-iy-Xy-Iv-jpx- k- i-r-tWm-Xy- I¿-Æx-
`o-jm- kv-am-Z-Kv-\n-iv-tN-{µ-iv-N.- k-th-Øn- th-Zyw \-N- X-kym-kv-Xn- th-Øm-
ar-Xyp-¿- [m-h-Xn- ]-©-a- C-Xn- (ssXØn-co-tbm-]-\n-j-Øv- 2:8:-1)- X-am-lp- c-{Kyw- ]p-cp-jw- a-lm-¥w- (tiz-Xm-iz-X-tcm-]-\n-j-Øv- 3:-19)-
3.- kz-`-m-h-ta-tI- I-h-tbm- h-Z-¥n- 2.- \- kw-Zr-ti- Xn-jv-T-Xn- cq-]-a-ky
Im-ew- X-Ym-t\y- ]-cn-ap-ly-am-\mx- tZ-h- - \- N-Iv-jp-jm-]-iy-Xn- I-iv-N-ss\-\.-
ssky-j- a-ln-am-Xp-tem-t-I- lr-tZm-lr-Zn-kv-Yw- a-\-km- b- G-\
tb- t\-Zw- {`-m-ay-tX- {_-lv-a-N{I- (tiz-Xm-i-X-tcm-]-\n-j-Øv- 6:-1)- ta-hw- hn-Zp-c- ar-Xm-kv- tX- `-h-¥n- (tiz-tXm-i-X-tcm-]-\n-j-Ø-v 4:-20)-.-
4.- \- X-{X- kq-tcym-`m-Xn- \- N-{µ-Xm-c-Iw- 3. \m-b-am-Xv-am- {]-h-N-t\-\- et`ym
t\-am- hn-Zyp-tXm- `m-¥n- Ip-tXm -f-b-a-Kv-\nx- - \- ta-[-bm- \- _-lp-\m- {ip-Xt-\-
X-ta-h- `m-¥-a-\p- `m-Xn-k¿-∆w- b-ta- ssh-j- hr-Wp-tX- tX-\- e-`y-
X-ky-`m-km- k¿-h- an-Zw- hn-`m-Xn- (ap-Wv-W-tIm-]-\n-j-Øv- 2:-2:-11)- kv-X-ssky-j- B-Xv-am-hn-hr-Wp-tX- X-\qw- kzmw- (I-tTm-]-\n-jØ-v- 1:2:-23).-
192 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ- 193

em-°p-hm-\pw- I-gn-™n-´n-√.- F-s¥-∂m¬- A-Xv- A-dn-b-s∏-´-h-bn¬- ∂-Xv,- A-Xn-s\-Ø-s∂- \o- {_-lv-a-sa-∂v- a-\- n-em-°p-I.- {]m-W-\v-
\n-∂pw- `n-∂a
- m-Wv.- A-dn-bs
- ∏-Sm-Øh
- b
- °
v- pw- AXoX-am-Wv.- C°mcyw- D-]m-k-\m-hn-j-b-am-b-Xv- {_-lv-a-a-√''1.-
\-sΩ- hym-Jym-\n-®v- tIƒ-∏n-®- \-Ωp-sS- ]q¿-∆n-I-∑mcn-¬-\n-∂pw- G-I-\m-b- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hv- k-a-kv-X- i-Iv-Xn-I-fn-epw- B-[n-]-Xyw-
tI-´-Xm-Wv''-1.- hln-°p-∂p.- ""F-{]-Im-c-am-tWm- Cu- kq-cy≥- F-√m- Zn-°p-I-sfbpw,-
""hm-°p-I-fn¬- ]-d-b-s∏-Sm≥- A-km-[y-am-b-Xpw- hm-°p-Iƒ- ap-I-fn-epw,- Xm-sg-bpw,- C-hn-sS-\n-∂pw,- A-hn-sS-\n-∂pw,- C-ß-s\-
D-®-cn°-s∏-Sm≥- Im-c-W-am-b-Xpw- G-sXm-∂m-tWm- A-Xp-X-s∂-bm- F-√m- `m-K-Øp-\n-∂pw- {]-Im-in-∏n-®p-sIm-≠v- kz-bw- {]-Im-in-°p∂
Wv- {_-lv-asa-∂v- \o- a-\- n-em-°-Ww.- hm-°-p-I-fm¬- D-]m-kn°- Xv,- A-Xp-t]m-se- htc-Wy-\pw- ]-c-ta-iz-c-\p-am-b- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hv-
s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- {_-lv-a-a-√''2.- GI\m-bn-Ø-s∂- k-a-kv-X-Im-cW-ß-fm-Ip-∂- k-z-i-Iv-Xn-I-fn¬-
""G-sXm-cp- {_-lv-aw- a-\- p-sIm-≠v- a-\- n-em-°-s∏Sp-hm≥- B[n-]-Xyw- kv-Ym-]n-°p-∂p''-2.-
km-[y-a-√-tbm,- F-∂m¬- a-\- v- G-sXm-∂n-s≥-d- i-Iv-Xnbm¿-Pv-Pn®n- ]-c{- _-lva
- s
- Ø-°p-dn-®v- A-dnbm-Øh
- \
- v- th-Zß
- ƒ-sIm-≠v- bm-
´m-tWm- A-d-b-s∏-´-Xm-bn-Øo-cp-∂-Xv,- A-Xn-s\- \o- {_-lv-a-sa-∂v- sXmcp- {]-tbm-P-\-hp-ans√-∂v- D-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ- hy-Iv-X-am-°p-∂p.-
a-\- n-em-°p-I.- D-]m-k-\m- hn-j-b-am-b-Xv- {_-lv-a-a-√''-3 ""k-a-kv-X- tZh-∑m-cpw- A-[n-h-kn-°p-∂- A-\-iz-c-am-b- ]-c-a-thym-a-
bm-sXm-∂m-tWm- I-Æp-sIm-≠v- Im-Wm-≥- km-[n-°m-Ø-Xv,- Øn¬- h-kn-°p-∂- ]c{_-lv-a-sØ- A-dn-bm-Ø- a-\p-jy-\v- th-Z-ß-
F-∂m¬- I-Æn-\v- Z¿-i-\w- e-`n-°p-∂-Xn-\v- Im-c-Ww- bm-sXm-∂m fm¬- bm-sXm-cp- {]tbm-P-\hpw- kn-≤n-°p-I-bn-√.- F-∂m¬- C-X-dn-
tWm-,- A-Xn-s\-Øs∂- \o- {_-lv-a-sa-∂v- a-\- n-em-°p-I.- I-Æp- bp-∂-h≥- A-hn-sS- k-ay-Iv-co-Xn-bn¬- kvYn-Xn-sN-øp-∂p''3.-
sIm-≠v- Im-Wp-∂- G-sXm-∂n-s\-bm-tWm- a-\p-jy≥- D-]m-kn-°p∂- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hn-s\- A-dn-bp-∂-h¿- A-a-c-Xz-hpw- A-X-dn-bmØ-
Xv-;- A-Xv- {_-lv-a-a-√''-4.- h¿- im-iz- X- Z- px-Jß- f
- n-epw- ]-Xn-°p-∂p.- ""B- ln-cW
- y-K¿-`s
- \-°mfpw-
""bm-sXm-cp- i-_Zv- s
- Ø- Im-Xp-sIm-≠v- B¿-°pw- tIƒ-°phm≥- DXv-Ir-jv-S-am-b- B- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hv- A-cq-]-\pw- A-\m-a-b-\p-am-Wv.- B-
km-[y-a-√-tbm,- F-∂m¬- bm-sXm-∂n¬- \n-∂m-tWm- t{imtX-{µnb- ]-ca
- m-Xa
v- m-hns\- A-dn-bp-∂h - ¿- A-ac
- X
- z-sØ- {]m-]n-°p-∂p.- F∂m¬-
Øn-\v- {ih-W-i-Iv-Xn- e-`n-°p-∂X-v- A-Xn-s\-Ø-s∂- \o- {_-lv-a Cu- c-lk - y-ad - n-bm-Øh - Ø- {]m]n°p∂p''4.-
- ¿- ho-≠pw- ho-≠pw- Zpx-Js
sa-∂v- a-\ 
- n-em-°pI.- Im-Xp-Iƒ-°v- D-]m-k\ - m- hn-jb
- a
- m-bn-cn- °
- p∂ Cu- G-I-\m-b- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hv- am-{X-am-Wv- B-cm-[-\-Iƒ-°¿-
Xv- {_-lv-a-a-√''-5.- l-s\∂pw- tZ-h-]n-Xr-am-\-hm-Zn-I-sf- B-cm-[n°p-∂-Xv- im-iz-X- \jv-
""bm-sXm-∂m-tWm- {]m-W-≥- ap-tJ-\- t{]-cn-X-am-Im-Ø-Xv,- S-Øn-te-°v- am{X-sa- \-bn-°p-I-bp-≈q-sh-∂pw- Cu-im-hm-tkym-]-
F∂m¬- bm-sXm-∂n¬- \n-∂p-amtWm- {]m-W-\v- t{]-c-W- e-`n-°p- \n-jØ
- v- hy-IvX
- a
- m-°p-∂p.- ""hn-Zy-bm-Ip-∂- PvR
- m-\X
- X
- z-hpw- A-hnZy-
1. \- X-{X- N-Iv-jp¿- K-Nv-O-Xn- \- hm-Kv-K-Nv-O-Xn- t\m-a-t\m- 1.- b-Xv- {]m-tW-\- \- {]m-Wn-Xn-tb-\- {]m-Wx -{]Wo-b-tX-
\- hn-Zv-tam-\- hn-Pm-\o-tam- b-ssY-X- Z-\p-in-jymXv-˛- X-tZ-h- {_-lv-a-Xzw- hn-≤n- t\-Zw- b-Zn-Z-ap-]m-k-tX- (tIt\m-]-\n-jØv- 1:8)
A\y-tZ-h- X-Zzn-Zn-Xm- Z-tYm- jmx- A-hn-Zn-Xm-Z-[n.- C-Xn- 2.- k¿-hm-Zn-ix-- Du¿-≤z-a-[-iv-N- Xn-cy-Iv-
ip-{ipa- ]q¿-th-jmw- tb-\- kv-X-Zv- hym-N- N-Iv-jn-tc- (tI-t\m-]-\n-j-Xv- 1:-3)-.- {]-Im-i-b≥- {`m-P-tX- b-Zz-\-Uv-hm≥-
2.- b-Zv- hm-N-m-\- `yp-Zn-Xw- tb-\- hm-K-`yp-ZytX- X- tZ-h- G-hw- k-tZ-thm- `-K-hm≥- h-tc-tWym-
{_-lv-a-Xzw- hn-Zv-[n- t\-Zw- b-Zn-Z- ap-]m-k-tX.- (tI-t\m-]-\n-j-Øv- 1:-4)- tbm-\n- kz-`m-hm-\- [n-Xn-jv-T-tXy-Ix- (tiz-Xm-iz-X-tcm-]-\n-j-Øv- 5:-4)-
3. b≥- a-\-km- \- a-\p-tX- tb-\m-lq¿- at\m -a -Xw- 3.- EtNm- A-£-tc- ]-c-ta- thym-a≥
XtZ-h- {_-lv-a- Xzw- hn-Zv-[n- t\-Zw- b-Zn-Z- ap-]m-k-tX- (tIt\m-]-\n-jØv- 1:-5).- b-kv-an≥- tZ-hm- A-[n-hn-ti-z-- \n-tj-Zpx
4. b-®- £p-jm-\- ]-iy-Xn- tb-\- N-jv-jyw-jn- ]-i-y-Xn- b-kv-Xw- \- th-Z- In-ar-Nm- I-cn-jy-Xm-- b- C-Xv-
X-tZ-h- {_-lv-a-Xzw- hn-≤n- t\-Zw- bZn-Z- ap-]m-ktX- (AtX{K\v-Yw-- 1:6) b-Zv-hn-Zp-kv-X- C-t-a- k-am-k-tX- (tiz-Xm-i-X-tcm-]-\n-j-Øv- 4:-8).-
5. b-Xv- t{im-t{X-W- \- {ip-tWm-Xn- tb-\- t{im-{X- an-Zw- {ip-Xw 4.- X-tXm- b-Zp-Ø-c-X-cw- X-Z- cq-]-a-\m-a-bw.
X-tZ-h- {_-lv-a-Xzw- hn-≤n- t\-Zw- b-Zn-Z- ap-]m-k-tX- (AtX{K\v-Yw-- 1:7) - b- G-X- Zhn--Zp-ca - r-Xm-kvt- X- `-h¥
- n-At- Y- X-tc- Zpx-Jt- a-hm-]n-b¥
- n- (AtX{K\vY- w 3:10).
194 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ- 195

bm-Ip-∂- I¿-Ω-X-Xz-hpw- H-∂n-®v- {K-ln-°p-∂- a-\p-jy≥- I¿-Ωm- °pw- {]-`p-hpw- t{i-jvT - \

- p-am-Wv.- ]n-Xm-hpw- ]-ct- a-iz-c\- p-am-Wv.- Ah≥-
\pjv-Tm-\-ß-fn¬-Iq-Sn- ar-Xyp-hn-s\- X-c-Ww- sN-bv-Xv- Pvm-\-am¿-§-\n- X-s∂-bm-Wv- {_-lv-am-hn-s\- [m-c-Ww- sN-øp-∂-Xv.- A-h≥-X-s∂-
jv-T-\m-bn- A-ar-X-Xz-sØ- A-\p-`-hn-°p-∂p''-1.- bm-Wv- th-Zß- s - f- ap-ºn-\m¬-Xs - ∂- \n¿-Æb - n-°p-∂X - v.- A-h≥-Xs∂-
""\-iz-c-ß-fm-b- tZ-h-]n-Xr-a-m-\-hm-Zn-I-sf- D-]m-kn-°p-∂-h¿- bm-Wv- {]-`p-hpw- tZ-h-∑m-cp-sS- ]n-Xm-hpw.- A-h-≥- Ft≥-d-bpw- hn-jv
A-Pv-Rm-\-am-Ip-∂- tLm-cm-\v-[-Im-c-Øn¬- ]-Xn-°p-∂p.- A-hn\-min- Wp-hn-t≥-db- pw- P-\I - \
- m-W.v - A-h≥ - X
- s
- ∂-bm-W-v A-¥I - m-eØ
- -v k¿∆-
bm-b- ]-c am-Xv-am-hn-s\-°-p-dn-®v- an-Yym-`n-am-\-tØmS-p-Iq-Sn-bn-cn-°p∂- tem-I-ß-sf-bpw- kw-l-cn-°p-∂-Xv.- B- tZ-h-\v- \-a-kv-°m-cw''-1.-
h-cpw- tLm-cm-\v-[-Im-c-Øn¬-X-s∂- ]-Xn-°p-∂p''-2.- F-∂m¬- ]n-∂o-Sv- ]p-cm-Wß - f - n-epw- kva
- r-Xn-If- n-ep-sa-√mw- Cu-
-""\m-i-c-ln-X-am-b- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hn-s\- D-]m-kn-°p-∂-Xp-sIm-≠p tZ-h-∑m¿-°v- kz-X-{¥-am-b- A-[o-im-[n-Im-c-߃- B-tcm-]n-®v- Ah-
≠mIp-∂- ^ -- -ew- a-s‰m-∂m-sW-∂pw,- \-iz-c-ß-fm-b- ]n-Xr-tZ-hm-Zn-I sc- ssZ-h-ß-fm-°n- am-‰p-∂- Im-gv-N-bm-Wv- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bp-∂-Xv.-
sf- D-]m-kn°p-∂-Xp-sIm-≠p-≈- ^ -- -ew- A-Xn-epw- `n-∂-am-sW-∂pw- A-ßs - \- A-hs - c-√mw- ssZ-hß- f - m-bn- amdn-bt- ∏mƒ- G-I\ - m-b- {_lv-
]-d-b-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p.- C-Xn-s\-∏-‰n- hym-Jym-\n-®n-Sp-≈- PvRm-\n-Ifp- a-sØ-°p-dn-®- k-¶¬-]w-X-s∂- P-\-lr-Z-b-ß-fn¬-\n-∂pw- am-™p-
sS- t{i-jv-T-h-N-\-߃- \mw- tI-´n-´p-≠v''3.- t]m-bn.- C-∂-sØ- ln-µp-°-fp-sS- hn-izm-k-ß-fn-tem- B-Nm-c-ß-fn
tem- G-I-ssZ-h- hn-izm-k-Øn-s≥-d- em-©-\-t]m-epw- Im-Wm≥- Ign-
A-Sn-kvY - m-\]- c
- m-b- G-Is- sZ-hhn-izm-kw- {]-t_m-[\ - w- sNøp bn-s√-∂- A-hk - vY - b
- m-Wp-≈X - v.- {_-lva - s
- Ø-°p-dn-®v- A-h¿-°v- Adn-
∂- D-]-\n-j-Zv-hm-Iy-ß-fn¬- Nn-e-h-bm-Wv- \mw- N¿-®- sN-bv-X-Xv.- bp-I-t]m-ep-an-√.- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hn-s\-tbm- {]-Pm-]-Xn-tb-tbm- ]-c-taiz-
ssZ-hn-I- a-XØ - n-s≥-d- kzm-[o-\w- hy-IX -v a
- m-bn- a-\k - n-em-°m≥- Ignbp- c-t\-tbm- ln-cW - y-K¿-`t- \-tbm- hn-iz-I¿-Ωm-hn-s\-tbm-Ip-dn-®v- Ah¿-
∂p-≠v- Cu- hN-\-ß-fn¬.- tZ-h-∑m-sc-°p-dn-®p-≈- k-¶¬-∏-hpw- D]- tI-´n-´n-√.- A-h¿-°-dn-bp-I- in-h-s\-bpw- ]m¿-∆-Xn-sb-bp-am-Wv-; hnjv-
\n-jØ - p-If - n¬-Xs - ∂- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bp-sa-∂X - v- Cu- hn-jb - Øns≥d- Wp-hn-s\-bpw- e-£v-an-sb-bp-am-Wv; {_-lv-am-hn-s\-bpw- k-c-kz-Xnsb-
a-dp-]p-da
- m-W.v - tZ-h∑- m-sc-°p-dn-®- kvX
- p-Xn-Iƒ- Im-Sp-Ib - d
- n- Ah-b° v pw- bp-am-Wv; cm-a-s\-bpw- ko-X-sb-bp-am-Wv;- Ir-jv-W-s\-bpw- K-W-]-Xn
A-\-¥-X-bpw- \n-Xy-X-bpw- k¿-∆m-[n-Im-c-hpw- I¬-∏n-®p-sIm-Sp-°p- sb-bp-am-Wv.- A-h¿- {]m¿-∞\ - b- pw- B-cm-[\ - m- h-gn-]m-Sp-If- p-a¿-∏n°p-
∂p-≠v.- ]-t£,- D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn-se-√mw- X-s∂- Cu- tZ-h-∑m-sc√m- ∂-Xv- Cu- tZ-h∑ - m¿-°m-Wv.- A-hc - p-sS- aq¿-Øn-Iƒ-°pw- hn-{K-l߃-
h-cpw- G-Im-kv-Xn-Xz-am-b- ]-c-{_-lv-a-Øn-s≥-d- B-Pv-Rm-\p-h¿-ØnI- °pw- enw-K-ß-ƒ-°p-am-Wv.-
tfm- kr-jv-Sn-I-tfm- B-sW-∂- X-Xzw- Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂p.- tZ-h-∑mcpsS-
kz-X-{¥-ym-kv-Xn-X-zw- k-Ω-Xn-°m≥- D-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ- k-∂-≤-a-s√- _-lp-ssZ-h-cm-[\-bn-te-°v-:-ip-≤-am-b- G-I-ssZ-h- hn-izm-k-
∂¿-∞w.- Øn-em-Wv- `m-c-Xo-b- Z¿-i-\ Øn-s≥-d- ASn-Ø-d- kv-Ym-]n-°-s∏-´n-
´p-≈-sX-∂v- \mw- a-\- n-em°n.- ]n-s∂- F-ß-s\-bm-Wv- ln-µp-°ƒ-
i-n-h-s\- \n-Xy\pw- hn-jv-Wp-hn-s\- {k-jv-Sm-hp-am-bh-X-cn-∏n- _-lp-ssZ-hh - n-izm-kØ
- n-te°v- h-gn-am-dn-bs
- X-∂- At\z-jW
- Ø- n\v-
°p-∂- i-c-t`m-]-\n-j-Øv- C-h-sc-√mw- G-I-ssZ-h-Øn-s≥-d- kr-jv-Sn Xo¿-®-bm-bpw- {]-k-Iv-Xn-bp≠v.- C-Xn-\v- _-lp-tZ-h-Xm-k-¶¬-∏-
I-fm-sW-∂pw- Iq-Sn- hy-IvX
- a
- m-°p-∂X
- v- t\m-°p-I:- - ""A-h≥- F-√mh¿- Øns≥-d-bpw- A-h-Xm-c-hn-izm-kØn-s≥-d-bpw- A-Sn-Ø-d-Iƒ-Iq-Sn-
1.- hn-Zymw-N- A-hn-Zymw-N- b-kv-X- Ip-thtZm- `-bw- kl-
A-hn-Zy-bm- ar-Xypw- Xo¿-Øzm- hn-Zy-bm- A-ar-X- a-iv-\p-tX- 1.- {]-`pw- h-tc-Wyw- ]n-Xc - w-at- l-iz-cw-
(Cu-im-hm-tkym-]-\n-j-Øv11).- tbm- {_-lva - m-Ww- hn-Z[- m-Xn- X-kvs- sa-
2.- A-\v-[w- X-ax -{]-hn-i-¥n-tb- -kw- `q-Xn- ap-]m-k-tX- th-Zmw-ivN - - k¿-hm¬- {]-ln-tWm-Xn-Nm-{Kyw-
Xtbm- `q-b- C-h- tX- X-tam- b- D- kw-`q-Xymw- c-Xmx- (AtX{K\v-Yw 12) Xw- ssh- {]-`pw- ]n-Xc - w- tZ-hX - m-\mw-
3. A-\y-tZ-hm-lpx- kw-`-hm- Z-\y-Zm-lp-c- kw-`-hm-X- v- a-am-]n- - hn-jvt- Wm¿-P\
- I - w-
C-Xn- ip-{ip-a- [o-cm-Wmw- tb- \-kv-Xm-Zzn-N- N-£n-tc- (AtX{K\v-Yw 13) tZ-ha- o-Uyw- tbm f- - ¥- Im-te k - ¿-h- tem-Im≥- kw-Pl
- tc- (i-ct- `m-]\
- n-jØ
- v- 2,-3)-
196 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ- 197

]-cn-tim-[n-°s - ∏-SW- w.- A-Sp-Ø- t]Pp-If - n¬- A-Xm-Wv- \n¿-∆l

- n°-
s∏-Sp-∂Xv.- tZ-h-∑m-sc-°p-dn-®- k-¶¬∏-Øn-\v- a-e-°p-I-sf-°pdn-®-
hn-izm-kh - p-am-bpw- A-hX - m-c- k-¶¬-∏Øn-\v- {]-hm-NI - ∑
- m-sc-°pdn®-
hn-izm-kh- p-am-bpw- XmXzn-Ia - m-bn- _\v[a
- p-s≠-∂v- Im-Wm≥- Ignbpw.-
]p-Wy]p-cp-j∑ - m-sc- tZ-h∑- m-cm-bn- A-ht- cm-[n-®v- A-hs- c- Bcm-
[n-°p-∂- Im-gv-N-bm-Wv- C-∂v- \-ap-°v- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bp-∂-Xv.- Cu-
am¿-§-{`w-i-Øn-s≥-d- B-cw-`w- th-Z-Im-e-Øp-X-s∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v-
a-\- n-em-°m≥- I-gn-bp-∂p.- C-{µ-s\-bpw- an-{X-s\-bpw- h-cpW-s\-
bpw- kq-cy-N{- µm-Zn-tKm-fß
- s - f-bpw- B-cm-[n-°p- ∂- h- c- m-b- Bcy-∑mcp-
sS- Nn-{X-am-Wv- th-Z-߃- hc-®p-Im-Wn-°p-∂-Xv.- ip-≤-am-b- G-I-
ssZ-h- hn-izm-k-Øn¬-\n-∂- v- _-lp-ssZ-hm-cm-[-\- h-f¿-∂p-h-∂-Xv-
H-‰- cm-{Xn-sIm-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.- X-e-ap-d-I-fn-eq-sS- sa-s√-sas√-bmbn-
cn-°-Ww- _-lp-ssZ-hm-cm-[-\- h-f¿-∂p-h-∂-Xv.- At∏mƒ- kaq-l-
sØ- t\¿-h-gn-°v- \-bn-t°-≠- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m¿- F-¥v- sNøp-Ibmbn-
cp-∂p-sh-∂- tNm-Zyw- {]-k-Iv-X-am-Wv.-
G-I-ssZ-hhn-izm-k-Øn¬- A-[n-jv-Tn-X-am-b- H-cp- Z¿-i-\w- _
lp-ssZ-hm-cm-[-\-bn-te-°v- h-gn-am-dnt∏m-Ip-∂-Xv- B- k-aq-l-Øn-se-
]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-sc-√m-w- \n-jv-{In-b-cm-bn- t\m-°n-\n-∂p-sh-∂v- A-\pam-
\n-°p-I- h-ø.- ]-Wv-U-n-X-∑m-cn¬- ]-ecpw- \-thm-∞-m-\-Øn-\v- apXn¿-
∂n-´p-≠m-h-Ww.- At∏mƒ- s]m-Xp-P-\-Øn-s≥-d- ln-X-Øn-\-\p-kcn-
®v- a-X-sØ- am-‰n-a-dn-°m≥- k-∂-≤-cm-b- ]p-tcm-ln-X-∑m¿- C-Ø-cw-
]-Wv-Un-X-∑m¿-s°-Xn-sc- cw-K-{]-th-iw- sN-bv-Xn-´p-ap-≠m-bn-cn-°
Ww.- A-h-cp-sS- \ym-bo-I-c-W-ß-fpw- hmZ-ß-fp-am--Wv- X-e-ap-d-I-fn-eq
sS- ssI-am-‰w- sN-øs - ∏-´X - pw- B-te-J\- w- sN-øs - ∏-´X- pw.- k-aq-lØn-
s\-Xn-sc- G-I-ssZ-hhn-izm-k-Øn-s≥-d- [z-P-hm-l-I-cm-bn- \n-e-
sIm≠- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m¿- Im-em-¥-c-Øn¬- hn-kv-a-cn-°-s∏-Sp-I-bpw-
A-ht- cm-sSm-∏w- A-hc - p-sS- B-ib- ß
- f- pw- a-cn-®p-aÆ
- S- n-bp-Ib- pw- sNbv-
Xn-cn-°-Ww.- ]n-∂o-Sv- A-h- G-s‰-Sp-°p-hm≥- B-fn-√m-sX-bm-b-Xm-
bn-cn-°-Ww- A-h-bp-sS- k-ºq¿-Æ-\m-i-Øn-\v- hgn-sX-fn-bn-®-Xv.-
]-e- tZ-h-∑m-sc-bpw- hn-fn-®v- {]m¿-∞n-®n-cp-∂- ssl-µ-h- kaq-
lsØ- G-Is - sZ-hm-cm-[\
- b
- p-sS- t\¿-am¿-§Ø
- n-te-°v- £-Wn-°p∂-
Xn-\v- ]I-cw- Cu- _-lp-ssZ-h- hn-izm-kw-Iq-Sn- G-I-ssZ-h- hn-im-k
Øn-s≥-d- `m-K-amsW-∂v- h-cp-Øn-Øo¿-Øv- k-aq-l-sØ- A-\v-[-Im-
c-Øn¬- X-f-®n-Sm≥- {i-an-®-]p-tc-m-ln-X-∑m-cp-sS- c-N-\-Iƒ-°m-Wv-
k-aq-lØ- n¬- im-iz- X
- X
- z- w- e-`n-®Xv.- ""k-Øm-b- H-∂n-s\- hn-Zz- m≥am¿-
]-e-Xm-bn- {]-Io¿-Øn-°p-∂p''-1sh-∂pw- ""k-Øm-b- H-∂n-s\- A-dnhp-
≈-h¿- ]-e-Xm-bn- I¬-∏n-°p-∂p''-2 sh-∂p-amWv- A-Ø-cw- ]-Wv-UnX-
∑m¿- k-aq-l-sØ- ]-Tn-∏n-®-Xv.- Cu- kq-Iv-X-ß-fn¬- kØm-b- H-∂n
s\- ]-e-Xm-bn- I¬-∏n-°p-∂-h-cm-Wv- A-dn-hp-≈-h-sc-∂- [z\n- A-S
ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.- A-Y-hm- k-Øm-b- H-∂n-s\- H-∂p-am-{X-am-bn- I¬∏n-
°p-∂h¿- hn-Zzm≥-am-c-√.- ip-≤-am-b- G-I-ssZ-hhn-izm-k-Øn-te-°v-
P-\-ß-sf- £-Wn-®- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-sc- hn-a¿-in-®v- A-h¿- hn-h-c-tZm-
jn-I-fm-sW∂v- h-cp-Øn-Øo¿-°m\-p-≈- {i-a-am-bn-cn-°mw- Cu- kqIv-
X-߃-°v- ]n-∂n-ep-≈-Xv.- _-lp-ssZ-hm-cm-[-\- Xm-Xzn-I-am-bn- G-I-
ssZ-h-hn-izm-kw- X-s∂-bm-sW-∂- Cu- kq-Iv-X-ß-fp-sS- \y-m-bo-I-c
W-am-Wv- C-∂v- Im-Wp-∂- cq-]Ø - n-ep-≈- hn-Nn-{X-am-b- _-lp-ssZhhn-
izm-k-Øn-te-°v- ln-µ-p-a-X-sØ- B-]-Xn-∏n-®-Xv.-
G-I-ssZ-h-hn-izm-kw-X-s∂-bm-Wv- i-cn-sb-∂v- a-\- n-em-°pI-
bpw- F-∂m¬- k-aq-l-Øn¬- h-f¿-∂p-h-∂- _-lp-tZ-h-Xm-hn-izmk-
sØ- s]s´-∂v- hn-a¿-in-°p-∂-Xv- X-ß-fp-sS- hy-Iv-Xn-Po-hn-X-sØ-
{]-Xn-Iq-e-am-bn- _m[n-°p-sa-∂v- `-b-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-X- a-s‰m-cp- hn`m-
Kw- ]-WvU- n-X∑ - m-sc-Iq-Sn- Nn-e- th-Zk
- q-IvX
- ß
- f
- n¬- \-ap-°v- Im-Wm≥-
I-gn-bp-∂p.- ""tZ-h-∑m-cp-sS- \m-a-ß-sf- [-cn-®n-´p-≈- hy-Iv-Xn- H-∂p-X
s∂-bm-Ip-∂p''-3 sh-∂- D-]-tZ-i-Øn-eq-sS- P-\-ß-sf- G-I-ssZ-h-
hnizm-k-Øn-te-°v- sIm-≠p-h-cm-≥ A-h¿- {i-an-®p-sh-¶n-ep-w,- ]n∂o-
Sv- _-lp-ssZ-hm-cm-[-\- G-I-ssZ-h-hn-izm-k-Øn-s≥-d- `m-K-am-sW∂-
\ym-bo-I-c-W-Øn-\-\p-Iq-e-am-bn- A-h-cp-sS- h-N-\-߃- hym-Jym\n-
°-s∏-Sp-I-bm-Wv- sN-bv-X-Xv.-
G-I-ssZ-h-hn-izm-kw- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m¿-°v- sh-fn-s∏-´n-´pw- ]ma-
c≥am-cn¬- kzm-[o-\w- sN-ep-Øn-bn-s√-∂- bm-Ym¿-∞yw- tUm-Iv-S¿-
cm-[mIr-jv-W≥- k-Ω-Xn-°p-∂p-≠v.- A-t±-lw- F-gp-Xp-∂p:- ""Nn-e-
{]-tXy-I-°m-cpsS- a-kv-Xn-jv-Iw- cq-]-h¬-°-cn-®- Z¿-i-\m-Xv-a-I-am-b-
1 G-Iw- k-Zzn-{]m- _-lp-[m-h-Z-¥n- (E-tKz-Zw- 2:-3:-6)-
2.- G-Iw- k-¥w- _-lp-[m- I¬-∏-b-¥n- (EtKz-Zw 8:6:6)
3.- tbm-tZ-hm-\mw- Xm-a-[m- G-I- G-h- (EtKz-Zw- 8:-3:-3)-
198 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-
G-I-ssZ-h-k-¶¬-∏w- ]ma-c-P-\-ß-fp-sS- A-\v-[-hn-Im-c-ß-fp-am-bn-
H-cp- ]-c-kv-]-c- [-m-c-W-bn-se-Øn-bn-cp-∂p.- hm-kv-X-h-Øn-en-Xp-aqew-
]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-cp-sS-bpw- ]m-a-c-∑m-cp-sSbpw- C-S-bn¬- Nn-¥m-]-c-am-b-
H-cp- k-\v-[n-bp-sS- A-¥-co-£w- kw-Pm-X-am-bn.- A-Xn-t∏m-gpw- Xp-S¿
∂p-h-cp-∂p''-1.- ]-W-vUn-X-∑m¿-°v- sh-fn-s∏-´- G-I-ssZ-h-hn-izm-kw-
km-[m-c-W-°m-cn¬-\n-∂pw- a-d-®p-sh-°-s∏-´p-sh-∂¿-∞w.- CXn\v-
Im-c-Ww- kzm¿-∞-X-bm-hmw.- A-s√-¶n¬- ]-c-º-cm-K-X- hn-izm-kß-
sf- F-Xn¿-Øm-ep-≠m-hp-∂- `-hn-jy-Øp-I-sf-°p-dn-®- `-b-am-hmw.-
F¥mbn-cp-∂m-epw- B- a-d-®p-sh-°-em-Wv- C-∂v- Im-Wp-∂- cq-]-
Øn¬,- G-Is - sZ-hØ - n-s≥-d- kzm-[o-\s
- Ø-°p-dn-®p-t]m-ep-ad
- n-bm-Ø-
hn-[-Øn-ep-≈- _lpssZh- hn-izm-k-Øn-te-°v- ssl-µ-h- Z¿-i\w-
]cn-W-an-°m-\p-≈- ]-e Im-cW-ß-fn-sem-∂v.-
F-√m ssZ-h-ß-sf-bpw- tbm-Pn-∏n-®v- G-I-ssZ-h-am-°m-\p-≈-
H-cp- {i-aw- Ko-X-bn-eq-sS-bpw- \-S-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v.- ""tl....- Ip-¥o-
]p{Xm-!- {i-≤-tbm-sS- A-\y-tZ-h-X-I-sf- B-cm-[n-°p-∂- `-Iv-X-∑m¿-
hn[n-{]-Im-c-a-√m-sX- F-s∂-Ø-s∂-bm-Wv- B-cm-[n-°p-∂-Xv''-2 F∂-
Ir-jvt- Wm-]t- Z-iØ- n-eq-sS- hn-hn-[- ssZ-hß - s - f- B-cm-[n-°p-∂h - cpw-
Ir-jv-W-s\-∂- G-I-ssZ-h-sØ- X-s∂-bm-Wv- B-cm-[n-°p-∂-sX-∂v-
h-cp-Øn-Øo¿-°m-≥- Ko-Xm-Im-c≥- {ian-°p-∂p-≠v.- F-∂m¬- C-Xv-
Ko-X-bn-se-X-s∂- a-‰p-Nn-e- h-N-\-ß-fp-am-bn- s]mcp-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂n-√.
""C-{µm-Zn- tZ-h-∑m-sc- D-t±-in-®v- {h-X-a-\p-jv-Tn-°p-∂-h¿- C{µm-Zn-Isf-
X-s∂- {]m-]n-°p-∂p.- ]n-Xr-tZ-h∑ - m-sc- `-Pn-°p-∂h - ¿- ]n-Xr-°s
- fbpw-
{]m-]n-°p-∂p.- F-s∂- B-cm-[n-°p-∂-h¿- ]-c-am-\-µ-kz-cq-]-\m-b-
Fs∂-Ø-s∂- {]m-]n-°p-∂p''-3sh-∂v- Ir-jv-W≥- ]-d-bp-tºmƒ- tZh-
]n-Xr-am-\-hm-Zn-I-sf- B-cm-[n-°p-∂-Xv- hy¿-∞-am-sW-∂pw- Cu-iz-
c-{]m-]vX
- n-°v- Ah-s\-am-{Xw- B-cm-[n-®n-t´-- Im-cy-ap-≈q-sh-∂pw- hyIv-
X-am-°-p-I-bm-Wv- sN-øp∂Xv.-
a-‰v- ssZ-h-ß-sf-sb-√mw- hn-jv-Wp-hn¬- e-bn-∏n-°m\-p-≈- {ia-
am-Wv- Ko-Xb - n¬- Im-Wp-∂X
- v.- hn-jvW
- p-hn-s≥-d- Ah-Xm-cs
- a-∂v- hnti-
1.-Dr. Radhakrishnan: Indian Philosophy Vol I Page 145.
2.- tbf ] -\y- tZ-h-Xm- `-Iv-Xm- b-P-t¥- {i-≤-bm-\zn-Xmx-
tX -]n- am-ta-h- sIu-t¥-b- b-P-¥- hn-[n- ]q¿-∆-Iw- (`-Kv-h-Zv-Ko-X- 9:-23)-
3.- bm-¥n- tZ-h-{h-Xm- tZ-hm≥- ]n-Xr≥- bm-¥-n- ]n-Xr-{h-Xmx-
`q-Xm-\n- bm-¥n- `q-tX-Pym- bm-¥n- a-Zym-Pn-t\m-]n-amw- (Ko-X- 9:-25)-
A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ- 199
jn-∏n-°s - ∏-Sp-∂- {io-Ir-jvW
- ≥- ]-db- p-∂p-:- ""Cu- P-KØ
- n-s≥-d- ]nXm-
hpw- am-Xm-hpw- ]n-Xm-a-l-\pw- I¿-Ω-^-e-ZmXm-hpw- A-dn-b-s∏-tS-≠-
h-kv-Xp-hpw- ]-cn-ip-≤- h-kv-Xp-hpw- Hm-¶m-c-hpw- E-tKz-Z-hpw- km-a-th
Z-hpw- b-Pp¿-th-Zhp-w- Rm≥-X-s∂-bm-Ip-∂p''-1 ""N-cm-N-cm-Xv-a-ß-fmb-
F-√m- `q-X-ß-fpw- Fs≥d- c-≠p-X-c-Øn-ep-≈- {]-Ir-Xn-bn¬-\n-∂p-
≠m-b-h-bm-Ip-∂p.- A-Xn\m¬- Rm≥- k-I-e- tem-I-Øn-s≥-d-bpw-
D¬-∏-Øn°pw- eb-Øn-\pw- Imc-W-`q-X-\m-Ip-∂p''-2 ""{]m-]y-kv-Ym-
\-hpw- `-c-W-I¿-Øm-hpw- \n-b¥m-hpw- {]-Xy-£-Øn¬- I-≠-dn-bp∂-
h-\pw- hm-k-kv-Ym-\-hpw- c-£-I-\pw- ln-XIm-cn-bpw- kr-jv-Sn-I¿-Øm-
hpw- kw-lm-c-I¿-Øm-hpw- ]m-e-\-I¿-Øm-hpw- {]f-b-kv-Ym-\-hpw- \m-
i-c-ln-X-am-b- aq-e-Im-c-W-hpw- Rm-≥-X-s∂-bm-Ip-∂p''-3.-
H-cp-h-i-Øv- {io-Ir-jv-W]q-Pbn-e[n-jv-Tn-Xam-b G-I-ssZ-h-
hn-izm-kw- {]-t_m-[-\w- sN-øp-∂- `-Kv-h-Zv-Ko-X-X-s∂- a-dp-h-i-Øv-
tZ-h-]q-P-°v- A-\p-a-Xn- \¬-Ip-I-bpw- hy-Xy-kv-X- tZ-h-X-I-sf- B-cm-
[n-°p-∂X - n-eq-sS- G-Is
- sZ-hs - Ø-Xs - ∂-bm-Wv- B-cm-[n°p-∂s - X∂-
[m-c-W-bp-≠m-°p-I-bp-w- sN-øp-∂p.- ""G-tX-Xv- `-Iv-X-∑m¿- GtX-Xv-
cq-]-sØ- {i-≤m-]q¿-∆w- A¿-®n-°m-\-n-On-°p-∂p-thm- B- `-Iv-X-∑m-
cpsS- B- cq-]Ø - n-ep-≈- {i-≤s - b-Xs
- ∂- Rm≥- kvY - n-ca
- m-°n-Øo¿°p-
∂p.-- kvYn-c-am-b- {i-≤-tbm-sS- B- `-Iv-X≥- B- k-z-cq-]-sØ- Bcm[n-
°p-∂p.- k¿∆m-¥-cym-an-bm-b- Rm-≥-X-s∂- D-≠m-°n-Øo-¿-°p-∂-
B- A-`o-jv-S- h-kv-Xp°-sf- B- tZ-h-Xm-kz-cq-]-Øn¬-\n-∂v- A-h-\v-
In-´p-I-bpw- sN-øp-∂p''4.- Cu- [m-c-W-bn-eq-sS- G-I-ssZ-h-am-b- hnjv-
Wp-hn-\v- Hu-∂X - yw- \¬-Im-\m-Wv- Ko-Xm-Im-c≥- {i-an-°p-∂s - X-¶nepw-
ssi-h-˛ssh-jv-W-h- kw-L-´-\-ß-fn-te-°m-W-h- ]n-∂-o-Sv- \-bn-®Xv.-
G-Xm-bn-cp-∂m-epw- hn-jv-Wp-hn-s\- G-I-ssZ-h-am-°m-\p-≈- Ko-XmIm-
c-s≥-d- {i-ah
- pw- {]m-tbm-Kn-Ia
- m-bn- ]-cm-Pb
- s
- ∏Sp-∂X - m-Wv- C-¥ybn¬-
Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bp-∂-Xv.- A-Xn-\p-≈- Im-c-Ww,- _-lp-ssZ-hm-cm-
[\bpsS- AwKo-I-c-W-a-√m-sX- a-s‰m-∂p-a-√.-
1.- ]n-Xm-fl-a-ky- P-K-tXm- am-Xm-[m-Xm- ]n-Xm-a-l-x-
th-Zyw- ]-hn-{X-tam-¶m-c- E-Iv-km-a- b-Pp-tc-h -N- (-Ko-X 9:17).
2.- G-X-tZym-- \o-\n- `q-Xm-\n- k¿-∆m-Wo-Xyp-]-[m-c-b-
A-lw- Ir-Xv-kv-\-ky- P-K-Xx -{]-`-hx- {]-f-b-kv-X-Ym- -(Ko-X 7:6).
3.- K-Xn¿-`¿-Øm- {]-`px-km-£o- \n-hm-kx-i-c-Ww- kp-lrXv-
{]-`-hx-{]-fbx-kv-Ym-\w- \n-[m-\w- _o-P-a-hy-bw- (Ko-X 9:18)
4.Ko-X 7:21,22.
200 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- 201

_-lp-ssZ-hm-cm-[-\-bn¬-\n-∂v- G-I-ssZ-h-hn-izm-k-Øn-te°v-
lnµp-°-sf- sIm-≠p-h-cp-∂-Xn-\v- {i-an-®- \-thm-∞m-\- {]-kv-Ym-\ß-
fp-sS- ]-e-Xn-s≥-d-bpw- X-I¿-®-bm-Wv- `m-c-Xo-b- N-cn-{X-Øn¬- \ap°v-
Im-Wm-≥- I-gn-bp-∂-Xv.- cm-Pm-dmw- tam-l≥-tdm-bn-bp-sS- "{_-lv-a-kam-
Pw'- C-s∂-hn-sS-?- dm-\s - U-bp-sS- "{]m¿-∞\ - m-ka - m-P'-sanhn-sS?- cmam-
\-µs - ≥-db
- pw- I-_o- d
- ns≥d-bpw- "`-IvX - n-{]-kvY - m-\'-sa-hn-sS?- Cu- {]kv-
Ym-\-ß-sf-√mw- G-I-ssZh-hn-izm-kw- {]-t_m-[-\w- sN-øm≥- {ian-
®p.- A-Xp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂- `m-c-XØn-s≥-d- a-Æn¬- N-cn-{X-Øn-s≥-d-
GSp-I-fn¬- am-{X-am-bn-Øo¿-∂p- A-h-cp-sS- {]-k-IvXn.- {]m-tbm-KnI-
Po-hn-XØn¬ \ - n-∂v- A-h- ]q¿-Æa - m-bpw- ]-dn-®p-am-‰s - ∏-´p.- F-¥n\[n-
Iw-,- Zbm-\-µ- k-c-kz-Xn-bp-sS- B-cy-k-am-Pw-t]m-epw- AXn-s≥-d-
2
Xo-{hhpw- k-¶p-Nn-Xh - p-am-b- tZ-io-bX- - am-{Xw- A-ht- i-jn-∏n-®v,Z- m¿i
\n-Iamb- G-I-ssZ-h-kn-≤m-¥-tØm-sSm-∏w- `m-c-X-a-Æn¬- N-c-aw-
{]m]n®XmWt√m- \mw- Im-Wp-∂Xv-!.- _lp-ssZ-h-k-¶¬-∏w-
F-∂m¬,- I-√v ap-X¬- Im-™n-c-Ip-‰n-h-sc-bp-≈- k-I-e-X-ns\-
bpw- B-cm-[n-°p-∂-Xn-\v- Xm-Xzn-I-am-b- A-Sn-Ø-d- ]-Wn-X- {io-i¶c-
s≥-d- AssZzX- Z¿-i\ - Ø
- n-\m-Wv- N-cn-{X-Øn¬- ssl-µh - - \-thm∞m- hn-iZ- mw-iß
- f - n¬- hy-Xy-kvX - s- a-¶n-epw- {]-]© - Ø - n-s≥-d- \nb-
\-sa-∂- A-≤ym-b-Øn-\v- Io-gn¬- kv-Ym-\-ap-≈-Xv.- i¶--cm-Nm-cy-sc- {¥-W-®p-a-X-e-bp-≈- i-Iv-Xn-I-sf-°p-dn-®- hn-izm-kw- G-sd-°p-sd-
]m-Sn-∏p-Ig - vØ
- m-≥- F-∂pw- B-fp-If- p-≠v.- At±-ls- Ø- ]n-¥p-Sc- m\pw- F-√m- a-X-ß-fn-epw- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bpw.- sk-an-‰n-Iv- a-X-ß-ƒ- Cu-
B-i-b-߃- {]-N-cn-∏n-°m-\pw- P-∑-hm¿-jn-I-߃- sIm-≠m-Sm-\pw- iIv-Xn-I-sf- hn-fn-°p-∂-Xv- a-e-°p-Isf-∂pw- am-em-J- (Angels)am-sc-
\n-co-iz-c- {]-Xy-b-im-kv-{X-ß-fp-sS-- h-Iv-Xm-°ƒ-t]m-epw- ap≥\ncbn ∂p-am-Wv.- {Ko-°p-Im¿- Yn-tbm-kv- (Theos) F-∂pw- tdm-a° - m¿ sUbq-
¬- X-s∂-bp-s≠-∂- h-kv-Xp-X-bm-Wv- G-sd- hnNn{X-am-bn-´p-≈-Xv.- kv- (Deus) F-∂pw- t]¿-j-y-°m¿- b-kv-Xm-s\- (Esthan)∂pw- hnfn-
th-Z-ß-fn-se-bpw- D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn-se-bpw- G-I-ssZ-h- hn-izm- °p-∂X - v- Cu- i-IvX- n-Is - f-Øs - ∂-bm-Wv.- a-e° - p-Iƒ-°v- G-sX-¶nepw-
k-Øn-e[ - n-jvT
- n-Xa
- m-b- X-Xz-kw-ln-XI
- ƒ-°v,- A-hb
- p-sS- am-{Xw- ASn- cq-]-Øn-ep-≈- Zn-hy-Xz-ap≈-Xm-bn- apkv-enw-Iƒ- hn-iz-kn-°p-∂n-√.-
kv-Ym-\-Øn¬- \n-∂p-sIm-≠v- {]m-tbm-Kn-I- cq-]-w- \¬-Im≥- km-[y am-em-Ja- m-cn¬- {]-ap-J\ - m-b- ]-cn-ip-≤m-Xa v- m-hv- ssZ-hn-I- {Xn-Xz-Ønse-
a-s√-∂m-Wv- ssl-µ-h-\-thm-∞m-\- {]-kv-Ym-\-ß-fp-sS- ]-cm-PbØn aq-∂m-a-sØ- B-f-Xz-am-bn-´m-Wv- ss{I-kv-X-h¿- ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂-Xv.-
¬- \n-∂v- a-\- n-em-t°-≠-Xv.- G-I-ssZ-h-m-Z¿-i-Øn-s≥-d- {]mtbmKn- am-em-J-am¿- ssZ-h-Øn-s≥-d- s]¨-a-°-fm-sW-∂m-bn-cp-∂p- a-°-bn
I-h¬-°-c-W-Øn-\v- A{]-am-Zn-X-am-b- ssZhn-I- t{km-X p-Iƒ-t°- se- _-lp-ssZ-h- hn-izm-kn-I-fpsS- hn-izm-kw.- {Ko-°v-˛tdm-a≥- ]ptcm-
I-gn-bq-.- ssZ-hn-I- t_m-[-\-Øn-s≥-d- am-\p-jn-I- I-c-hn-cp-Xp-I-fn¬- W-ß-fn-se- Yn-tbm-kpw- sU-bq-kpw- kz-¥-am-b- A-Xo-im-[n-Im-c-
\n-∂v- ap-‡-am-b- k-am-lm-c-ß-ƒ-t°- km-[n-°q.- A-Øcw- kv-JenX- ß-fpw- kz-X-{¥-am-b- A-kv-Xn-Xz-hp-ap-≈-h-cm-W-v.-
c-ln-X-amb- ssZ-hn-I- t{km-X- m-bn- tem-I-Øn-\v- ap-ºn¬- A-hXcn- ssl-µh- - ]p-cm-Wß- f
- n-se- "tZ-h"- k-¶¬-∏w- sk-an-‰n-Iv- aXß-
∏n-°m-≥ -]-‰p-∂- G-I-{K-\v-Yw- hn-ip-≤- Jp¿-B≥- am-{X-am-Wv.- fnse- am-em-J-am-cn-ep-≈- hn-izm-k-hp-am-bn- XmXzn-I- s]m-cp-Øw-
202 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ- 203

{]-I-Sn-∏n-°p∂p-≠v.- ]-t£,- am-em-J-am¿- ssZ-h-I¬-∏-\-I-f-\p-kcn-
®v- am-{Xw- {]-h¿-Øn°m≥- hn-[n-°-s∏-´-h-cm-sW-∂- hn-izm-k-hpam-
bn- s]m-cp-Ø-s∏-Sm≥- Bcy-tZ-h- k-¶-¬-∏-Øn-\v- I-gn-bp-∂n-√.- thZ-
]p-cm-W-ß-fn¬- {]-kv-Xm-hn-°p∂- tZ-h-∑m-cn¬- ]-e¿-°pw kz-X{¥-
am-b- \n-b-{¥-Wm-[n-Im-c-ß-fpw- ssI-Im-cy-I¿-Ør-Xz-hpw- I¬-∏n°-
s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v.-
a-XN - c
- n-{X-sØ- ]-cn-Wm-a- {]-{In-bb - p-sS- `u-Xn-I- ho-£W - Øn-
eqsS- am-{Xw- t\m-°n-°-≠- K-th-j-I¿- {]-Ir-Xn-{]-Xn-`m-k- ]q-Pbpw-
]n-Xp-cm-cm[-\b - p-am-Wv- Cu- _-lp-tZ-hX - m- k-¶¬-]Ø - n-\v- A-SnØd-
]-m-In-b-sX-∂pw- D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn¬- Im-Wp-∂- G-I-Xz-hn-`m-h-\-
_lp-tZ-h-k-¶¬-∏-Øn¬- \n-∂- v- D-cp-Øn-cn-™p-≠m-b-Xm-sW-∂pw-
hm-Zn-°p-∂p.- `m-cX - o-b- a-Xß
- f- p-sS- aq-ew- G-Is - sZ-hh- n-izm-kØ
- nem-
sW-∂v- \mw- I-≠p.- Cu- G-I-ssZh- hn-izm-k-tØmsSm-∏-w- `m-c-X
Øn¬-h-∂- {]-hm-N-I-∑m¿- {]t_m-[-\w- sNbvX- a-e-°p-I-fn-ep-≈-
hn-izm-k-am-Wv- tZ-h-k-¶¬-∏-Øn-s≥-d- A-Sn-Ød-bm-bn- h-¿-Øn-®-
sX-∂v- kq-£v-a- hn-i-I-e-\-Øn¬- \-ap-°v- Im-Wm≥- Ignbpw.- a-e-
°p-I-sf- B-cm-[n-®n-cp-∂1- k-aq-l-ß-sf-t∏m-se- `m-c-Xo-b-cpw- tZhm-
cm-[-\-bn-te-°v- h-gn-sX-‰n-t∏m-Ip-∂-Xn-s≥-d- Nn-{X-am-Wv- E-tKz-Z-hpw-
a-‰pw- \-ap-°v- X-cp-∂-Xv.-
tZ-hi
- _- Z-v Ø
- n-s≥-d- D¬-∏Ø
- n-:˛- Xn-fß
- p-I- F-∂¿-∞w-hcp∂-
"Znh'- i-_v-Z-Øn¬-\n-∂m-Wv- tZ-h-i-_v-Z-Øn-s≥-d- D¬-∏-Øn.- {]-I-
in-°p-∂-h-s\-∂m-Wv- tZ-h-i-_v-Zw-sIm-≠v- hn-h-£n-°p-∂-sX-∂v-
tUm-Iv-S¿- cm-[m-Ir-jv-W≥-2 Nq-≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂p-≠v.- {]-Im-iw
sIm≠v- kr-jvS- n-°s - ]-´h
- ≥- F∂- A¿-∞Ø - n-em-bn-cn-°mw- "tZh≥'-
F-∂v- hn-fn-°-s∏-´-Xv.- a-e-°p-Iƒ- {]Im-i-Ø-m-em-Wv- kr-jv-Sn-°-
s∏-´-Xv-3 F-∂m-W-t√m- C-kv-em-a-n-I- hn-izm-k-w.-
F-∂m¬- ]n-∂o-Sv- Cu- ]-ZØ - n-\pw- A¿-∞h - y-Xym-ka
- p-≠mbn.-
"a\p-jy-\v- Zm-\w- \¬-Ip-∂-h\m-Wv- tZ-h≥'- F-∂m-Wv- \n-cpIvX
Øn¬- \n¿-∆-Nn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.- ""a-‰v- a-\p-jy¿-°v- Zm-\w- \¬-Ip-∂-
hn-Zzm-\m-b- a-\p-jy-\pw- tZ-h≥-X-s∂-bm-Wv- (hn-Zzmw- tkm-ln- tZhx)-
1.- Jp¿-B≥- 43:-20.-
2. Dr. S. Radhakrishnan: Indian Philosophy Vol 1 Page 52
3.- k-lo-lp- ap-kv-enw.-
kr-jv-Sn-°v- ap-gp-h-\pw- sh-fn-®w- \¬Ip-∂-Xn-\m¬- kq-cy≥,- N-{µ≥,-
A-¥-co-£w- F-∂n-h-bpw- tZ-h≥-am¿-X-s∂.- ANv-O - ≥-,- A-Ω-,- Kp-cp-
°-∑m¿- F-∂n-h-cpw- tZ-h≥-am-cm-Wv- (am-Xr-tZ-thm- `-hx-]n-Xr-tZ-thm-
`-hx- B-Nm-cy-tZ-thm-`-hx)''- F-∂m-Wv- \n-cp-Iv-Xw-1 ]-d-bp-∂-Xv.-
kz-X-{¥- ssZ-h-ß-f-√-:˛-- tZ-h-∑m¿- H-m-tcm-cp-Ø-sc-bpw- kzX-
{¥∑m-cpw- B-cm-[ym-¿l - c
- p-am-bm-Wv- th-Zß - f - pw- ]p-cm-Wß - f
- pw a‰pw-
A-hX- c- n∏n-°p-∂X - v.- F-∂m¬,- tZ-h∑ - m-sc-√m-hc - pw- X-s∂- {]-h¿Øn-
°p-∂X - v- G-I\- m-b- ssZ-hØ - n-s≥-d- B-PR v- {- ]-Im-ca - m-sW-∂v- hyIvX-
am-°p-∂- D-]-\n-j-Xv-kq-Iv-X-ß-fp-≠v.- ssX-Øn-cn-tbm-]-\n-j-Øv- ]d-
bp-∂p.- ""C-Xn-s\- `-b-∂n-´m-Wv- hm-bp- N-en-°p-∂-Xv.- C-Xn-s\- `b∂m-
Wv- kq-cy≥- DZn-°p-∂-Xv.- C-Xn-s\- `-b-∂n-´p-X-s∂-bm-Wv- A-Kv-\nbpw-
C-{µ-\pw- ]-©-a-\m-b- ar-Xyp-hpw- A-h-cp-sS- I¿-Ω-߃- A-\pjv-Tn-
°p-∂-Xv''-2
C-{µ-≥,- {_-lv-am-hv,- hn-jv-Wp- Xp-S-ßn-b- {]-[m-\- tZ-h-∑m-sc
√mw- ssZ-h-kr-jv-SnI-fm-sW-∂v-3 D-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ- hy-Iv-X-am-
°p∂p≠v.- A-h-sc- ]-cn-]m-en-°p-∂-h-\pw- {_-lv-aw-X-s∂-bm-Wv.-
C-Xn¬-\n-s∂-√mw- tZ-h-∑m-sc-√mw-X-s∂- G-I-ssZ-h-Øn-s≥-d- krjv-
Sn-I-fp-w- B-Pv-Rm-\p-h¿-Øn-I-fp-am-Wv- F-∂pw- A-h¿-°v- k-z-X-{¥-
am-b- ssI-Im-cy-I¿-ØrXz-an-s√-∂pw- X-s∂-bm-Wv- a-\- n-em-°m≥-
I-gn-bp-∂-Xv.-
D-Xv-`-h-Im-c-W-߃-:-˛ tZ-h-k-¶¬-∏-Øn-s≥-d- D¬-]Øn- ae-
°p-I-fn-ep-≈- hn-izm-k-Øn-em-bn-cn-°m-\p-≈- km-[y-X- \mw- a-\ n-
em-°n.- G-I-ssZ-h-hn-izm-k-Øn¬-\n-∂pw- _-lp-tZ-h-k-¶¬-∏-Øn-
te-°p-≈- ssl-µ-h-X-bp-sS- ]-cn-Wm-a-Øn-\v- H-∂n-e-[n-Iw- Imc-
Wß-fp-≠v.- B-cy-Z-kyp-- kw-L-´-\-ß-fm-Wv- tZ-hk-¶¬-∏-Øn-s≥d-
D¬-∏-Øn-°v- \n-Zm-\-am-b-sX-∂v- k-¶¬-∏n-°p-∂-h-cp-≠v.- {]-Ir-Xn-
]q-P-bn¬-\n-∂m-Wv- ssl-µ-h-tZ-h-k-¶¬-∏w- cq-]m-¥-c-s∏-´-sX-∂v-
hm-Zn-°p-∂-h-cp-≠v.- Z-kyp-°-fp-sS- hn-izm-k-ß-fpw- B-cy-∑m-cp-sS-
hn-izm-k-ß-fpw- Iq-Sn- \-S-∂- k-¶e-\-Øn-s≥-d- D-t]m¬-∏-∂-am-Wv-
tZ-h-∑m-cn-ep-≈- hn-izm-k-sa-∂- A-`n-{]m-b-hpw- Nn-e¿-°p-≠v.- Cu-
1. Quoted by: Drs. Radhakrishnan: Indian Philosophy Vol 1 Page 52.
2. ssX-Øo-co-tbm-]-\n-j-Øv- 8:-4.-
3.- tiz-Xm-i-X-tcm-]-\n-j-Øv- 4:-12
204 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-
A-`n-{]m-b-ß-fn-se-√mw- bm-Ym¿-∞y-Øn-s≥-d- Aw-i-ß-fn-s√-∂v- ]d-
™p-Iq-S.- ]-t£,- C-Xn-se- G-sX-¶n-epw- H-c-`n-{]m-b-Øn-s≥-d- am{Xw-
]-cn-[n-bn¬- H-Xp-ßn-\n-∂p-sIm-≠v- tZ-hh- n-izm-kØ
- n-s≥-d- D¬-∏Øn-
sb-bpw- ]-cn-Wm-a-sØ-bpw- hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°p-I- km-[y-a-√.- C-h-sb√mw-
X-s∂- H-cp- hn-[Ø
- n-es- √-¶n¬- a-s‰m-cp-hn-[Ø- n¬- tZ-hh
- nizm-kØn-
s≥-d- D¬-∏-Øn-°v- \n-Zm-\-am-bn-´p-s≠-∂-Xm-Wv- hm-kv-X-hw.-
ssl-µ-h- tZ-h-k-¶¬-∏-Øn-s≥-d- D¬-∏-Øn-°v- {]-[m-\-am-bpw-
aq∂v- Im-c-Wß-fm-Wv- \-ap-°v- Im-Wm-≥- I-gn-bp-∂-Xv.-
H-∂v.- D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-f-p-sS- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\m-i-b-am-b- G-I-ssZh-
hn-izm-k-tØm-sSm-∏-w- {]-hm-N-I-∑m¿- {]t_m-[-\w- sN-bv-X- am-emJ-
am-cn-ep-≈- hn-izm-kw- ]-cn-W-an-®v- a-\p-jy-cq-]-Øn-te-°v- h-cn-I-bpw-
A-h-cp-sS- i-Iv-Xn-Iƒ-°v- a-\p-jy-cq-]w- \¬-In- hn-Ir-X-am-°-s∏-SpI-
bpw- sN-bv-Xp.-
c-≠v.- k-aq-l-Øn¬- B-Z-cn-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂- B-fp-Iƒ- a-c-W-
tijw- B-cm-[n-°s - ∏-Sp-Ib
- pw- tZ-h∑
- m-cm-bn- hy-hl
- c
- n-°s
- ∏-Sp-Ibpw-
sN-bv-Xp.-
aq-∂v.- {]-Ir-Xn- {]-Xn-`m-k-ß-fpw,- a-\p-tjy-X-c-am-b- A-tNX\-
ß-fpw- k-tN-X-\-ß-fp-am-b- h-kv-Xp-°-fpw- A-h-tbm-Sp-≈- `-bw-
sImt≠m- A-hb - n¬-\n-∂v- e-`n-°p-∂- D-]I- m-cw-sIm-t≠m- tZ-h∑- mcm-
bn- hy-h-l-cn-°-s∏-´p.-
th-Z-ß-fn¬- {]-[m-\-s∏-´- E-tKz-Z{]-Im-cw- `q-an,- A-¥-co-£w,-
kz¿-§w- F-∂n-h-bn¬- B-sI- ap-∏-Øn-aq-∂v- tZ-h-∑m-cm-Wp-≈-Xv.-
C{µ≥,- hm-bp,- A-Kv-\n,- tkm-a≥,- an-{X≥,- k-q-cy≥,- ]¿-Pv-P-\y≥,-
hcp-W≥,- hn-jv-Wp,- D-j- v,- c-≠v- A-izn-\n-am¿,- cp-{Z≥,- {]-Pm-]-Xn,-
]q-¿j
- m-hv,- b-a≥,- B-cy-am-hv,- a-cp-Øp-°ƒ,- _r-lk
- v]- X
- n,- k-ck
- zXn,-
A-Zn-Xn,- B-Zn-Xy-∑m¿,- E-`p-°ƒ,- C-f-Xzm-jv-Sm-hv,- ssh-izm-\-c-≥,-
k-hn-Xm-hv-,- h-cp-Wm-\n,- C-{µm-Wn,- A-Kv-t\-bn-h-kp-°ƒ,- `m-c-Xn,-
am-X-cn-izm-hv,- \m-k-Xy-∑m¿- F-∂n-h-cm-W-h¿.- C-h-cn¬- Nn-e¿- tZh-
X-I-fm-Wv.- Cu- tZ-h-∑m-cn¬- B-sc-√mw- ap-I-fn¬- ]-d-™- aq-∂v-
hn`m-K-ß-fn¬- Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂p-sh-∂v- Ir-Xy-am-bn- IW-°m-°p-I- hø.-
Nn-e- tZ-h-∑m-sc- k-¶¬-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\v- ap-I-fn¬- ]-d™- H-∂n-tesd-
Im-c-W-߃- kzm-[o-\w- sN-ep-Øn-b-Xm-bn- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bpw.-
A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ- 205
B-Zn-B-cy-∑m¿-°v- tZ-h-∑m-sc- B-cm-[n-°p-∂- ]-Xn-hp-≠mbn-
cp-∂n-s√-∂pw- ]n-∂o-Sm-Wv- hn-hn-[- tZ-hn-Im-tZ-h-∑m-sc-bpw- hn-{Kl-
ß-sf-bpw- B-cm-[n-°p-∂- k-{º-Zm-bw- D-S-se-Sp-Ø-s-X-∂pw- {]-ap-J-
K-th-j-I-∑m¿- A-`n-{]m-b-s∏-´n-´p-≠v.- hniz-hn-Pv-Rm-\-tIm-iw- Fgp-
Xp-∂p-:- "" A-Y¿-∆th-Z-Øn-s≥-d- Im-e-am-b-t∏m-tg-°pw- B-cw-`-Øn¬-
hn-{Klm-cm-[-\- io-en-®n-´n√m-bn-cp-∂- B-cy≥- P-\-X- a-{¥-hm-ZØn
epw- ]-e-X-cw- tZ-ho-tZ-h-∑m-sc- B-cm[n-°p-∂-Xn-epw- X¬-∏-c-cmbn-
°-gn-™n-cp-∂p''-1.-
{Xn-aq¿-Øn-Iƒ-:-˛ {_-lv-am-hv,- hn-jv-Wp,- in-h≥- F-∂n-ßs\-
aq-∂v- aq¿-Øn-If - n-em-bn- \n-cm-Im-c- \n¿-Kp-W- {_-lva
- w- kvY- n-Xn- sNøp-
∂p-sh-∂m-Wv- ssl-µ-h- hn-izm-kw.- {_-lv-am-hv- kr-jv-Sn-bp-sS-bpw-
hn-jvW - p- kvY
- n-Xn-bp-sS-bpw- in-h≥- kw-lm-cØ - n-s≥-db - pw- tZ-h∑- mcm-
Wvv-.- Cu- {Xn-aq¿-Øn- k-¶¬-∏-Øn-s≥-d- th-cp-Iƒ- ssZ-hn-I-a-XØn-
se- am-em-Jm- k-¶¬-∏-Øn-em-bn-cn-°m≥- km-[y-X-bp-≠v.- ]-t£,-
C-h-bv-°pw- a\p-jy-hy-Iv-Xn-I-fp-sS- i-Iv-Xn-bpw- k-z-`m-h-ß-fpw- k-
¶¬∏n-®-Xn-\m¬- G-sd- hn-Nn-{X-am-b- H-cp- Nn-{X-am-Wv- \-ap-°n-∂v-
A-h-sb-°p-dn-®v- e-`n-°p-∂-Xv.-
]p-cm-W-ß-fn-em-Wv- Cu- aq-∂v- tZ-h-∑m-cpw- {_-lv-a-Øn-s≥-d-
aq-∂v- aq¿-Øn-I-fm-sW-∂ B-i-bw- sX-fn-™p-Im-Wp-∂-Xv.- hm-bp-
]p-cm-Ww- ]-d-bp-∂p-:- ""{_-lv-am-hv- N-cm-N-c-ß-sf- krjv-Sn-°p-∂p.-
Im-e-\-h-sb- kw-l-cn-°∂p.- ]p-cp-j≥- C-h-sb-sb-√mw- hy-Xy-kvX-
ß-fm-bn- \n-e\ - n¿-Øp-∂p.- C-h- aq-∂pw- {]-Pm-]X - n-bp-sS- aq-∂v- L´ß-
-2
f-s{X'' .- Iq¿-Ω-]p-cm-Ww- ]-d-bp-∂-Xv- C-ß-s\-bm-Wv:- ""kr-jv-Sn-bpw-
kv-Yn-Xn-bpw- kw-lm-c-hpw- A-h-s≥-d- hy-Xy-kv-X- cq-]-߃- am-{X-am
Ip-∂p.- k-z-bw- k-Øz-am-b- hn-jv-Wp-`-K-hm-\m-Wv- kr-jv-Sn-I-sf- ap-gp
h≥- \n-e\ - n¿-Øp-∂X - v.- k-zb
- w- c-P 
- m-b- {_-la
v- m-hv- kr-jSv- n-°pIbpw-
X-a- v- kw-l-cn-°p-I-bpw- sN-øp-∂p-''3.-
D-]\
- n-jØ- p-Iƒ- Cu- aq-∂v- tZ-h∑
- m-sc-°p-dn-®pw- {]-Xn-]mZn°p-
∂p-s≠-¶n-epw- A-h- H-∂n-t\m-sSm-∂v- _-\v[
- s
- ∏-´p-sIm-≠msW-t∂m-
1.- hn-iz-hn-Pv-Rm-\-tImiw,- hm-e-yw- 2,- ]p-dw- 281.
2.Quoted by S.R. Goyal: A Religious History of Ancient India Vol: II Page 75.
3.Ibid Page 76.
206 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-
G-Is - sZ-hØ- n-s≥-d- aq-∂v- aq¿-Øn-If- m-sWt∂m- hy-IvX - a
- m-°p-∂n√.-
kr-jv-Sn-bp-sS- aq¿-Øn-sb-∂v- hn-iz-kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂- {_-lv-am-hn-s\-
H-cp- tem-I-]m-e-I≥- am-{X-am-bn-´m-Wv- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hv- kr-jv-Sn-®-sX∂v-
sF-X-tc-tbm-]-\n-j-Øv- hy-Iv-X-am-°p-∂-Xv- t\m-°p-I-:- ""C-{]-Imcw-
k-I-e- tem-I-ß-sf-bpw- kr-jv-Sn-®-Xn-\p-ti-jw- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hv- C-{]
Im-cw- hn-Nm-cn-®p "tem-I-ß-sf-√mw- kr-jv-Sn-®p.- C-\n- tem-I-ß-sf-
kw-c-£n-°p-∂- tem-I-]m-e-I-∑m-sc-bpw- Xo¿-®-bm-bpw- kr-jv-Sn°
Ww-'.- C-{]-Im-cw- Nn-¥n-®n-´v- A-t±-lw- P-e-Øn¬-\n-∂pw- ln-c-Wy-
K-¿-`-cq-]n-bm-b- ]p-cp-j-s\- k-ap-≤-cn-®v- A-Xn-s\- k¿-∆mwK--bpIv-X-
\m-°n- aq¿-Ø-cq-]w- sIm-Sp-Øp''-1.- C-Xn¬- ]p-cp-j-≥- F-∂v- {]-tbmKn-
®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv- H-∂m-a-Xm-bn- kr-jv-Sn-®n-cn-°p-∂- {_-lv-am-hn-s\-°pdn-
®m-sW-∂-v X-s≥-d- "`m-h{- ]-Im-iw'-- F-∂- D-]\
- n-jØ- -v hym-Jym-\Øn¬-
sI.- `m-kv-°-c≥- \m-b¿-2 hy-Iv-X-am-°p-∂p-≠v.-
D-]\
- n-jØ - p-If- n¬- Nn-eh- ,- C-Xn-se- Nn-e- {]-tXy-I- tZ-h∑mcp-
sS- D-]m-k-I-∑m-cp-sS kzm-[o-\-Øn-\v- hnt[-b-am-bn-´p-s≠-∂v- a-\ n-
em-°m≥- I-gn-bpw.- Nn-e- D-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ- in-h-s\- k-I-e- tZ-h-∑m-
cn-epw- D-∂X- \- m-bn- hm-gvØ - p-tºmƒ- a-‰p- Nn-eh - - hn-jvW
- p-hn-s\bmWv-
hm-gv-Øp-∂-Xv.- ]p-cm-W-߃- ]-d-bp-∂- kr-jv-Sn- kv-YnXn- kw-lm-c-
Øn-s≥-d- tZ-h{- I-aw- D-]\ - n-jØ
- p-If - n¬- Im¨-am-\n-√.- {_-la v- m-hmWv-
kr-jv-Sn-°p-∂-sX-∂- ]p-cm-W- k-¶¬-∏-Øn-\v- hn-cp-≤-am-bn- ""k-a-
kv-X- {]m-Wn-I-sf-bpw- kr-jv-Sn-°p-∂-Xv- hn-jv-Wp-hm-sW''3 ∂m-Wv-
i-c-t`m-]-\n-j-Øv- ]-Tn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.- F-∂m¬- C-tX- D-]-\n-j-Øp-X-
s∂- in-h≥- am-{X-am-Wv- \n-Xy-s\-∂pw- h-n-jv-Wp-hpw- {_-lv-am-hpw-
a‰v- tZ-h-∑m-cp-sa-√mw- an-Yy-I-fm-bXn-\m¬- Xy-Pn-°-s∏-tS-≠-Xm-
sW∂pw- ]-Tn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v.- ""H-tc-sbm-cp- in-h≥-X-s∂-bm-Wv- \nXy-
\m-bn-´p-≈X - v.- a-‰p-≈s
- X-√mw- an-Yy-bm-Wv.- A-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv- hn-jvWp-
ap-X-em-b- k-a-kv-X- tZ-h-∑m-sc-bpw- Xy-Pn-®v- k-¿-∆-kwkm-c-_-\v-[-
\-ßf - n¬-\n-∂pw- tam-Nn-∏n-°p-∂- G-Ia - m-{X-am-b- A-t±-ls - Ø- [ym\n-
1.- k- Cu-Iv-j-tX- ta- \p- tem-Im- tem-Im-]m-em-∂p- kr-Pm- C-Xn-
tkm- f Zv-`y-x- G-h- ]pcpjw- k-ap-Zv- [r-Xym- aq¿-O-b-Xv-
(sF-X-tc-tbm-]-\n-j-Øv- 1:-1:-3).-
2.- sI.- `m-kv-°-c≥- \m-b¿-:- D-]-\n-j-Zv- Zo-]v-Xn,- hm-eyw- 2 t]-Pv- 87
3.- hn-jv-Wp-¿- hn-iz- P-K-tZym-\nx- (i-c-t`m-]-\n-j-Øv- 22).-
A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ- 207
t°-≠-Xv.- k¿-∆-kw-lm-c-I¿-Øm-hm-b- B- a-tl-i-z-c-\m-bn-s°m≠v-
\-a-kv-°m-cw''-1.-
C-Xn-\p-t\-sc- hn-]-co-X-am-bn- {Xn-]m-Zzn-`q-Xn- a-lm-\mcmb
tWm-]\ - n-jØ- n¬- hn-jvW - p-hn-s\- D-∂X - \- pw- in-h≥-t]m-epw- At\z-
jn-°p-∂-h-\p-am-b- tZ-h-\p-am-bn- k-¶¬-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv- Im-Wm-≥-
I-gn-bpw.- ""A-ßv- (hn-jv-Wp)-X-s∂-bm-Wv- k¿-∆-Pv-R-\pw- k¿-∆-kzcq-
]-\pw,- k¿-t∆-iz-c-\pw,- k¿-∆-Øn-\pw- A-[-n-jv-Tm-\-am-bn-´p-≈-h-\pw-
k¿-∆-i-Iv-Xn-bpw,- k¿-∆- {]-h¿-Ø-I-\pw,- k¿-∆-tc-bpw- ]-cn-]m-en
°p-∂-h-\pw,- k¿-∆- \n-h¿-Ø-I-\pw,- k-Z-km-Xv-a-I-\p-w,- k-Z-k-Zzn-
e£-W-\pw,- A-¥¿-_-ln¿hym-]n-bpw- kq-£v-a-X-c-\pw,- A-Xn-a-l-
tXma-ln-bm-\pw- k¿-∆-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- A-Pv-Rm-\- \n-h¿-Ø-I-\pw,-
hn-Zym-hn-lm-cn-bpw-,- hn-Zym-[m-c-I-\pw,- hn-Zym-th-Zy-\pw,- hn-Zym-k-z-cq]-
\pw,- hn-Zym-Xo-X-\pw,- k¿-∆-Im-c-W-߃-°pw- tl-Xp-`q-X-\pw,- k¿∆-
Im-c-W-k-a-jv-Sn-bpw,- k¿-∆-Im-c-Why-jv-Sn-bpw,- A-J-Wv-Um-\-µ-\pw,-
]-cn-]q¿-Æm-\-µ-\pw,- \n-c-Xn-i-bm-\-µ-\pw,- Xp-co-b-Xp-co-b-\pw,-- Xpco-
bm-Xo-X\ - pw,- A-\¥
- ß-fm-b- D-]\ - n-jØ- p-If - n¬- A-t\z-jn-°s - ∏Sp-
∂-h-\pw- k-I-e-im-kv-{X-ß-fm¬- A-t\z-jn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-h-\pw,- {_lv-
am-hv,- in-h≥,- C-{µ≥- Xp-S-ßn-b- tZ-h-∑m-cm-epw- A-\y-tZ-h-∑m-cmepw-
A-t\z-jn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-h-\pw- A-ar-X-a-b-\pw- k¿-∆-hpw- k¿-∆-hpw- k¿-
∆-hpw.- A-ßp-X-s∂-bm-Wv- tam-£-hpw- tam-£-km-[-\-hpw''-2.-
Cu- ssh-cp-≤y-ap-≠m-b-Xv- ssi-h˛-- ssh-jv-W-h- kw-L-´-\-
Øn¬- \n-∂m-sW-∂v- hy-Iv-X-am-Wv.- ssh-jv-W-h-∑m¿- X-ß-fp-sS-
tZ-h-\m-b- hn-jv-Wp-hn-s\- k¿-∆-i-Iv-X-\m-bn- {]-Xn-jv-Tn-®-t∏mƒ-
ssi-h-∑m¿- X-ß-fp-sS- tZ-h-\m-b- in-h-s\- hn-jv-Wp-hn-s≥-d- t]mepw-
tZ-h-\m-bn- A-h-X-cn-∏n-®p.- Cu- kw-L-´-\-Øn-s≥-d- kzm-[o-\w- Ztim-
]-\n-j-Øp-I-sfm-gn-®v- _m-°n- H-cphn-[-sa-√m- D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-f-n-epw-
Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bpw.- C-h-bn¬-\n-∂v- \-ap-°v- a-\- n-em-°m≥- I-gn-bp
1.- G-I- G-h- in-thm- \n-Xy-x- -X-tXm- f \yXv- k-I-ew- ar-jm-
X-kv-am-Xv- k¿-∆m-≥-- ]-cn-Xy--Py- t[y-bmXv- hn-jv-Wzm-Zn-Im-≥- kp-cm≥-
in-h- G-h-- k-Zm-t[y-bx- k¿-∆- kw-km-c- tam-N-Ix-
X-kv-ssa- a-lm-{Km-km-b- a-tl-iz-cm-b- \-ax-
(i-c-t`m-]-\n-j-Øv- 30:31).-
2.- {Xn-]m-Z-z-n-`q-Xn- a-lm- \m-c-mb-tWm-]-\n-j-Øv- 1:-1˛7
208 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-
∂-Xv,- hn-jv-Wp-hpw- {_-lv-am-hpw- in-h-\pw- H-scm-‰- ssZ-h-Øn-s≥-d-
aq-∂v- aq¿-Øn-If
- m-sW-∂m-bn-cp-∂n-√,- {]-Xyp-X- aq∂v- tem-I]- meI∑m
¿- am-{X-am-sW-∂m-bn-cp-∂p-,- B-Zy-Im-e- ssl-µh - h
- n-izm-ks- a-∂mWv.-
ssi-h-˛ssh-jv-W-h- kw-L-´-\-Øn-s≥-d- kzm-[o-\w- D-]-\nj-
Øp-I-fn-se- Cu- tZ-h-∑m-sc-°p-dn-®- hn-i-Zo-I-c-W-ß-fn¬- am-{X-a-√-
D-≈-Xv.- A-h-sc {Xn-aq¿-Øn-I-fm-bn- A-h-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂- ]p-cm-W-߃-
X-s∂,- C-h¿- aq-∂p-t]-cpw- hn-jvW
- p-hn-s≥-d- aq-∂v- cq-]ß
- f
- ms-W∂pw-
A-X-√- in-h-s≥-d- aq-∂v- cq-]-ß-fm-sW-∂pw- ]-d-™-v X¿-°n-°p-∂-
Xm-bn- Im-Wmw.- ""ssh-jv-W-h- a-Xw- Cu- aq-∂v- aq¿-Øn-I-fp-sS-bpw-
]n-∂n-ep-≈- G--Ii-Iv-Xn- hn-jv-Wp-hm-sW-∂v- A-h-Im-i-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ-
ssi-h]p-cm-W-ß-fpw- Xm-{¥n-I- {K-\v-Y-ß-fpw- Cu- Kp-W-ß-sf-√mw-
in-h-\pw,- im-Iv-X-]p-cm-W-߃- i-Iv-Xn-°pw- tZ-hn-°p-am-Wv- B-tcm-
]n-°p-∂-Xv''-1 F-∂m-Wv- B-cy-cm-a-N-{µ- Xn-hm-cn- k-a¿-∞n-°p-∂-Xv.-
Cu- aq¿-Øn-I-fn¬- Hm-tcm-cp-Ø-sc-bpw- ]p-I-gv-Øn- ]p-I-gv-Øn-
h-f-sc- hn-I-e-hpw- hn-Nn-{X-hp-am-b- H-cp- k-¶¬-∏-am-Wv- ]pcm-W߃-
\-ap-°v- ap-∂n¬- A-h-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.-
{_-lv-am-hv-:-˛ {]-]-©-Øn-s≥-d- ap-gp-h-≥- {k-jv-Sm-hm-b- {_-lv-
am-hv- P-\n-®-Xv- a-lm-hn-jv-Wp-hn-s≥-d- \m-`n-bn¬-\n-∂p-b¿-∂p-h-∂-
Xm-a-c-bn¬-\n-∂m-Wv.- A-t\-Iw- h¿-j-ß-fp-sS- I-Tn-\-X-]- n-\p-ti-
j-am-Wv- {_-lv-am-hv- k-]v-X¿-jn-I-sf-bpw- {]-Pm-]-Xn-I-sf-bpw- krjv-
Sn-°p-∂-Xv.- A-h-cn¬-\n-∂m-Wv- a-‰v- Po-h-Pm-e-ß-fp-≠m-b-Xv.- kz-¥w-
i-co-cØ - n-s≥-d- A¿-≤` - m-Kw-sIm-≠v- kr-jvS- n-®- i-Xc - q-]bm-Wv- {_lv-
am-hn-s≥-d- `m-cy.- X-s≥-d- `m-cy-sb- ap-Jw- Xn-cn-°m-sX- GXp-`m-K-
Øp-\n-∂pw- Im-Wp-∂X - n-\m-bn- X-eb - p-sS- ]m¿-iz-ßf - n-epw- ]p-dI- nepw-
Hm-tcm- ap-J-߃-Iq-Sn- kr-jv-Sn-®v- NXp¿-ap-J-\m-bn- am-dn.- i-X-cq-]-
B-Im-iØ - n¬-Iq-Sn- k-©c - n-®t- ∏mƒ- ap-If- n¬- H-cp- ap-Jw- Iq-Sn- - krjv-
Sn-®p.- ]p-cm-W-߃- {_-lv-am-hn-s≥-d- `m-cy-bm-bn- k-c-kz-Xn-sb-°qSn-
A-h-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.- k-c-k-z-Xn-bpw- i-X-cq-]-bpw- H-cm-fm-tWm,- AX√-
hy-Xy-kv-X- hy-Iv-Xn-I-fm-tWm-sb-∂- Im-cyØn¬- ]p-cm-W-߃-
XΩn¬- A-`n-{]m-b-h-Xym-k-ap-≠v.-
1 Tiwari-Arya Ramachandra G: Evolution of Brahmanical Pantheon,
Quoted by S.R. Goyal: A Religious History of Ancient India Vol II Page 76.
A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ- 209
H-cn-°¬- hn-jv-Wp-hpw- {_-lv-am-hpw- X-ß-fn¬- B¿-°m-Wv-
al-Xzw- Iq-Sp-X-se-∂- Im-cy-Øn¬- X¿-°-ap-≠m-bn.- in-h≥- am-[y-
kv-Y-Øn-s\-Øn.- in-h-s≥-d- \n¿-t±-i-{]-Im-cw- {_-lv-am-hv- in-h-enw-
K-Øn-s≥-d- ap-Iƒ-`m-Kw- Im-Wm-\m-bn- ap-I-fn-te-°pw- hn-jv-Wp-
inhenw-K-Øn-s≥-d- A-Sn-`m-Kw- Im-Wm-\m-bn- Io-tgm-´pw- A-Xn-Zq-cw-
k©-cn-®p.- hn-jv-Wp- X-s≥-d- ]-cm-P-bw- k-Ω-Xn-®p.- ssI-X-∏q-hns\-
km-£n-bm-°n,- Xm≥- P-bn-®-Xm-bn- {_-lv-am-hv- kz-bw- {]-Jym-]n®p.-
X¬-£-Ww- A-hn-sS- {]-Xy-£-s∏-´- i-n-h≥,- I-≈w-]-d-™- {_-lv
am-hn-s≥-d- A-©m-a-sØ- X-e- \p-≈n-°-f-™p-sh-∂m-Wv- tZ-ho-`m-K-
h-Xw- ]-d-bp-∂-Xv.- tIm-Sn-°-W-°n-\v- h¿-j-߃-°p-ti-jw- {_-lvam-
hv- a-lm-hn-jv-Wp-hn¬- e-bn-°p-sa-∂pw- ]n-∂o-Sv- A-t\-Iw- {_-lv-am
hp-Iƒ- hn-jv-Wp-hn¬- \n-∂v- D-≠m-bn- hn-jv-Wp-hn¬- hn-e-bw- {]m]n-
°p-sa-∂pw- `m-K-h-Xw- ]-d-bp-∂p-≠v.-
hn-jWv- p-:˛- Po-hn-XØ - n-s≥-d- A-[n-\m-bI- \
- m-b- hn-jW - v- p,- ]m¬-
°
- S- e
- n¬- A\-¥i - b
- \- Ø- n¬- tbm-K\n-{Z- sN-øp-Ib - m-Wv.- e-£vanbpw-
`q-an-bp-am-Wv- ]-Xv-\n-am¿.- K-cp-V-\m-Wv- hn-jv-Wp-hn-s≥-d- hm-l-\w.-
A-[¿-Ωs - Ø- kw-lc - n-°p-hm-\pw- [¿-Ωw- kvY
- m-]n-°p-hm-\pw- bpKß
ƒ- tXm-dpw- hn-jv-Wp- A-h-X-cn-°p-sa-∂m-Wv- ssl-µ-h-hn-izm-kw.-
H-cn-°¬- } E-jn-am¿- Iq-Sn-bn-cp-∂v- {Xn-aq¿-Øn-I-fn¬- BcmWv-
]q-Pm¿-ls - \-∂v- kw-hZ- n-®p.- `r-Kp-al
- ¿-jn-sb- C-°m-cyw- ]co£n°m
≥ -th-≠n- \n-iv-N-bn-®p.- in-h-\pw- {_-lv-am-hpw- `r-K-p-hn-s\- A-hKWn-
®-t∏mƒ- A-t±-lw- A-h-sc- i-]n-®p.- ]n-∂o-Sv- tbm-K-\n-{Z-bn¬- kvYn-
Xn- sN-øp-∂- hn-jv-Wp-hn-\-Sp-Øm-Wv- sN-∂-Xv.- tIm-]n-®v- `r-Kp-al¿-
jn- hn-jv-Wp-hn-s≥-d- s\-©n¬- N-hn-´n.- hn-jv-Wp- D-W¿-∂v- `r-Kp-hn-
s≥-d- Im-ep-XS- h
- n- t£-aa - t- \z-jn-®p.- hn-jvW
- p-Xs
- ∂-bm-Wv- ]qPm¿l-
s\-∂v- ap-\n-am¿- \n-iv-N-bn-®p.- `r-Kp-hn-s≥-d- N-hn-´p-sIm-≠- ]m-Sm-W-
s{X- hn-jv-Wp-hn-s≥-d- s\-©n-se- {io-h¬-kw.- hn-jv-Wp-hn-s\- GI-
ssZ-h-am-bn- hn-iz-kn-°p-∂-h-cm-Wv- ssh-jv-W-h≥-am¿.-
in-h≥-:-˛ kw-lm-c-aq¿-Øn-bm-b- in-h-s≥-d- P-\-\-sØ-°p-dn®v-
hy-Xy-kX-v m-`n-{]m-bß
- f
- p-≠.v - A-Xn¬- G-‰h
- pw- {]-[m-\s
- ∏-´- A-`n{]mbw-
hnjv-Wp-]p-cm-W-Øn-te-Xm-sW-∂v- I-cp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p.- {_-lv-amhns\-
h-[n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n- a-[p,- ssI-S-`≥- F-∂o- c-≠- A-kp-c-∑m-¿-
210 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ- 211

]m-s™-Øn.- Cu- A-{I-aw- I-≠v- tIm-]n-jv-T-\m-b- a-lm-hnjv-Wphn- ≈-Xv.- Hm-tcm- a-\z-¥-c-Øn-epw- C-{µ-\pw- tZ-h-am-cpw- th-sd-th-sdbm
s≥-d- s\-‰n-bn¬-\n-∂pw- in-h≥- iq-e-]m-Wn-bm-bn- P-\n-®p.- in-hs≥d- Wv.- C-\n-bpw- G-gv- a-\z-¥-c-߃-Iq-Sn- I-gn-bp-tºmƒ- C-t∏m-g-sØ-
s\-‰n-ØS- Ø- n-se- k¿-∆Z- m-lI- a
- m-b- aq-∂mw- I-Æv- A-S™
- n-cn-°p∂p.- {_-la v- m-hv- \-in-°p-Ib
- pw- ]p-Xn-b- {_-la - pw- sNøpw1.-
v- m-hv- P-\n-°p-Ib
`-kv-aw- ta-em-sI- ]-q-ip-I-bpw- k¿-∏-sØ- am-e-bm-bn- k-zo-I-cn-°p C-{µ≥-:˛- E-tKz-ZØ - n-se- {]-[m-\n-bm-b- H-cp- tZ-h\
- m-Wv- C{µ≥.-
Ibpw- sN-øp-∂- ]-c-a-in-h≥- th-Z-ß-fn¬- cp-{Z-s\-∂- t]-cn-em-W- v- tZ-h-∑m-cp-sS- A-[n]-\m-b- C-{µ-≥,- I-iy-]-\v- A-Zn-Xn-bn¬- P-\n-®-
A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.- ]p-{X-\m-Wv.- A-jvS- Z- n-Iv]
- m-eI
- c
- n¬- {]-[m-\n-bm-Wv- C-{µ-s\-∂v- EtKz-
in-h-\pw- hn-jv-Wp-hpw- X-Ωn¬- ]-e-t∏m-gpw- A-`n-{]m-b-h-y- Zw- ]-d-bp-∂p.- tZ-th-{µ-k-t¶-X-am-b- A-a-cm-h-Xn- k¿-∆- sF-izcyß-
Xym-kß - f - p-≠m-bn-´p-s≠-¶n-eqw- A-]q¿-∆a - m-tb- kw-L´- \ - ß
- f - p-≠m- fp-sS-bpw- C-cn-∏n-S-am-Wv.- C-{µ-\v- Ip-¥n-bn¬- P-\n-®- ]p-{X-\m-Wv-
bn-´p-≈q.- A-hb - n¬- {]-[m-\s
- ∏-´- c-≠v- kw-L´- \- ß
- s - f-°p-dn-®v- ]pcm- A¿-Pp-\-s\-∂v- ]p-cm-W-߃- ]-d-bp-∂p.- Ku-Xa-s≥-d- ]-Xv-\n-bm-b-
W-߃- hn-h-cn-°p-∂p-≠v.- A-h-bn¬- H-sc-Æw- in-h-\pw- hn-jv-Wp- A-l-ey-sb- {]m-]n-®-t∏mƒ- Ku-X-a≥- C-{µ-s\- i-]n-®p.- A-ß-s\-
hpw- t\-cn-´m-Wv- \-S-∂-sX-¶n¬- a-t‰-Xv- in-h-\pw- hn-jv-Wp-A-h-Xm-c- tZ-th-{µ≥- k-l-{k-enw-K-\m-bn.- im-]-tam-£w- e-`n-®-t∏mƒ- kl
am-b- \m-cm-b-W¿-jn-bpw- X-Ωn-em-Wv- \-S-∂-Xv.- A-Xn¬- in-h-\pw- {km-Iv-j-\p-am-bn.- C-{µ-s\- a-g-bp-sS- tZ-h-\m-bpw- k-¶¬-∏n-°-
hn-jv-Wp-hpw- X-Ωn¬- \-S-∂- kw-L-´-\-Øn-s≥-d- hn-h-c-W-Øn¬- s∏Sp∂p.-
\n∂v- ]-cn-ip-≤-cm-b- am-em-J-am¿-°v- am-\p-jn-I- cq-]w- I¬-∏n-°- D-Ø-a-cm-bn- I-cp-X-s∏-´n-cp-∂- hy-Iv-Xn-I-fp-sS- hn-tbm-K-Øn-
s∏-´t- ∏mƒ- F-{X-am-{Xw- hn-Ir-Xa- m-b- k-¶¬-∏ß - f - m-Wp-≠m-bs - X∂v- \p-ti-jw- A-h¿- tZ-h-kv-Ym-\-Øv- A-h-tcm-[n-°-s∏-´-Xn-\p-≈- hyIv-
a-\- n-em-°m≥- I-gn-bpw.- X-am-sbm-cp- D-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv- tZ-th-{µ≥.- E-tK-Z-kq-Iv-X-߃- kq£v-
in-ht- \-m- hn-jvW
- phn-t\m- B¿-°m-Wv- _-e° - q-Sp-Xs
- e-∂v- ]cn- a-am-bn- ]-cn-tim-[n-®m¬- C-{µ≥- H-cp- B-cy-cm-Pm-hmbn-cp-∂p-sh-∂v-
tim-[n-°m≥- tZ-h-X-Iƒ- Xo-cp-am-\n-®p.- X-ß-fp-sS- Xo-cp-am-\-sØ- t_m-[y-s∏-Spw.- C-{µ≥- F-∂- ]-Z-Øn-s≥-d- D¬-∏-Øn- "C≥',- "{Z'-
°p-dn-®v- A-h¿- {_-lv-am-hn-s\- A-dn-bn-®p.- {_-lv-am-hv- G-j-Wn-Iƒ- F-∂o- A-£c - ß
- f
- p-sS- k-a\
- z-bØ
- n¬- \n-∂m-sW-∂m-Wv- ]-WU - v- nXm-
]-d-™-v in-h-s\-bpw- hn-jv-Wp-hn-s\-bpw- X-Ωn¬- ]n-W-°n.- A-h¿- `n-{]m-b-w.- _m-_n-tem-Wn-b≥- `m-j-bn¬- "C≥'- F-∂- ]-Z-Øn-s≥-d-
X-Ωn¬- bp-≤w- Xp-S-ßn.- {_-lv-am-hv- c-≠p-t]¿-°pw- hn-√p-≠m-°n- A-¿∞ - w- tbm-≤m-hv- F-∂pw- "{Z'- ]-ZØ - n-s≥-d- A¿-∞w a-pJ - yw- F∂p-
s°m-Sp-Øv- kw-L-´-\-sØ- t{]m-Xv-km-ln-∏n-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p.- {]kv- am-Wv -.- C-Xn¬-\n-∂pw- C-{µ≥- F-∂-Xp-sIm-≠p-≈- hn-h-£- ap-Jy
Xp-X- bp-≤-Øn¬- A-h-km-\w- ]-c-a-in-h≥- ]-cm-P-b-s∏-´p-sh-∂mWv- tbm≤m-sh-∂m-sW-∂v- hy-Iv-X-am-Ip-∂p.-
]p-cm-W-߃- ]-d-bp-∂-Xv.- th-Z-ß-fn-se- tZ-h-m-kp-c- kw-L-´-\-߃- C-¥ybn-se- B-Zn
{Xn-aq¿-Øn-Iƒ-°pw- \m-i-ap-≠v.- B-bn-cw- N-Xp-¿-bp-Kw- Iq-Sp hm-kn-I-fm-b- Z-ky-p-°-fpw- Ip-Sn-tb-dn-h-∂- B-cy-∑m-cpw- X-Ωn-ep-≈-
∂-Xm-Wv- {_-lv-am-hn-s≥-d- Hcp- Zn-h-kw.- {_-lv-am-hn-s≥-d- B-bp-jv- kw-L-´-\-ß-fm-sW-∂m-Wv- {]-K¬-`- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-cm-b- Un.-Un.-
Im-e-Øv- ]-Xn-\m-ev- C-{µ-∑m-¿- kz¿-§-Øn¬-\n-∂v- ho-Wv- a-cn-®p- sImkmw_n,- sI.- Zm-tam-Z-c≥,- cm-lp¬- kmw-Ir-Xym-b-≥2 F-∂n-h
t]mIpw.- C-ßs - \- c-≠v- {_-la v- m-bp- v- Iq-Sn-bX
- m-Wv- hn-jW v- p-hns≥d- cp-sS- A-`n-{]m-bw.- tZ-h-∑m-cm-bn- A-h-tcm-[n-°-s∏-´- ]p-Wym-Xv-am-
B-bp-j° v- m-ew.- hn-jW
v- p-hn-s≥-d- B-bp- n-s≥-d- C-c´- n- b - m-Wv- inhmbp- °-fn¬- ]-e-cpw- B-c-y˛Zkyp- kw-L-´-\-ß-fn-se- B-cy-`m-K-Øp-\n-
 v1- .- C-t∏m-gs- Ø- {_-la v- m-hv- \-in-®m¬- ]p-Xn-b- {_-la v- m-hv- P\n°pw.- ∂p-≈- tP-Xm-°-fm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂v- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bpw.- t\-sc-a-dn-®v,-
C-t∏m-g-sØ- {_-lv-am-hn-s≥-d- Im-e-Øv- ]-Xn-\m-ev- a-\z-¥-c-ß-fmWp 1.- hn-jv-Wp- ]p-cm-Ww-.- Aw-Kw- 2 A-[ym-bw- 1.-
2 D.D. Kosambi: Myth and Reality, sI.- Zm-tam-Z-c≥-:- C-¥y-bp-sS- B-Xv-am-hv,- cm-lp¬-
1.- tZ-hn-`m-K-h-Xw-:- ]-©-a-kv-I-\v-[w.- kmw-Ir-Xym-b≥-:- km-aq-ly-tc-J- C-h- t\m-°p-I.-
212 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ- 213

Cu- kw-L´- \
- Ø
- n- s
- e- Z-kyp-t\-Xm-°∑
- m-sc-sb-√mw- A-kp-c∑
- m-cmbn- B-Zm-\-h-s\- B¿- sIm-∂p-ho-gv-Øn-tbm-;- B-fp-Itf- A-t±-l-a-m-Wv-
k-¶-¬-∏n-®-Xm-bpw- \-ap-°v- a-\- n-em-°m-\m-hpw.- C-{µ≥''.- ""hm-\q-gn-Iƒ- B-sc- h-W-ßp-∂p-thm-;- ]¿-∆-X-߃- Bcp-
E-tKz-ZØ
- n-se- kq-IX v- ß
- f
- n¬- ]-eX
- pw- C-{µ-s\-∂- cm-Pmhns\- sS- _-e-sØ- t]-Sn-°p-∂p-thm- tkm-a-]m-\pw- Zr-V-Km-{X-\-pw- h-{P-
kvXp-Xn-®p-sIm-≠pw- A-t±-lØn-s≥-d- sN-bX v- n-Is
- f- ]p-Ig
- Ø
v- n-s°m- Xp-√y-_m-lp-hpw- h-{P-]m-Wn-bpw- B-tcm- B-fp-I-tf- A-t±-l-am-Wv-
≠p-ap-≈-Xm-Wv.- B-{in-X¿-°p-th-≠n- bp-≤w- sN-bm≥- k-∂-≤-\m- C-{µ-≥''1- .-
b-Xm-Wv- C-{µ-\v- C-{X-tb-sd- {]m-_-eyw- e-`n-°m-\p-≈- Im-c-W-sa∂v- A-Xn-i-tbm-Iv-Xn-bpw- cm-P-{]o-W-\-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bp-≈- A-am
k¿-Zm¿- sI.-Fw.- ]-Wn-°¿-1 Nq-≠n-°m-´p-∂p-≠v.- \p-jn-I- Ignhp-I-fp-sS- B-tcm-]-W-ß-fpw- \n-d-™p-\n¬-°p-∂p-sh-
C-{µ-\v- A-t±-l-Øn-s≥-d- _-\v-[p-hm-b- Xzm-jv-Sm-hv- \¬-In-b- ¶n-ep-w- Cu- kq-Iv-X߃- cm-P-`-Iv-Xn-bpƒ-s°m-≠v- c-Nn-°-s∏-´-h-
{]-tXy-IX - c
- w- h-{Pm-bp-[a
- p-]tbm-Kn-®m-Wv- A-t±-lw Zm-k\
- K
- c
- ß
- ƒ- bm-sW-∂v- H-‰-t\m-´-Øn¬-X-s∂- hy-Iv-X-am-hp-∂p-≠v.- C-{µ≥-
\-in-∏n-®-sX-∂pw- H-Sp-hn¬- Zm-k-t\-Xm-hm-b- hr-X-s\- h-[n-®p- B‰nse- P-ew- Ip-d-®v- kp-Zm- - cm-Pm-hn-s≥-d- tk-\-Iƒ-°v- X-c-Ww-
sh∂pw- E-tKz-Zw- tLm-jn-°p-∂p.- A-kp-c-cm-Pm-°-∑-m-cm-b- hr-On,- sN-øm-dm-°n-sb-∂pw- kp-{i-h- v- \n- -lm-b-\m-b-t∏mƒ- tX¿- N{Iw-
Ir-jv-W≥,- ip-iv-W≥,- ]n-{∏p,- E-Pn-izm-hv- F-∂n-h-sc-bpw- C-{µ-≥- sIm-≠v- 20 cm-Pm-°∑m-sc-bpw- 60099 ]-Sbm-fn-I-sf-bpw- \-in-∏n-®p-
tXm¬-]n-®-Xm-bpw- ]-´-W-ß-sf- ]n-f¿-°p-∂-h≥- F-∂¿-Yw- h-cp∂- sh-∂pw- E-tKz-Zw- ]-db
- p-∂p.- C-{µ≥- Xz-jvS- m-hn-s≥-d- ]p-{X-\m-b- hniz-
]pc-\v-[-c≥- F-∂- t]-cp-Iq-Sn- A-t±-l-Øn-\v- e-`n-®-Xm-bpw- E-tKz-Zw- cq-]s
- \- ]p-tcm-ln-X\
- m-°p-Ib - pw,- hn-πh
- `- b
- Ø
- m¬- A-bm-sf- sIm√p-
]-d-bp-∂p-≠v.- I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp-sh-∂v- E-tKz-Z-Øn-epw- b-Pp¿-th-Z-Øn-epw- {]-kv-Xm-
hn-°p-∂p-≠v.-
E-tKz-Z-Øn-se- C-{µ-s\-°p-dn-®- Nn-e- kq-Iv-X-߃- t\m-°pI.-
""B¿- Cu- `p-h-\-ß-sf- ho-gm-Xm-°n-tbm,- B¿- Xm-∂- ap-Sn-b-∑m-sc- C-{µ-t\m-Sp-≈- E-tKz-Z-Øn-se- {]m¿-∞-\-I-fpw- A-t±-lw- Hcp-
Ip-gn-bn¬- aq-Sn-tbm-;- e-£y-sØ- sh-√p-∂-h-\m-b- B¿- i-{Xp-hns≥d- tk-\m-\n-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂m-Wv- hy-IvX - a- m-°p-∂X
- v.- ""_p-≤n-bn-√mØ-
k-ar-≤n-sb- H-cp- th-S-s\-∂-t]m-se- ssI-°-em-°n-tbm-,- B-fp-Itf- ZpjvS- ∑
- m-cm-b- Z-ky- p-°ƒ- Np-‰p-]m-Sp-If- n¬-\n-∂pw- R-ßs - f- h-f™n-
A-t±-l-am-Wv- C-{µ≥''.- ""B¿- k-º-∂-\p-w,- B¿- Z-cn-{Z-\pw,- B¿- cn-°p-∂p.- A-h¿- a-\p-jy-Xz-an-√m-Ø-h-cm-Wv.- sX-‰m-b- \n-b-a-߃-
bm-Nn-®p- kvX
- p-Xn-°p-∂- {_lva - P
- R
v- \
- pw- [-\w- A-b®
- p-sIm-Sp-°p∂p- sh-®p-]p-e¿-Øp-∂-h-cm-Wv.- A-√-tbm- i-{Xp-kw-lm-c-I-! Zm-k-s≥-d-
thm-;- A-g-sIm-Ø- in-c- p-≈- B¿- tkm-aw- A-Ωn-°p-g-sIm-≠v- B-bp-[-ß-sf- C-Sn-®p-X-I¿-°p-I''-2.- "ap-t∂-dp-I,- i-{Xp-h- t\-cn-Sp-I,-
NX®p-]n-gn-™-h-s\- c-£n-®-cp-fp-tam,- B-fp-Itf-,- A-t±-l-am-Wv- ss[-cy-im-en-bm-bn-cn-°p-I-,- \n-s≥-d- C-Sn-sh-´v- A-P-ø-a-m-Wv.- C-{µ-!-
C{µ≥''- ""B-fp-Iƒ- B-sc-°q-Sm-sX- P-bw- t\-Sn-√-tbm-;- s]m-cp-Xp- ]u-cp-ja - m-Wv- \n-s≥-d- _-ew-;- hr-Xs- \- B-´n-tbm-Sn-°p-I.- \-Zn-IfpsS-
∂-h¿- c-£-°v- B-sc- hn-fn-°p-∂p-thm-;- k¿-∆-tem-I-Øn-\pw- {]-Xn ta¬- B-[n-]-Xyw- t\S-p-I!- kz-cm-Pyw- D¬-tLm-jn-°p-I''-3.-
\n-[n- B-tcm-;- B¿- ho-gm-Ø-h-tb-bpw- hogn-bv-°ptam-;- B-fp-I-tf,- B-cy-tZ-h-\m-b- C-{µ≥- a-Zy-]-\m-bn-cp-∂p.- C-{µ≥- am-{X-a-√,-
A-t±-l-am-Wv- C-{µ-≥''.- ""X-∂-Øm-\-dn-bm-Ø- h-f-sc- a-lm-]m-]n-I- a-‰v- ]-e- tZ-h∑
- m-cpw- "tkm-aw'- F-∂- a-Zy-Øn-s≥-d- A-Sn-aI
- f
- m-bncp∂p.-
sf- B¿- h-{Pw-sIm≠v- h-[n-®p-thm-;- B¿- D-¶p-Im-c-\v- D-Ø-a-I¿-Ωw- tkm-a-c-kw- Ip-Sn-®v- A-h¿- a-tZm-∑-Ø-cm-b- I-Y-Iƒ- th-Z-ß-fn¬-
sIm-Sp-°n-√-tbm-;- B¿- ap-Sn-b-s\- ap-Sn-°p-tam,- B-fp-Itf- A-t±-l- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bpw.- ""C-{µ≥- A-`n-π-hn-I-Zn-\-ß-fn¬- tkm-a-c-kw-
am-Wv- C-{µ≥''.- ""B¿- a-e-b-I-fn-sem-fn-®- iw-_-c-s\- \m¬-∏-Xmw-
kw-h¬-k-c-Øn¬- I-≠p-]n-Sn-®p-thm-;- sI¬-s∏-Sp-Øp-s]m-cp-Xn-b- 1.- E-tKz-Zw-:- a-Wv-U-ew- 2 kq-Iv-Xw- 12¬-\n-∂v.-
2.- E-tKz-Zw- 10:-22:-8.-
1.- k¿-Zm¿- sI.-Fw.- ]-Wn-°¿-:- h-≈-tØm-fn-s≥-d- E-tKz-Z- kwln-X-:- B-ap-Jw- t]-Pv-:- 16.- 3. EtKz-Zw-: 1:80: 3,4
214 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-
Ip-Sn-®p.- A-Xn-s≥-d- a-Øn¬- hrX-s\ h-[n-®p''-1sh-∂m-Wv- C-{µ-s≥d-
Kp-WK - W
- ß- ƒ- h¿-Æn-®p-sIm-≠v- Kp¬-ka - Z- - E-jn- ]-db
- p-∂X
- v.- tkm-
a-c-k-Øn-s≥-d- a-Øn¬- C-{µ-≥,- B-Im-i-Øn¬ tZym-hn-s\- D-d-∏n-®
Xm-bpw- h-en-b- A-¥-co-£-sØ-bpw- hm-\q-gn-I-sf-bpw- \n-d-®-Xmbpw-
`q-an-sb- Xm-ßn- hn--kv-Xm-c-s∏-Sp-Ø-n-b-Xm-bpw- \-Zn-I-fp-sS- A-Sn-h-i-
ß-sf- h-{Pw-sIm-≠v- s]m-fn-®-Xm-bpw- Z-Zo-Xn-sb- ]n-Sn-®p-sIm-≠p-
t]m-Ip-∂-h-tcm-sS-Xn¿-Øv- A-h-cp-sS- B-bp-[-ß-sf-√mw- I-Øp-∂-
Xo-bn¬- F-cn-®-Xm-bpw- a-lm-\-Zn-bn-se- sh-≈w- Np-cp-°n-b-Xm-bpw-
kn-\v-[p-hn-s\- h-S-t°m-s´m-gp-°n-®X -- m-bpw- D-j- n-s≥-d- h-≠n- h{Pw-
sI-m-≠v- X-hn-Sp-s]m-Sn-bm-°n-bXp-sam-s°- E-tKz-Z-Øn-se- c-≠m-w-
a-Wv-U-e-Øn-se- ]-Xn-\-©mw- kq-Iv-X-Øn¬- hn-i-Z-am-bn- hn-h-cn°p-
∂p.- tkm-ac - k
- s
- a-∂- D¬-Ir-jvS- - (?)- a-Zyw- tk-hn-®n-cp-∂- B-cyt\Xm-
hm-b- C-{µ-s≥-d- Nn-{X-am-Wv- Cu- kq-Iv-Xw- h-c-®p-Im-Wn-°p-∂-Xv.-
C{µ-s≥-d- B-fp- I - ƒ-°v- F-¥v- s\-dn-tI-Spw- {]-h¿-Øn-°m-sa∂-
A-h-kv-Y-bn-te-°m-Wv- Nn-e- kq-Iv-X-߃- \-sΩ- \-bn-°p-∂-Xv.- Iu-
j-XI - o- D-]\- n-jØ - n¬- C-{µ≥- ]-db
- p-∂p-:- ""F-s∂- A-dn-bp-I!- AXm-
Wv- a-\p-jy¿-°v- ln-X-I-c-am-bn-´p-≈-Xv.- F-s∂- F-ßs\-sb-¶n-epw-
A-dn-b-W-w!- Xz-jv-Sm-hn-s≥-d- ]p-{X-\m-b- {Xn--io-¿-j-s\- Rm-\m-Wv-
sIm-∂-Xv.- A-cp-W-a¿-K- F-∂p-t]-cp-≈- H-cp- b-Xn-sb- Rm-≥- ]-´n
sb-s°m-≠v- Xo-‰n-®p.- A-t\-Iw- k-Xy-ew-L-\-߃- sN-bv-Xv- Zn-hy-
tem-I-Øn¬- {]-Àm-Z-s‚- A-\p-bm-bn-I-sf-bpw- A-¥-co-£-Øn¬-
]utem-a∑m-sc-bpw- `q-an-bn¬- Im-e-Im-iy-∑m-sc-bpw- Rm-≥- \n-{K-
ln-®p.- A-Xp-sIm-s≠m-∂pw- F-s≥-d- H-cp- tcm-aØ - n-\p-t]m-epw- lm\n-
kw-`h - n-®p-an-√.- - Cu- hn-[Ø
- n¬- F-s∂- B-cd - n-bp-t∂m- A-h≥- amXr-
h-[w-,- ]n-X-r-h-[w,- tam-j-Ww-,- {`q-W-l-Xy- ap-X-em-b- ]m-]-߃-
sN-bv-Xn-´p-s≠-¶n-epw- sN-bv-Xp-sIm-≠n-cp-∂m-epw- A-h-\v- bm-sXmcp-
i-¶-bp-ap-≠m-I-cp-Xv.- A-h-s≥-d- ap-J-`m-h-Øn-\v- bm-sXm-cp- hm-´-hpw-
D-≠m-hp-I-bp-w- A-cp-Xv''2-.-
C-sX-√mw- C-{µ≥- F-∂- k-\m-X-\- kw-c-£-I-\m-b- tZ-h-
s≥d- h-r-Øn-I-fm-tWm-;- A-X-√- G-Xv- am¿-§-hp-ap-]-tbm-Kn-®v- cm-Pyw-
1 EtKz-Zw- 2:15:4
2 [¿-Ωm-\-µ- sIm-kmw-_n-: D≤cn-®Xv- `-Kv-hm≥- _p-≤≥,- t]-Pv- 57,- 58.-
A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ- 215
ssI-°-em-°m-≥-- {i-an-®- hy-Iv-Xn-bp-sS- hr-Øn-tI-Sp-I-tfm?- E-tKz-Z-
Øn-eq-sS- I-S-∂p-t]m-Ip-tºmƒ- C-{µ-s\-∂- cm-Pm-hn-s≥-d- Nn-{X-am
Wv- H-cp- k-Xym-t\z-jn-°-v Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bp-∂-Xv.- ""k-]v-X- kn-\v-[p-
hn-s\- kzm-[o-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-b- tk-\m-[n-]-Xn-bm-b- C-{µ≥- a-\p-jy-
\m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂p-≈-Xn-\v- E-tKz-Z-Øn¬-X-s∂- sX-fn-hp-I-fp-≠v''1
F-∂m-Wv- [¿-Ωm-\-µ- sIm-kmw-_n- F-gp-Xp-∂-Xv.- ""k-]v-X- kn-\v-[p-
tZ-i-Øn-s≥-d- ]q¿-Æm-[n-Im-cw- e-`y-am-b-ti-jw- a-[y-ln-µp-kv-Ym\w-
C-{µ-s≥-d- e-£y-am-bn- am-dn.- tZ-hI - o-\µ
- \
- m-bn-cp-∂,- tI-he - w- tKm°-
sf- ]-cn-]m-en-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂- cm-Pm-hm-bn-cp-∂- Ir-jv-W≥,- C-{µ-
s≥-d- b-Pv-R- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw- B-[n-]-Xy-hpw- k-Ω-Xn-®p-sIm-Sp-°m≥-
H-cp-°-a-√m-bn-cp-∂p.- A-Xp-sIm-≠v- C-{µ≥- A-t±-l-sØ- F-Xn-cn-´p.-
Ir-jv-W-s≥-d- I-øn¬- Ip-Xn-c-∏-S-bn-s√-¶n-epw- A-t±-lw- C-{µ-s\-
F-Xn¿-Øp-\n¬-°m≥- I-gn-bm-Ø-h-Æ-ap-≈- H-cp- \n-e-bn-se-Øn-®p.-
_r-l-kv-]-Xn-bp-sS- k-lm-b-tØm-sS- C-{µ≥- F-ßn-s\-tbm- Po-h
t\mSp-Iq-Sn- ]n≥-hm-ßn.- E-tKz-Z-Øn¬- (8:-36:-13˛15)- Im-Wp-∂- Nn-e-
E-Xp-°-fp-w,-- `m-K-h-Xw- ap-X-em-b- ]p-cm-W-ß-fn¬- h¿-Æn-®n-´p-≈-
sF-Xn-ly-ßf - pw- Cu- A-\p-am-\s- Ø- A-Xy-¥w- _-es - ∏-Sp-Øp-∂p''2.-
th-Z-Øn-se- C-{µ-s\- kw-_-\v-[n-®- kq-Iv-X-ß-fp-sS- D-d-hn-Sw-
A-t±-lw- Po-hn-®n-cn-°p-tºmƒ- sIm-´m-c]- W
- vU
- n-X¿- \-SØ
- n-b- {]iw-
k-I-fm-bn-cn-°-Ww.- kzm-`m-hn-I-am-bpw- cm-Pm-hn-s\- kv-Xp-Xn-°p-
tºmƒ,- B-e-¶m-cn-I-am-bn- A-t±-l-Øn¬- A-am-\p-jn-I-X- B-tcm-
]n-®-Xm-bn-cn-°mw- ]n-∂o-Sv- tZ-h-\m-bn- am-dm-\p-≠m-b- Im-c-Ww.-
[¿Ωm-\-µ- sIm-kmw-_n- F-gp-Xp-∂p" ""k¿-∆-`u-a-cm-Pm-°-∑m-sc-
b-Pv-R-Øn¬- £-Wn-®p-sIm-≠p-h-∂v- tkm-aw- \¬-Ip-∂- co-Xn- _m-
_n-tem-Wn-b-bn¬- D-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- B- A-h-k-c-Øn¬- A-h-cp-sS-
kv-Xp-Xn- ]q¿-Æ-ß-fm-b- Km-\-߃- ]m-Sp-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xn-cp-∂p.- C{µ-
s\-∏-‰n-bp-≈- kq-Iv-X-ß-fpw- C-{]-Im-c-ap-≈-Xm-Ip-∂p''3.-
h-cp-W≥-:˛- th-Zß
- f- n-se- kp-{]-[m-\n-bm-b- a-s‰m-cp- tZ-h\
- mWv-
h-cp-W-≥.- E-tKz-Z-Øn¬ tZ-h-∑m-cp-sS-bpw- a-\p-jy-cp-sS-bpw- cm-Pmhm-
bn-´m-Wv- h-cp-W-s\- kv-Xp-Xn-°p-∂-Xv.- C-cp- tem-I-ßf-- pw- X-Ωn-eI‰n-
1. AtX]p-kv-XIw- Page 57,
2 AtX]p-kv-XIw 62,
3.- [¿-Ωm-\-µ- sIm-kmw-_n-:- ln-µn- kw-kv-Ir-Xn- B-Wn- A-lnw-k,- t]-Pv- 56.-
216 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-
B-Im-i-sØ- ap-I-fn-te-°p-b¿-Øn-b-Xpw- kz¿-§-hpw- `q-an-bpw- th¿-
Xn-cn-®v- sh-®-Xpw- \-Zn-Iƒ- I-S-en¬-sN-∂v- tN-cp-∂-Xpw- h-cp-W-s≥d-
i-Iv-Xn-sIm-≠m-sW-∂m-Wv- k-¶¬-∏w.- E-tKz-Z-{]-Im-cw- an-{X-\pw-
h-cp-W-\pw- a-g-bp-sS- tZ-h-∑m-cm-Wv.- E-tKz-Z-Øn-se- ]-e- kq-Iv-X-ß-
fn-epw- C-{µ-t\-°mƒ- i-Iv-Xn-tb-dn-b- tZ-h-\m-bm-Wv- h-cp-W≥- {]Xy-
£-s∏-Sp-∂-sX-¶n-epw- A-Y¿-∆-th-Z-Øn-epw- a-‰pw- Xm-c-X-tay-\- iIv-
Xn-Ip-d-™- tZ-h-\m-bm-Wv- A-t±-lw- hy-h-l-cn-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.-
a-lm-`m-c-X-{]-Im-cw- I-iy-]- {]-Pm-]-Xn-°v- A-Zn-Xn-sb-∂- `m-cybn¬-
P-\n-®-h-\m-Wv- h-cp-W≥-1.- I-iy-]-{]-Pm-]-Xn-°v- ap-\n-sb-∂- `m-cy-
bn¬- P-\n-®,- tZ-h-K-\v-[¿-∆-\m-b- a-s‰m-cp- h-c-p-W-s\-°p-dn-®pw- alm-
`m-c-Xw- ]-d-bp-∂p-≠v- 2.- {_-lv-a- k-`-bn-se- H-cp- km-am-Pn-I-\p-am-Wv-
a-lm-`m-c-X-{]-Im-cw- hcp-W-≥-3.- In-g-°v- C-{µ-s\-bpw- sX-°v- b-a-s\
bpw- h-S-°v- ssh-{i-h-W-s\-bpw- Zn-Iv-]m-e-I-cm-bn- \n-b-an-®- {_-lv
am-hv- ]-Sn-™m-dv- h-cp-W-s\-bpw- Zn-Iv-]m-e-I-\m-bn- \n-b-an-®-Xm-bn-
D-Ø-a- cm-am-b-Ww- ]-d-bp-∂p-≠v.-
h-cp-W-s\-°p-dn-®- E-tKz-Z-Øn-se- H-cp- kq-Iv-Xw- t\m-°p-I-:-
""h-cp-W≥- Im-´n¬- a-c°
- q-´ß
- f
- p-≠m-°n.- ho-Sp-Iƒ-°v- Hm-P 
- pw- ]ip-
°ƒ-°v- ]m-epw- lr-Z-b-߃-°v- hn-th-I-hpw- \¬-In-;- P-e-Øn¬-
A-Kv-\n-sb-bpw- B-Im-i-Øn¬- kq-cy-s\-bpw- ]¿-∆-X-ß-fn¬- tkma-
sØ-bpw- \n-t£-]n-®p''-4.-
C-{µ-s\-t∏m-se,- h-cp-W≥- B-cy-tk-\m-\n-bmbn-cp-∂p-sh-∂v-
]-db
- m≥- J-WvU - n-Xa
- m-b- sX-fn-hp-Is
- fm-∂p-an-√.- F-¶n-epw,- A-t±lw-
B-cym-{I-a-W- I-m-e-tØm- A-X-n-\p-ap-tºm- Po-hn-®n-cp-∂- B-Z-cn-°-
s∏-´- hy-Iv-Xn-I-fn¬- H-cm-fm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂v- I-cp-Xp-∂-Xn¬- sX-‰n√.-
am-em-J- ]-cn-W-an-®v- a-\p-jy-\m-b-Xm-tWm,- A-X-√- a-\p-jy≥- ]-cn
W-an-®v- tZ-h-\m-b-Xm-tWm-sb-∂v- J-Wv-Un-X-am-bn- ]-d-bm≥- km-[n-
°m-Ø- A-h-kv-Y-bm-Wv- h-cp-W-s\- kw-_-\v-[n-®- kqIv-X-߃- ]cn-
tim-[n-®p-t\m-°p-tºmgp-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv.- E-tKz-Z-Øn-se-bpw- b-Pp¿-th-
Z-Øn-se-bpw- a-‰pw- kq-Iv-X-ß-fpsS- sh-fn-®-Øn¬,- hcp-W≥- B-Z
1.- a-lm-`m-c-Xw-:- B-Zn-]-¿-∆w- A-≤ym-bw- 65 ]-Zyw- 15.-
2.- AtX]p-kv-XIw-]-Zyw- 42.-
3. AtX]p-kv-XIw k-`m-]¿-∆w- 11:-51
4.- E-tKz-Zw- 5:-85:-2.-
A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ- 217
cn-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂- H-cp- B-cy-\m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂- \n-K-a-\-am-Wv- Iq-SpX¬-
{]-k-Iv-X-sa-∂m-Wv- tXm-∂p-∂-Xv.-
A-Kv\- n-:˛- {]-Ir-Xn-{]-Xn-`m-kß - f- pw- h-kvX- p-°f- pw- A-ht- bmSp-
≈- `-bw-sIm-t≠m- B-Z-c-hp-sIm-t≠m- tZ-h-∑m-cm-bn- hy-h-l-cn-°-
s∏-´X- n-\p-≈- D-Zm-lc - W
- ß- f - m-Wv- A-Kv\
- n,- D-jk
- v,- kq-cy≥,- tkma≥-
F-∂o- tZ-h∑ - m-sc-°p-dn-®- th-Zt- «m-Iß - ƒ.- C-h- B-Zy- I - m-eØ
- v- BZ-
c-hn¬- \n-t∂m- `-b-Øn¬- \n-t∂m- D-S-se-Sp-Ø-h-bm-bn-cn-°mw.-
]t£,- ]n-∂o-Sv- A-h-sb-°q-Sn- B-cm-[n-°p-∂- A-h-kvY-bn-te-°v-
h-gn-am-dp-∂-Xm-bm-Wv- \mw- Im-Wp-∂-Xv.- Kw-Km-X-S-Øn-epw- Xp-S¿-∂v-
In-g-t°m-´v- \o-ßp-∂- Im-cy-Øn-epw- B-cy-∑m-cm-b- Ip-Sn-tb-‰-°m¿-
t\-cn-´- {]-Xn-_-\v-[-ß-fpw- I-Tn-\-am-b- Im-em-h-kv-Y-bp-≠m-°n-b-
{]-iv-\-ß-fpw- B-Xv-a-hn-izm-kw- sISp-Øn-b- ]-iv-Nm-Ø-e-Øn-embn-
cn-°-Ww- {]-Ir-Xn-{]-Xn-`m-k-߃- tZ-h-∑m-cm-sW-∂- [m-c-W- hf¿-
Øn-bs - X-∂m-Wv- F-®v.- U - n.- {Kn-kv- thmƒ-Un-s≥-d-1- A-`n-{]m-bw.- Bcy-
Ip-Sn-tb-‰-°m¿- t\-cn-´-- {]-Xn-_-\v-[-ß-fpw- Im-em-h-kv-Ym- {]-iv-\ß-
fpw- am-{X-a-√,- A-h-bp-sS- D-]tbm-K-ß-fpw- B-Z-c-hpw-Iq-Sn- {]-Ir-Xn-
{]-Xn-`m-k-ß-sf- tZ-h-∑m-cm-bn- hy-h-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\v- ]n-∂n¬- {]h¿-
Øn-®n-´p-s≠-∂m-Wv- a-\- n-em-°m≥- I-gn-bp-∂-Xv.-
A-Kv-\n-tZ-h-s\-°p-dn-®- k-¶¬-∏w- `o-Xn-bn¬-\n-∂p-w- `-Iv-Xn
bn¬- \n-∂pw- D-S-se-Sp-Ø-Xm-sW-∂- Im-c-y-Øn¬- kw-i-b-an-√.- AKv-
\n-bm-cm-[-\- sk-≥-dv- A-sh-kv-sX-bp-sS- A-\p-bm-bn-I-fm-b- C-dm\n-
I-fn¬- ]u-cm-Wn-I- Im-e-w- ap-X¬-X-s∂- \n-e-\n-∂-Xm-bn- Im-Wm≥-
I-gn-bp-w.- A-h-cn¬- \n-∂m-bn-cn-°mw- B-cy-∑m¿- A-Kv-\n-bm-cm-[-\-
k-zo-I-cn-®-Xv.- C-S-Xq¿-∂v- \n¬-°p-∂- h-\-ß-fn-te-sX-¶n-epw- A-Kv\n-
°n-c-bm-b-Xn-\m¬- B-cy-∑m¿-°v- t\-cn-tS-≠n-h-∂- {]-bm-k-ß-fmbn-
cn-°mw A-Kv-\n-sb-°p-dn-®- `-b-Øn-\pw- A-Xn-s\- {]o-Xn-s∏-Sp-Øn-
AKv\ - n-t£m-`ß- f - n¬-\n-∂v- c-£s - ∏-Sm-sa-∂- [m-cW - °- pw- Im-cW - am-
bn-Øo¿-∂-Xv.- `-b-Øn¬-\n-∂- v- Xp-S-ßn- {I-ta-W,- B-Im-i-sØ-bpw-
`q-an-sb-bpw- A-I‰ - n-\n¿-Øp-∂- H-cp- i-IvX - n-sb-∂- \n-eb- n-epw- tZh∑m
¿-°pw- a-\p-jy¿-°p-an-Sb - n-se- a-[y-kYv- s- \-∂- \n-eb- n-ep-am-Wv- AKv\n-
Iq-Sp-X¬- "ssZ-hn-IX - '- ssI-hc - n-°p-∂s - X-∂v- tUm.- cm-[m-Ir-jvW - ≥2
1. H.D. Griswold: The Religion of Rigveda, Page: 88.
2. Dr. S. Radhakrishnan: Indian Philosophy, Page 62.
218 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ- 219

hn-i-Zo-cn-°p-∂p-≠v.- A-Kvt- \,- H-en-sIm-≈p-∂- `-hm≥- R-ßf - p-sS Cu- bm-Kw- tZ-h∑ - mcn¬-
1
E-tKz-ZØ- n-se- ]-e- kq-IX v- ß
- f- n-epw- A-K\ v- n-sb- A-cW - n-Ifn¬- F-Øn-®m-epw''- F-∂p-ap-≈- {]m¿-∞-\-I-fn¬- bm-K-sØ- tZ-h-∑m-
(a-c-°-jv-W-߃)- \n-∂pw- P-\n-∏n-°p-∂-Xm-bn- hn-h-cn-®n-´p-≠v.- Iq¿ cn-te-s°-Øn-°p-∂- H-cp- C-Sb - m-f≥- am-{X-am-bm-Wv- A-hX - c- n-∏n-°p∂-
Ø- Xm-Sn-sb-√p-If - pw- ]nw-Kf - - h¿-ÆØ - n-ep-≈- Xm-Sn-bpw- I-Ønsbcn- Xv.- F-∂m¬- a-‰p-Nn-e- {]m¿-∞-\-I-fn¬- A-Kv-\n-sb- H-cp- tZ-h-\m-bn-
bp-∂- ]-√p-I-fp-ap-≈- A-Kv-\n-sb- am-co-X-cn-izm-hv- kz¿-K-Øn¬- \n∂v- Ø-s∂-bm-Wv- k-¶¬-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂X - v.- ""A-Kv\- n- F-s≥-d- ]n-Xm-sh∂v-
- sIm-≠p-h-∂p-sh-∂m-Wv- B-cy-hn-izm-kw-1.- A-Kv-\n-tb-m-Sp-≈- H-cp- Rm-≥- I-cp-Xp-∂p.- A-Kv-\n- F-s≥-d- Pv-Rm-Xn-bpw- Zm-Xm-hpw- k-Jmhp-
th-Z{- ]m¿-∞\ - - t\m-°p-I:- - ""A-√t- bm- tX-tPm-ab - !- - \o-bm-Wv- NncRv- am-sW-∂v- Rm≥- hn-Nm-cn-°p-∂p''2sh-∂- t«m-I-Øn¬- A-Kv-\n- Hcp-
Po-hn-bm-b- kq-cy-s\- B-Im-ib - m-{X-b° v- v- X-øm-dm-°n-bX - v.- \o- a\pjy- tZ-h≥-X-s∂-bm-Wv.- C-cp-´n-s\- A-I-‰p-∂-h-\pw- Zp-cm-Xv-am-°-sf-bpw-
\v- {]-Im-iw- \¬-In.- A-√-tbm- tPm-Xn-¿-a-b-!- \o- P-\-ß-fp-sS- sh- Zp¿-a-{¥-hm-Z-sØ-bpw- Xp-c-Øp-∂-h-\p-am-bn- ]-e-t∏m-gpw- th-Z-߃-
fn®-am-Wv.- R-ß-fp-sS- ap-∂n¬- \o- k¿-∆-t{i-jv-T-\pw- k¿-∆-{]n-b A-Kv-\n-sb- ]-cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-≠v-3.-
\p-am-Wv.- Km-b-I-\m-b- F-s≥-d- t]-cn¬- Z-b- Im-Wn-°p-I.- F-\n-°v- D-j- pw- kq-cy-\pw-:-˛ {]-Ir-Xn-{]-Xn-`m-k-߃-°v- A-aq¿-ØX-
Po-h≥- \¬Ip-I''-2 I¬-∏n-®X - n-s≥-d- hy-IXv- a- m-b- D-Zm-lc- W
- ß
- f- m-Wv- D-j 
- pw- kq-cy\pw.-
A-Kv-\n-tZ-h-s\-°p-dn-®- k-¶¬-∏-Øn¬- `-Iv-Xn-tb-°m-tf-sd- th-Z-ß-fn-se- G-‰-hpw- {]-[m-\n-bm-b- kv-{Xo- ssZ-h-am-Wv- D-j- v.-
`-ba
- m-Wv- kzm-[o-\n-®n-cn-°p-∂s- X-∂m-Wv- E-tKz-Z- kq-IvX
- ß
- ƒ- hmbn- Dj- v- ku-µ-cy-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- ku-ay-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- tZ-h-X-bm-bm-Wv-
°p-tºmƒ- \-ap-°v- a-\- n-em-hp-I.- ""A-hn-Sp-∂v- h-\-ß-fn¬- Zm-lw- th-Z-ß-fn¬- {]-Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.- th-Z-Im-hy-ß-fn-se- A-Xn-a-t\ml-
]q-≠-h-\t∏m-se- D-Pv-Pz-en-°p-∂p.- sh-≈w-t]m-se- H-gp-Ip-∂p.- tX¿- c-am-b- H-cp- kr-jv-Sn-bm-Wv- D-j-s -∂m-Wv- ]-Wv-Un-X-\m-b- am-IvsUm-
°p-Xn-c-t]m-se- a-p-c-fp-∂p.- B- s]m-≈n-°p-∂- Ir-jv-W-h¿-Ωm-hv- W¬-4 A-`n-{]m-bs - ∏-´n-´p-≈X - v.- D-j 
- n-s\-°p-dn-®- kq-IvX
- ß - ƒ- cu{Z-
\£-{X-ß-fm¬- ]p-©n-cn-bm-Sp-∂- \-`- p-t]m-se- {]-Im-in-°p-∂p.- X-tbm- `-btam- A-√- {]-Zm-\w- sN-øp-∂-Xv-;- {]-Xyp-X,- lr-Zy-X-bpw-
B- tX-P-kzn-bm-b- A-Kv-\n- \m-\m-cq-l-bm-bn- kv-Y-n-Xn-sN-øp-∂p.- ku-µ-cy-hp-am-Wv.- E-tKz-Z-Øn-se- D-j- n-s\-°p-dn-®- H-cp- kq-Iv-Xw-
`qan-bn-se-ßpw- h-f-cp-∂p.- h-c-≠-h-sb- F-cn-®pw- t\m-hn-°p-∂-hsb- t\m-°p-I-:- ""D-j- v- C-cp-fn-s\- H-cp- £p-c-I-s\-t∏m-se- h-Sn-®p-I-
I-cn-®pw- [m-cm-fw- Ip-Sn-°p-∂-t]m-se-bm-bpw- C-S-b-\n-√m-Ø- H-cp- fbp-∂p.- am-dn-S-sØ- H-cp- ]-ip-hn-s≥-d- A-In-Sn-s\sb-∂-t]-m-se-
\m¬-°m-en-sb-t∏m-se- kz-bw- ta-™pw- \-S-°p-∂p''3.- sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.- tKm-°ƒ- sXm-gp-Øn-se-∂-t]m-se- In-g-°p-`mK-
Ø-W™ - p- tem-IØ- n-s\-√mw- sh-fn-®w- \¬-Ip-∂p.- A-\[ v- I
- m-csØ-
I¿-Ω-Im-Wv-U-{]-Im-c-ap-≈- bm-K-ß-fn-ep-≈- {]-[m-\- h-kvXp- A-I-‰p-∂p''- 5
hm-b- bm-Km-Kv-\n-tbm-Sp-≈- _-lp-am-\-hpw- A-Xn-t\m-Sv- {]m¿-∞n°p-
∂- A-h-kv-Y-bn-te-°v- \-bn-®n-cn-°mw.- E-tKz-Z- kq-Iv-X-ß-fn¬- ]-e kq-cy≥- ]p-cp-j-tZ-h-\m-Wv.- kq-cy-t\m-Sp-≈- H-cp- {]m¿-∞-\-
Xn-epw- bm-Km-Kv-\n-sb- a-[y-kv-Y-\m-°p-∂-Xm-bn- Im-Wmw.- ""tl....- t\m-°p-I:- - ""tl- kq-cy-!- A-\v[
- I- m-cs- Ø- A-I‰ - n-°f
- b
- p-Ib
- pw- temI
A-Kv-t\- R-ß-fp-sS- Cu- bm-K-Øn-te-°v- h-cp-W-s\- B-\-bn-°p-I;- Øn-sem-Sp-°pw- sh-fn-®w- ]-cØ - p-Ib - pw- sN-øp-∂- \n-s≥-d- D-PvP
- zeam-
tZym-hn¬-\n-∂v- C-{µ-s\-bpw- A-¥-co-£-Øn¬-\n-∂v- a-cp-Øp-°sf b- {]-Im-iw- R-ß-fp-sS- Zm-cn-{Zy-sØ-bpw- kzm¿-Y-sØ-bpw- F√m
bpw- sIm-≠p-h-cn-I''-4sb-∂pw- ""_e-hm-\pw- tim-`-\-I¿-Ωm-hp-am-b- X-cw- th-Z-\-I-s-f-bpw- Zq-co-I-cn-°-s´.- A-hn-Zy-bp-sS- Zp-kz-]v-\-ß-sf-
1. -E-tKz-Zw 10:7:4.
1. H.D. Griswold: The Religion of Rigveda, Page 163. 2. -E-tKz-Zw 10:7:28.
2.- -E-tKz-Zw- 10:-150:5- 3. -E-tKz-Zw 7:15:2,4:1:9, 31:7,3:5:1 C-h- t\m-°p-I.-
3. -E-tKz-Zw 2:4:15-18. 4. Macdonell: Mythology in Grundiss, Page 46.
4. -E-tKz-Zw 10:70:17. 5. E-tKz-Zw- 1:-92:-14.-
220 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-
D®m-S-\w- sN-ø-s´''1.-
tkm-at- Z-h≥-:˛- X-ßf - p-]t- bmKn-®- a-Zy-wt- ]m-epw- ]n-∂o-Sv- {]m¿-
∞n-°s - ∏-Sp-∂- tZ-h\- m-bn- am-dn-bX - m-bp-≈- B-cy-Nc - n-{X-Øn-se- ssh-
Nn-{Xy-am-Wv- tkm-at- Z-hs - \-°p-dn-®- kq-IvX - ß- f- n¬- \-ap-°v- Im-Wm≥-
I-gn-bp-∂-Xv.- C-{µ-\pw- a-‰v- tZ-h-∑m-cp-sa-√mw- tkm-a-c-kw- D-]tbm-
Kn-®v- a-tZm≥-a-Ø-cm-b-Xm-bn- th-Z-ß-fn¬- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bpw.- tkma-
c-kw- A-a-c-Xz-Øn-te-°v- \-bn-°p-∂-Xm-bn- E-tKz-Z-Øn¬- ]-d-™n-
´p-≠v.- ""R-߃- tkm-a-]m-\w- sN-bv-Xp.- A-ar-X-cm-bn-Øo-¿-∂p.- tPym-
Xn- n-te-°v- {]-th-in-®p.- tZ-h-∑m-sc- A-dn-™p''2sh-∂v- E-tKz-Z- I¿-
Øm-°-fn-sem-cmƒ- ]-d-bp-tºmƒ- A-t±-l-Øn-\p-≠m-b- elcn--bn-
cn-°mw- A-a-c-Xz-hpw- tPym-Xn¿-{]-th-i-\-hpw-sIm-≠v- hn-h-£n-°p-
∂-sX-∂v- \ym-b-am-bpw- Du-ln-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.- Cu- Du-l-Øn-\v-
{]m-_-eyw- \¬-Ip-∂-Xm-Wv- ip-¢- b-Pp¿-th-Zo-b- i-X-]-Y- {_m-lv-a-
W-Øn-se- Xm-sg-∏d - b- p-∂- hn-hc - W- w-:- ""C-{µ≥- hn-iz-cq-]s - \- sIm∂p.-
A-Xn-\v- ]-I-c-am-bn- h-n-iz-cq-]-s≥-d- ]p-{X-\m-b- Xzjv-Sm-hv- tkm-a
sØ- B-`n-Nm-c-{]tbm-Kw- sIm-≠v- A-]-l-cn-®p.- C-X-dn-™- C-{µ≥-
Xz-jv-Sm-hn-s≥-d- I-øn¬-\n-∂v- tkm-a-sØ- ]n-Sn-®p-]-dn-®p- Ip-Sn-®p.-
CXn-s≥-d- e-l-cn- C-{µ-s≥-d- tZ-lw- ap-gp-h≥- hym-]n-®p.- I-Æp-I-
fn¬-\n-∂v- tX-P- v- a-ßn.- \m-kn-I-Iƒ- h-gn-bmbn- ho-cyw- tNm¿-∂p-
t]m-bn.- ap-J-Øn¬-\n-∂v- i-Iv-Xn- A-kv-X-an-®p.- sN-hn-Iƒ-°p-≈-
tIƒ-h-n- \-in-®p.- ip-¢w- {k-hn-®p.- A-ßn-s\- C-{µ≥- X-s≥-d- i-{Xp
hm-b- \-ap-Nn-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn- k-©-cn-®p''3.-
ap-I-fn¬-]-d-™- h-n-h-c-W-Øn¬-\n-∂v- i-Iv-X-am-b- e-l-cn-bp-
≠m-°p-∂- I-©m-hn-s\t∏m-ep-≈- F-t¥m- H-∂m-Wv- tkm-a-c-k-sa
∂v- Im-Wm≥- Ign-bpw.- ]¿-∆X- {- ]-tZ-iß
- f
- n¬- h-fc- p-∂X
- pw- Xq-ßp∂-
in-J-c-ß-fpw- l-cn-X-h¿-Æ-hp-ap-≈- G-tXm- H-cp- -sN-Sn-bm-Wv- tkmaw-
D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂-sX-∂m-Wv- th-Z-Øn-se- hn-h-c-W-ß-fn¬- \n-∂- v-
a\- n-em-°m-≥- I-gn-bp-∂-Xv.- ku-{Xm-a-Wn- bm-K-Øn-\p-th-≠n-
tkmaw- D-≠m-°p-∂-Xn-s\-°p-d-n-®v- i-X-]-Y-{_m-lv-a-Ww- hn-h-cn-°p-
1. E-tKz-Zw10:37:4.
2. E-tKz-Zw 8:48 36.
3.- -ip-¢- b-Pp¿-th-Zo-b- i-X-]-Y- {_m-lv-a-Ww- 7:-3:-2:-1˛3
-C-¥y-bn-se- h¿-Æ-k-a-cØn¬- D≤cn-®Xv.-- t]-Pv- 66.-
A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ- 221
∂p-≠v.- ""tkm-aw- sIm-≠p-h-∂v- B-Zy-cm-{Xn- P-e-Øn-en-´p-sh-®v- Ime-
sØ-Sp-Øv- sh-≈-sam-gn-®v- e-`n-°p-∂- ip-≤n-°v- A-izn-\w- F-∂m-Wv-
t]¿.- c-≠mw- Zn-h-k-hpw- aq-∂mw- Zn-h-k-hpw- cm-{Xn-bn¬- P-e-Ønen´p-
sh-®v- \-∂m-bn- I-gp-In- e-`n-°p-∂-X-n-\v- b-Ym-{I-aw- km-c-kz-Xsa-
∂pw- sF-{µ-sa-∂pw- hn-fn-°p-∂p''-1.- C-∂v- "tam¿-^n≥'- F-∂- el-cn-
]-Zm¿-∞-Øn¬-\n-∂v- "tIm-Un≥',- "sl-tdm-bn-≥' F-∂n-h-bpw- I©m-
hn¬-\n-∂v- Iq-Sp-X¬- e-lcn-Zm-b-I-am-b- l-jo-jpw- D¬-∏m-Zn∏-n-°p-
∂-Xp-t]m-se- "tkm-a'-Øn¬-\n-∂pw- Iq-Sp-X¬- i-Iv-Xn-bp-≈- e-lcn-
]-Zm¿-∞-߃- \n¿-Ωn-°m-\-p-≈-- hn-Zybm-bn-cn-°mw- i-X-]-Y-{_mlv-
a-W-Øn-se- ap-I-fn¬- ]-d-™- kq-Iv-Xw- hn-h-cn-°p-∂-Xv.-
F-¥p-X-s∂-bm-bn-cp-∂m-epw- H-cp- e-l-cn- ]-Zm¿-∞-am-bn-cp∂p-
tkm-a-sa-∂- Im-cy-Øn¬- c-≠-`n-{]m-b-an-√.- F-∂m¬,- tkm-a-tØmSv-
{]m¿-∞n-°p-∂-Xpw- A-Xn-s\- tZ-h-\m-bn- k-¶¬-∏n-°p-∂-Xpw- thZ-
Øn¬- \mw- Z¿-in-°p-∂p.- tkm-a-sØ- h¿-Æn-®p-h¿-Æn-®v- tZ-h-∑mcp-
sS-bpw- a-\p-jy-cp-sS-bpw- cm-Pm-sh-∂v- E-tKz-Zw- ]-cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp∂-
h-cp-W-\v- Xp-ey-\m-bpw- h-cp-W≥- X-s∂-bm-bpw- hy-h-l-cn-°p-∂-
Xm-Wv- th-Z-ß-fn¬- \mw- Im-Wp-∂-Xv.- ""tkm-am....- cm-Pm-hpw- h-cp-
W-\p-am-b- A-ß-bp-sS-bm-W-t√m- I¿-Ω-߃.- hn-im-e-hpw- Kw-`o-c-
hp-a-s{X- A-ß-bp-sS- tX-P- v.- tkm-am,- A-ßv- {]n-b-s∏-´- an-{X-s\-
t∏m-se- ]m-h\ - a
- m-Ip-∂p.- kq-cy-s\-t∏m-se- h¿-≤b - m-Ip-∂p''2sh-
- n-Xm- h
∂p- ]-cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂- E-tKz-Z- kq-Iv-X-Øn¬- tkm-a-t\m-Sp-≈-
H´-\-h-[n- {]m¿-∞-\-Iƒ- Im-Wm-\m-hpw.- ""tkm-a- cm-Pm-th,- `-K-
hm≥- R-ß-sf- F-√m- tZ-tl-Nv-Op-°-fn¬-\n-∂pw- c-£n-°p-I.- A-
ß-sb-t∏m-ep-≈-h-s≥-d- k-Jm-hpw- \-in-°p-I-bn-√-t√m''.- ""tkm-am,-
A-hn-Sp-∂v- Cu- b-Pv-R-hpw- kv-Xp-Xn-bpw- kzo-I-cn-®v- F-gp-∂-≈n-h-
cnI,- R-߃-°v- A-`n-hr-≤n- h-cp-Øp-I''.- ""tkm-a,- A-ßp- R-߃°v-
[-\w- h¿-≤n-∏n-°p-I.- tcm-K-߃- i-an-∏n-°p-I,- k-º-Øv- \¬-Ip-I,-
]p-jv-Sn- Iq-´p-I,- \-√- k-Jm-°-sf- X-cn-I-'-'3Xp-S-ßn-b-h- E-°p-If-- n¬-
Im-Wp-∂- {]m¿-∞-\-I-fn¬- Nn-e-h-bm-Wv.-
tkm-a-c-kw- {]-Zm-\-w-- sN-øp-∂- Zn-hy-am-b- (?)- A-\p`-q-Xn-bmbn-
1.- i-X-]-Y-{_m-lv-a-Ww-:- 12:-8:-2:-8˛10
2.- E-tKz-Zw- 1:-91:-17.-
3. E-tKz-Zw H-- -∂mw- a-Wv-U-ew- 91˛mw- kq-Iv-X-Øn¬-\n-∂v.-
222 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-
cn-°W - w- A-Xn-s\- B-cm-[n-°p-∂X - n-te-°v- a-\p-jy-sc- \-bn-®s - X∂m
Wv- {]-K¬-`-cm-b- ]-e- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-cp-sS-bpw- A-`n-{]m-bw.- hn-‰v-\n-
F-gp-Xp-∂p-" ""{]-Ir-Xn-bp-sS- B-iv-N-cy-I-c-ß-fm-b- i-Iv-Xn-I-sf-bpw-
{]-Xn-`m-k-ß-sf-bpw- ]q-Pn-°p-I-sb-∂-Xn¬- a-X-k-¶¬-∏w- ap-gp-h≥-
A-S-ßn-bn-cp-∂- k-c-f-lr-Z-b-∑m-cm-b- B-cy-∑m¿- B-Xv-tam≥-ta-j-
sØ- D-b¿-Øp-hm-\pw- km-[m-c-W-K-Xn-bn¬- sN-øm≥- I-gn-bm-Ø-
{]-hr-Øn-Iƒ- sN-øm-\p-≈- t{]-c-Wb -- pw- I-gn-hpw- hy-Iv-Xn-I-fn-ep-f-
hm-°p-∂- Xm¬-°m-en-I-am-b- H-cp- X-c-w- e-l-cn- D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°m\pw-
H-cp- {Zm-h-I-Øn-\v- I-gn-hp-s≠-∂v- I-≠-tXm-sS- Zn-hy-am-b- F-t¥m-
H-∂m-Wv- A-sX-∂v- I-cp-Xp-hm≥- Xp-S-ßn.- Xm≥- {]-th-in-°p-∂- hyIv-
Xn-Iƒ-s°-√mw- tZ-thm-Nn-X-am-b- i-Iv-Xn-Iƒ- {]-Zm-\w- sN-øp-∂-
Hcp- tZ-h-X-bm-bn-Øo-¿-∂p- A-h-cp-sS- Zr-jv-Sn-bn¬- B- ]m-\o-bw.-
A-Xp-≠m-°p-∂- sN-Sn-bm-I-s´- A-h-sc- kw-_\v-[n-®n-S-tØm-fw- Hu-
j-[n-I-fp-sS- cm-Pm-hpw- A-Xn¬-\n-∂v- ]m-\o-bap-≠m-°p-∂- {]-{Inb-
hn-ip-≤-am-b- H-cp- b-Pv-R-hpw- A-Xn-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂- D-]-I-c-W-
߃- ]m-h-\-hp-am-bn-Øo¿-∂p.- Cu- B-cm-[-\m- k-{º--Zm-bw- h-f-sc
b[n-Iw- {]m-No-\-am-sW-∂v- t]¿-jy≥- A-sh-kv-X-bn¬- A-Xn-s\-
∏-‰n- Im-Wp-∂- kq-N-\-Iƒ- sX-fn-bn-°p-∂p.- F-¶n-epw- C-¥y≥- `q{]-
tZ-i-Øv- F-Øn-b-Xn-\p-ti-jw- A-Xn-s\m-cp- ]p-Xn-b- Po-h≥- h∂-
Xm-bn- Im-Wp-∂p-''1.-
tkm-a-sØ-t∏m-se-X-s∂- th-Z-Øn¬- {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°-s∏-´-
as‰m-cp- e-l-cn- ]-Zm¿-∞-am-Wv- kp-c.- ""kp-c-b-√m-sX- a-‰v- a-Zy-߃-
{_m-lv-a-W≥- Ip-Sn-®p-Iq-Sm''2sb-∂m-Wv- t_m-[m-b-\- [¿-Ω-kq-{Xw-
\n¿-t±-in-°p-∂-Xv.- ]-t£,- kp-c- tkm-a-sØ-t∏m-se- Zn-hy-h¬-°-
cn-°-s∏-´n-´n-√.- th-Z-Øn-tem- a-t‰m- kp-c-tbm-Sp-≈- {]m¿-∞-\-Iƒ-
Im-Wp-I- km-[y-hp-a-√.-
Akp-c-∑m¿-:-˛ sk-an-‰n-Iv- a-X-߃- ]n-im-Np-°ƒ- F-t∂m-
km-Øm-∑m¿- F-t∂m- ]-d-bp-tºmƒ- D-≈- hn-h-£- X-s∂-bm-Wv-
B-cy-a-Xw- Akp-c-∑m-sc-∂pw- cm-£-k-∑m-sc-∂pw- ]-d-bp-tºm-gp-ap-
≈-Xv.- sN-Ip-Øm≥-am-sc-°p-dn-®v- sk-an-‰n-Iv- a-X-hn-izm-kn-I-fn¬- IS-
1. Whitny: Journel of American Oriental Society-iii:292.
Quoted by Dr. S. Radhakrishnan: Indian Philosophy Vol I page 62.
2.- t_m-[m-b-\-[¿-Ω- kq-{Xw- 1:-1:-10.-
A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ- 223
∂p-Iq-Sn-b-Xn-t\-°m-f-[n-Iw- A-\v-[-hn-izm-k-߃- B-cy-a-X-Øn¬-
A-kp-c-∑m-sc-°p-dn-®v- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bpw.- a-\p-jy-cn¬-s∏-´- D-Ø-a-
∑m-sc- tZ-h-kv-Ym-\-tØ-°v- D-b¿-Øn-b-t∏mƒ- A-[-a-sc- A-kp-c∑m-
cm-bn- Nn-{Xo-Ic - n-®X
- m-bpw- \m-w- th-Zß
- f
- n¬- Im-Wp-∂p.- A-Xp-t]mse-
X-s∂,- B-cy-˛Z-kyp-kw-L´- \ - Ø
- n¬,- B-cy-t\-Xm-°∑ - m¿- tZ-h∑ - mcm-
bn- hy-h-l-cn-°-s∏-´-t∏mƒ Z-kyp-t\-Xm-°-∑m¿- A-kp-c-∑m-sc-∂v-
hn-fn-°s- ∏-´p.- Z-kyp-°s - f- sN-Ip-Øm≥-am-tc-°m-fpw- \o-Nc- m-bn-°≠-
B-cy-∑m¿,- ]n-∂o-Sv- A-h-sc- A-Sn-a-I-fm-°n-b-Xm-bm-Wv- C-¥ym- Ncn-
{X-Øn¬- \mw- Im-Wp-∂-Xv.-
ssl-µ-h- tZ-h-k-¶¬-∏-Øn-s≥-d- hy-Xy-kv-X- cq-]-ß-sf-bpw-
D¬-∏-Øn-Im-c-W-ß-sf-bpw- Ip-dn-®- H-cp- G-I-tZ-i- Nn-{X-am-Wv- \mw-
I-≠-Xv.- a-lm-Xv-am-°-tfm-Sp-≈- B-Z-c-hpw- {]-Ir-Xn-i-Iv-Xn-I-sf- {]-o
Wn-∏n-°m-\p-≈- A-`n-hm-Rv-O-bp-am-Wv- {]-[m-\- tZ-h-∑m-cp-sS-sb-
√mw- D¬-∏-Øn-°v- Im-c-W-am-bn-´p-≈-sX-¶n-epw- A-h-bp-sS-bpw- ASn-
kv-Ym-\-am-bn- h¿-Øn-®-Xv- G-I-ssZ-h-Øn-s≥-d- ]-Wn-bm-fp-I-fm-b-
am-em-J-am-sc-°p-dn-®- hn-izm-k-am-bn-cn-°-Ww.- {]-Ir-Xn-i-Iv-Xn-I-sf
bpw- a-l-Øp-°-sf-bpw- am-em-J-am-cp-sS- kv-Ym-\-tØ-°v- D-b¿-Ønb-
t∏m-ƒ-X-s∂,- am-em-J-am-sc- A-h-cp-sS- i-Iv-Xn-bp-sS- {]-Xo-I-am-b-
a\p-jy-cq-]-Øn-te-°v- C-d-°n-sh-®-Xm-bpw- \mw- Im-Wp-∂p.- X-e-I-
fp-sS-bpw- ssI-I-fp-sS-bpw- a-‰v- A-h-b-h-ß-fp-sS-bpw- F-Æw- Iq-Sp-X-
ep-≈- tZ-h-∑m-sc- k-¶¬-∏n-®-Xv- A-h-cp-sS- i-Iv-Xn-sb- {]-Xn-\n-[o-
I-cn-°m-\m-sW-∂v- Du--ln-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.- G-I-\m-b- ssZ-h-sØ-
°p-dn-®pw- A-t\-Iw- A-h-b-h-ß-fp-≈-h-\m-bp-≈- hn-h-c-Ww- D-]-\n-
j-Øp-I-fn¬-t]m-epw- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bpw.- ""F-√m- `m-K-Øpw- I-ÆpI-
fp-≈-h-\pw- k¿-∆-{X- ap-Jap-≈-h-\pw- F-√m-`m-K-Øpw- _m-lp-°-fp-
≈-h-\pw- F-√m- `m-K-Øpw- ]m-Z-ß-fp-≈-h-\pw- B-Im-i-sØ-b-pw-
`qan-sb-bpw- kr-jv-Sn-®-h-\pw- B-b- G-I-am-{X-\m-b- B- ]-c-am-Xm-hv,-
a-\p-jym-Zn-I-sf- c-≠v- ssI-I-tfm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-h-\pw- ]-£n- ap-X-em-b-h
°v- Nn-d-Ip-Iƒ- {]-Zm-\w-- sN-øp-I-bpw- sN-øp-∂-p''-1.- C-sX-√mw- ssZ-h
Øn-s≥-d- i-Iv-Xn-sb- hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°m≥-th-≠n-bp-≈- hn-h-c-W-am-b-
Xp-t]m-se- tZ-h-i-Iv-Xn-sb- hy-Iv-X-am-°m-\m-bn-cn-°mw- A-h-b-h-
1.- tiz-Xm-i-X-tcm-]-\n-j-Øv- 3:-3.-
224 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-
ßfpsS- F-Æ° - q-Sp-Xe- ns\-°p-dn-®v- {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂X
- v.- F-¥p-Xs∂-
bm-bn-cp-∂m-epw,- ssl-µ-h- tZ-h-k-¶¬-∏-Øn-s≥-d- D-≈n-s≥-d-bp-
≈n¬- sk-an-‰n-Iv- a-Xß- f - n-se- am-em-Jm-k¶- ¬-∏Ø - n¬-\n-∂pw- \ofp
∂- th-cp-Iƒ- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bpw.- sk-an-‰n-Iv- a-X-ß-fn-epw- sN-dn-b-
tXm-Xn-se-¶n-epw,- am-em-J-am-sc-°p-dn-®- hn-izm-kw- _-lp-ssZ-h-
hnizm-k-Øn-te-°v- ]-cn-W-an-®n-´p-s≠-∂- h-kv-Xp-X- C-hn-sS- {]tXy-
Iw- kv-a-c-Wo-b-am-Wv.-
Jp¿-B≥- ]-d-bp-∂-Xv- t\m-°p-I-:- ""A-h-sc-sb-√m-h-sc-bpw-
A-h-s\m-cp- Zn-h-kw- H-cp-an-®p-Iq-´pw.- ]n-s∂- a-e-°p-I-tfm-Sv- tNm-Zn-
°pw-:- "C-h-cm-tWm- \n-ßs-- f- B-cm-[n-®n-cp-∂-Xv?'- A-h¿- ]-d-bpw-
"\o- ]-cn-ip-≤≥!- \o-bm-Wv- R-ß-fp-sS- c-£m-[n-Im-cn-˛A-h-c-√.-
Ah¿- Pn-∂p-Is - f-bm-Wv- B-cm-[n-®n-cp-∂X - v.- A-hc
- n¬- A-[n-It- ]cpw-
-1
Pn-∂p-I-fn¬- hn-iz-kn-°p-∂-h-cm-Ip-∂p-'' .-
1. Jp¿-B≥- 34:-40,-41.-
225
3
A-h-Xm-c-k-¶¬-∏w-
a-\p-jy-Po-hn-X-Øn-s≥-d- B-Xy-¥n-I-am-b- e-£y-{]m-]v-Xn-°v-
F-¥p-sN-ø-W-sa-∂v- ]-d-bp-hm≥- ]m-Zm¿-∞n-I-am-b- ]-co-£-W- \nco-
£-W-߃-°v- I-gn-bn-√.- A-h-s\- kr-jv-Sn-®v- ]-cn-]m-en-°p-∂-h≥-
X-s∂- A-X-h-∂v- A-dn-bn-®p-sIm-Sp-°-Ww.- A-Xn-∂p-th-≠n- ssZhw-
sX-c-s™-Sp-Øv- {]-tXy-I-am-b- t_m-[-\-߃- \¬-In- P-\-a-[y-Øn-
en-d-ßm≥ \n-tbm-Kn-®- Zq-X-∑m-sc-°p-dn-®- hn-izm-kw,- hn-i-Zmw-iß-
fn¬- hy-Xy-kv-X-sa-¶n-epw- H-cp- hn-[-sa-√m- a-X-ß-fn-epw- Im-Wm≥-
- ≥- (Prophet),- ssZ-hZ- q-X≥- (The Messenger) F∂o-
I-gn-bpw.- {]-hm-NI
{]-tbm-K-߃- sk-an-‰n-Iv- a-X-ß-fp-tS-Xm-sW-¶n-epw- Cu- ]-Z-߃-
sIm-≠v- hn-h£ - n-°p-∂- {]-h¿-Ø\ - ß
- ƒ- sN-bvX - - hy-IvX
- n-Is
- f-°pdn-
®- k-¶¬-∏w- {Ko-°v-˛tdm-a≥- an-tØm-f-Pn-bn-epw- ]u-cm-Wn-I- \-Zo-
X-S- hn-izm-k-ß-fn-epw- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bpw.-
{]-hm-N-I- k-¶¬-∏-Øn-\v- k-am-¥-c-am-bn- ln-µp-a-X-Øn¬-
Im-Wp-∂- H-cp- hn-izm-k-am-Wv- A-h-Xm-c-ß-fn-ep-≈- hn-izm-kw.- Ah-
Xm-c-]-Z-Øn-s≥-d- [m-Xzm¿-∞w- "Xm-tgm-´p-cn-I'-sb-∂m-Wv.- ""\mw-
Xmsg-\n-∂v- F-¥m-bn- hn-I-kn-°-W-tam- A-Xn-s\- ap-I-fn¬-\n-∂v-
226 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-
sF-iz-cy-i-Iv-Xn- B-hn-jv-°-cn-®v- Im-Wn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv- A-h-Xm-cw-''1
F-∂m-Wv- {io- A-c-hn-µ- a-l¿-jn- F-gp-Xp-∂-Xv.- C-hn-sS,- ap-I-fn-ep-
≈- sF-iz-cy-iI - Xv- n-bp-sS- B-hn-jI v- m-cs
- a-∂- B-ib - w- am-‰n-sh-®m¬,-
"\mw- Xm-sg-\n-∂v- F-¥m-bn- hn-I-kn-°-W-tam- A-Xv- Im-Wn-®v- Xcm≥-
sF-iz-cy-i-Iv-Xn- ]-d-™-b-®- ]p-Wym-Xv-am-°-fm-Wv- A-h-Xm-c-߃'-
F-∂v- e-`n-°p-∂p.- {]-hm-N-I-∑m-cp-sS- B-K-a-t\m-t±-iyw- a-\p-jy¿-
Fß-s\- Po-hn-°W - s- a-∂v- {]m-tbm-Kn-Ia - m-bn- Im-Wn-®p-sIm-Sp-°pI-
bm-bn-cp-∂p-h-t√m.-
ssZ-h-Øn-s≥-d- P-Um-hn-jvIm-c-am-Wv- A-h-Xm-c-ß-sf-∂m-W
t√m- ssl-µ-h- hn-izm-kw.- ssZ-h-Øn-s≥-d- P-Um-hn-jv-°m-c-sØ-
°p-dn-®v- ln-µp-aX- Ø- n-se- hy-Xy-kvX - - hn-`[
- K- ß- ƒ - °
- n-Sb
- n¬- kmcam
b- A-`n-{]m-bh - y-Xym-kß - f- p-≠.v- - _u≤∑m¿- t_m-[n-kX - z-s≥-d- Ah-
Xm-cß- s - f-°p-dn-®-v hn-iz-kn-°p-∂p.- P-mX - I
- I- Y- I- f
- n¬- _p-≤\ - p2 apºpw-
t_m-[n-k-Xz-s≥-d- A-h-Xm-c-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂pw- C-\n-bpw-
Ah- D-≠m-Im-\n-cn-°p-∂p-sh-∂pw- kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂-Xm-bn- Im-Wm≥-
I-gn-bpw.- ssP-\≥-am¿-°pw- A-hc - p-tS-Xm-b- A-hX - m-ckn-≤m-¥a
ssP-\h - n-izm-k{- ]-Im-cw- A-hX - m-cß - ƒ- F-t∏m-gpw- h-cp-∂X
sS-bpw- Xn-∑-bp-sS-bpw- {]-Xn-\n-[n-I-fp-sS- hn-cp-≤- C-c-´-I-fm-bn-´mWv3.-
\m-cm-b-W-\pw- {]-Xn-\m-cm-b-W-\pw,- _m-e-`-{Z-\pw- {]-Xn-_m-e- `-{Z-
\-p-sa-√mw- C-ß-s\- \-∑-bp-sS-bpw- Xn-∑-bp-sS-bpw- hn-cp-≤- C-c-´-I-
fm-b- Ah-Xm-c-ß-f-s{X.- ssi-h-kn-≤m-¥- {]-Im-c-ap-≈- ssZ-h-Øn-
s≥-d- P-Um-hn-jv-Im-c-߃- C-h-bn¬- \n-s∂-√mw- hy-Xy-kv-X-am-Wv.-
in-h-s≥-d- hy-Xy-kv-X- cq-]-ß-fm-b- cp-{Z≥,- `-h≥,- a-lm-Im-e≥,- A¿-
≤-\m-co-iz-c≥- F-∂n-h¿- A-h-Xm-c-߃- F-∂v- ]-d-bm≥- ]-‰ptam-
C-t√- F-∂- Im-cy-Øn¬- A-`n-{]m-b-h-y-Xym-k-ap-≠v.- C-∂v- hy-h-l-
cn-°p-∂- A-h-Xm-c-߃- ssh-jv-W-h- a-X-{]-Im-c-ap≈-Xm-Wv.- ssh-
jv-W-h- A-h-Xm-c-kn-≤m-¥-Øn-\v- Xm-Xzn-I-am-bn- A-Sp-∏-ap-≈-Xv-
t]¿jy-°m-cp-sS- hn-izm-k-hp-am-bn-´m-sW-∂m-Wv- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-cpsS-
]-£w.- F.-kn.- _u-s°- F-gp-Xp-∂p:- ""ssl-µ-hm-h-Xm-ct_m-[
tØm-Sv- G-‰-hpw- ASp-Øp\n¬-°p-∂-Xv- t]¿-jy-°m-cp-sS- k-¶¬-
1. Shri Arabind: The Message of Gita 58.
2.- N-cn-{X-Øn¬- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- _p-≤≥.-
3. Krishna Bhagwan Dai: A Study in the Theory of Avataras Page 6.
A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ- 227
∏-am-Wv.- A-h-cp-sS- ]-c-am-Nm--cy-\m-b- skm-cm-kv-‰-dp-sS- {K-\v-Y-Øn¬-
"sh-c-{X-Kv-\-'- F-∂- tZ-h-X- ]-e- A-h-Xm-c-ß-sf-Sp-Ø- I-Y- {]-Xn]m-
Zn-®n-´p-≠v''1.-
A-hX - m-c- e-£yw-:˛- A-[¿-ΩØ - n-s≥-d- \n-jI v- m-k\ - h
- pw- [¿Ω-
Øn-s≥-d- kw-kvY - m-]\- h
- pw- \-SØ - p-Is - b-∂- sk-an-‰n-Iv- {]-hm-NI - ∑m-
cp-sS- A-tX- {]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-\p-th-≠n- \n-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-´-h-cm-Wv-
ssl-µ-h- k-¶¬-]-{]-Im-cw- A-h-Xm-c-߃.- A-h-Xm-c-ß-fp-sS- BK-
a-t\m-t±-iyw- `-Kv-h-Zv-Ko-X-bn-se- kp-{]-kn-≤-am-b- Ir-jv-tWm-]-tZiw-
hn-hc- n-°p-∂p≠v.- ""tl-!- `m-cX - !- - G-tX-Xp-Im-eØ - v- [¿-ΩØ - n-\v- •m\n-
kw-`h - n-®v- A-[¿-ΩØ - n-\v- {]m-_e - yw- e-`n-°p-∂p-thm- At∏mƒ- Rm≥-
k-z-bw- A-h-X-cn-°p-∂p.- k-Pv-P-\-ß-sf- c-£n-°m\-pw- Zp-jvS-∑m-sc-
in-£n-°m\-pw- A-Xn-eq-sS- [¿-Ωw- kw-kv-Ym-]n-°m-\-pw- Rm≥- bp-
K-߃-tXm-dpw- A-h-X-cn-°p-∂p''2.-
[¿-Ωk - w-kvY - m-]I
- s - \-°p-dn-®- hn-izm-ka - m-Wv- ssl-µh - - Ah-
Xm-c- k-¶¬-∏-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-sa-∂v- Cu- t«m-I-Øn¬-
- p≠v.- \n-∂v- hy-Iv-X-am-Ip-∂p.- ]-s£,- [¿-Ω- kw-kv-Ym-]-I≥- `-K-hm≥-
- v- \∑bp- Xs∂- a-\p-jy-cq-]w- ]q-≠-Xm-sW-∂- ssl-µ-h- hn-izm-k-hp-am-bn-
s]m-cp-Ø-s∏-Sp-hm≥- C-kv-em-an-\v- Ign-bn--√.- ss{I-kv-X-h- Z¿-i-\Øn-
epw- ssZ-hw- P-U-w- kzo-I-cn-°p-I-sb-∂- hn-izm-k-ap-s≠-¶n-epw- AXv-
{In-kv-Xp-hn¬- am-{Xw- ]-cn-an-X-am-Wv.- ssl-µ-h- ]p-cm-W-߃ {]Im-
cw- A-h-Xm-c-ß-sf-√mw-X-s∂- hy-Xy-kv-X-ß-fm-b- A-h-k-c-Øn¬-
[¿-Ω-kw-kv-Ym-]-\-Øn-s≥-d- B-h-iym¿-∞w- ssZ-h-w-- P-Uw- k-zo-
Icn-®m-Wv- D-≠m-bn-´p-≈-Xv.- ]-Zm¿-∞m-Xo-X-\pw- ]-cn-ip-≤-\p-am-b-
ssZ-hw- P-Uc - q-]w- kzo-Ic - n-®v- a-\p-jy-cp-sS-bpw- ar-Kß
- f - p-sS-bpw- kI-
e-hn-[- Nm-]-ey-ß-tfm-Sp-w-Iq-Sn- {]-Xy-£-s∏-Sp-sa-∂- hn-izm-kw- Ah-
s≥-d- hn-ip-≤n-sb- I-f¶ - s- ∏-Sp-Øp-∂X - m-sW-∂v- C-kve - m-an-I- {]-amW
߃- {]-Jym-]n-°p-∂p.-
ssZ-hw- a-\p-jy-cq-]-Øn¬- A-h-X-cn-®p-sh-∂- hn-izm-k-sØ-
]-c-ky-am-bn- hn-a¿-in-®- ssl-µ-h- \-thm-∞m-\- \m-b-I-∑m-cp-≠m-
1.A.C. Bouquet: Comprative Religion, Page 97.
2. -b-Zm- b-Zm- ln- [¿-Ω-ky- •m-\n¿-`-h-Xn- `m-c-X-
A-`yp-∞m-\-a-[¿-Ω-k-y- X-Zm-Xv-am-\w- kr-Pm-ay-lw-
]-cn-{Xm-Wm-b- km-[q-\mw- hn-\m-im-b- N- Zp-jv-Ir-Xmw-
[¿-Ω-kw-kv-Ym-]-\m¿-∞m-b- kw-`-hm-an- bp-tK- bp-tK- (`-Kv-h-Zv-Ko-X- 4:-7,-8.-)
228 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-
bn-´p-≠v.- A-h-cn¬- {]-[m-\n-bm-Wv- I-_o¿.- ""{]-]-©-Øn-s≥-d- D-S-a-
kv-Y-\m-b- ssZ-hw- Zp¿-∫-e-∑m-cpw- {]-_-e-∑m-cpw- X-Ωn-ep-≈- A-k-
a-Xzw- I-≠n-´v- {io-cm-a\
- m-bn- A-hX- c
- n-®p-sh-∂v- ln-µp-°ƒ- ]-db
- p∂p.-
I-_o¿- ]-d-™p-:- ""P-\n-°p-I-bpw- a-cn-°p-I-bpw- sN-øp-∂- bm-sXm-
cm-fp-sS- ap-ºn-epw- in-c- v- Ip-\n-°m≥- ]m-Sn-√.- B-fp-Iƒ- ]-d-bp-∂-
Z-im-h-Xm-c-hp-am-bn- F-\n-°v- bm-sXm-cp- _-\v-[-hp-an-√''-1.-
hn-izm-kn-bpw- ssh-jv-W-h-Ip-Spw-_-Øn¬- P-\n-®- hy-Iv-Xn-bp-
am-b- \-Ωp-sS- cmjv-{S-]n-Xm-hv- Km-\v-[n-Pn-bp-sS- ho-£-Ww- C-Xn¬-
\n-s∂-√mw- hy-Xy-kv-X-am-Wv.- A-t±-lw- F-gp-Xn:- ""ssZ-hw- H-cp- hyIv-
Xn-b-√.- a-\p-jy-cq-]-Øn¬- A-t±-lw- A-h-X-cn-°p-sa-∂v- ]-d-bp-∂-
Xn¬- `m-Kn-I-am-tb k-Xy-ap-≈q.- A-Ø-cw- hy--Iv-Xn-Iƒ- ssZ-h-tØmSv-
A-Sp-Øv- Po-hn-®n-cp-∂p-sh-∂v- am-{X-sa- A-Xv- hy-Iv-X-am-°p-∂p-≈q.-
k¿-∆-hym-]n-bm-b- ssZ-hw- F-√m- a-\p-jy-cn-epw- h-kn-°p-∂p.- AXp-
sIm-≠v,- ssZ-h-Øn-s≥-d- A-h-Xm-c-sa-∂v- B-sc-∏-‰n-bpw- ]-d-bw.- CXv-
\-sΩ- F-hn-sS-bp-sa-Øn-°p-I-bn-√.- cm-a≥,- Ir-jv-W≥- Xp-S-ßn-b-h-
sc- ssZ-hm-h-Xm-c-ß-sf-∂v- hn-fn-°p-∂-Xv- \mw- A-h¿-°v- Nn-e- Znhy-
Kp-W-߃- \¬-Ip-∂-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv.- b-Ym¿-∞-Øn¬- A-h¿- a-\p-
jy-`m-h-\-bp-sS- kr-jv-Sn-I-f-m-Wv.- A-h¿- Po-hn-®n-cp-∂p-thm- C-√-tbm-
sb-∂-Xv- a-\p-jy-a-\- n¬- A-h-sc-∏-‰n-bp-≈- Nn-{X-ß-sf- _m-[n-
°p-∂n-√.- cm-a-s\-bpw- Ir-jv-W-s\-bpw- N-cn-{X- ]p-cp-j-∑m-c-m-°m≥-
{i-an-®m¬- ]-e-X-c-Øn-ep-≈- hm-Z-K-Xn-Iƒ-°v- a-dp-]-Sn- ]-d-bm-\m-
Im-sX- hn-ja - n-t°-≠n-hc - pw''-2.- ""F-s∂- kw-_\ - v[
- n-®n-St- Øm-fw- alm-
`m-cX
- w- H-cp- A-Km-[a - m-b- a-X{- K-\vY - a
- m-Wv.- {]-Xn-cq-]m-Xva - I
- a
- m-b- AXv-
H-c¿-∞-Øn-epw- N-cn-{X-tc-J-b-√.- \-Ωp-sS-bp-≈n¬- A-\-¥-am-bn-
\-S-°p-∂- Zz-µ-bp-≤-Øn-s≥-d- Nn-{Xo-I-c-W-am-W-Xv.- \-ap-°v- Nn-¥n-
°p-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n-bp-≈- ku-I-cy-Øn-\v- A-Xv- a-\p-jy¿- \-S-Øn-b-
Xm-bn- hn-h-cn-°p-∂p-sh-∂p-am-{Xw.- \-Ωp-sS- I-øn¬- C-t∏m-gp-≈-
alm-`m-c-Xw- aq-e-Øn-s≥-d- Ip-‰-a-‰- {]-Xn-bm-sW-∂pw- Rm≥- I-cp-Xp
∂n-√.- t\-sc-a-dn-®v- A-Xv- \n-c-h-[n- Xn-cp-Ø-ep-Iƒ-°v- hn-t[-b-am-bn-
´p-≠v''-3.- ""Rm≥- Ko-Xb- p-am-bn- B-Zy-am-bn- ]-cn-Nb - s- ∏-Sp-tºmƒ Xs∂-
1. Dr. Thara Chand: Influence of Islam on Indian Culture, Page 163.
2. Harijan-22-6-1947.
3. Young India 1-10-1925.
A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ- 229
A-sXm-cp- N-cn-{X- Ir-Xn-b-s√-∂v- F-\n-°v- tXm-∂n-bn-cp-∂p.- imcocn-
I- bp-≤-Ø-n-s≥-d- _-m-l-y-`m-h-tØm-sS- a-\p-jy-s≥-d- D-≈n¬- \-S
°p-∂- A-\¥ - a- m-b- Zz-¥b
- p-≤a
- m-Wv- C-Xn¬- hn-hc
- n-°p-∂X
- v.- a-\ n¬-
\-S-°p-∂- Cu- bp-≤-sØ- Iq-Sp-X¬- hy-Iv-X-am-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n-
bm-Wv- i-m-co-cn-I- bp-≤-Øn-s≥-d- I-Y-sIm-≠p-h-cp-∂-Xv''-1.-
A-h-Xm-c-hpw- A-ssZz-X-hpw-:-˛ A-h-Xm-c- k-¶¬-∏w- {io- i¶-
c-s≥d- A-ssZz-X-hm-Z-hp-am-bn- Xm-Xzn-I-am-b- ssh-cp-≤yw- ]p-e¿-Øp
∂p.- "{]-]-©-Øn-em-sI- Fs¥-√mw- \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂p-t≠m- A-sX
√mw- {_-lv-aw- am-{X-amsW'-∂m-W-t√m-2 A-ssZz-X-Øn-s≥-d- ASnkv
Ym-\-hm-Iyw.- Rm-\pw- \n-ß-fpw- \-ap-°v- Np-‰p-ap-≈- A-tN-X-\-hpw-
ktN-X-\-hp-am-b- k-I-e-Xpw- {_-lv-a-am-sW-¶n¬- ]n-s∂- F-ß-s\-
bm-Wv- ssZ-hw- H-cp- {]-tXy-I- hy-IvX
- n-bn¬- am-{Xw- A-hX- c- n-°p∂Xv?-
GsXmcp- km-[m-c-W-°m-c-\n-epw- ssZ-h-Øn-s≥d- Aw-iw- \n-e-\n¬-
°p∂psh-¶n¬- F-¥n-\p-th-≠n-bm-Wv- \-ap-°v- am-Xr-I- Im-Wn-®p-X-
cm≥-th-≠n- ssZ-hw- (ssZ-h-hpw- \mw- X-s∂-!)- a-s‰m-cp- ]p-cp-j-s\-
A-b-°p-∂-Xv-!?.- "Po-h≥- X-s∂-bm-Wv- {_-lv-a'-3sa-∂- A-ssZz-X-h-
N-\w- i-cn-bm-sW-¶n¬- a¬-kyw- ap-X¬- I¬-°n-h-sc-bp-≈- A-h-
Xm-c-߃-°v- \-Ωn¬-\n-∂pw- hy-Xy-kv-X-am-bn- F-¥v- {]-tXy-I-X-
bm-Wp-≈X - v?- A-h¿- ssZ-hØ- n-s≥-d- A-hX - m-cß- ƒ.- \-Ωt- fm- ssZhw-
X-s∂-bpw-!- ]n-s∂- \-ap-°v- am-Xr-I- Im-Wn-°m-\-h¿- A¿-l-cm-tWm?-
A-h¿-°v- F-¥v- {]-tXy-I-X-bm-Wp-≈-Xv?- A-h-Xm-c-Øn-\v- F-¥v- {]-
k-Iv-Xn-bm-Wp-≈-Xv?-
A-h-Xm-c- kw-Jy-:-˛ "A-h-Xm-tc-ly- kmw-tJy-b- l-tcx- k-
Xz-\n-t[¿-Zzn-Pm'- F-∂- `m-K-h-X- h-N-\-{]-Im-cw- `-K-hm-s≥-d- A-h-
Xm-c-߃- A-kw-Jy-am-sW-¶n-epw- {]-[m-\-am-bpw- ]-Øv- A-h-Xm-c-
ß-sf-°p-dn-®m-Wv- km-[m-c-W- hy-h-l-cn-°-s∏-Sm-dp-≈-Xv.- a-Xv-kyw,-
Iq¿-Ωw,- h-cm-lw,- \-c-knw-lw,- hm-a\-≥,- ]-c-ip-cm-a≥,- {io-cm-a≥,-
{io-Ir-jv-W≥,- _ecm-a≥4 I¬-°n- F-∂n-h-cm-Wv- Z-im-h-Xm-c-߃.-
{io-a-lm-tZ-ho- `m-K-h-X-{]-Im-cw- a-lm-hn-jv-Wp-hn-\v- C-cp-]-Øn-bmdv5
1. M.K. Gandhi: The Teaching of the Gita, Page 18.
2.- {_-lv-ssa- th-Zw- hn-izw- k-a-kv-Xw- C-Zw- P-K-Zv-
3.- Po-thm- {_-v-ssa-h- \m-]-cx-
4.- Nn-e¿- _-e-cm-a-\p- ]-I-cw- {io-_p-≤-s\-bm-Wv- A-h-Xm-c-am-bn- I-W-°m-°p-∂-Xv-.-
5.- {io-a-lm-tZ-hn- `m-K-h-Xw-˛kv-I-\v-[w- 1 A-≤ym-bw- 3.-
230 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-
A-hX - m-cß
- f- p-≠v.- k-\I
- ≥,- k-\µ- ≥,- k-\m-X\- ≥-,- k-\¬-Ip-amc≥,-
h-cm-lw,- \m-c-Z≥,- \-c-\m-cm-b-W-∑m¿-,- I-]n-e≥,- Z-Øm-t{X-b≥,-
b-Pv-R≥,- E-j-`≥,- ]r-Yp,- a¬-kyw,- tam-ln-\n,- Iq¿-Ωw,- K-cp--V≥,-
[-\z-¥-cn,- \-c-knw-lw,- hm-a-\≥,- ]-c-ip-cm-a≥,- hym-k≥,- {io-cma≥,-
_-e-`-{Z-cm-a≥,- {io-Ir-jv-W≥,- _p-≤≥,- I¬-°n- F-∂n-h-cm-W-h¿.-
]-tØm- C-cp-]-Øn-bm-tdm- am-{X-a-√- Ip-sd-b-[n-Iw- A-h-Xm-c-ß-fp-
≠m-bn-´p-s≠-∂v- hn-iz-kn-°p-∂- ]-W-vUn-X-∑m-cp-≠v.- "X-Xz-a-kn'-
sb∂- {K-\v-Y-Øn-eq-sS- D-]-\n-j-Zv-hym-Jym-\-Øn¬- {]-kn-≤n-t\Snb-
kp-Ip-am¿- A-go-t°m-Sn-s≥-d- A-`n-{]m-bØ - n¬- tb-ip-{In-kvX- p- apX¬-
a-lm-Xv-Km-\v-[n-h-sc- a-lm-hn-jv-Wp-hn-s≥-d- A-h-Xm-c-ß-fm-W1v- .-
a¬-kyw- ap-X¬- I¬-°n-hs - c-bp-≈h
- c
- p-sS- A-hX - m-tcm-t±-iyw-
[¿-Ω-kw-kv-Ym-]-\-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂-Xn-\v- A-h-sc-°p-dn-®- ]p-cmW-
I-Y-Iƒ- D-≤-cn-°-s∏-Sm-dp-≠v.- Ir-X-am-em- \-Zn-bn¬- P-e-X¿-∏-Ww-
sN-øp-∂- k-Xy-hr-X-cm-Pm-hn-\m-Wv- hn-jv-Wp- a¬-ky-cq-]-Øn¬-
{]Xy-£s - ∏-´X
- v.- ]n-∂o-Sp-≠m-b- {]-fb- Ø
- n¬- A-t±-ls - Ø- c-£n°p-
I-bpw- l-b-{Ko-h-s\- l\-n-®v- th-Z-ß-sf- D-≤-cn-°p-I-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p-
a¬-kym-h-Xm-c-Øn-s≥-d- e-£yw.- tZ-hm-kp-c-∑m¿- ]m-em-gn- I-S-™v-
A-a-r-Xw- e-`n-°m-≥- {i-an-°-sh,- I-St-Im-em-bn-cp-∂- a-µ-c-]¿-∆-Xw-
Xm-Wp-t]m-b-t∏mƒ- B-iv-N-cy-I-c-amw-h-Æw- h-en-sbm-cp- B-a-bpsS-
cq-]w- ssI-sIm-≠v- ]m-em-gn-a-Y-\-sØ- k-^-e-am-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p-
Iq¿-Ωm-h-Xm-c-Øn-s≥-d- e-£yw.- kz-bw-`p-h-a-\p- krjv-Sn-°p-th-≠n-
D-Zyp-Iv-X-\m-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ- I-S-en-sem-fn-°-s∏-´p- Im-Wm-Xm-b- `qan-
sb- ln-c-Wym-£- h-[w- \-S-Øn- ho-s≠-Sp-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p- h-cmlm-
h-Xm-c-Øn-s≥-d- [¿-aw.- Cu-iz-chn-izm-k-sØ- ]m-sS- X-S-™- ln-c
Wy-I-in-]p-hn-s\- Xq-Wn¬-\n-∂v- \-c-knw-l-aq¿-Øn-bm-bn- ]p-d-Øp-
h-∂v- \-in-∏n-®v- {]-lv-fm-Z-Ip-am-c-s\- k-am-iz-kn-∏n-°p-I-bm-Wv- \-c-
knw-lm-h-Xm-cw- sN-bv-X-Xv.- ]n-Xm-hm-b- P-a-Z-Kv-\n-bp-sS- in-c-tO-Zw-
sN-bv-X- Im¿-Ø-ho-cm-¿-Pv-Pp-\-s\-bpw- £-{Xn-b-cm-Pm-°-∑m-sc-bpw-
l-\n-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p- ]-c-ip-cm-am-h-Xm-c-Øn-s≥-d- e-£yw.- tI-c-f-
\m-´n¬- kp-J-kp-µ-c-am-b- `-c-Ww- Im-gv-N-sh-®- a-lm-_-en-sb- ]-co
£-W-Øn-eq-sS- `q-an-°-Sn-bn-te-°v- Xm-gv-Øp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p- h-m-a\m-
1.- kp-Ip-am¿- A-go-t°m-Sv-:- X-Øz-hp-w- a-\p-jy-\pw- t]-Pv- 74˛84.-
A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ- 231
h-Xm-c-Øn-s≥-d- B-K-a-t\m-t±-iyw.- ko-Xm-]-l-c-Ww- \-S-Øn- A[¿-
Ω-Øn-s≥-d- ]-Xm-Im-hm-l-I-\m-bn- am-dn-b- cm-h-W-s\- \-in-∏n-°pI-
bm-bn-cp-∂p- {i-o-cm-am-h-Xm-c-Øn-s≥-d- [¿-Ωw.- Iu-c-h- ]m-Wv-U-h-
bp-≤-Øn¬- £-{Xn-b-[¿-Ω-Øn-s≥-d- kw-c-£-W-Øn-\v- A¿Pv-Pp-\
s\- D-]t- Z-in-°p-Ib
- pw- k-lm-bn-°p-Ib- p-am-bn-cp-∂p- Ir-jvW
- m-hX - mc-
Øn-s≥-d- D-t±-iyw.- Po-hI- m-cp-Wy-Øn-s≥-d- a-ln-Xm-ib - ß
- f - p-sS- {]N-
c-W-am-bn-cp-∂p- {io-_p-≤m-h-Xm-c-Øn-s≥-d- e-£yw.- I-en-bp-K-]m-c
ay-Øn¬- Zp-jv-S- P-\-a¿-±-\-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bm-bn-cn-°pw- I¬-°n-b-hX-
cn-°pI.
hn-jv-Wp-hn-\v- A-h-Xm-c-sa-Sp-t°-≠n-h-∂-Xv- H-cp- im-]w- sIm
≠m-sW-∂m-Wv- {io-a-lm-`m-K-h-Xw-1 ]-d-bp-∂-Xv.- I-iy-]-]p-{X-\m-b-
I-in-]p- tZ-hm-kp-c-bp-≤-Øn¬- h-[n-°-s∏-´-Xn-\p-ti-jw,- hn-jv-Wp-
hn-s\-bpw- C-{µ-s\-bpw- H-cn-°¬- tbm-K-i-Iv-Xn-sIm-≠v- ip-{I-a-l¿-
jn-bp-sS- A-Ω- kv-Xw-`n-∏n-®p-I-f-™p.- D-S-s\- hn-jv-Wp- kp-Z¿-i-\w-
sIm-≠v- ip-{I-am-Xm-hn-s≥-d- in-c- v- tO-Zn-®p.-- C-Xp-I-≠v- tcm-jw-
]q≠- `r-Kp-a-l¿-jn- hn-jv-Wp-hn-s\- i-]n-®p-.- ""`q-an-bn¬- A-h-Xm-c-
ß-fm-bn-°-gn-bm≥- C-S-h-c-s´''.- Xp-S¿-∂v- hn-jv-Wp- ssI-s°m-≠-
A-h-Xm-c-ß-fm-W-s{X- Z-im-h-Xm-c-߃.-
A-h-Xm-c-hpw- ]-cn-Wm-a-hpw-:˛ Z-im-h-Xm-c- k-¶¬-∏sØ- B-
[p-\n-I- ]-cn-Wm-a-hm-Z-hp-am-bn- k-a-\-z-bn-∏n-°m-≥- C-∂v- Nn-e- A{im-
¥-]-cn-{i-aw- \-S-Øn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p-≠v.- _m-h-Sv-kv-In- ap-X¬- Pn\-
cm-P-Zm-k≥-h-sc-bp-≈- Xn-tbm-k-^n-kv-‰p-I-fm-Wv- Cu- ]p-Xn-b-
hymJym-\-Øn-s≥-d- {]-t_m-[-I¿.- B-‰-Øn-s≥-d- \n-Kq-VX -- -I-fn¬-
\-S-cm-P-\r-Øw- Z¿-in-®- {^n-tPm-^v-Im-{]-bp-sS-2 Ir-Xn-I-fpw- Z-im-h
Xm-c- ]-cn-Wm-a- k-¶e- \
- - kn-≤m-¥ß - f - pw- H-cp- "\-h- C-¥y≥- tkmjy-
en-k'-Øn-\v- cq-]w- \¬-Im≥- ]-cym-]X v- a- m-hp-sa-¶n-epw- A-hb
- pw- kXy-
hp-am-bn- bm-sXm-cp- _-\v-[-hp-an-s√-∂v- H-c¬-∏w- Nn-¥n-®m-¬-- t_m[y-
am-Ipw.- Z-im-h-Xm-c- ]c-n-Wm-a- k-a-\z-b- kn-≤m-¥-Øn¬-\n-∂pw-
{]tNm-Z-\w- Dƒ-s°m-≠v- tUm.- B¿.- tKm-]n-a-Wn- am-Xr-`q-an- B-gv
N-∏-Xn-∏n¬- G-Xm-\pw- h¿-j-߃-°v- ap-sº-gp-Xn-b- "]-cn-Wm-a-Øn
1.- {io-a-lm-`mK-h-Xw-:- A-jv-S-a-kv-I-\v-[w- 24:-9˛13.-
2. Fritjoph Capra: The Tao of Physics.
232 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-
s\-Xn-sc- sh-√p-hn-fn-Iƒ'-1 F-∂- te-J-\w- X-s∂- Cu- hm-Z-Øns≥d-
A-]l - m-ky-X- h-yI - Xv- a
- m-°p-∂p-≠v.- B-Zyw- P-eØ - n-se- a¬-ky-ambpw-
]n-s∂- I-c-bn-epw- P-e-Øn-epw- H-cp-t]m-se- h-kn-°m≥- I-gn-hp-≈-
Iq¿-Ωa - m-bpw- ]n-∂o-Sv- {]m-Ir-Xa
- m-b- h-cm-la- m-bpw- ]n-s∂- a-\p-jy\pw-
ar-K-Øn-\pw- \-Sp-hn-ep-≈- \-c-knw-l-am-bpw- H-Sp-hn¬- a-\p-jy-s≥-d-
X-s∂- ]-e- kw-kv-Im-c-`m-h-ß-sf-bpw- kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂- ]-c-ip-cm-a≥-
sXm-´v- {io-_p-≤≥-h-sc-bp-≈- a-\p-jym-h-Xm-c-ß-fm-bpw- _p-≤-o-izc-
\m-b- hn-jv-Wp- Cu- `q-ap-J-Øv- A-h-X-cn-®p-sh-∂- Z-im-h-Xm-c- I-Y-
Po-h-]cn-Wm-a-sØ- kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂-Xm-sW-∂v- kv-Ym-]n-°m≥ tKm]n-
a-Wn- h-√m-sX- ]m-Sp-s]-Sp-∂p-sh-∂-√m-sX,- {]-kv-Xp-X- te-J-\-Øn-
eq-sS- Xm≥- sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p-t±-in-°p-∂- B-i-b-߃- k-a¿-∞n-
°m-≥-t]m-epw- A-t±-l-Øn-\v- I-gn-bp-∂n-√.- A-h-X-m-tcm-t±-iy-am-b-
[¿-Ω- kw-k-vY-m-]-\-hpw- Um¿-hn-\n-k-Øn-se- "h¿-§-ß-fp-sS- D¬-
∏-Øn'-bpw- X-Ωn¬- F-ß-s\-bm-Wv- _-\v-[-s∏-Sp-∂-sX-∂v- hn-i-Zo-
I-cn-°m-≥- tKm-]n-aW - n-t°m- At±lsØ A\p-Iq-en-°p-∂h¿-t°m-
km--[n-°p-∂n-√.-
a-\p-tjym¬-∏Ø - n°-v- ap-ºv- a-Xvk
- y-hpw- Iq¿-Ωh - pw- h-cm-lhpw-
\-c-knw-l-hp-ap-≠m-bn- F-∂m-W-t√m- hm-Zw.- F-∂m¬- ]p-cm-W-ß-
fn-se- a¬-ky- Iq¿-Ω- h-cm-l- \-c-knw-lm-Zn-I-sf-°p-dn-®- I-Y-I-fn-
se-√mw-X-s∂- A-h-Xm-c-߃-°v- k-a-Im-en-I-cm-bn- a-\p-jy-cp-ap-≠m-
bn-cp-∂-Xm-bn- Im-Wmw.- D-Zm-l-c-W-am-bn,- Z-im-h-Xm-c-ß-fn¬- {]-Y-
a-\m-b- a¬-kym-h-Xm-c-Øn-s≥d- I-Y- t\m-°p-I.- Akp-c-∑m-cp-sS-
cm-Pm-hv- th-Zw- X-´n-s°m-≠p-t]m-b-t∏m-gm-Wv- hn-jv-Wp- a¬-kym-h-
Xm-c-sa-Sp-°p-∂-Xv.- I¬-]-Im-e-Øn-se- k-Xy-hr-X-s\-∂- cm-P-m-hv-
Ir-X-am-em- \-Zn-bn¬- P-e-X¿-∏-Ww- sN-øp-tºm-gm-Wv- hn-ti-j-s∏-´-
a¬-kym-h-Xm-c-w-- Z¿-in-®-Xv-2.- ]n∂o-Sp-≈- a¬-ky-]p-cm-W- I-Y-I-fn-
se-√mw- X-s∂- a-\p-jy-sc- \mw- Im-Wp-∂p.- am-{X-hp-a-√,- {io-a-lm-
tZ-hn- `m-K-h-X-Øn-se- H-∂mw- kv-I-\v-[-a-\p-k-cn-®p-≈- C-cp-]-Øn-
bm-dv- A-hX - m-cß
- f
- n¬- BZy-sØ- \m-epw- (k-\I - ≥,- k-\µ - ≥,- k\m-
X-\-≥,--- k-\¬-Ip-am-c-≥-)- a-\p-jy-cm-Wv.- ]n-∂o-Sm-Wv- h-cm-lm-h-Xm-c-
ap-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv.- C-Xv- ]-cn-Wm-a-hp-am-bn- _-\v-[-s∏-Sp-Øn-bm¬- a-\p-
1.- am-Xr-`q-an- B-gv-N-∏-Xn-∏v- ]p-:- 64,- e-°w- 36,- 37.-
2.- {io-a-lm-`m-K-h-Xw-:- A-jv-S-a-kv-I-\v-[w- 24:-9˛13.-
A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ- 233
jy≥- ]-∂n-bm-bpw- ]n-s∂- a-\p-jy-\m-bpw- ]n-∂o-Sv- a¬-ky-hp-am-bp-
sa-√mw- ]-cn-W-an-®-p-sh-∂v- k-Ω-Xn-t°-≠n-h-cpw.-
B-cm-Wv- A-h-Xm-c-߃-:-˛ ssZ-hw- P-Uw- kzo-I-cn-®p- `q-anbn-
en-d-ßp-I-sb-∂- B-i-bw- ssl-µ-h-Z¿-i-\-Øn-s≥-d- A-Sn-kvY-m-\-
{ip-Xn-I-fm-b- th-Z-ß-fn-tem- D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn-tem- H-∂pw- Im-Wp∂n-
√.- "A-h-Xm-c'-sa-∂- ]-Zw- `-Kv-h-Zv-Ko-X-bn¬-t]m-epw- Im-Wp-∂n-√.-
]t£,- ]p-Wy-]p-cp-j-∑m-sc-°p-dn-®- {]-kv-Xm-h-\-Iƒ- C-h-bn-se-
√mw- D-≠p-Xm-\pw.- i-X-]-Y-{_m-lv-a-W-Øn-epw- Om-tµm-tKym-]-\n-
j-Øn-epw- a-‰p-Nn-e- D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn-ep-sa-√mw- A-h-Xm-c-ß-fm-bn-
C-∂v- hy-hl- c- n-°s
- ∏-Sp-∂- Nn-es
- c-°p-dn-®v- ]-db
- p-∂p-s≠-¶n-epw- Ah-
bn¬- H-∂pw-X-s∂- C-h¿-- hn-jvWp-hn-s≥-d- A-h-Xm-c-ß-fm-sW-∂v-
]-Tn-∏n-°p-∂n-√.-
""F-√m- k-ap-Zm-b-Øn-te-°pw- \mw- Zq-X-s\- A-b-®n-´p-≠v''-1
F-∂- ssZ-hn-I- k-tµ-i-a-\p-k-cn-®v- `m-c-X-Øn-s≥-d- a-Æn¬- {]-hmN-
I-∑m¿- \n-bp-Iv-X-c-bn-´p-≠m-I-W-a-t√m.- A-t∏mƒ,- C-¥y-bn¬- \nbp-
Iv-X-cm-b- {]-hm-N-I-∑m-sc-°p-dn-®- hn-izm-k-am-bn-cn-°-Ww- A-h-Xmc-
k-¶¬-∏-Øn-\v- \n-Zm-\-am-b-sX-∂v- \ym-b-am-bpw- Du-ln-°m-hp-∂Xm-
Wv.- ln-µp-aX - Ø- n-se- A-hX - m-cØ - n-\v- ]m-ivN- m-Xy-aX - ß
- f - n-se- {]hm-
N-I-s≥-d-tbm- a-lm-t\-Xm-hn-s≥-d-tbm- kv-Ym-\-am-Wp-≈-sX-∂m-Wv-
kzm-an- - hn-th-Im-\µ - ≥2- ]-d™- n-´p-≈X- v.- ssZ-ha - √
- m-sX- a-s‰m-cp- Bcm-
[y-\p-an-s√-∂- D-ds - °- {]-Jym-]n-®- {]-hm-NI - ∑- m-cn¬- ]-ec - pw- ]n∂oSv-
ssZ-h-]p-{X-]-Z-hn-bnepw- B-cm-[y-]-Z-hn-bn-epw- {]-Xn-jv-Tn-°-s∏-´-
t]m-se- `m-cX - o-b- {]-hm-NI - ∑ - m-cn¬- Zn-hy-Xy-am-tcm-]n-°s - ∏-´X - mhmw-
A-h-Xm-c- k-¶¬-∏-Øn-\v- \n-Zm-\-am-b-Xv.- ssl-µ-h- ]p-cm-W-ß-fn¬-
{]-X-n-]m-Zn-°-s∏-´- A-h-Xm-c-ß-sf-√mw- {]-hm-N-I-∑m-cm-sW-∂-√-
CXp-sIm-≠v- \mw- A¿-∞-am-°p-∂-Xv.- {]-Xyp-X- "[¿-Ω- kw-kv-Ym-]-
I-\m-bn- bp-K-߃- tX-m-dpw- I-S-∂p-h-cp-∂-h≥'- F-∂- A-h-Xm-c-
k¶¬-∏Ø - n-s≥-d- th-cp-Iƒ- `m-cX - o-b- {]-hm-NI - ∑- m-sc-°p-dn-®- hnizm-
k-Øn-em-bn-cn-°m≥- km-[y-X-bp-s≠-∂v- am-{X-am-Wv- C-hn-sS-
hnh£n-°p-∂-Xv.-
1.- Jp¿-B≥- 16:-36
2.- km≥- {^m≥-kn-kv-tIm- {]-kw-Kw- 8:-4˛1990
234 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-
th-Z-ß-sf- \m-em-bn- hy-kn-®- th-Z-hym-k-s\-°p-dn-®- ]-cma¿-
i-߃- C-Xn-s\m-cp- D-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv-.- {io-a-lm-tZ-ho- `m-K-h-X-{]Im-
cw- ]-c-ip-cm-a-\p-ti-jw- {io-cm-a-\pap-ºm-bn h-∂- A-h-Xm-c-am-Wv-
th-Z-hy-m-k≥.- th-Z-hp-am-bn- _-\v-[-s∏-Sp-Øn-bm-Wv- hym-k≥- B-Zy-
Im-ew- ap-X¬-°p-X-s∂- hy-h-l-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-sX-∂- Im-cyw- {]-tXy
Iw- {i-t≤-b-am-Wv.- A-Xp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂- hym-k≥- H-cp- {]-hm-N-I-
\m-bn-cn-°m-\p-≈- km-[y-X- I-Æp-a-S-®v- X-≈n-°-f-bm-\m-hn-√.-
a¬-ky-Iq¿-Ω- h-cm-l- \-c-knw-lm-Zn-Iƒ,- C-kv-em-an-I- hnizm-
k-{]-Im-cw- {]-hm-N-I-∑m-cm-Im-≥- bm-sXm-cp- km-[y-X-bp-an-√m-Ø-
h-bm-Wv.- ]-t£,- {]-hm-N-I-∑m-cp-am-bn- _-\v-[-s∏-´- A-am-\p-jn-I-
Zr-jv-Sm-¥-ß-fp-sS- h¿-Æ-\-bm-bn-cn-°mw- C-ß-s\-bp-≈- A-h-Xm-c-
ß-sf-°p-dn-®- hn-izm-kØ- n-\v- \n-Zm-\a
- m-bs - X-∂q-ln-°mw.- t\-cs - Ø-
kq-Nn-∏n-®- B-cy-˛Z-kyp- kw-L´- \
- ß- f - pw- A-hX- m-c- I-YI
- ƒ-°v- \ndw-
]-I-cm≥- k-lm-b-I-am-bn-cn-°-Ww.- A-h-Xm-c-ß-fp-am-bn- _-\v-[-s∏´-
bp-≤-ß-fn¬- ]-e-Xpw- B-cy-˛Z-kyp-kw-L-´-\-ß-fp-am-bn- _-\v-[-ap-
≈-Xm-bn-cn-°-Ww.-
A-h-Xm-c- I-Y-Iƒ-:-˛ ]p-cm-tW-Xn-lm-k-ß-fn-se- A-h-Xm-c-
ß-fp-sS- {]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn¬- ]-e-Xpw- ]p-Wy-]p-cp-j-∑m-cp-sS,- hn-in
jy-m-- a-\p-jy-k-a-q-l-Øn-s≥-d- h-gn-Im-´n-I-fm-b- {]-hm-N-I-∑m-cp-sS-
{]-h¿-Ø\ - ß- f
- m-sW-∂v- A-\p-am-\n-°p-Ih- ø
- .- A-h- b-Ym¿-∞Ø- n¬-
[¿-Ω- kw-kv-Ym-]-\-Øn-\p-th-≠n- I-S-∂p-h-∂- A-h-Xm-cß-fp-sS-
eo-e-I-fm-hm-\p-≈- km-[y-X-bp-an-√.- Im-e-߃- I-gn-™-t∏mƒ- [¿-
Ω-kw-kv-Ym-]-I-sc- Hm-tcm-cp-Ø-cpw- X-ß-fp-sS- kz-¥w- `m-h-\°pw-
C-jv-S-Øn-\p-a-\p-k-cn-®v- ]p-I-gv-Øn-b-Xm-hmw- C-Ø-cw- I-Y-I-fp-sS-
D¬-∏-Øn-°v- Im-c-W-am-b-Xv.- k-aq-l-Øn-se- {]-[m-\n-I-sf- A-h-
Xm-c-ß-fp-sS- kv-Ym-\-tØ-°v- D-b¿-Øn-b-Xpw- C-Ø-cw- I-Y-I-fp-sS-
kr-jv-Sn-°v- \n-Zm-\-am-bn-cp-∂n-cn-°mw.-
iw-_q-I- h-[w-:-˛ G-I-\m-b- ssZ-h-Øn-\v- ap-ºn¬- F-√m-hcpw-
k-a≥-am-cm-sW-∂- X-Xz-am-Wv- {]-hm-N-I- {]-t_m-[-\-ß-fn¬- kp{]-
[m-\-am-b- H-∂v.- Cu- X-X-z-Øn-\v- Xo-sc- A-\-\p-tbm-Py-am-b- {]-h¿
Ø-\a - m-Wv- iw-_q-I- h-[Ø- n-eq-sS- {io- cm-a≥- sN-bX v- X
- m-bn- tcJs∏
Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈X- v.- A-Im-e- N-ca
- a
- n-√m-Xn-cp-∂- cm-as
- ≥-d- Im-eØ- v- AIm-
A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ- 235
e-N-c-aw- {]m-]n-®- X-s≥-d- a-I-s≥-d- i-h-hpw- Np-a-∂v- cm-a-s≥-d- sIm-
´m-c-hm-Xn-en¬- h-∂v- H-cp- {_m-lv-a-W-≥- A-e-ap-d-bn-Sm≥- Xp-S-ßn.-
cm-a≥- X-s≥-d- ]-Wv-Un-X- k-Z- p-am-bn- Iq-Sn-bm-tem-Nn-®p.- A-t∏mƒ-
\m-c-Z-a-l¿-jn,- cm-Py-Øn-se-hn-sS-sb-¶n-epw- [¿-Ω-hn-cp-≤-am-bn-
iq{Z≥- X-]- v- sN-øp-∂p-≠m-Ip-sa-∂v- ]-d-™p.- cm-a≥- X-s≥-d- ]pjv-
]-I-hn-am-\-Øn-te-dn- cm-Pyw- ap-gp-h≥- Np-‰n.- Z-£n-W-`m-K-Øp-\n-∂pw-
A-I-se- tLm-c-h-\-Øn¬- D-S-tem-sS- kz¿-§w- ]p¬-I-W-sa-∂- Bi-
bp-am-bn- iq-{Z-\m-b- iw-_q-I≥- X-]- -v sN-øp-∂-Xm-bn- Im-Wm≥-
Ign-™p.- C-Xv- I-≠-bp-S-s\- cm-a≥- iw-_q-I-s≥-d- X-e-b-dp-Øp.-
XZ-h-k-c-Øn¬- {_m-lv-a-W-_m-e-\v- Po-h≥- Xn-cn-®p-In-´n.- C-Xp-I-
≠- tZ-h-∑m¿- cm-a-s\- A-\p-tam-Zn-®v- B-Im-i-Øp-\n-∂v- ]p-jv-]-hr-
jv-Sn- \-S-Øn.-
Cu- I-Y-bn¬- \mw- Im-Wp-∂-Xv- cm-a-s\-∂- [¿-Ω-kw-kvYm-
]-I-s≥-d- {]-h¿-Ø-\-am-tWm?- A-X-√,- {_mlv-a-Wta-[m-hn-Ø-Øn-
\pw- A-h¿-Æ-cn¬-\n-∂pw- A-dn-hv- A-I-se- \n¿-Øm-\pw-th-≠n- ]cn-
{i-an-®-h-cp-sS- k-¶¬-∏-kr-jv-Sn-tbm?- B-Zy-tØ-Xm-Wv- i-cn-sb-¶n¬-
cm-a-s\-∂- [¿-Ω-kw-kv-Ym-]-I≥- iq-{Z-sc- a-\p-jy-cm-bn- a-\- n-em-
°n-bn-cp-∂n-s√-∂v- ]-d-tb-≠n-h-cpw.-
cm-as
- \-∂- `¿-Øm-hv:- ˛- am-Xr-Im-tbm-Ky-\m-b- `¿-Øm-hm-bmWv-
cm-a-s\- hm¬-ao-In- ]-cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-sX-¶n-epw- `m-cym-`¿-Xr-_-
\-v-[-Øn-s≥d- hn-ip-≤n-°pw- sI-´p-d-∏n-\pw- tbm-Pn-°m-Ø- ]-e-Xpw-
hm¬-ao-In- cm-am-b-W-Øn¬- \mw- Im-Wp-∂p.- cm-h-W-s≥-d- ko-Xm-
]-lc - W
- Ø- n-\p-ti-jw- tLm-ca - m-b- bp-≤Ø- n-eq-sS- ko-Xs - b- c-£n®-
cm-a≥- ]p-I-gv-Ø-s∏-S-W-sa-∂-Xv- i-cn-bm-Wv.- ]-s£,- A-Xn-\p-tij-
ap-≈- {]-h¿-Ø-\-߃- {Iq-c-at√-sb-∂v- B-sc-¶n-epw- tNm-Zn-®m¬-
A-Xn¬- sX-‰p-Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bn-√.- F-s≥-d- A-`n-am-\Ø - n-\v- th-≠nbm-
Wv- \n-s∂- Xn-cn-®p-]n-Sn-®s
- X-∂v- ]-db - p-∂- cm-a≥,- cm-hW- ≥- koXsb-
B-kz-Zn-®n-cn-°p-sa-∂v- B-tcm-]n-°p-Iq-Sn- sN-øp-∂p.- X-s≥-d- \n-c-]-
cm-[n-Xz-hpw- ]-cn-ip-≤n-bpw- sX-fn-bn-°p-∂-Xn-\v- ko-X- A-Kv-\n]-co
£-°v- hn-t[-ba - m-hp-Ib
- pw- A-Kv\- n-bn¬- \n-∂v- H-cp- t]m-de - p-ta¬°m-
sX- ]p-d-Øv- h-cn-I-bpw- sN-bv-X-Xn-\p-ti-jw- am-{X-am-Wv- cm-a≥-
Ahsf- A-tbm-[y-bn-te-°v- sIm-≠p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xv.-
236 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-
A-tbm-[y-bn-se-Øn-b- ko-X- am-kß - ƒ-°I - w- K¿-`n-Wn-bmIp-
∂p.- P-\w- K¿-`-Øn-s≥-d- D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Øw- cm-h-W-\n¬- B-tcm-]n°p-
I-bpw- ko-Xs - b- k-zo-Ic
- n-®- cm-as
- \- A-ht- l-fn-®- v- kw-km-cn-°p-Ibpw-
sN-bv-Xp.- A-]-am-\-Øn¬- \n-∂v- c-£-s∏-Sm≥- cm-a≥- kzo-I-cn-®-
am¿-§-w- ko-X-sb- D-t]-£n-°p-I-bm-Wv.- B-{i-a-{]m-¥-Øn¬- I-gnbm-
s\-∂- hym-tP-\- cm-a-k-tlm-Z-\m-b- e-£v-a-W-t\m-sSm-∏-w- c-Y-Øn¬-
Im-´n-te-°v- \-bn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.- A-h-sc- A-hn-sS- D-t]-£n-®v- e-£v-a
W≥- Xn-cn-®p-t]m-cp-∂p.-
hm¬-ao-In-bp-sS- B-{i-a-Øn¬- A-`-bw- tX-Sn-b- ko-X,- Ahn-
sS-sh-®v- e-h≥,- Ip-i≥- F-∂o- C-c-´-Iƒ-°v- P-∑w- \¬-Ip-∂p.- e-h-
Ip-i≥-am-cp-sS- ]-{¥-≠v- h-b- n-\p-ti-jw- cm-a≥- \-S-Øn-b- bm-K
Øn¬-sh-®v- cm-am-b-Wam-e-]n-®- A-h-sc-°p-dn-®v- A-t±-lw- A-t\z-
jn-°p-I-bpw- ko-X-bp-sS- ]p-{X≥-am-cm-Wv- A-h-sc-∂v- Xn-cn-®-dn-bpI-
bpw- sN-øp-∂p.- ko-X-bp-sS- ]m-Xn-{h-Xyw- sX-fn-bn-°m≥- k-`-bp-sS-
ap-∂n¬- h-∂v- {]-XnPv-R-sb-Sp-°m≥- cm-a≥- B-h-iy-s∏-Sp-∂p.- hm¬-
ao-In-tbm-sSm-∏w- cm-P-k-Z- n¬- {]-Xy-£-s∏-´- ko-X,- Xm≥- ]-Xn-
{h-Xbm-sW-¶n¬- `q-an- am-Xm-hv- ]n-f-¿-∂v- F-s∂- Ip-gn-®p-aq-S-s´-sb∂v-
I-Tn-\-am-bn- {]m¿-∞n-°p-∂p.- D-S-s\-X-s∂- `q-an- ]n-f¿-∂v,- ko-Xsb-
kp-h¿-Æ- knw-lm-k-\-Øn¬- B-cq-V-bm-°n- D-≈n-te-°v- sIm-≠p-
t]m-hp-I-bpw- tZ-h-X-Iƒ- A-h-cp-sS- in-c- n¬- ]p-jv-]-hr-jv-Sn- \-S-
Øp-I-bpw- sN-b-vXp-sh-∂m-Wv- I-Y1.-
am-Xr-Im-tbm-Ky-\m-b- `¿-Øm-hm-bn- Po-hn-®v- Im-Wn-®p-sIm-
Sp-t°-≠- A-h-Xm-c-Øn-s≥-d- {]-h¿-Ø-\-am-tWm- C-Xv?- A-X-√,-
kv{Xo-sb- sh-dp-sam-cp- ku-µcy-h-kv-Xp- am-{X-am-bn-°-≠- ]p-cp-j-
ta-[m-hn-Xz-Øn-s≥-d- kr-jv-Sn-tbm?- [¿-Ω-kw-kv-Ym-]-I-s≥-d- hy-Iv-
Xn-Xz-Øn-\v- tbm-Pn-°m-Ø- C-Xp-t]m-ep-≈- ]-e- {]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fpw-
cm-am-b-W-Øn¬- Im-Wm-≥- I-gn-bpw.- a-Z-y-Øn-epw- a-Zn-cm-£n-bn-epw-
X¬-∏-c-\m-b- H-cp- A-h-Xm-c-Øn-s≥-d- Nn-{X-am-Wv- hm¬-ao-In- cmamb-
Ww-2 \-ap-°v- h-c-®p-Im-Wn-®v- X-cp-∂-Xv.-
Ir-jW
v- e
- o-eI
- ƒ-:˛- a-lm-`m-cX
- Ø
- n-se- Ir-jW
v- N
- c
- n-XØ
- nepw-
1.- hm¬-ao-In-c-m-am-b-Ww-:- bp-≤-Im-Wv-Uw- k¿-§w- 115.-
2.- hm¬-ao-In- cm-am-b-Ww-:- D-Ø-c-Im-Wv-Uw- k¿-§w- 42,- t«m-Iw- 8.-
A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ- 237
H-cp- [¿-Ω-kw-kv-Ym-]-I-\n-ep-≠m-hm-≥- ]m-Sn-√m-Ø- ]-e- kz-`m-hß-
fpw- \mw- Ir-jv-W-\n¬- Im-Wp-∂p.- tKm-]n-Im- h-kv-Xm-]-l-c-Ww- ap
X¬- Ir-jvW - h- nhm-lß
- ƒ-hs - c- H-cp- [¿-Ω- kw-kvY
- m-]I
- s
- ≥-d- hyIv-
Xn-Xz-Øn-\v- A-\p-tbm-Py-a-s√-∂p-th-Ww- ]-d-bm≥.-
h-kv-{X-ß-sf-√mw- I-c-bn¬- Du-cn-sh-®v- Ip-fn-°m-\n-d-ßn-b-
tKm-]n-I-am-cp-sS- h-kv-{X-߃- A-]-ln-°p-∂- Ir-jv-W≥,- A-h-bp-
am-bn- H-cp- a-c-Øn¬- I-b-dn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.- tKm-]n-I-am¿- h-kv-{Xw- Xncn-
sI- sIm-Sp-°p-hm-\m-h-iy-s∏-´-t∏mƒ- Hm-tcm- tKm-]n-I-am-cpw- \-Kv\-
cm-bn- h-∂v- h-kv-{Xw- B-h-iy-s∏-´m¬- am-{X-sa- A-h- \¬-Ip-I-bp-
≈q-sh-∂v- im-Tyw- ]n-Sn-°p-∂p.- A-ßn-s\- tKm-]n-I-am¿- Hm-tcm-cp-
Ø-cm-bn- I-S-∂p-h-∂v- Ir-jv-W-t\m-Sv- h-kv-{Xw- hm-ßn- I-S-∂p-t]mIp
∂- cw-K-߃- F-√m-hn-[- h¿-Æ-\-I-tfm-Spw-Iq-Sn- {io-a-lm-`m-K-h-Xw-
hn-h-cn-°p-∂p-≠v.-
A-Xp-t]m-se-X-s∂,- {io-Ir-jv-W≥- X-s≥-d- hn-hm-l-߃-°p-
th-≠n- kzo-I-cn-®- am¿-§-߃- Ip-‰-a-‰-Xm-sW-∂v- ]-d-™-p-Iq-Sm.- C-
h-sbm-∂p-X-s∂- H-cp- [¿-Ω-kw-kv-Ym-]-I-\n-se-∂-√,- [¿-Ω-Øn¬-
hn-i-z-kn-°p-∂- H-cp- km-[m-c-W-°m-c-\n¬-t]m-epw- Im-Wm≥- ]m-
Sn√m-Ø-Xm-sW-∂- Im-cy-Øn¬- c-≠-`n-{]m-b-ap-≠m-Ip-sa-∂v- tXm-
∂p-∂n-√.-
a-lm-`m-c-X- bp-≤-th-f-bn-epw- {io-Ir-jv-W≥- [¿-Ω-Øn-\v- hncp-
≤-am-bn- A-\o-Xn-bp-sS-bpw- A-{I-a-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- h-©-\-bp-sS-bpw-
am¿-§-߃- kzo-I-cn-®-Xn-\v- H-´-\-h-[n- D-Zm-l-c-W-߃- tUm.- _n.-
B¿.- Aw-t_-Zv-°-¿- A-t±-l-Øn-s≥-d- "ln-µp-a-X-Øn-se- {]-tl-fn-
IIƒ'-1 F-∂- {K-\v-Y-Øn¬- A-°-an-´v- hn-i-Zo-I-cn-®n-´p-≠v.-
A-hX - m-cß- f- pw- ap-kve
- nw-If
- pw-:- tKm-hmƒ-°¿- tNm-Zn-°p∂p:-
""cm-a-\pw- Ir-jv-W-\pw- Cu-i-z-c-s≥-d- A-h-Xm-c-ß-fm-sW-∂v- hn-izkn-
°m-Ø- A-t\-Iw -t]¿- ln-µp-[¿-Ω-Øn-\-I-Øp-≠v.- ]-t£,- A-h¿-
F-√mw- A-\p-Ic - W- o-bc
- m-b- a-lm]p-cp-j∑ - m-cm-sW-∂v- C-°q-´¿- hniz-
kn-°p-∂p-≠v.- A-Xn-\m¬- Cu-iz-c-≥- A-h-X-cn-®n-´n-s√-∂v- ap-kv-enw
Iƒ- hn-iz-kn-°p-∂n-s√-¶n¬- A-Xn-se-¥p-≠v- Im-cyw.- A-Ø-cw- al-
Zz-IXv- n-Is
- f- F-¥p-sIm-≠v- A-h¿-°v- kz-¥w- tZ-io-b- ]p-cp-j∑ - mcmbn-
1. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar: Riddles in Hinduism. Appendix III: Riddles of Rama and Krishna.
238 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-
K-Wn-®p-Iq-Sm''-1.-
ssZ-h-w- PU-Øn¬ A-h-Xc-n-®p-sh-∂- hn-izm-kw,- G-I-ssZ-
h-Øn-s≥-d- a-l-Xz-Øn-\pw- A-h≥- A-h-X-cn-∏n-®- {K-\v-Y-ß-fn-se-
B-i-b-߃-°p-sa-Xn-cm-sW-∂v- ap-kv-enw-Iƒ- hn-iz-kn-°p-∂p.- cma-
\pw- I-r-jv-W-\pw- A-\p-I-c-Wo-b-cm-bn-cn-°mw-.- F-∂-√,- A-h¿- [¿Ω-
kw-kv-Ym-]-I-cm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬- Xo¿-®-bm-bpw- A-\p-I-c-Wo-b-cm-
bn-cn-°-Ww.- ]-t£,- A-h-sc- A-\p-I-cn-°-W-sa-¶n¬- A-h-sc-°pdn-
®- kv-J-en-X-c-ln-X-am-b- N-cn-{X-sa-hn-sS-bp-≠v?- C-Xn-lm-k- ]p-cmW-
ß-fn-se- A-h-X-m-c- eo-e-I-fn¬- k-I-e-Xpw- A-\p-I-c-Wo-b-am-sW-
∂- A-`n-{]m-bw- tKmƒ-hmƒ-°¿-°p-t]m-epw- D-≠m-Ip-sa-∂v- tXm∂p-
∂n-√.- ""a-lm-`m-c-Xw- B-[p-\n-I- A¿-∞-Øn-ep-≈- H-cp- N-cn-{X-{K-\v
Y-am-sW-∂pw- A-Xn-se- Hm-tcm- hm-°pw- B-[n-Im-cn-I-am-sW-∂p-w-
a-lm-`m-c-X-Øn-se- Ir-jv-W≥- A-Xn¬- ]-d-bp-∂- X-c-Øn¬- sN-bv-
Xn-´p-s≠-∂pw- sX-fn-bn-®m¬,- ln-µp-P-\-hn-`m-K-Øn¬-\n-∂v- F-s∂
]p-d-Øm-°n-bm¬-t]m-epw- B- Ir-jv-W-s\- ssZ-hm-h-Xm-c-a-s√-∂v-
]-d-bp-hm≥- Rm≥- a-Sn-°p-I-bn-√''-2sb-∂m-Wv- ]-e-Xpw- ssZ-hm-h-
Xm-c-am-bn- I-W-°m-°p-∂- Km-\v-[n-Pn-t]m-epw- ]-d-™n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.-
C-¥-y-bn¬- h-∂- ap-gp-h≥- [¿-Ω-kw-kv-Ym-]-I-sc-bpw- Aw-Ko-
I-cn-°m-\pw- A-\p-I-cn-°m-\pw- a-p-kv-enw-Iƒ- k-∂-≤-cm-Wv.- h-∂-Xv-
C-¥-y-bn-em-bn-t∏m-bn-sb-∂- Im-c-W-Øm¬- am-{Xw- `m-c-Xo-b- {]hm-
N-I-∑m-sc- A-h-a-Xn-°m≥- ap-kv-enw-Iƒ-°m-hn-√.- ssZ-h-Øn-s≥-d-
{]-hm-N-I-∑m-¿-°n-S-bn¬- \n-∂v- Nn-e-sc- am-{Xw- sX-c-s™-Sp-Øv-
hn-iz-kn-°p-∂- {]-h-W-X- A-hn-izm-k-am-sW-∂v3 ]-Tn-∏n-°-s∏-´-h-
cm-Wv- ap-kv-enw-Iƒ.- sk-an-‰n-Iv- {]-hm-N-I-∑m-sc-t∏m-se-X-s∂-
t{ijvT-cm-bn-cp-∂p- `m-c-Xo-b- {]-hm-N-I-∑m-cp-sa-∂m-Wv- ap-kv-enw-Iƒ-
hn-iz-kn-°p-∂-Xv.- cm-a-\pw- I-r-jv-W-\pw- {]-hm-N-I-∑m-cm-bn-cn-°mw-;-
A√m-bn-cn-°mw.- cm-a-s≥-d-bpw- Ir-jv-W-s≥-d-bpw- D-]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬-
]eXpw- A-hb - n¬- ssZ-ht- _m-[\ - Ø
- n-s≥-d- kzm[o-\a- p-s≠-∂- \nK-
a-\-Øn-se-Øm-\m-Wv- t{]-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.- ]t£,- A-h-sc- A-\p-I-
1.- tKmƒ-hmƒ-°¿-:- hn-Nm-c-[m-c,- t]Pv- 576.-
2 Young India Oct 1, 1925-Quoted from The Encyclopaedia of Gandhian Thoughts,
Page 190.
3.- Jp¿-B≥- 4:-150.-
A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ- 239
cn-°m-≥- A-h-sc-°p-dn-®- hy-Iv-X-hpw- kv-J-en-X-c-ln-X-hp-am-b- tc-J-
I-sf-hn-sS?- C-∂v- \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂- C-Xn-lm-k-ß-tfm- ]p-cm-W-ß-
tfm- h-c® - p-Im-Wn-°p-∂- cm-as - \-bpw- Ir-jW
v- s- \-bpw- A-\p-Ic - n-°m≥-
B¿-°m-Wv- I-gn-bp-I?- tKmƒ-hmƒ-°¿-t°m- A-t±-lØ - n-s≥-d- A\p-
bm-bn-Iƒ-t°m- I-gn-bp-tam?- A-Xp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂- cm-a-s\-bpw- Irjv-
W-s\-bpw- A-\p-I-cn-°m-Ø- ap-kv-enw-Iƒ,- tZ-io-b-t_m-[-an-√m-Ø-
h-cpw- tZ-io-b-[m-c-°v- hn-e-ßv- \n¬-°p-∂-h-cp-am-sW-∂- ho-£-Ww-
A-Sn-kY v- m-\c- l
- n-Xh
- pw- ]-cn-lm-ky-hp-am-Wv.- A-Xn-\v- ln-µp-aX
- - hnizm-
kn-bm-b- Km-\v-[nPn-X-s∂- ap-ºv- D-≤-cn-®- h-N-\-ß-fn-eq-sS- a-dp-]-Sn-
sIm-Sp-Øn-´p-≠v.-
I¬-°n-˛ A-h-km-\-sØ- A-h-Xm-cw-:- Z-im-h-Xm-c-kn-≤m-
¥-{]-Im-c-hpw- {io-tZ-hn- a-lm-`m-K-h-X-Øn-se- C-cp-]-Øn-bm-dv- Ah-
X-m-c-߃- F-∂- X-Xz-{]-Im-c-hpw- I¬-°n-bm-Wv- A-h-km-\-sØ-
A-h-Xm-cw.- I-en-bp-K-Øn-s≥-d- ]m-c-ay-Øn¬- Zp-jv-S-P-\- a¿-±-I-\mbn-
I¬-°n- A-h-X-cn°p-sa-∂m-Wv- h-n-izm-kw.- I¬-°n-sb-°p-dn-®-
sslµ-h- k-¶¬-∏-Øn-s≥-d- H-cp- G-I-tZ-i-Nn-{Xw- t£-{µ≥- Xs≥d-
"Z-im-h-Xm-c- N-cn-{X'-Øn-se- [ym-\-t«m-I-Øn-eq-sS- h-c-®p-Im-Wn°p-
∂p-≠v.- A-Xn-ß-s\-bm-Wv-:- ""\o-c-\v-{[-am-b- C-c-p-fn-s≥-d- Np-cp-fn¬-
\n-∂v hn-iz-sØ- hn-tam-Nn-∏n-°p-∂- {]`m-Xm¿-°-s\-t∏m-se,- tæO-
tZm-jw- Xo-≠m-Ø- im-¥n-kp-µ-c-am-b- H-cp- tem-I-Øn-s≥-d- D-Z-bhp-
am-bn- I-¬-°n- {]-Xy-£-s∏-Spw''1.-
-I¬-°n- A-h-Xm-cw-sIm-≠v- hn-h-£n-°p-∂-Xv- ap-l-Ω-Zv- \-_n-
bm-sW-∂v- ]-e- {K-\v-Y-Im-c-∑m-cpw- k-a¿-∞n-®n-´p-≠v2- .- hn-jv-Wp-]pcm
Ww- C-cp-]-Øn-\m-emw- A-≤ym-b-Øn¬- ]-d-bp-∂- I¬-°n- kz-`m-h-
ß-fn¬- ]-eX - pw- ap-lΩ- Z- v- \-_n-bp-am-bn- km-ayw- ]p-e¿-Øp-∂p-sh∂-
Xv- H-cp- h-kX
v- p-X- am-{X-am-Wv.- - G-Xm-\pw- km-ay-߃- Xm-sg- ]dbp∂p.-
H-∂v,- I-¬-°n- A-h-km-\-sØ- A-h-Xm-c-am-Wv.- I-en-bp-K-Øn-
em-Wv- A-t±-lw- A-h-X-cn-°p-I.- ap-l-Ω-Zv- \-_n- A-h-km-\-sØ-
1.- kz-O-µ- t{]m-Nv-O-e≥- tæ-O-
Xn-an-tcm-Zv-t`-Z- k-Nv-O-hn-
I¬-°n- hn-jv-Wp- {]-Im-im-b-
{]-`m-Xm¿-°- C-am-kv-Xp-h-
kp-Ip-am¿- A-go-t°m-Sv D≤cn-®Xv,- XØz-hpw- a-\p-jy-\pw- t]-Pv- 77)-
2.- ap-l-Ω-Zv- l-ao-Zp-√:-- :- ap-l-Ω-Zp-d-kq-ep-√m-lv,- t]-Pv- 25˛28.-
240 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-
{]-hm-NI- \
- m-Wv.- I-en-bpKw- B-cw-`n-°p-∂X- v- _n.-kn.- 3102em-sW∂m-
Wv- hm-Zn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.- A-t∏mƒ- ap-l-a-Zv- \-_n- P-\n-®-Xv- I-en-bp-K
Øn-s≥-d- ]m-c-ay-Øn¬- X-s∂-bm-Wv.-
c-≠v,- I¬-°n- - A-hX
- c
- n-°p-I- knw-^m-es
- b-∂- a-W¬-Zzo-]nem
Wv.- ap-l-Ω-Zv- \-_n-bp-sS- P-\-\-hp-w- A-td-_y≥- a-W-em-c-Wy-
ØnemWv.-
aq-∂,v - I¬-°n-bp-sS- ]n-Xm-hn-s≥-d- \m-aw- hn-jW
-v p-`K
- Ø
- -v F∂m-
bn-cn-°pw.- ssh-jv-W-h- a-X-{]-Im-cw- G-I-ssZ-h-Øn-s≥-d- t]-cm-Wv-
hn-jv-Wp.- `K-Øv- F-∂- ]-Z-Øn-\¿-∞w- Zm-k≥- F-∂m-Wv.- ap-lΩZv-
\-_n-bp-sS- ]n-Xm-hn-s≥-d- t]-cpw- A-_v-Zp-√m- A-Y-hm- ssZ-h-Zm-k≥-
F-∂m-bn-cp-∂p.
\m-ev,- I¬-°n-bp-sS- a-m-Xm-hn-s≥-d- t]-cv- "kp-a'Xn-sb-∂m-Wv.-
im-¥n-sb-∂- [m-Xp-hn¬-\n-∂p-≠m-b- Cu- ]-Z-Øn-s≥-d- A¿-∞w-
hn-iz-kv-X-sb-∂-s{X.- ap-l-Ω-Zv- \-_n-bp-sS- am-Xm-hv- B-an-\- A-Yhm-
hn-iz-kv-X-sb-∂- t]-cp-≈-h-cm-bn-cp-∂p-.-
A-©,v - I¬-°n- ]-ci- p-cm-a\
- n¬-\n-∂-v a-eb - n¬-sh-®-v hn-Zy- - kzoI-
cn-°p-sa-∂v- ]-d™
- n-cn-°p-∂p.- ap-lΩ- Z- v- \-_n- ssZ-hn-I- k-tµ-i߃-
B-Zy-am-bn- kzo-I-cn-®-Xv- H-cp- a-e-bn¬-sh-®m-bn-cp-∂p.-
B-dv,- I¬-°n- A-t±-l-Øn-s≥-d- \mev- Iq-´m-fn-I-tfm-Sp-Iq-sS-
\n-∂v- A-[¿-Ω-sØ- \-in-∏n-°p-sa-∂v- {]-h-Nn®n-cn-°p-∂p.- ap-l-ΩZv-
\-_n-bpw- X-s≥-d- {]-[m-\-s∏-´- \m-ev- Ip-´p-Im-tcm-Sv- (A-_q-_-°¿,-
D-a¿,- D-kv-am≥,- A-en- (d)-)-Iq-sS-bm-Wv- A-k-Xy-Øn-s\-Xn-sc- kacw-
sN-bv-X-Xv.-
G-gv,- I¬-°n-bp-sS- B-Im-im-tcm-lW - s- Ø-°p-dn-®v- ]-d™ - ncn-
°p-∂p.- ap-lΩ
- Z- v- \-_n-bpw- B-Im-im-tcm-lW- w- (an-Avd
- m-Pv)- \-SØn.-
F-´v,- I¬-°n-bp-sS- ]n-Xm-hv,- A-t±-l-Øn-s≥-d- P-\-\-Øn-\p-
ap-ºpw- am-Xm-hv- P-\n-®p- Ip-d-®p-Im-ew- I-gn-™pw- a-c-W-s∏-Sp-sa-∂v-
{]-kv-Xm-hn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.- ap-l-Ω-Zv- \-_n-bp-sS- ]n-Xm-hv,- A-t±-l-
Øns≥d- P-\-\-Øn-\v- ap-ºpw- am-Xm-hv- P-\n-®v- G-Xm-\pw- h¿-j-߃-
°p-ti-j-hpw- C-l-tem-I-hm-kw- sh-Sn-™p.
Cu- sX-fn-hp-I-fp-sS- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-Øn¬- I¬-°n,- A-td-_y
A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ- 241
bn¬- P-\n-®- ap-l-Ω-Zv- \-_n-bm-sW-∂v- A-`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂- ]-WvUn-
X-∑m-cp-≠v.- Cu- \n-K-a-\-{]-Im-cw- A-[¿-Ω-Øn-s≥-d- kw-lm-cm¿∞w-
A- h - k m- \ - s Ø- A- h - X m- c - h pw- Atd- _ y- b n¬- h- ∂ p- I - g n- ™ n-
cn°p∂p.-
a-lm-a-Zv- F-∂- hn-izm-Nm-cy≥-:-˛ `m-hn-sb-°p-dn-®- {]-h-N-\ß-
f-S-°n-b- ]p-cm-W-am-Wv- `-hn-jy¬- ]p-cm-Ww.- Cu- ]p-cm-W-Øn¬-
ap-lΩ- Z- v- \-_n-sb-°p-dn-®- hy-IvX
- a
- m-b- Nn-e- ]-cm-a¿-iß
- ƒ- Dƒs°m-
≈p-∂p.- `-hn-jy¬-]p-cm-W-w- {]-Xn-k¿-§- ]¿-∆-Ø-n¬- ]-d-bp-∂-Xv-
t\m-°p-I-:- ""A-t∏mƒ- a-lm-a-Zv- F-∂- t]-cn¬- hn-tZ-in-bm-b- H-cp-
B-Nm-cy≥- X-s≥-d- A-\p-N-c-∑m-tcm-Sv- Iq-Sn- {]-Xy-£-s]-Spw''-1.- Cu-
kq-Iv-X-Øn¬- "a-lm-a-Zv'- F-∂v- t]-sc-Sp-Øv- X-s∂- {]-kv-Xm-hn-®-
Xn¬-\n-∂p-w- ap-l-Ω-Zv- \-_n-sb-°p-dn-®p-X-s∂-bm-Wv- Cu- {]-h-N\
߃- F-∂v- kp-X-cmw- hy-Iv-X-am-Ip-∂p.-
`-hn-jy-¬- ]p-cm-Ww- Xp-S-cp-∂p-.- ""ssZ-h-Zq-X- k-Zr-i-\m-b- Cu-
a-cp-`q-\n-hm-kn-sb- cm-Pm-hv- Kw-Km-P-e-Øn-epw- a-‰v- A-©p-X-cw- ip≤o-
I-cW- - P-e- (]-©K - h- yw)-ßf - n-epw- kv\
- m-\w- sN-øn-®v- `-IvX
- n-hn-izmk-
k-a-\zn-Xw- ]q-Pn-®v- C-{]-Im-cw- {]m¿-∞n-°pw.- "A-√-tbm- a-\p-jy-
h¿-§-Øn-s≥-d- A-`n-am-\-kv-Xw-`-am-bn- ]n-d-∂- a-lm-\p-`-hm-!- Zp-jv-S-
\n-{K-l-Øn-\p-≈- Zn-hy-i-Iv-Xn-bp-sS- am-lm-Xv-ay-Øm¬- i-{Xp-]o-U-
I-fn¬-\n-∂pw- c-£-{]m-]n-®p- ]-cm-i-Iv-Xn-bp-sS- {]-Xy-£-e-£-W-
am-bn- ]-cn-e-kn-°p-∂- ]p-Wym-Xv-am-th-!- A-ß-bp-sS- ]m-Z-N-c-W-ß
fn¬- A-Sn-]-Wn-bp-∂- Cu-bp-≈-h-s\- A-ßp-∂v- H-cp- A-Sn-a-bm-bn-
kzo-I-cn-®-\p-{K-ln-®m-epw''2.-
h-cm-\n-cn-°p-∂- {]-hm-N-I-s≥-d- A-\pbm-bn-I-fp-sS- kz-`m-h-
k-hn-ti-j-X-I-sf-°p-dn-®p-w- kmw-kv-°m-cn-I- Nnlv-\-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p-
t]m-epw- `-hn-jy¬-]pcm-Ww- hn-h-cn-°p-∂p-:- "A-t±-l-Øn-s≥-d- A\p-
1 G-X-kv-an-∂-¥-tc- tæ-O- B-Nm-tcy-W- k-a-\zn-X-
a-lm-a-Z- C-Xn-Jym-Zx- in-jy-im-Jm- k-a-\zn-Xwx- (`-hn-jy¬-]p-cm-Ww- 3:-3:-3:-5)-
2.- \y]m-iv-tN-h- a-lm-tZ-h- a-cp-kv-Y-e- \n-hm-kn-\pw-
K-w-Km-Psse-iv-N-kw- kv-\m-]yw- ]-iv-N-K-hy- k-a-®n-Xm
Nw-Z-\m-Zn- Z-cn-Zy¿- Ny- Xp-jv-S-h- a-\k-w-lm-cw-
t`m-P-cm-P- D-hm-Nx-\-a-kvsX- Kn-cn-Pm- \m-Ym- a-cp-kv-Y-e-\n-hm-kn-t\-
{Xn-]p-cm-kp-c-\m-im-b- _-lp-am-bm- {]-h¿-Øn-\w-
tæ-ssO-Kp-]v-Xm-b- ip-≤m-b- k-®n-Zm-\-µ- cq-]n-ssW-
Xzw- amw- ln-In-¶-cw- hn-≤n- i-c-Wm-Xv-Y-ap-]m-K-Xw- (AtX{K\v-Yw-: 3:3:3:6-8)
242 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-
bm-bn-Iƒ- tN-em-I¿-Ωw- sN-øpw.- A-h¿- Ip-Sp-a- sh-°p-Ib - n-√.- Ah¿-
Xm-Sn- h-f¿-Øpw.- A-h¿- hn-π-h-Im-cn-I-fm-bn-cn-°pw.- {]m¿-∞-\-°v-
h-cm≥- A-h¿- D-d-s°- B-lzm-\w- sN-øpw.- ]-∂n-sb- H-gn-®v- a-‰v- an-°-
ar-K-ß-sf-bpw- A-h¿- `-£n-°pw.- ip-≤n-sN-øm≥- Z¿-`- D-]-tbm-Kn°p
∂-Xn-\p-]-I-cw- k-a-cw- sN-bv-Xv- A-h¿- ]-cn-ip-≤-cm-hpw.- a-X-sØ-
aen-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-h-cp-am-bn- bp-≤w- sN-øp-∂-Xn-\m¬- ap-ssk-e-h-
\-∑m¿- F-∂h - ¿- A-dn-bs
- ∏-Spw.- Cu- amw-k`- p-°p-If
- p-sS- B-hn-¿`mKw-
F-∂n¬-\n-∂m-bn-cn-°pw''-1.-
Cu- kq-Iv-X-ß-fn-eq-sS- `-hn-jy¬-]p-cm-W- I¿-Øm-hm-b- hym
k-ap-\n- ap-l-Ω-Zn-(k)-s‚- B-K-a-\w-X-s∂-bm-Wv- {]-h-Nn-®n-´p-≈-sX-
∂v- hn-i-Zo-I-c-W-an-√m-sX-s∂- a-\- n-em-°mw.- C-Xn¬- \n-∂v- aq∂v-
h-kv-Xp-X-I-fm-Wv- \-ap-°v- ap-∂n¬- sX-fn™p-h-cp-∂-Xv-˛
1.- ln-µp-°ƒ {]-Xo-£n-®n-cn-°p-∂- I-en-bp-Km-h-Xm-c-am-b-
I¬°n- ]-Xn-\m-ev- \q-‰m-≠p-Iƒ-°p-ap-ºv- A-td-_y-bn¬- P-\n-®n-
cn°p-∂p.-
11.- A-h-Xm-c- k-¶¬-∏-Øn-s≥-d- A-Sn-th-cp-Iƒ- {]-hm-N-IXz-
-sØ-°p-dn-®- hn-izm-k-Øn-em-Wv- kv-Yn-Xn-sN-øp-∂-Xv.
111.- ap-l-Ω-Zv- \-_n-sb-°p-dn-®v- {]-h-Nn-®- th-Z-hym-k≥- H-cp-
{]-hm-N-I-\m-hm-\p-≈- km-[y-X-bp-≠v.-
Hcp Imcyw ChnsS {]tXyIambn kqNn∏nt°≠Xp≠v.
Cu {]hN\ßfSßp∂ `hnjy¬]pcmWØns≥d tIm∏n
t_mws_ sh¶ntSizc {]kn¬ A®Sn®XmsW∂ Imcyw CXv
D≤cn®ncn°p∂ F.F®v. hnZym¿∞n, bp. Aen F∂nh¿ Ah
cpsS {K\vYØn¬ hyIvXam°nbn´p≠v. (A.H. VIDYARTHI &
U. ALI: Muhammed in Parsi, Hindu and Budhist Scriptures, Page
36). `hnjy¬ ]pcmWØns≥d HdnPn\¬ tIm∏nIƒ C∂v
1.- e-nw-K-tO-Zn-in-Jm- lo-\x-iv-a-{ip-[m-cn- k-Zp-j-I-
D-®m-e-]o- k¿-∆-`-£n- `-hn-jy-Xn- P-\-tamw-
hn-\-Iu-i-ew- N-h-i-h-kv-tXm- jmw- `-£-bm- a-Xm-amw-
ap-ssk-sse-\-h- kw-kv-Im-cx- Ip-ssi-cn- `-h-hn-iz-Xn-
X-kv-am¬- ap-k-e- h-t¥m-ln- Pm-X-tbm- [¿-Ω- Zq-j-Ix-
C-Xn-ss]-im-N- [¿-Ω-iv-N- `-hn-jy-Xn- ambm-Ir-X-˛
Ibid 3:3:3:25-28. Quoted by A.H. Vidhyarthi, U. Ali: Mohammed in
Parsi, Hindu and Budhist Scriptures.
A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ- 243
D]e_v[a√. Ct∏mƒ ]pdØndßp∂ ]cn`mjIfn¬ an°Xpw
{]km[IcpsS CNvOm\pkcWw am‰ßƒ hcpØns°m≠mWv
]pdØnd°p∂sX∂mWv a\ nemhp∂Xv. Ahbn¬ Nneh
aplΩZv \_n(k)sb kw_\v[n®v hymkal¿jn ]d™Xmbn
D≤cn°s∏Sp∂ t«mI߃ A∏Sn hn´pIfbpIbmWv sNbv
Xncn°p∂Xv. XßfpsS CjvSm\pkcWw ]pcmX\ {K\vYßsf
hymJym\n°p∂XpXs∂ sX‰msW∂ncns°, Ahbn¬\n∂v
ad®psh°pIbpw Iq´nt®¿°pIbpw sNøp∂Xv alm]m]am
sW∂v am{Xw kqNn∏n°s´.
`hnjy¬]pcmWØns≥d B[nImcnIXsb \ntj[n°p
hm≥ lnµpaX ]WvUnX∑m¿s°m∂pw Ignbn√. AXpsIm≠p
Xs∂, aplΩZv \_n(k)sb kw_\v[n®v Cu ]pcmWØn¬
]d™n´p≈ Imcy߃ ]n∂oSv ASpØ ImeØv FgpXnt®¿Ø
XmsW∂mWv ]et∏mgpw hmZn°s∏Smdp≈Xv. CXn¬ Igºn√.
]pcmWßfn¬ ISØn°q´phm≥ apkvenwIƒ°v GXmbncp
∂mepw Ignbn√t√m. kwkvIrX `mjm ]T\hpw thZPvRm\
kºmZ\hpw {_mlvaWcpsS am{Xw IpØIbmbn IcpXs∏´n
cp∂ ImeØv hntZinIfmb apkvenwIsf AhcpsS CNvO{]
Imcw XßfpsS aXhnizmkØn\v A\pKpWamb Imcy߃
]pcmWßfn¬ ISØn°q´phm≥ {_mlvaW¿ A\phZn®psh∂v
]dbp∂Xv IÆS®v Ccp´m°p∂Xn\v XpeyamWv. aplΩZv \_n
(k)sb°pdn® ]cma¿i߃ ISØn°q´phm\mbn `hnjy¬
]pcmWsØ°pdn®v Adnbmhp∂ ]WvUnX∑msc√mw HcnSØv
HØpIqSnsb∂v hnNmcn°p∂Xpw ip≤ Akw_\v[a√msX
as‰m∂pa√. AXpsIm≠pXs∂ Cu `mK߃ {]£n]vXam
sW∂p ]dbp∂Xv Xosc \ymboIcWa¿ln°p∂n√.
AY¿-∆ thZØn-se Ip-¥] kq-Iv-Xw-: AY¿-∆ thZw-
hnwi (Ccp-]Xv)- Im-Wv-Uw- 127˛mw- kq-Iv-XØn-se t«m-IßfmWv-
Ip-¥]kq-IXv- w- F∂dn-bs∏Sp-∂Xv.- Cu- kq-IX v- w- kp-{][m-\ßfm
b bPv-RthZn-Ifn¬- ]p-tcm-ln-X∑m¿- Be]n-°m-dp-s≠¶n-epw-
CXn-s≥-d A¿-∞w- hfsc \n-Kq-Vam-sW∂m-Wv- ]Wv-Un-X∑m¿-
]dbm-dp-≈Xv.- kp-{]kn-≤ C≥-tUm-fPn-k‰ v- p-Ifm-b {Kn-^n-Øv,- amIv-
244 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-
kv-ap-≈¿,- ssh‰v-\n,- ªq-^o¬-Uv- Xp-Sßn-bhcpw- Ip-¥] kqIv-Xw-
Hcp- {]tlfn-Ibm-sW∂v- Aw-Ko-Icn-®n-´p-≠v.- `m-cXo-bam-b kml
Ncy-߃- sh®p-sIm-≠v- Cu- kq-Iv-XsØ hym-Jym-\n-°p-I Zp-jv-
Icam-sW∂Xn-\m-em-Wv- Chsc√mw- Xs∂ CXn-s\ AXn-\n-Kq-
Vam-bn- I≠n-´p-≈Xv.-
Ip-¥] kq-IvX
- Øn-se H∂p- ap-X¬- aq-∂p- hscbp-≈ t«mI
߃- Im-Wp-I:
A√tbm- P\ßtf,- \n-߃- _lp-am-\ ]p-c cw- {i≤n°p-
I.- kvX
- p-Xy¿-l\mbh≥ hm-gØ v- s∏Spw-.- Adp-]Xn-\m-bn-cØn-sØm
Æqdv- i{Xp-°fp-sS a[y-Øn¬-\n-∂v- \mw- At±lsØ kzo-Icn°pw.-
At±lØn-s≥-d hm-l\w- Ccp-]Xv- B¨-s]¨- H´Ißfm-bncn
°pw.- At±lØn-s≥-d alXzw- kz¿-Ktem-Iw-hscsbØn- AXns\
Xm-gv-Øpw.- Ah≥- amam-Ejn-°v- ]Øp- NXp-cßfpw- \q-dp- kz¿-W
\m-Wbßfpw- ap-∂q-dv- Ad_n-°p-Xn-cIfpw- ]Xn-\m-bn-cw- ]ip°fpw-
\¬-Ipw1 Cu- kq-Iv-Xw- ap-lΩZv- \_n-(k)sbbm-W- v- ]cm-a¿-in-°p-
∂sX∂v- A`n-{]m-bs∏Sp-∂ ]Wv-Un-X∑m¿-2 Xm-sg∏dbp-∂ hkv-
Xp-XIfm-Wv- Ahcp-sS A`n-{]m-bØn-\v- Dt]m¬-_eIam-bn- D≤cn-
°p-∂Xv.-
H∂v-: Cu- kq-Iv-Xw- hy-Iv-Xam-b Hcp- {]hN\apƒ-s°m-≈p-
∂p-sh∂v- CXn-se kw-t_m-[\co-Xn- hy-Iv-Xam-°p-∂p.- ""CZw- P\m-
D]{ip-Xm''- (A√tbm- P\ßtf,- \n-߃- _lp-am-\ ]pc cw-
{i≤n-°p-I)- F∂p- ]d™p-sIm-≠m-Wn-Xv- Xp-Sßp-∂Xv.- NXp-¿-
thZßfn-sehn-sSbpw- CtXt]m-se P\ßsf {]tXy-Iam-bn-
kwt_m-[\sNbv-Xp-sIm-≠v- Hcp- Im-cy-hpw- ]d™n-´n-√.- AXp-
sIm≠p-Xs∂ Cu- kqIv-Xw- P\߃- ap-gp-h\pw-- Adn-tb≠ Hcp-
{]hN\ apƒ-s°m-≈p-∂p-sh∂v- CXn-s≥-d kw-t_m-[\m-co-Xn- hyIv-
Xam°p∂p.-
1. CZw- P\m- D]{ip-Xm- \cm-iw-k kv-X hn-jy-tX
jjv-Snw- kl{km- \hXnw- N Iu-ca Acp-j tajv-T ZZv-atl
Djv-Sm- bky- {]hm-ln-tWm- h[p- at¥m- Zzn¿- Zi
h¿-jv-a cYky- \n- Pn-lo-UtX Zn-h Cu-jam-Wm- D]m-kv-]r-ix-
Gjm- -Ejtb am-atl iXw- \n-jv-Im≥- Zi {kPx-
{Xo-Wn- iXm-\y¿-hXmw- kl{km-Zi tKm-\mw-
(AY¿-∆ thZw- hnw-iIm-Wv-Uw- kq-Iv-Xw- 27,- t«m-Iw- 1˛3)-
2. A.H. Vidhyarthi, U. Ali: Mohammed in Parsi, Hindu and Budhist Scriptures.
A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ- 245
c≠v-: Chn-sS "kv-Xp-Xy¿-l\m-bh≥-'- F∂v- ]cn-`m-js∏Sp-
Øs∏´n-cn-°p-∂Xv- ""\cm-iw-k'-'-sb∂ kw-kv-Ir-X ]Zam-Wv.- Cu-
]ZØn-\v- "kv-Xp-Xn-bpw- {]iw-kbpw- bYm¿-YØn¬- A¿-ln-°p-
∂h≥-'- F∂ A¿-∞w- ]dbmw.- "ap-lΩZv-'- F∂ Ad_n- kw-Pv
Rm-\m-aØn-s≥-d A¿-∞w- kv-Xp-Xn-°s∏Sp-∂h≥- F∂p-Xs∂bm
Wv.- AYhm- ap-lΩZv- F∂ Ad_n- kwPvR - m-\m-aØn-\v- Xp-eyamb
kw-kvI- r-X ]Zam-Wv- "\cmiw-k'.- AXp-sIm-≠v- CXv- ap-lΩZv- \_n-
(k)-sb°p-dn-®m-sW∂v- a\ n-em-°mw.-
aq-∂v-: \cmiw-ksb∂ kw-Pv-Rm-\m-aØn-\p- tijw- {]tbm
Kn-®n-cn-°p-∂ "kv-Xhn-jy-tX'- F∂ ]Zw- Hcp- kw-kv-Ir-X `m-hn-
Im-e {In-bbm-Wv.- "Ah≥- hm-gvØ - s∏Sp-w'- F∂m-Wv- Cu- ]ZØn\¿-
∞w.- AY¿-∆thZIm-eØn-\p- tijw- "\cm-iw-k'-sb∂p- t]cmb
Bsc¶n-epw- tem-INcn-{XØn¬- hm-gvØ - s∏´Xm-bn- \mw- Im-Wp∂n-
√; ap-lΩZv- \_n-(k)-b√m-sX Cu- t]¿-Xs∂ `m-cXØn-tem-
at‰sX¶n-epw- tZitØm- {]Nm-cØn-en-√m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂Xm-Wv- hm
kv-Xhw.- "\cm-iw-k'-sb∂p- t]cp-≈ Hcm-sfbpw- \ap-°v- ]p-cm-
tWXn-lm-kßfn-sem-∂pw- Im-Wm≥- Ign-bp-∂n-√.- ap-lΩZv- \_n-
(k)-°v- ap-ºv- Atd_y-bn-epw- B¿-°pw-Xs∂ B t]cp-≠m-bn-cp-
∂n-√.- AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ "\cmiw-k kvX - hn-jy-tX'- F∂ hN\w-
sIm-≠v- a{¥{Z-jv-Sm-hv- A¿∞am-°n-bXv- "ap-lΩZv- hm-gv-Øs∏Spw'-
F∂m-bn-cn-°m-sa∂v- A\p-am-\n-°m-hp-∂Xm-Wv.- Cu- {]hN\Øn-
\p-tijw- P\n-®hcn¬- G‰hpw- A[n-Iw- hm-gv-Øs∏´n-´p-≈Xpw-
ap-lΩZv- \_n- (k)- Xs∂.- e£°W°n-\v- ap-kv-enw-Iƒ- Zn-t\\
\akvI - m-cßfn-epw- A√m-sXbpw- ap-lΩZv- \_n- (k)-bp-sS t]scSp
Øv- ]d™v- hm-gv-Øn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p.- kXy-k\v-[am-bn- Ncn
{XsØ kao-]n-® Aapkv-enw- _p-≤n-Po-hn-Ifpw- ap-lΩZv- \_n-
(k)-sb ]p-IgvØ - n-bn-´p-≠v.- tem-INcn-{XsØ G‰hp-a[n-Iw- kzm[o-
\n-® alZvh - y-IXv- n-Ifn¬- {]Ya KW\o-b\m-bn- ]p-IgvØ - s∏Sp∂Xv-
ap-lΩZv- (k)-bm-sW∂ Im-cyw- kp-hn-Zn-Xam-Wt√m.-
\m-ev-: Cu- kq-Iv-XØn¬- Adp-]Xn-\m-bn-cØn-sXm-Æqdv-
i{Xp-°sf°p-dn-®v- ]d™n-cn-°p-∂p.- {]hm-NI Im-eL´Øn-se
a°bn-se P\kw-Jy- Adp-]Xn-\m-bn-cØn-\pw- Fgp-]Xn-\m-bn-
246 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-
cØn-\pw- CS°m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂m-Wv- hnZKv-[m-`n-{]m-bw-.- Ahcn¬-
an-°hcpw- i{Xp-°ƒ-Xs∂bm-bn-cp-∂p-ht√m.- i{Xp-°fp-sS kwJy-
bm-bn- AY¿-∆ thZØn¬- ]d™n-cn-°p-∂ Adp-]Xn-\m-bn-cØn-
sXm-Æq-dv- F∂ kw-Jy-t]m-epw- ap-lΩZv- \_n- (k)-bn¬- ]q¿Øo-
Icn-°s∏Sp-∂p-sh∂v- km-cw.-
A©v:- Ip-¥]kq-IX v- Øn-se H∂m-asØ t«m-IØn¬- "\cm-
iw-k'-sb hn-tijn-∏n-°p-hm≥- th≠n-bp-]tbm-Kn-® ]Zam-Wv- "Iu
ca'.- Cu- ]Zw- Hcp- `cWm-[n-Im-cn-bp-sS \m-aam-sW∂ cq-]ØnemWv-
]et∏m-gpw- ]cn-KWn-°s∏Sm-dp-≈Xv.- bYm-¿-YØn¬- Iu-ca F∂
]Zw- Hcp- \m-ahn-tijWam-Wv.- "kam-[m-\sØ t{]m¬-km-ln-∏n-
°p-Ibpw- {]Ncn-∏n-°p-Ibpw- sNøp-∂h≥'- F∂m-Wv- Cu- ]ZØn-
\¿-∞w.- F√ A¿∞Øn-epw- ap-lΩZv- \_n(k)-°v- tbm-Pn-°p∂
Hcp- hn-tijWam-Wn-sX∂Xn¬- kw-iban-√.- Pm-Xo-bhpw- h¿Ko-
bhpw- h¿-W]chp-am-bn- \n-e\n∂n-cp-∂ kv-]¿-ZIsf√mw- C√mbv-
asNbv-Xv- ]ckv-]cap-≈ km-tlm-Zcy-hpw- kam-[m-\hpw- Dd∏p-hcp-
Øp-∂Xn-\p-th≠n- {]h¿-Øn-°p-Ibpw- hn-Pbn-°p-Ibpw- sNbv-X
hy-Iv-Xn-bm-Wt±lw.- B A¿-∞Øn¬- "kam-[m-\sØ {]Ncn-∏n-
®h≥'- F∂v- ap-lΩZv- \_n-(k)-sb hn-fn-°m-hp-∂Xm-Wv.- "Ckvemw'-
F∂ ]ZØn- \ v - "ka¿- ∏ Ww',- "kam- [ m- \ w'- F∂n- ß s\
A¿∞ßfp-≠v.- k¿-∆iIv-X\v- kz-¥sØ kºq¿-Wam-bn- ka¿-
∏n-°p-Ihgn- IcKXam-Ip∂ kam-[m-\am-Wv- Ckve - mw- F∂v- ]dbm-
hp-∂Xm-Wv.- Ckv-em-am-Ip-∂ kam-[m-\sØ {]Ncn-∏n-°p-hm-\pw-
]q¿-Øo-Icn-°m-\pw- th≠n- BKXam-bh≥- F∂ A¿∞Øn-em-
bn-cn-°mw- thZa-{¥-Øn-s‚- {Zjv-Sm-hv- "Iu-ca'sb∂v- hn-fn-®sX∂v-
\ym-bam-bpw- A\p-am-\n-°m-hp-∂Xm-Wv.-
Bdv-: Ip-¥]kq-Iv-XØn¬- c≠m-asØ a{¥w- "\cm-iw-k'-
s\°pdn-®v- ]dbp-∂Xv- "h[q- at¥m- Zzn¿-Zi'-sb∂m-Wv.- CXn-s\
c≠p- cq-]Øn¬- ]cn-`m-js∏Sp-Øm-sa∂v- ]Wv-Un-X∑m¿- A`n-
{]m-bs∏Sp-∂p.- H∂v-,- At±lsØbpw- `m-cy-am-scbpw- H´Iw- ]q´nb
cYw- hln- ° p- ∂ p- s h∂m- W v - . - c≠m- a tØXv , - At±lsØ
H´IsØbpw- CWsbbpw- ]q-´n-b cYw- hln-°p-∂p-sh∂m-Wv-.-
ap-lΩZv- \_n- (k)-bp-sS {][m-\s∏´ hm-l\w- H´Iam-bncp∂
A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ- 247
t√m.- (Cu- kq-Iv-XØn¬- ]d™n-cn-°p-∂ hy-Iv-Xn- Hcn-°epw- Hcn-
¥y-°m-c\m-Im≥- km-[y-Xbn-s√∂ hkv-Xp-X hy-Iv-Xam-hp-∂Xv-
Chn-sSbm-Wv.- ln-µp-°ƒ-°n-Sbn-¬- \n-e\n-∂n-cp-∂ \n-ba{]Imcw-
H´Ibm-{Xbpw- ]m-epw- {_m-lva- W¿-°v- \n-jn-≤am-bn-cp-∂p.- "H´I∏p-
dtØm- Igp-X∏p-dtØm- bm-{X sNøp-∂Xpw- \Kv-\\m-bn- kv-\m\w-
sNøp-∂Xpw- {_m-lv-aWs\ Aip-≤am-°p-w'(a\p-kv-ar-Xn- 11:201)-
F∂m-Wv- a\p-kv-ar-Xn-bp-sS hn-[n).- \_n- (k)- Xs≥-d `m-cy-am-tcm-
sSm-∏w- H´I∏p-dØv- bm-{X sNbv-XXm-bn- \ap-°dn-bm-hp-∂XmWv.-
"`m-cy-am¿-'- F∂ {]tbm-Kw- {]tXy-Iw- {it≤bam-Wv.- \_n(k)-
bp-sS _lp-`m-cy-Xzw- {]kn-≤am-Wt√m.- Cu- kq-Iv-XØn-\v- \¬Im-
hp∂ c≠¿-∞{]Im-chpw- CXv- ap-lΩZv- \_n- (k)-bp-sS Po-hn-
Xhp-am-bn- ]q¿-Wam-bn- tbm-Pn-∏v- {]ISn-∏n-°p-∂p.-
Ggv:- "Ahs≥-d alXzw kz¿-Ktem-Iw- hscsbØn- AXns\
Xm-gv-Øpw'- F∂v- ]d™Xv- H∂p-In¬- ap-lΩZv- \_n- (k)-bp-sS
alXz-sØ Db¿-Øn-°m-Wn-°p-hm-t\m- AXs√¶n¬- At±lØn-
s≥-d BIm-im-tcm-lW(an-Av-dm-Pv)-sØ°p-dn°p-hm-t\m- Bbn-cn-
°m-sa∂v- Du-ln-°m-hp-∂Xm-Wv.-
F´v-: Ip-¥]kq-Iv-XØn-s≥-d aq-∂m-asØ a{¥Øn¬- Ejn-
bp-sS t]cv- ]d™n-cn-°p-∂Xv- "am-am-Ejn'-sb∂m-Wv.- `m-cXo-b
]p-cm-Wßfnsem-∂pw-Xs∂ am-am-Ejn-sb∂ t]cp-≈ Hcp-BNmcy
s\°p-dn-®v- ]cm-a¿-ißsfm-∂pw-Xs∂bn-√.- AXp-sIm≠p-Xs∂
`m-cXo-b Ncn-{XØn-¬- am-am-Ejn-sb sXcbp-∂Xv- hy¿-∞am-Wv.-
ap-lΩZv- F∂ ]Zam-bn-cn-°mw- a{¥{Zjv-Sm-hm-b Ejn- am-am-Ejn-
sb∂Xp-sIm-≠v- hn-h£n-®sX∂v- \ym-bam-bpw- A\p-am-\n-°m-hp-
∂Xm-Wv.- skan-kv-‰n-Iv- \m-a߃- `m-cXo-b `m-jIfn-te°v- ]cmh¿-
Ø\w- sNøp-tºmƒ- D®m-cWam-‰ßƒ- D≠m-hp-I kzm-`m-hn-Iam-
Wt√m.-
HºXv-: am-am-Ejn-°v- \¬-Is∏Sp-∂Xm-bn- Ip-¥]kq-Iv-
XØn¬- BZy-w- ]dbp-∂Xv- ]Øp- NXp-cßfm-Wv.- CXv- ap-lΩZv-
\_n-(k)-bp-sS G‰hpw- ASp-Ø ]Øv- A\p-Nc∑m-sc°pdn-®m-
Imsa∂v- A\p-am-\n-°m-hp-∂Xm-Wv.- kz¿Kw-sIm-≠v- kt¥mj
hm¿Ø Adn- b n- ° s∏´ alm- ∑ m- c m- b ]Øv - klm- _ n- I ƒ- . -
248 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-
"Zi{kPx'sb∂ {]tbm-KØn-\v- "]Øp- lm-c߃-'- Ft∂m-- "]Øv-
NXp-c߃-'- Ft∂m- A¿-∞w- ]dbm-hp-∂Xm-Wv.- {]hm-NIs≥-d
Po-hn-XØn-\v- Xm-ßpw- XWep-am-bn-cp-∂ Ckv-em-an-\p- th≠n-
XymK߃- kln-® ]Øp- t]¿- Xs∂bm-hWw- Zi{kPx- F∂Xp-
sIm-≠v- Dt±in-°s∏´Xv.-
]Øv: amamEjn°v \¬Is∏Sp∂Xmbn ]n∂oSv ]dbp∂Xv
\qdv kz¿W\mWbßfmWv. aplΩZv \_n (k)tbmsSm∏w
XymK߃ kln® BZyIme kJm°sf kqNn∏n°phm≥
th≠nbmhWw \qdv kz¿W\mWb߃ F∂p {]tbmKn®Xv.
F√mhn[ {]bmkßsfbpw AXnPohn°phm≥ t]m∂ BXvao
b iIvXnsb kqNn∏n®psIm≠v kz¿Wsa∂ {]tbmKw `mcXob
kmlnXyØn¬ km[mcWbmbn ImWs∏Sp∂XmWv. XßfpsS
BXvaob iIvXnsIm≠v i{Xp°fpsS ]oU\ßsfbpw A{Iaß
sfbpw AXnPohn°pIbpw kz¥w \mSpw hoSpapt]£n®v
A_v k o\nbbnte°v ]emb\w sNbv X v kz¥w BZ¿iw
kwc£n°pIbpw sNbv X \qdp kzlm_nIsf Dt±in®p
sIm≠pXs∂bmhWw \qdp kz¿W\mWb߃ F∂p {]tbm
Kn®sX∂v A\pam\n°mhp∂XmWv.
]Xns\m∂v: lmcßfpw kz¿W\mWbßfpw IqSmsX
ap∂qdv Ad_n°pXncIsfbpw amamEjn°v \¬Ipsa∂v Ip¥]
kqIvXØn¬ ]d™ncn°p∂p. {]hmNI Ncn{XØnse {]kn≤
amb {]Ya bp≤Øn¬ ]s¶SpØ hoccmb kJm°sf Dt±in®p
sIm≠mbncn°Ww Ad_n°pXncIƒ F∂v a{¥{ZjvSmhmb
Ejn ]d™Xv. _Zv¿ bp≤Øn¬ ]s¶SpØXv ap∂q‰n ]Xnaq∂v
kzlm_nIfmbncp∂pht√m. CXn¬ AhnNmcnX ImcWßfm¬
bp≤w sNøm≥ IgnbmXncp∂ F´p t]scbpw bp≤amcw`n°p
∂Xn\p apºv sIm√s∏´ Hcmsfbpw \mep _me∑mscbpw Ingn
®m¬ _m°n FÆw IrXyw ap∂qdpXs∂. ap∂qdv Ad_n°pXnc
Iƒ F∂ {]tbmKw Ahsc°pdn®pXs∂bmIm\mWv km[yX.
]{¥≠v: Ahkm\ambn amamEjn°v \¬Is∏Sp∂Xv
]Xn\mbncw ]ip°fmsW∂mWv Ip¥]kqIvXw ]dbp∂Xv.
a°mhnPbkabØv {]hmNIt\msSm∏ap≠mbncp∂ ]Xn\m
A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ- 249
bncw kzlm_nIsf Dt±in®psIm≠mbncn°mw ]Xn\mbncw
]ip°ƒ F∂p {]tbmKn®Xv. Ah¿ A∂v kuaycpw im¥cpam
bncp∂ht√m. ]iphn\p≈ kwkvX]Zamb "tKm' \njv]∂ambn
cn°p∂Xv "bp≤Øn\p t]mhpI'sb∂v A¿∞w hcp∂ "Ku'
F∂ {Inbbn¬\n∂msW∂ Imcyw {]tXyIw {]kvXmhyamWv.
Bcybp≤ßfpsS e£yw ]ip°sf kz¥am°embXp
sIm≠mbncn°Ww ]iphn\v "tKm'sb∂ t]cp h∂sX∂mWv
]WvUnXaXw. "]Xn\mbncw ]ip°ƒ' F∂ {]tbmKw F√m
A¿∞Ønepw tbm≤m°fmb ]Xn\mbncw kzlm_nIƒ°v
tbmPn°psa∂¿∞w..
C∂s\, \nKqVsa∂v IcpXs∏Sp∂ AY¿∆thZØnse
Ip¥]kqIvXØn¬ ]d™n´p≈ Imcyßsf√mwXs∂ aplΩZv
\_n(k)bn¬ ]q¿ØoIcn°s∏Sp∂Xmbn \ap°v a\ nem
°m≥ Ignbp∂p. "Ip¥]'sa∂ ]ZwXs∂ aplΩZv \_nbpambn
_\v[ap≈XmsW∂XmWv hmkvXhw. "DZcØnse {K\vYn'
sb∂mWv Cu ]ZØn\¿∞w. aplΩZv \_n(k)bpsS P∑\mSn
s≥d t]cmb "a°'sb∂ Ad_n]ZØn\v "DZcw' F∂pIqSn
A¿∞ap≠v. AXpsIm≠pXs∂ "Ip¥]kqIvXw' F∂Xn\p
]Icw "a°mkqIvXw' F∂p]dbp∂Xp sX‰√. AY¿∆ thZ
Ønse a°mkqIv X Ønse ]cma¿i߃ aplΩZv \_n
(k)bpsS {]hmNI PohnXhpambn tbmPn°p∂Xv XnI®pw
bmZrNvOnIambmsW∂v IcpXp∂Xv XnI™ A\v[Xb√msX
as‰m∂pa√.
[¿-Ω-kw-kv-Ym-]-\m¿-∞w- h-∂- A-h-km-\-sØ- {]-hmNI
\pw- I-gn-™p- t]m-bn-cn-°p-∂p.- A-t±-lØ- n-s≥-d- Po-hn-Xs
- Ø-°pdn®-
hy-Iv-X-am-b- en-Jn-X- tc-J-Iƒ- C-∂pw- e-`y-am-Wv.- \-ap-°v- am-XrI-
bm-°m-≥- ]-‰p-∂- Po-hn-Xw-!- A-Xm-Wv- `m-c-Xo-b- {]-hm-N-I-∑m-cpsS-
A-\p-bm-bn-Iƒ-°pw- A-\p-I-cn-°m≥- ]-‰p-∂-Xv.- k¿-∆iIv-X\m-b
Xºp-cm≥- ]-d-bp-∂Xv- t\m-°p-I: ""B¿-°- v- \mw- th-Zw- \¬-In-bn-´p-
t≠m,- A-h¿- X-ßf - p-sS- k-¥m-\ß
- s
- f- a-\ 
- n-em-°pw-t]m-se-Xs∂-
ap-l-Ω-Zv- \-_n-sb-bpw- a-\- n-em-°p-∂p-≠v.- A-hcn-sem-cp- hn-`m-K-
°m¿- bmYm¿-∞yw- {K-ln-®p-I-gn-™n-´p-a-Xv- a-d-®p-sh-°p-I-bm-Wv''1.-
1.- -Jp¿-B≥- 2:-146.-
250 A-Sn-kvY
- m-\i
- n-eI
- ƒ- 251

∂-sX-∂- Pq-X-hn-izm-k-hpw- Ip-cn-ip-a-c-W-Øn¬- hn-iz-kn-°p-∂-h¿

°v- am-{X-am-Wv- \n-Xy-Po-h-s\-∂- ss{I-kv-X-h- ho-£-W-hpw- k-Xyw-
hn-iz-kn-°p-I-bpw- \-∑- {]h¿-Øn-°p-I-bpw- sN-øp-∂-h-\v- ]-c-tem-
I-tam-£-sa-∂- C-kv-em-an-s≥-d- Im-gv-N-∏m-Spw- X-Ωn¬- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-
]-cam-b- s]m-cp-Øt- °-Sp-s≠-¶n-epw- C-lt- em-IØ - n-s≥-d- k-ºq¿Æ-
\-io-Ic - W
- Ø
- n-\p-ti-ja - m-Wv- ]-ct- em-Is
- a-∂- Im-cy-Øn¬- C-h- tbm-
Pn-°p-∂p-≠v.-
]p-\¿-P-∑w-:-˛ C-Xn¬-\n-∂pw- h-fs
- c- hy-Xy-kvX
- a
- m-b- H-cp- Imgv-

4 N-∏m-Sm-Wv- ln-µp-a-X-Øn-\v- ]-c-tem-I-sØ-°p-dn-®p-≈-Xv.- ]p-\¿-P-

]p-\¿-P-∑-tam- ]-c-tem-I-tam-
{]m-No-\-a-\p-jy¿- ap-X¬-- X-s∂- Cu- tem-I-Øn-\p-ti-jw-
as‰mcp- tem-I-ap-s≠-∂pw- X-s≥-d- C-l-tem-I- sN-bv-Xn-Iƒ-°v- Ahn-
sS-sh-®v- {]-Xn-^e- w- \-¬I
- s
- ∏-Sp-sa-∂p-ap-≈- hn-izm-kw- \n-e\n∂Xm
bn- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bpw.- ]p-cm-X\- - \m-Kc
- n-IX
- I
- s
- f-°p-dn-®- ]-T\
- Øn¬-
\n-∂v- C-°m-cyw- G-Xm-≠v- ]q¿-Æ-am-bn- hy-Iv-X-am-bn-°-gn-™n-´p≠v.-
kp-tadn-b≥- kw-kv-°m-cw- ap-X¬- kn-\v-[p-\-Zo-X-S- \m-K-cn-I-X-h-sc-
bp-≈- F-√m- \m-K-cn-I-X-I-fn-epw- ]-c-tem-I-sØ-°p-dn-®- t_m-[-ap
≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂v- B-[p-\n-I- D¬-J-\-\- K-th-j-W-߃- sXfn-
bn-®p-I-gn-™n-cn-°p-∂p.- a\p-jy-sc- tk-h-\-߃-°m-bn- t{]-cn-∏n-
°p-∂-Xpw- hn-th-In-bpw- hn-\o-X-\pw- k-ln-jv-Wp-hpw- £m-a-io-e\pw-
a-lm-\p-sa-√m-am-°n-Øo¿-°p-∂-Xpw- ]-c-tem-I-t_m-[-am-Wv.-
]-c-tem-I-sØ-°p-dn-®v- sk-an-‰n-Iv- a-X-ß-sf-√mw- G-I-tZ-iw-
H-tc- cq-]Ø
- n-ep-ff
- -- ho-£W
- ß
- f
- m-Wpƒ-s°m-≈p-∂X - v.- A-hn-sSbp≈-
c£-bp-sS-bpw- in-£-bp-sS-bpw- am-\-Z-Wv-U-ß-sf-°p-dn-®- hnhcW-
ß-fn-em-Wv- C-h- hn-cp-≤m-`n-{]m-bw- {]-I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. -C{kmCu¬-
X-d-hm-´n¬- P-\n-®v- h-f¿-∂-h¿-°v- am-{X-am-Wv- kz¿-§-tem-Iw- e-`n°p-
∑-sa-∂- t]-cn-em-Wv- ssl-µ-h- ]-c-tem-I- hn-izm-kw- s]m-Xp-sh-
hy-h-l-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.- ]p-\¿-P-∑-kn-≤m-¥-sØ-°p-dn-®- ]-cm-a¿-i-
߃- B-Zyw- Im-Wp-∂-Xv- O-tµm-tKym-]-\n-j-Øn-em-Wv.- ""a-\p-jy≥-
hn-Nm-c-a-b-\m-Ip-∂p.- Cu- tem-I-Øn¬- sh-®v- A-h-≥- F-{]--Im-cw-
Nn-¥n-°p-∂p-thm- A-{]-Im-cw-X-s∂- A-h≥- C-hn-sS-\n-∂pw- {]-bm-
Ww- sN-bv-Xn-´pw- B-bn-Øo-cp-∂p''-1 F-∂m-Wv- O-tµm-Kyw- ]-d-bp-∂
Xv.- C-l-tem-I-Øn¬-sh-®p-≈- a-\p-jy-Nn-¥-bm-Wv- A-h≥- ]-c-tem-
I-Øn¬- F-¥m-bn-Øo-c-W-sa-∂v- X-o-cp-am-\n-°p-∂-sX-∂¿-∞w.- Zp¿-
Nn-¥-I-fp-≈- a-\p-jy¿- \n-Ir-jv-S-cm-bpw- k¬-Nn-¥-I-fp-≈-h¿- D-Ø-
a-cm-bpw- Chn-sSXs∂ P-\n-°p-∂psh∂m-Wv- Om-tµm-tK-y-m-]\n-
jØv- ]dbp-∂Xv.--
Chn-sS \n-∂- v- {]-bm-Ww- sN-bv-X-ti-jw- Cu- tem-I-Øn¬
X-s∂-bm-Wv- ho-≠pw- ho-≠pw- P-\n-°p-∂-Xv F∂ k¶¬-]am-Wv-
]p\¿-P∑ hn-izm-ksa∂ t]cn¬- Adn-bs∏Sp-∂Xv.- D-Øa - I
- ¿Ωß
ƒ- sN-bv-Xv- Po-hn-®-h¿- {_m-lv-aW--\m-tbm- a-‰v- D-b¿-∂- Ip-e-ß-
fn¬-s]-´-h-\m-tbm- P-\n-°p-∂p.- A-[-a- I¿-Ω-߃- sN-bv-Xv- Po-hn-
®-bmƒ- ar-K-ß-fm-tbm- Xm-gv-∂- Pm-Xn-°m-c-\m-tbm- P-\n-°p-∂p.- O
tµm-Kyw -X-s∂- ]-d-bp-∂-Xv- t\m-°p-I-:- ""C-h-cn¬- ]p-Wy-I¿-Ωn-I-
fm-bn-´p-≈-h¿- kz-I¿-Ωm-\p-k-c-Ww- {_m-lv-a-W-tbm-\n-bn-tem,- £
{Xn-b-tbm-\n-bn-tem- P-\n-°p-∂p.- A-ip-`-I¿-Ωn-Iƒ- io-{Lw- X-s∂-
1.- A-Y- J-ep- {IXp-a-bx- ]p-cp-jx-b-Ym- {I-Xpx -
A-kv-an≥- tem-tI- ]p-cp-jx- `-h-Xn- X-Ym- GXx-
t{]-Xy-`-h-Xn-
(O-tµm-tKym-]-\n-j-Øv- 3:-14:-1)-
252 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-
\o-N-tbm-\n-I-fn¬-˛A-Xm-b-Xv- \m-b-b-p-sStbm- ]-∂n-bp-sS-tbm- NWv-
Um-f-s≥-d-tbm- tbm-\n-bn¬- P-\n-°p-∂p''-1.-
C-Xn¬-\n-∂v- ]p-\¿-P∑ - k
- n-≤m-¥Ø - n-s≥-d- H-cp-GI - t- Z-iN- n{Xw-
\-ap-°v- e-`n-°p-∂p.- a-\p-jy-s≥-d- Zpjvs - N-bX
v- n-If- p-sS- ^-ea - m-bn- ASp-
Ø- P-∑-Øn-e-h≥- shdp-°-s∏-´-h-\-m-bpw- k¬-I¿-Ω-ß-fp-sS- ^-e-
am-bn- th-≠-s∏-´-h-\m-bpw- P-\n-°p-∂p.- C-Xv- Cu- `q-an-bn¬-X-s∂-
Xp-S¿-∂p-sIm-t≠-bn-cn-°pw.- Xn-∑-I-sf- Pv-Rm-\w-sIm-≠v- k-ºq¿-
Æ-am-bpw- {]-Xn-tbm-Kn-°m≥- ]-Iz-am-hp-∂-Xp-h-sc- Po-h≥- ]-e-hn-[-
P-∑-ß-fn-eq-sS- ]-cn-Wm-aw- {]-m-]n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°pw.- A-h-km-\w-
k-I-e-hn-[- Xn-∑-I-fn¬-\n-∂pw- ap-Iv-X-am-bn- Pv-Rm-\-i-Iv-Xn-I-sf- k
ºm-Zn-®- v- k¿-∆-i-Iv-X-\m-b- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hn-t\m-Sv- tN-cp-∂-Xp-h-sc- Cu-
]-cn-Wm-a- {]-{In-b- Xp-S-cpw--.- C-Xm-Wv- ]p-\-¿-P-∑-Øn-s≥-d- s]m-cpƒ.-
A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-c-ln-Xw-:-˛ C-X-\p-k-cn-®v- C-t∏mƒ- {_m-lv-a-W-
cpw- £-{Xn-bc - pw- ssh-iy-cp-am-bn- Po-hn-°p-∂h
- ¿- I-gn-™- P-∑Ø- n¬-
k-p-I-r-Xw- {]-h¿-Øn-®-h-cpw- \m-b,- ]-∂n- Xp-S-ßn-b- ar-K-ß-fpw- NWv-
Um-e≥2 Xp-S-ßn-b- A-[-a-P-m-Xn-°m-cm-b- a-\p-jy-cpw- I-gn-™- P-∑
Øn¬- Zp-jv-Ir-Xy-߃- sN-bv-X-h-cp-am-Wv.- I¿-Ωn-I-fp-sS- B-Xv-amhn-
\v- cq-]m-¥-cw- kw-`-hn-°m-sX ico-cw- am-dp-Ibm-Wv- sNøp-∂sX∂m-
Wv- k¶¬-]w--.- Htc BXv-am-hn-\v- hy-Xy-kv-X ico-cßfp-≠m-bXm-
sW¶n-epw- - C-ßs - \- P-\n-°p-∂h - ¿- Xßfp-sS ]q¿-∆ico-csØ°p
dn-®v- t_m-[-hm-∑m-c-√.- {_m-lv-a-W-tcm-tSm- a-‰v- Ip-eo-\- Pm-Xn-bn¬-
s]-´-h-tcm-tSm- X-s≥-d- I-gn-™- P-∑-sØ-°p-dn-®v- tNm-Zn-®m-¬- A-h
c-Xn-s\-°p-dn-®v- A-Pv-R-cm-bn-cn-°pw.- ]-∂n-t°m- ]-´n-t°m- N-WvUm-
e-t\m- kz-¥w- ap-Pv-P-∑-]m-]-a-Wv- C-t∏mƒ- A-\p-`-hn-°p-∂-sX-∂-
t_m-[hp--an-√.-
X-s≥-d- sN-bv-Xn-Iƒ-°v- {]-Xn-^-ew- e-`n-°p-tºmƒ- A-Xv-
GtXXv- {]-h¿Ø-\-߃-°p-≈- {]-Xn-^-e-am-sW-∂v- A-dn-bp-∂n-
s√-¶n¬- ]n-s∂- B- {]-Xn-^e -- -Øn-s\-¥v- {]-k-Iv-Xn-bm-Wp-≈-Xv?-
1.- X-Zy- C-l- c-a-Wo-b- N-c-Wm- A-`ym-ix- l- b-tØ- c-a-Wo-bmw- tbm-\ow-
B-]-tZy-c≥- {_m-lv-a-W-tbm-\nw- hm- £-{Xn-btbm--\nw-.- hm- ssh-iy-tbm-\nw-.-
hm- A-Y-b- C-l- I-]q-b-N-c-Wm- A-`ym-ix-l- b-tØ- I-]q-bmw- tbm-\nw-
B-]-tZ-y-c≥- iz-tbm-\nw- hm -kq-I-c-tbm-\nw-.- hm- N-Wv-Um-e-tbm-\nw- hm-
(Otµm-Kyw- 5:10:7)
2.- Nm-Xp¿- h¿-Æy-Øn¬- s]-Sm-Ø-h≥.-
A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ- 253
]p-\¿-P∑-kn-≤m-¥- {]-Im-cw- {]-Xn-^-ew- \-¬-I-s∏-Sp-∂-h¿- C-Xv-
{]-Xn-^-eam-tWm- F-∂p-t]m-epw- t_m-[-hm-∑m-c-√.- A-Xp-sIm-≠p-
X-s∂- Cu- kn-≤m-¥w- k-Xv-I¿-Ωn-Iƒ-°v- {]-Xn-^-e-hpw- Zp-jv-I¿Ωn-
Iƒ-°v- in£-bp-sa-∂- ]-ct- em-I- hn-izm-kh
- p-am-bn- bm-sXm-cp- s]mcp-
Ø-hpw- {]-ISn-∏n-°p-∂n-√.-
th-Z-hn-cp-≤w-:-˛ ]p-\¿-P-∑-kn-≤m-¥-sØ-°p-dn-®v- bm-sXm-cp-
kq-N-\-bpw- th-Z-ß-fn¬- {]-[m-\-s]-´- E-tKz-Z-Øn¬- \mw- Im-Wp∂n-
√.- F-∂m¬- a-cW - t- i-jw- a-s‰m-cp- Po-hn-Xa
- p-s≠-∂- Im-cy-Øn-te°v-
A-Xv- hn-c¬-Nq-≠p-Ib - pw- sN-øp-∂p-≠v.- C-Xn¬-\n-∂v,- - th-ZI
- m-es
- Ø-
B-cy-∑m¿- ]-c-tem-I- hn-izm-k-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂p-w- ]n-∂o-Sm-Wv-
]p-\¿-P-∑-kn-≤m-¥w- D-S-se-Sp-Ø-sX-∂p-ap-≈- \n-K-a-\-Øn-em-Wv-
]Wv-Un-X-∑m¿- F-Øn-bn-´p-≈-Xv.- {io- cm-lp¬- kmw-Ir-Xym-b≥-
F-gp-Xp-∂p-:- ""th-Z-Øn-se- E-jn-am¿- Cu- tem-I-Øn¬-\n-∂pw- hn-`n
∂-am-b- a-s‰m-cp- tem-I-ap-s≠-∂v- hn-iz-kn-®n-cp-∂p.- A-hn-tS-°m-Wv-
a-c-Wm-\-¥-c-w- k-Zv-I¿-Ωn-Iƒ- t]m-hp-I.- A-h-c-hn-sS- B-\-µ-]q¿∆w-
Po-hn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.- Xm-sg-bp-≈- ]m-Xm-fw- A-\v-[-Im-c-a-b-am-b- \-c-
I-tem-I-am-Wv.- A-hn-tS-°m-Wv- Zp-jv-I¿-Ωn-Iƒ- t]m-Ip-∂-Xv''-1.-
th-Z-ß-fn-sem-∂pw-X-s∂- ]p-\¿-P-∑-kn-≤m¥w- ]-cm-a¿-in°p-
∂n-s√-∂v- Om-tµm-tKym-]-\n-j-Øn-se-X-s∂- Nn-e- {]-kv-Xm-h-\-Iƒ-
hy-Iv-X-am-°p-∂p-≠v.- A-©mw- A≤ym-b-Øn-se- aq-∂mw- J-Wv-U-
Øn¬- ]-{¥-≠v- h¿-jw- th-Zw- ]-Tn-®- tiz-X-tI-Xp-thm- ]n-Xm-hm-b-
Ku-Xa - t- \m- Cu- kn-≤m-¥s - Ø-∏‰ - n- tI-´n-´p-t]m-ep-an√m-sb-∂X - ns≥d-
kq-N\ - I - f
- p-≠.v - tdm-_¿-´-v G-Wk - ‰-v -v lyqw-- F-gp-Xp-∂p- ""]p-\¿-P∑sØ-
∏-‰n- E-tKz-Z-Øn¬- bm-sXm-cp- ]-cm-a¿-i-ß-fp-an-s√-∂-Xv- k-hn-tij-
{i-≤-b¿-ln-°p-∂p.- O-tµm-Ky-Øn-se- 5:-3Dw- kv-Yn-co-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv-
Cu- h-kvX - p-Xb
- m-Wv.- Cu- D-]\ - n-jØ - n-s≥-d- 6:-1:-2¬- ]-db - p-∂X
- v- ]{¥-
≠p-h¿jw- th-Zw- ]-Tn-®b - m-fm-Wv- tiz-Xt- I-Xp-sh-∂m-Wv.- A-t±lhpw-
]n-Xm-hpw- Kp-cp-hp-am-b- Ku-X-a-\p-sam-∂pw- Cu- kn-≤m-¥-sØ-∏-‰n-
tI-´n-cp-∂n-√.- A-h-c-Xv- ]-Tn-°p-tºmƒ- ]-d-bp-∂-Xv,- Cu- kn-≤m¥w-
tk-\-bn¬-s∏-´- £-{Xn-b-∑m-cp-tS-Xm-sW-∂m-Wv.- A-t∏mƒ- B-Zyam-
bn-´m-Wv- H-cp- {_m-lv-a-W- hn-`m-K-Øn-\v- A-Xv- shfn-s]-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv.-
1.- cm-lp¬- kmw-Ir-Xym-b≥-:- hn-iz-Z¿-i-\-߃- ]p-dw--:- 552.-
254 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-
a-c-Ww,- A-¥y-hn-[n,- a-c-Wm-\-¥-c- Po-hn-Xw- F-∂n-ß-s\-bp-≈-
A-h-kv-Ym-¥-c-ß-sf-∏-‰n- E-tKz-Z-Øn¬- Im-Wp-∂- hn-izm-kw- hy-Iv-
Xn-bp-sS- tZ-h-tem-I-Øp-s≠-∂v- ]-d-b-s∏-Sp-∂- A-\-iz-c-Po-hn-X-am-
Wv.- ]p-\¿-P-∑-kn-≤m-¥-Øn-s≥-d- B-Zy-cq-]w- Im-Wp-∂-Xv- AY¿-∆-
th-Z-Øn-em-Wv.- A-Xv- hf-sc- hy-Iv-X-am-bn- {]-Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- iX-
]-Y-{_m-lv-a-W-Øn¬- am-{X-am-Wv.- F-¶n-epw- ]n¬-°m-e-Øv- \n-e-
hn¬-h-∂- ]p-\¿-P-∑kn-≤m-¥-Øn-s≥-d- cq-]w- D-]-\n-j-Øp-Ifn¬-
t]m-epw- Im-Wm-\n-√''-1.-
Cu- {]-]-©w- \-in-°p-sa-∂pw- ]-c-amXv-am-hv- A-Xn-s\- ]p-\
kr-jv-Sn- \-S-Øp-sa-∂p-ap-≈- h-kv-Xp-X-I-fn-te-°v- D-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ-
kq-N\- - \¬-Ip-∂p-≠v.- tiz-Xm-iX - t- cm-]\
- n-jØ - n¬- ]-db
- p-∂X- v- t\m-
°p-I-:- ""Cu- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hv- {]-]-©-t£-{X-Øn¬- kr-jv-Sn-bp-sS- BZn-
Im-e-Øv- Hm-tcm- Pm-e-sØ-bpw- ]-e-{]-Im-c-Øn¬- hn-`-Pn-®v,- {]-f-b-
Im-eØ
- v- A-Xn-s\- kw-lc - n-°p-∂p.- - B-Xav- m-hm-b- Cu-iz-c≥- ho≠pw-
ap-ºn-e-sØ-t∏m-se- k-a-kv-X- tem-I-]m-e-I-∑m-sc-bpw- kr-jv-Sn-®v-
kz-bw- F-√m-Øn-epw- k¿-∆m-[n-]-Xyw- kv-Ym-]n-°p-∂p''-2.-
]-c-am-Xv-am-hn-s\- i-cn-°pw- a-\- n-em-°n-b-h¿- k-z¿-§-Øn¬-
{]-th-in-°p-∂p.- kz¿-§Ø - n¬- a-cW- a - n-√.- A-h¿- A-ac- ∑
- m-cm-bn- amdp-
∂p.- ""B- ln-c-WyK¿-`-t\-°m-fpw- D¬-Ir-jv-S-am-b- B- ]-c-am-Xv-amhv-
A-cq-]-\pw- A-\m-a-b-\p-am-Wv.- B- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hn-s\- A-dn-bp-∂-h¿-
A-a-c-Xz-sØ- {]m-]n-°p-∂p.- Cu- c-l-kyw- A-dn-bm-Ø-h¿- ho-≠pw-
ho-≠pw- Zpx-Js- Ø- {]m-]n-°p-∂p''3- sh-∂m-Wv- D-]\ - n-jØ- p-Iƒ- ]dbp-
∂-Xv.-
Cu-im-hm-tkym-]\ - n-jØ
- v- C-°m-cyw- Ip-sd-°q-Sn- hy-IvX- a- mbn-
]-d-bp-∂p-≠v:- ""A-hn-\m-in-bm-b- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hn-s\-bpw- tZ-h- ]n-Xram-
\-hm-Zn-I-sf-bpw- \-√-Xp-t]m-se- a-\- n-em-°n-bn-´p-≈-h¿- -hn-\mi
Øm¬- ar-Xyp-hn-s\- X-c-Ww- sN-bv-Xv- A-hn-\m-in-I-fm-bn- A-a-r-X-
1 Robert Ernest Hume: The Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Page 54.
2 G-ssI-Iw- Pm-ew- _-lp-[m-hn-Ip¿-h-
\-kv-an≥- t£-{X- kw-lm-c- tXy-j-tZ-hx
`q-bx- kr-jv-Szm- ]-X-b-kv-X-tY-ix-
k¿-∆m-[n-]-Xyw- Ip-cp-tX- a-lm-Xv-am-
(tiz-Xm-i-X-tcm-]-\n-j-Øv- 5:-3)-
3 A-tX-{K-Ÿw- 3:10
A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ- 255
Xz-sØ- A-\p-`-hn-°p-∂p''-1.-
Cu- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hn-s\-°q-Sm-sX- tZ-h- ]n-Xr- am-\-hm-Zn-I-sf-
D]m-kn-°p-∂-h¿- \-c-I-Øn-em-Wv- ]-Xn-°p-I-sb-∂pw- D-]-\n-j-Øp-
Iƒ-X-s∂- hy-Iv-X-am-°p-∂p-≠v.- \-c-I-am-I-s´- tLm-cm-\v-[-Im-c-a-b-
am-Wv.- ""\-iz-c-ß-fm-b- tZ-h- ]n-Xr- am-\-hm-Zn-I-sf- D-]m-kn-°p-∂-
h¿- A-Pv-Rm-\-am-Ip-∂- tLm-cm-\v-[-Im-c-Øn¬- ]-Xn-°p-∂p.- A-hn-
\m-in-bm-b- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hn-s\-°p-dn-®v- an-Yym`n-am-\-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bn-
cn-°p-∂-h-cpw- tLm-cm-\v-[-Im-c-Øn¬-X-s∂- ]-Xn-°p-∂p''-2sh-∂m-
Wv- Cu-im-hm-tkym-]-\n-j-Øv- X-s∂- hy-Iv-X-am-°p-∂-Xv.- Cu- \-c-
I-am-I-s´- Zpx-J-`q-bn-jv-T-ß-fmWv.- ""kq-cy-c-ln-Xß-fm-b- Cu- temI-
߃- A-Pv-Rm-\m-\v-[-Im-c- k-am-hr-X-ß-fm-Ip-∂p.- B-Xv-a-Lm-Xn
Iƒ,- A-Xm-b-Xv- Cu-iz-c-s\- kv-a-cn-°m-sX- hn-j-bm-k-Iv-X-cm-bn-
°-gn-bp-∂h - ¿,- ho-≠pw- Zpx-J`- q-bn-jT
v- ß
- f
- m-b- B- tem-Iß
- s
- f- {]m]n-
3.
°p-∂p''- -
kz¿-§t- em-Ia - m-Is- ´- `-bØ
- n¬-\n-∂pw- Xo¿-Øpw- ap-IvX - a
- mWv.-
I-tTm-]\- n-jØ
- v- ]-db - p-∂X- n-ßs - \-bm-Wv:- ""kz¿-§t- em-IØ
- v- A¬]w-
t]m-epw- `-b-an-√.- A-hn-sS- \o-bp-an-√.- P-cm-\-c-bm¬- B¿-°pw- `bhp-
an-√.- A-hn-sS- h-kn-°p-∂-h¿- £p-Xv-]n-]m-km-Zn-Iƒ-°pw- timIm-
Zn-Iƒ-°pw- A-Xo-X-∑m-cm-bn- k¿-∆-hn-[-am-b- B-\-µ-hpw- A-\p-`-hn-
°p-∂p''4.-
C-h-bn¬- \n-s∂-√mw-X-s∂- B-Zy-Im-e- `m-c-Xo-b-cp-sS- a-cWm-
\-¥c- - Po-hn-Xs
- Ø-°p-dn-®- ho-£W - w- ssZ-hn-I- a-XØ - n-s≥-d- ho£-
Ww- X-s∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂v- a-\- n-em-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.- `q-an-bn¬-
X-s∂- hnhn-[- Po-hn-I-fm-bn- ]-cn-W-an-®v- Po-hn-Xw- ]-cn-{I-a-Ww- sN-
ø-s∏-Sp-sa-∂- hn-izm-kw- ]p-Xp-Xm-bn- D-≠m-b-Xm-Wv.- C-l-tem-I-
Øn-s≥-d- k-ºq¿-Æ- \m-iØ - n-\v- ti-ja- m-Wv- ]-ct- em-Isa∂pw- Ahn-
1.- kw-`q-Xnw- hn-\m-iw- N-b-kv-X- tZz-tZm- `-bw- k-l-
hn-\m-ti-\- ar-Xypw- Xo¿-Øzm- kw-`q-Xym- f ar-X- a-iv-\p-tX-
(Cu-im-hm-tkym-]-\n-j-Øv- 14.)
2.- A-tX-{K-Ÿw 12.
3.- A-kq-cym- \m-a- tX- tem-Im- A-\v-t[-\- X-a-km- hr-Xmx-
Xmw-kv-tX- t{]-Xym-`n-K-Nv-O-¥n- tb-tI- Nm-Xv-a-l-t\m-P-\mx- (A-tX-{K-Ÿw 3.)
4.- kz¿-tK-tem-tI- \- `-bw- In-©-\m-kv-Xn- \-X-{XXzw- \-P-c-bm- _nt`-Xn-
D-t`,- Xo¿-Øzm-i-\m-bm- ]n-]m-tk- tim-Im-Xn-tim- tam-Z-tX- kz¿-§-temt-I-
(I-tTm-]\
- n-jØ
- v- 12).-
256 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-
sS-sh-®v- k¬-I¿-Ωn-Iƒ-°v- kz¿-§-hpw- Zp-jv-I¿-Ωn-Iƒ-°v- \-c-Ihpw-
{]-Xn-^-e-am-bn- e-`n-°psa∂p-am-bn-cp-∂p- BZy-Im-e sslµhcpsS
hn-izm-ksa∂m-Wv- a\kn-em-Ip-∂Xv-.-
]p-\¿-P∑ - h
- n-izm-kØ
- n-s≥-d- D¬-∏Ø - n-:˛- C-kve
- m-an-s≥-d- ]c-
tem-I-ho-£-W-hp-am-bn- B-Zy-Im-e- `m-c-Xo-b-cp-sS- hn-izm-k-Øn-\v-
s]m-cp-Øap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬,- ]n-s∂-sb-ßn-s\-bm-Wv- Cu-
hnizm-kw- ln-µp-°-fn¬-\n-∂pw- ]m-sS- th-c-‰p-t]m-bn- X¬-kv-Ym-\-
Øv- {ip-X-n-Iƒ-°v- Xn-I-®pw- A-\y-amb- ]p-\-¿-P-∑- kn-≤m-¥w- kvYm-
\w-]n-Sn-®-Xv?- {io- cm-lp¬- kmw-Ir-Xym-b≥- Cßn-s\-bm-Wv- A-`n-
{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-:- ""ssh-Zn-I- I¿-Ω-Im-Wv-U-ß-fn¬- P-\-߃-°v-
hnizm-kw- Ip-d-™p-Xp-Sßn.- A-t∏mƒ- O-tµm-Ky-Ønse- E-jn-am-
cm-b- ssP-h-en- cm-Pm-hpw- {_m-lv-a-W-\m-b- B-cp-Wn-bpw- Iq-Sn- H-cp-
]p-Xnb- am¿-§w- I-≠p-]n-Sn-®p-.- A-h¿- ]p-\¿-P∑
- s
- Ø-t∏m-ep-≈- hnizm-
k-߃- h-f¿-Øn.- Zm-k-∑m¿- sXm-gn¬-°m¿- Xp-S-ßn-b- ]o-Un-X-
P\-X-bp-sS- _-\v-[-\-sØ- Iq-Sp-X¬- kp-Zr-V-am-°n-Øo¿-Øp''-1.-
]-c-tem-I-Øn-ep-≈- hn-izm-k-Øn-\v- •-m-\n- kw-`-hn-®-Xn-s≥d-
^-e-am-bn- k-Xv-I¿-Ωm-\p-jv-Tm-\-Øn-\pw- Zp-jv-I¿-Ω- h¿-Pv-P-\-Øn-
\p-ap-≈- B-th-iw- Ip-d-™-t∏mƒ- ]p-tcm-ln-X¿-°v- P-\-ß-sf- \nb-
{¥n-°m-\m-bn-√.- X-Zh- k- c- Ø
- n¬- a-\x-]q¿-∆w- sa-\s
- ™-Sp-Ø- hnizm-
k-am-Wv- ]p-\¿-P-∑- hn-izm-kw.- ]-c-tem-I- i-n-£-tb-°mƒ- sF-ln
I- t¢-i-ß-sf- a-\p-jy¿- `-b-s∏-Sp-sa-∂v- a-\- n-em-°n-b- O-tµm-Ky-
E-jn-am-cp-sS- kr-jv-Sn-bm-b- H-cp- \-ho-\- B-i-bw- am-{X-am-Wn-sX∂m-
Wv- cm-lp¬- kmw-Ir-Xym-b-s≥-d- A-`n-{]m-bw.-
F-∂m¬- C-Xn-s\m-cp- a-dp-hi - w- Iq-Sn-bp-≠v.- - t\-cs
- Ø- D-≤cn®-
-2
O-tµm-Ky-t«m-Iw t\m-°p-I.- ]-∂n-bp-sS-bpw- ]-´n-bp-sS-bpw- Iq-sS-
bm-Wv- c-≠p-Im-en¬ \-S-°p-∂- N-Wv-Um-e-s\-- F-Æn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.-
A-h-s\-bpw- H-cp- ar-K-am-bn-´m-Wv- ]p-\¿-P-∑-hm-Z-Øn-s≥-d- {kjvSm
°ƒ- I-W-°m-°n-bn-cp-∂-sX-∂¿-∞w.-
Xm-gv-∂- Pm-Xn-°m-cm-b- a-\p-jy-sc- ar-K-Xp-e-y-cm-bn-°m-Wp-∂-
{]-h-W-X-bn¬-\n-∂m-Wv- ]p-\¿-P-∑-hm-Z-Øn-s≥-d- D¬-∏-Øn-sb-∂v-
1.- cm-lp¬- kmw-Ir-Xym-b≥-:- hn-iz-Z¿-i-\-߃,- ]p-dw- 579.-
2.- O-tµm-tKym-]-\n-j-Øv- 5:-10:-7.-
A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ- 257
\-ap-°n-Xn-¬-\n-∂- v- a-\- n-em-°mw.-
N-WvU - m-e∑ - m-cpw- A-h¿-Æc - pw- a-‰v- Io-gvP
- m-Xn-°m-cpw- `q-an-bn¬-
I-jv-S-X- A-\p-`-hn-°p-I-bpw- A-Sn-a-∏-Wn-sb-Sp-°m≥- \n¿-_-\v-[n-°-
s∏-Sp-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xn-cp-∂- Im-e-Øm-Wv- ]p-\¿-P-∑-hm-Z-Øn-s≥-d- D¬-
∏-Øn.- "`q-an-bn-se- ssZ-h-ß-fm-b'- {_m-lv-a-Wc-- p-sS- {Iq-c-am-b- A-Sn-
a-®-ß-e-bn¬- _-\v-[n-°-s∏-´n-cp--∂- N-Wv-Um-e-cpw- a-‰pw- A-\p-`-hn-
°p-∂-Xv- X-ß-fp-sS- ap-Pv-P-∑-]m-]-Øn-s≥-d- in-£-bm-sW-∂- [m-c-
W-bm-Wv- ]p-\¿-P-∑-kn-≤m-¥-Øn-eq-sS- kr-jv-Sn-°-s∏-´-Xv.- {_m-lv-
a-WIv-j-{Xn-bm--Zn-I-f-\p-`-hn-°p-∂- kp-J-ku-I-cy-ß-fp-sS- Im-c-W-
hpw- A-h-cp-sS- ap-Pv-P-∑-Øn-se- kp-Ir-X-ß-fm-Wv.- A-t∏mƒ- A-Sp-
Ø- P-∑-Øn-se-¶n-epw- D-b¿-∂- Pm-Xn-°m-c-\m-bn- P-\n-°-W-sa-¶n¬-
Cu- P-∑-Øn¬- X-ß-fp-sS- Pm-Xn-[¿-Ωw- \n¿-∆-ln-°-Ww.- N-WvUm-
e-\pw- iq-{Z-\p-w- hn-[n-°-s∏-´n-´p-≈- Pm-Xn-[¿-Ωw- A-Sn-a-∏-Wn-bmWv.-
{_m-la v- W
- ∑
- m-cp-sS- A-Sn-a∏
- W
- n-sb-Sp-Øv- Po-hn-°p-Ia - m-{X-am-Wv- Ah-
cp-sS- tam-£-Øn-\p-≈- am¿-§w.- Cu- hn-izm-kw- h-f¿-Øn- Xm-gv-∂-
Pm-Xn-°m-sc- a-m-\-kn-I-am-bn-t∏m-epw- A-Sn-a-I-fm-°n- am-‰m-\p-≈-
{_mlv-a-W-ta-[m-hn-Xz-Øn-s≥-d- kr-j-vSn- am-{X-am-Wv- ]p-\¿-P-∑-
kn≤m-¥w.-
]p-\¿-P-∑kn-≤m-¥-Øn¬- hn-iz-kn-®- N-Wv-Um-e-\pw- iq-{Z
\pw- X-ßf - p-sS- ap-PP
-v ∑
- ]
- m-]t- am¿-Ø-v Zpx-Jn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p.- ASpØ-
P-∑-Øn¬- D-∂-X-Ip-e-Pm-X-\m-hm≥-th-≠n- {_m-lv-a-W-cpsS- A-Sn-
a-∏-Wn-sb-Sp-Øp-sIm-≠p-an-cp-∂p.- X-߃- X-s∂- sN-bvX- ]m-]-ß-
fp-sS- {]-X-n-^-e-am-Wv- X-߃- C-∂v- A-\p-`-hn-°p-∂sX-∂- Nn-¥-
A-Sn-a-∏-Wn-bn¬-\n-∂pw- tam-N-\w- t\m-\p-≈- am¿-§-߃- A-t\z-
jn-°p-hm-\p-≈- Xz-c-sb-t∏m-epw- \-in-∏n-®p-I-f-™p.- A-ßs\,- Xe-
ap-d-I-fn¬-\n-∂pw- X-e-ap-d-I-fn-te-°v- Cu- A-[-a-t_m-[w- kw{I-an-
®p.- ]p-\¿-P-∑- hn-izm-k-Øn-t∑¬- {_m-lv-a-W- ta-[m-hn-Xz-Øn-s≥d-
tIm-´-Iƒ- D-b¿-∂p-s]m-ßp-I-bpw- A-h¿-Æ-]o-U-\-Øn-\v- XmXzn-
I-am-b- \ym-bo-I-c-Ww- \¬-I-s∏-Sp-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.-
""kz-[¿-Ωw- A¬-∏w- Nn-e- \yq-\-X-I-tfm-sS- A-\p-jv-Tn-°p-∂-
Xm-bn-cp-∂m-epw- hn-[n-{]-Im-cw- A-\y-[¿-Ωw- A-\p-jv-Tn-°p-∂-Xn-
t\-°mƒ- t{i-jv-T-am-Wv.- kz-[¿-Ω-Øn¬- {]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂-h-∂v-
258 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- 259

acWw-t]m-epw- t{i-b- m-Wv.- A-\y-[¿-Ω-m-\p-jv-Tm-\w- `-bm-h-l-

am-Wv''-1 F-∂v- ]-Tn-∏n-°p-∂- Ko-X-bpw- ]p-\¿-P-∑-hm-Z-Øn-\pw- A-Xn-
eq-sS- k-h¿-Æ-ta-[m-hn-Xz-Øn-\pw- ]-®-s°m-Sn- Im-´p-I-bm-Wv- sNøp-
∂-Xv.- ap-Pv-P-∑- ]m-]-Øn-s≥-d- ^-e-am-Wv- A-[x-kv-Yn-X-h¿-§-°m¿-
C-∂v- A-\p-`-hn-°p-∂- I-jv-S-X-I-sf-∂- hn-izm-kw- Km-\v-[n-Pn-sb-
t∏m-epw- kzm-[o-\n-®n-cp-∂p-sh-∂v- Nq-≠n-°m-´-s∏Sp-tºm-gm-Wv-2 Cu-
hm-Z-Øn-s≥-d- Ku-c-hw- F-{X-tØm-f-am-sW-∂- t_m-[-Øm¬- \mw-
sR-´n-t∏m-Ip-∂-Xv.-
b-Ym-∞- ]-c-tem-I-hn-izm-k-Øn¬- C-Ø-cw- D-®-\o-N-Xz-ß
sfm-∂pw- {]-I-S-am-Ip-∂n-√.- P-∑-a-√- I¿-Ω-am-Wv- ]-c-tem-I-tam-£- 5
Øn-\v- \n-Zm-\-sa-∂- X-Xz-am-Wv- A-Xn-s≥-d- A-Sn-Ø-d.- P-\n-®-Xv- F{X-
Xm-gv-∂- Pm-Xn-°m-c-\m-bn-´mbn-cp-∂m-epw- kp-Ir-Xw- sNbv-Xm¬- Ah-
\v- kz¿-§-Øn¬- kv-Ym-\-ap-≠v.- P-\n-®-Xv- D-∂-X-e- Ip-e-Øn-em-sW-
¶n-epw,- A-{I-a-am-Wv- {]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂-sX-¶n¬- A-h-s\- \-c-Im-Kv- sh-fn-®-Øn-te-°v-
\n-bn¬- h-en-s®-dn-b-s∏--Sm-Xn-cn-°n-√.- kz¿-§-hpw- \-c-I-hpw- ]-c-tem-
I-hpw- ssZ-hw- sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Øn-Ø-∂- k-Xy-ß-fm-Wv.- A-h- \n-tj-
[n-®-Xp-sIm-≠v- A-h-bp-sS- A-kv-Xn-X-zw- C-√m-sX-bm-Ip-∂n-√.- `m-c- a-\p-jy≥- P-∑-\m- ]-cn-ip-≤-\m-Wv.- A-h-s\- h-gn-tI-Sp-I-fnte-
X-Øn-se- {]-hm-N-I-∑m-c-S-°w- tem-I-Øn¬- h-∂- k-Xy-a-X- {]-hm °v- \-bn-°p-∂-Xv- km-l-N-cy-ß-fpw- k-l-Nm-cn-I-fp-am-Wv.- C-Xp-
N-I-∑m¿- ap-gp-h≥- Cu- ]-c-tem-I-hn-izm-k-am-Wv- {]-t_m-[-\w- sN- t]mse-Ø-s∂-bm-Wv- an-°- Z¿-i-\-ß-fp-sS-bpw- A-h-kv-Y.- A-h-
bvX- s
- X-∂v- \mw- I-≠p.- Jp¿-B≥- ]dbp-∂Xv- icn-! ""\n-ivN - b
- a
- mbpw,- bpsS- A-Sn-th-cp-I-sf- ip-≤-am-b- G-I-ssZ-h-hn-izm-k-Øn-epw- {]hm-
A-h≥- A-¥y-\m-fn-te-°v- \n-ß-sf- H-cp-an-®v- Iq-´p-I-X-s∂- sNøpw.- N-I{- ]-t_m-[\ - ß
- f - n-ep-am-Wv- H-cp- K-th-jW- h- n-Zym¿-∞n-°v- Im-Wm≥-
A-Xn¬- k-tµ-l-ta- C-√''-3.- I-gn-bp-∂X- v.- Im-e{- I-aØ- n¬- Z¿-i\ - ß
- ƒ- kvY
- m-]\ - h
- ¬-°c
- n-°s∏Sp-
-I-bpw- A-h-bp-sS- kz-¥-°m-cm-bn- H-cp- {]-tXy-I- h¿-§w- cq-]w-sIm-
≈p-I-bpw- sN-bv-X-t∏mƒ- P\-{]o-Xn-°p-th-≠n- a-X-\n-b-a-߃- \n¿-
Ωn-°p-I-bpw- am-‰n-a-dn-°p-I-bpw- sN-øp-∂- A-h-kv-Y-bp-≠m-bn.- G-I-
ssZ-h-hn-izm-k-Øn¬-\n-∂v Xp-S-ßn-b- a-X-ßfn¬- ]e-Xpw- _-lp-
ssZ-hm-cm-[-\-bn-te-°v- h-gn-am-dn-b-Xß-s\-bm-Wv.-
A-{_-lm-apw- tam-si-bpw- tb-ip-hp-sa-√mw- {]-t_m-[\ - w- sNbv-
X- G-I-ssZ-h-hn-izm-k-Øn¬-\n-∂v- A-h-cp-sS- A-\p-bm-bn-I-sf-∂v-
1.- t{i-bm≥- kz-[¿-tΩm- hn-Kp-Wx-]-c-[¿-Ωm¬- kz-\p-jv-Tn-Xm¬-
A-h-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂-h¿- h-gn-am-dn-t∏m-b-Xn-\v- N-cn-{Xw- km-£n-bm-Wv.-
kz-[¿-tΩ- \n-[-\w- t{i-bx- ]-c-[¿-tΩm- `-bm-h-lx- (`-Kv-h-Zv- Ko-X- 3:-35)- Cu- a-lm-∑m-cm-b- {]-hm-N-I-∑m¿- F-¥n-\p-th-≠n- ]-Wn-sb-Sp-
2.- I-√-d- kp-Ip-am-c≥-:- hn-tam-N-\-Øn-s≥-d- A¿-∞-im-kv-{Xw- t]Pv-:- 39
3.- Jp¿-B≥- 6:-12 Øpthm- A-Xn-\v- t\¿- hn-]-co-X-am-bn- A-h-sc-Ø-s∂- B-cm-[n-°p-
260 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-
∂- A-hk - Y v- b
- m-Wv- C-∂v- \n-e\n¬-°p-∂X
- v.- ""bn-{km-bo-te- tIƒ°,-
\-Ωp-sS- ssZ-h-am-b- I¿-Øm-hv- G-I- I¿-Øm-hv''1- F-∂v- D-ss®-kv-
Xcw- {]-Jym-]n-®- {In-kv-Xp-hn-s≥-d- A-\p-bm-bn-I-sf-∂v- A-h-Im-i-
s∏-Sp-∂-h¿,- C-∂-t±-l-sØ- ssZ-h-]p-{X-\m-bn- A-h-X-cn-∏n-°p-hm≥-
kp-hn-ti-jw- {]-kw-Kn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p.- _-lp-ssZ-hm-cm-[\ - s
- °-
Xn-sc- i-Iv-X-am-bn- s]m-cp-Xn-b- C-{_m-lnw- \-_n-bp-sS- hn-{K-l-am-
bn-cp-∂p,- ap-l-Ω-Zv- \-_n- I-Av-_-bn¬-sh-®v- B-Zy-am-bn- \-in-∏n®Xv.-
G-I-\m-b- {k-jv-Sm-hn-s\-b-√m-sX- B-cm-[n-°-m≥- ]m-Sn-s√-∂v- i-Iv-
X-hpw- hy-Iv-X-hp-am-bn- {]-Jym-]n-®- ap-l-Ω-Zv- \-_n- (k)-t]m-epw-
A-\p-bm-bn-I-sf-∂-h-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂- Nn-e-cm¬- {]m¿-∞n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p-
sh-∂- h-kv-Xp-X- Cu- "X-e-Xn-cn-®n-en'-s≥-d- `o-I-c-X-bm-Wv- hy-Iv-X-
am-°p-∂-Xv.-
C-Xp-X-s∂-bm-bn-cn-°-Ww- `m-c-Xo-b-N-cn-{X-Øn-epw- kw-`-hn®-
Xv.- ip-≤-am-b- G-I-ssZ-h-hn-izm-k-Øn-em-Wv- `m-c-Xo-b-Z¿-i-\Øn
s≥d- A-Sn-Ø-d- ]-Wn-Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.- a-e-°p-I-fn-ep-≈- hnizm-k-ambn-
cn-°-Ww- _-lp-tZ-h- k-¶¬-∏-Øn-te-°v- \-bn-®-sX-∂v- \mw- a\ n
-em-°n.- A-h-Xm-c- k-¶¬-∏Øn-s≥-d- A-Sn-th-cp-Iƒ- {]-hm-N-I-∑mcn
ep-≈- hn-izm-k-Øn-em-Wv- kv-Yn-Xn- sN-øp-∂-sX-∂v- \mw- I≠p.
ssZ-h-Øn¶¬-\n-∂pw- {K-\v-Y-߃- A-h-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-I-sb-∂-
hnizm-k-Øn-\v- Xp-ey-am-bn- "{ip-Xn'-I-fn-ep-≈- hn-izm-k-sØ- KWn
°mw.- {ip-Xn-I-fm-bn- C-∂v- hy-h-l-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-h- kv-J-en-X-ap-IvXa
s
- √-¶nepw- {ip-Xn-Is
- f-∂- B-ib - w- ssZ-hn-I- {K-\vY
- ß- f
- n-ep≈- hnizm-
k-Øn¬-\n-∂v- D¬-`-hn-®-Xm-sW-∂v- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bpw.- `m-c-Xo-b-
Z¿-i-\-Øn-s≥-d- A-Sn-th-cp-Iƒ- sN-∂p-\n¬-°p-∂Xv- a-c-Wm-\-¥cw-
D-bn¿-sØ-gp-t∂¬-∏n-\v- ti-j-ap-≈- ]-c-tem-I-sa-∂- B-i-b-Ønem-
sW-∂pw,- ]p-\¿-P-∑- kn-≤m-¥w- {_m-lv-a-W- ta[m-hn-Xz-Øn-s≥-d-
kr-jv-Sn-bm-sW-∂pw- \mw- a-\- n-em-°n.- `m-c-X-Øn¬- h-∂- {]-hmN-
I-∑m-cp-sS- {]-t_m-[\ - ß
- fn-em-Wv- `m-cX
- o-b- Z¿-i\- Øn-s≥-d- ASnkv-
Ym-\- in-e-I-sf-∂- Im-cy-Øn¬- C-\n- kw-i-bn-t°-≠-Xp-t≠m?-
ssl-µ-hm-Nm-c-ß-fnep-≈-- ]u-tcm-ln-Xy-Øn-s≥-d- Zp--kzm-[o\-
sØ-°p-dn-®v- G-Xm-s≠-√m- ]-WU
v- n-X∑
- m-cpw- ]-d™
- n-´p-≠v.- bmKhpw-
1.- a¿-t°-m-kv- 12:-29
A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ- 261
b-Pv-R-hpw- Pm-Xn-bp-sa-√mw- ]u-tcm-ln-Xy-Øn-s≥-d- Zp--kzm-[o-\w-
sIm≠v- In-fn¿-Ø-Xm-sW-∂v- A-h¿- ]-d-bp-∂p.- I-¿-Ω-Im-Wv-Ukw-
_-\v-[n-bm-b- Im-cy-ß-fn¬- am-{X-a-√,- Zm¿-i-\n-I-hpw- hn-izm-k-]-c-
hp-am-b- hn-j-b-ß-fn-epw- ]u-tcm-l-n-Xy-Øn-s≥-d- kzm[o-\-ap-≠m-
bn-´p-≠v.-
a-\p-jy-s≥-d- hn-izm-k-am-Wv- I¿-Ω-sØ-bpw- Pv-Rm-\-sØ-bp-
sa-√mw- \n-b-{¥n-°p-∂-sX-∂- bm-Y¿-∞yw- a-\- n-em-°n-b- sN-Ip-
Ø-m≥,- X-s≥-d- {]-h¿-Ø-\w- {]-Y-a-am-bn- tI-{µo-I-cn-®-Xv- hn-izmkw-
Po¿-Æn-∏n-°p-∂X - n-em-Wv.- A-Xn-eq-sS- a-\p-jy-cm-in-sb- ap-gp-h≥- ]ng-
∏n-°p-hm-\pw- A-h-sc- \-c-I-Øn-te-°v- A-b-°p-I-sb-∂- A-h-s≥-d-
D-t±-iy-]q¿-Øo-I-c-W-Øn-\p-am-W-v Ah≥- {i-an-®-Xv.- `m-c-Xo-b-Z¿i-
\-Øn-se-∂-√,- a-t‰-sXm-cp- X-Xz-im-kv-{X-Øn-epw- A-\n-hm-cy-am-bn-
´p-≈-Xv- I¿-Ω-ß-fp-sS- \-thm-∞m-\-a-√,- {]-Xyp-X- hn-izm-k-Øn-s≥d-
\-thm-∞m-\-am-sW-∂v- ]-d-bp-hm-\p-≈- Im-c-W-hpw- C-X-m-Wv.- hnizm-
kw- \-∂m-bm¬- am-{X-sa- I¿-Ωw- \-∂m-hq.- Pm-Xn-hy-h-kv-Y-ap-X¬-
B-[p-\n-I- C-¥y- t\-cn-Sp-∂- {]-iv-\-ß-fn¬- ]-e-Xpw- `m-c-X-Øn-
s≥d- ss]-Xr-I-sa-∂v- A-h-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂- _-lp-ssZ-h- k-¶¬-∏-Øn-
s≥-d- Zp-jSv- k
- ¥
- X- n-If
- m-Wv.- C-Xv- a-\ 
- n-em-°m-sXbp-≈- \-thm∞m-
\- kw-cw-`-߃- ]m-gv-th-e-bm-bn- A-h-ti-jn-°p-I- kzm-`m-hn-I-amWv.-
hn-π-hw- th-≠-Xv- hn-izm-k-Ø-n-em-Wv;- AXv- am-{X-sa- a-\p-jy-sc-
im-iz-X- tam-N-\-Øn-te-°v- \-bn-°q.-
`m-c-X-Øn¬- F-∂v- G-I-ssZ-hhn-izm-k-Øn-e-[n-jv-Tn-X-am-b
Po-hn-X-Z¿-i-\w- kzo-I-cn-°-s∏-´n-cp-t∂m- A-∂n-hn-sS- km-tlm-Z-cy-
ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- kv-t\-l-hpw- I-cp-W-bpw- k-a-`m-h-\-bp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-
∂p.- D-®-\o-N-Xz-ß-tfm- Pm-Xn-Nn-¥-tbm- k-¶p-Nn-X- tZ-io-bt_m-[-
tam- `m-c-Xo-b-sc- kzm-[o-\n-®n-cp-∂n-√.- ""k¿-t∆-]n- kp-Jn-\-k-¥p-;-
k¿-t∆-k-¥p- \n-cm-a-bm''- (k¿-∆-cpw- k-¥p-jv-S≥-am-cm-I-s´-;- k¿-∆
cpw- k¿-∆- Zo-\-ß-fn¬-\n-∂pw- hn-tam-Nn-X-cm-h-s´)-sb-∂- v- {ip-Xn-I-
fm¬- {]-Jym-]n-°-s∏-´-Xv- A-∂m-bn-cn-°-Ww.- G-I-\m-b- ssZ-hw!-
A-hs - ≥-d- kr-jvS- n-If
- m-b- a-\p-jy¿- ap-gp-h\- pw- k-tlm-Zc- ∑
- m¿!- F∂-
kp-µc - a
- m-b- k-¶¬-∏w- {]-tbm-Kh - ¬-°c - n-°s- ∏-´- ]u-cm-Wn-I- kwkv-
°m-c-Øn-te-°v- \-ap-°v- H-∂n-®v- Xn-cn-®p-t]m-Imw.-
262 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-
ssZ-h-sØ-°p-dn-®- hn-I-eam-b- k-¶¬-∏-ß-fp-S-se-Sp-Ø-Xv-
k¶p-Nn-X-Xz-Øn-\pw- D-®-\o-N-Xz-߃-°pw- Im-c-W-am-bn. ssZ-hw-
]p-cp-j-\m-bn- k-¶¬-∏n-°-s∏-´-t∏mƒ- X-e-bn¬-\n∂v- kr-jv-Sn-°-
s∏-´- {_m-lv-a-W≥- D-∂-X-\pw- Im-ep-I-fn¬-\n-∂pw- krjv-Sn-°-s∏´-
iq-{Z≥- A-[-a-\p-am-bn.- A-Xv- Pm-Xn-Nn-¥-°v- Im-c-W-am-bn.- kv-ar-Xn-
Iƒ-Iq-Sn- h-∂-t∏mƒ- Cu- Pm-Xn-Nn-¥- k-p-Zr-V-ambn.- Pm-Xo-b-X-bn-
e-[n-jv-Tn-X-am-b- k-aq-l-Øn-s≥-d- kr-jv-Sn-°p-th-≠-n-bp-≈- A-Sn-kv-
Ym-\- \n-ba - ß
- f
- m-Wv- kva - r-Xn-Iƒ- ]-S®
- p-hn´Xv.- I-√v,- I-cS- v,- Im-™nc-
°p-‰n- ap-X¬- ap-≈v,- ap-cS- v,- aq¿-J≥-]m-ºv- h-sc-bp-≈- k-Ie - X - n-s\bpw-
B-cm-[n-°p-I-sb-∂- k-¶¬-∏-Øn-\v- XmXzn-I-am-b- A-Sn-Ø-d- krjv-
Sn-®- A-ssZ-z-Xm-Nm-cy-\m-b- {io-i-¶-c≥,- kz`mhn-I-am-bpw- Cu- PmXn-
Nn-¥-sb- A-c-°n-´p-d-∏n-®p.- k-w-lm-c-aq¿-Øn-bm-b- in-h-s≥-d- A-h-
Xm-c-sa-∂v- hn-iz-kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂- i-¶cm-Nm-cy-cp-sS- P-\-\w- sIm-≠v-
A-\p-{K-lo--X-am-b- tI-c-f-Øn¬,- A-Xp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂- Pm-Xo-b-X-
A-Xn-s≥-d- F-√m-hn-[- {Iq-c-`m-h-ß-tfmSpw-Iq-Sn- \q-‰m-≠p-I-tfm-fw-
A-gn-™m-Sn.-
tI-c-f-Øn¬- Xm-gv-∂- Pm-Xn-bn¬-s∏-´- kv-{Xo-Iƒ-°v- D-b¿-∂-
Pm-Xn-°m-cm-b- ]p-cp-j-∑m-cp-sS- ap-∂n¬- am-dp-a-d-°m-\p-≈- A-h-Im-
iw-t]m-ep-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.- A-bn-ØPm-Xn-°m-cn-bp-sS- kv-X-\w Hcp-
]-cn-[n-bn-e-[n-Iw- h-f¿-∂m¬- in-£-bm-bn- ap-e-°-cw- sIm-Sp-°-W-
am-bn-cp-∂p.- A-hƒ-°v- k-z¿-Æ-m-`-c-Ww- [-cn-°m-\p-≈- A-h-Im-i-ap-
≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.- iq-{Zkv-{Xo-Iƒ- A-h-cp-sS- hm-Xn-ep-Iƒ- {_m-lv-a-
W¿-am¿-°p-th-≠n- G-Xv- k-ab - Ø- pw- Xp-d∂
- p-sIm-Sp-°W- a - m-bn-cp∂p.-
Xm-gv-∂- Pm-Xn-°m¿-°v- ]-Tn-°m-t\m- D-tZym-Kw- e-`n-°m-t\m- D-≈-
kzm- X - { ¥y- a p- ≠ m- b n- c p- ∂ n- √ .- A- h ≥- D- b ¿- ∂ - Pm- X n- ° m- c - s \-
sXmSm≥-t]m-epw- ]m-Sn-√m-bn-cp-∂p.- C-ß-s\- ]-e- X-c-Øn-ep-ap-≈-
A-\o-Xn-Iƒ- I-≠- Ip-am-c-\m-im-≥- X-s≥-d- "Zp-c-h-kv-Y'-bn¬-
A∂sØ- tI-c-f-Øn-s≥-d- A-h-kv-Y- hn-h-c-°p-∂- h-cn-Iƒ- {]-kn≤-
am-Wv.-
sXm-´p-Iq-Sm-Ø-h¿- Xo-≠n-°q-Sm-Ø-h¿-
Zr-jv-Sn-bn¬-s∏-´m-epw- tZm-j-apt≈m¿-
sI-´n-√m-tØm¿- X-Ωn-ep-Æ-m-tØm-cn-ß-s\-
A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ- 263
sbm-´-√-tlm- Pm-Xn-t°m-a-c-߃.-
Pm-Xo-b-X- \-in-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- hn-izm-k-hn-π-h-Øn-eq-sS- am-
{X-am-Wv.- G-I-ssZ-h-Øn-s≥-d- kr-jv-Sn-I-fm-Wv- F-√m-h-cp-sa-∂-
t_m[w- h-f-cp-I.- A-h-\p-ap-∂n¬- am-{Xw- B-cm-[-\-Iƒ- A-¿-∏n-°-
s∏-Sp-∂- A-h-kv-Y- kw-Pm-X-am-hp-I.- C-Xv- am-{X-am-Wv- Pm-Xo-b-X-
bn¬-\n-∂pw- ]q¿-Æ-am-bn- ap-Iv-X-am-Im-\p-≈- G-I-am¿-§w.-
G-I-ssZ-h-sØ- F-ß-s\-bm-Wv- B-cm-[n-t°-≠-sX-∂v- ]-Tn-
∏n-®p-X-tc-≠-Xv- ssZ-h-\n-bp-Iv-X-cm-b- {]-hm-N-Icm-Wv.- A-h¿- ]-Tn-
∏n-®p-X-∂- am¿-§-Øn-eq-sS- th-Ww- ssZ-h-m-cm-[-\- \-S-Øm≥.- A-X-
√m-sX- Hmtcm-cp-Ø-cpw- A-h-\-h-\n-jv-S-ap-≈- am¿-§-ß-fn-eq-sS- B-
cm-[-\-I-f¿-∏n-°p-∂-Xv- a-s‰m-cp- hn-`m-Ko-b-X-°v- am-{X-sa- \n-an-Ø-
am-Iq.- ssZ-hn-I- Z¿-i-\-Øn-eq-∂n- \n-∂p-sIm-≠-√m-sX- H-cp- ap-{Zm-
hm-Iy-Øn\p-th≠n- am-{Xw- "H-cp-Pm-Xn,- H-cp- a-Xw,- H-cp- ssZ-hw-a\p
jy-\v'- F-∂- X-Xzw- ]-d-™-Xp-sIm-≠v- Im-cy-an-√.- A-Xv- {]mtbm-Kn-
I-am-°-W-sa-¶n¬- ssZ-h-n-I-am¿-§-Z¿-i-\w- Iq-Sn-tb- I-gn-bq.- "H-cp-
Pm-Xn-bpw- th-≠,- Hcp- a-X-hpw- th-≠,- H-cp- ssZ-h-hpw- th-≠'-sb∂v-
{io-\m-cm-bW- - Kp-cp-hn-s≥-d- in-jy-\m-b- {io.- sI.- A-ø∏
- s
- \s°m≠v-
]-d-bn-∏n-®-Xn-\p-≈- Im-c-Ww,- \m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp- X-s≥-d- kn-≤m-¥-
Øn-s≥-d- {]tbm-K-Øn-\v- ssZ-hn-I- t{km-X- p-I-sf- D-]tbm-Kn-°m-
Ø--Xm-sW∂m-W-v a-\- n-em-hp-∂-Xv.
_-lp-ssZ-hm-cm-[-\- k-¶p-Nn-X Nn-¥- h-f¿-Øn-b-Xn-\v- `m-c-
X-N-cn-{X-Øn-se- Xs∂ D-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv- ssh-jv-W-h-˛ssi-h- kw-
L-´-\-߃.- G-I-ssZ-h-Øn-\v- aq-∂v- aq¿-Øn-I-sf- I¬-∏n-®-Xm-Wv-
Cu- kw-L-´-\-߃-°- v- Im-c-W-am-b-Xv.- kw-lm-c-aq¿-Øn-bm-b- ]-c-a
in-h≥- am-{X-am-Wv- h-en-b- ssZ-h-sa-∂pw- hn-jv-W-p-h-S-°w- a-‰p-≈-
hsc-√mw- A-h-s≥-d- B-Pv-Rm-\p-h¿-Øn-I-fm-sW-∂pw- ssi-h≥-am¿-
hm-Zn-®-t∏mƒ,- kv-Yn-Xn-bp-sS- aq¿-Øn-bm-b- hn-jv-Wp-hm-Wv- tZ-thm-
Ø-a-s\-∂pw- in-h-\-S-°-ap-≈- a-‰v- tZ-h-∑m-sc-√mw- A-h-∂v- Xm-sgbm-
sW-∂pw- ssh-jv-W-h¿- hm-Zn-®p.- Cu- hn-`m-K-߃- X-Ωn¬- kw-L
´-\-߃- h-sc-bp-≠m-bn.- Hm-tcm- hn-`m-K-Øn-\pw- {]-tXy-Iw- t£{X-
ß-fpw- B-cm-[-\-I-fpw- hn-izm-k-ß-fp-ap-≠m-bn.-
G-I\
- m-b- ssZ-hs
- Ø-bm-Wv- B-cm-[n-t°--≠X
- v- F-∂v- ]-Tn∏n®-
264 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ- 265

`m-cX
- o-bc
- S- °
- a
- p-≈- {]-hm-NI
- ∑
- m-sc- ]n≥-]‰
- p-I- am-{X-am-Wv- C-¥ybn- D-]\ - n-jØ
- p-If - n-ep-≠v.- Om-tµm-tKym-]\
- n-jØ
- v- ]-db- p-∂X
- v- t\m°p-
se- h¿-§o-b- {]-iv-\-߃-°p-≈ bYm¿-∞am-b ]cn-lm-cam¿§w.- I-:- ""kz¿-Æw- tamjv-Sn-®-h≥,- a-Zy-]≥,- Kp-cp-]-Xv-\o-X¬-∏-c≥,- {_lv-
ssZ-h-Øn-\v- ap-∂n¬- am-{Xw- in-c- p-Iƒ- Ip-\n-bp-∂- k-aq-l-Øn¬- a-l-Xy- sN-bv-X-h≥- F-∂o- \m-ev- hn-[-Øn-ep-≈-h-cpw- ]-Xn-X≥-am-
h¿-Ko-btam- Pm-Xo-btam- Bb- {]-iv-\-߃-°v- {]-k-Iv-Xn-bp- cm-Ip-∂p.- C-h-cp-am-bn- kw-k¿-§w- sN-øp-∂- A-©m-a-\pw- ]-Xn-X≥-
≠mhn√.- X-s∂-bm-Wv''1.- tkm-a-c-kw- ]m-\w- sN-bv-Xv- a-Ø-\m-b- C-{µ-s\bpw,-
H-cp- Kp-cp-X-c-{]-iv-\-am-bn- A-h-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-Sm-dp-≈-Xv- tKml- a-Zy-]n-®v- kv-{Xo-I-fp-am-bn- k-√-]n-°p-∂- A-h-Xm-c-ß-sf-bpw- kr-jv-
Xy-bp-sS- Im-cy-am-Wv.- C-Xpw- ssZ-h-Øn-s\-b-√m-sX- ]-£n- ar-Km-Zn- Sn-®- ]u-tcm-ln-Xy-Øn-t≥-d-X-√- Cu- h-cn-I-sf-∂v- hy-Iv-Xw.- `m-c-X-
I-sf- B-cm-[n-°p-∂- k-{º-Zm-b-Øn-s≥-d- kr-jv-Sn-bm-Wv.- ]-ip-l- Øn¬- h-∂- {]-hm-N-I-∑m-cp-sS- {]t_m-[-\-ß-fp-sS- A-h-in-jv-Sß-
Xybm-Wv- ap-kv-enw-Iƒ- sN-øp-∂- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- tZ-i-t{Zm-l-{]h¿- fm-Wn-h-sb-∂-\p-am-\n-°mw.-
Ø-\s - a-∂m-Wv- tKmƒ-hmƒ-°¿-t]m-epw- hm-Zn-°p-∂X - v.- D-]\
- n-jØp- tam-£-am-Wv- a-\p-jy-cp-sS- e-£yw.- A-Xn-te-°p-≈- am¿-§w-
I-fn-epw- {_m-lv-a-W-ß-fn-epw- \n-d-™p-\n¬-°p-∂- bm-Pv-h¬-Iy-\v- Im-Wn-®p-X-cm-\m-Wv- {]-hm-N-I-am¿- A-b-°-s∏-´-Xv.- ]-c-º-cm-K-X-
]-ip-hn-s\- `-£n-°m-sa-¶n¬- F-¥p-sIm-≠v- ap-kve - nw-Iƒ-°v- `-£n®p- am-b- hn-izm-km-Nm-c-ß-tfm- k-¶p-Nn-X- tZ-io-b- Nn-¥-I-tfm- a-\pjy-
Iq-Sm-sb-∂- tNm-Zyw- {]-kI - vX
- a
- m-Wv.- i-X]
- Y
- {- _m-lva
- W- w- ]-db - p∂p:- sc- im-iz-X- hn-Pb - Ø - n-te-°v- \-bn-°p-Ib - n-s√-∂p-d∏ - m-Wv.- \mw- ]n¥p-
""]-ip-hn-s\-bpw- Im-f-sb-bpw- `-£n-°-cp-Xv- F-∂-h¿- ]-d-bpw.- F∂m- S-tc-≠-Xv- {]-hm-N-I-∑m-cp-sS- ]m-X-bm-Wv.- A-h-cm-Wv- tem-I-Øn-
¬-- bm-Pv-R-h¬Iy≥- ]-d-™p.- i-co-cw- amw-k-f-a-m-Ip-∂-Xn-\v- Rm≥- s≥-d- h-gn-Im-´n-Iƒ.- A-h¿- C-¥y-bn¬- h-∂n-cn-°mw-˛]p-d-Øv- P-\n
h-sb- `-£n-°pw''-1.- th-Z-Im-e-Øpw- ti-j-hpw- ]-ip- `-£n-°-s∏-´n- ®n-cn-°mw.- P-∑-kv-Y-e-a-√,- Ah¿- {]-t_m-[-\w- sN-øp-∂- B-i-b-
cn-°p-∂p-sh-∂-Xn-\v- G-sd- sX-fn-hp-I-fp-≠v.- ]n-∂o-Sv- ]-ip-hn-s\- ß-fm-Wv- {]-[m-\w.- G-I-ssZ-h- hn-izm-k-hpw- X-Pv-P-\y-ß-fm-b- I¿
B-cm-[n-°m≥- Xp-S-ßn-b-t∏m-gm-Wv- A-Xn-s≥-d- amw-kw- Xn-∂m≥-- Ωß-fp-am-Wh - ¿- {]t_m-[\ - w- sN-bvX - X - v.- C-Xv- {]-t_m-[\ - w- sNbvX-
]m-Sn-s√∂- hn-izm-kw- h-f¿-∂p-h-∂-Xv.- Cu- Ip-g-∏-߃-°p-ap-≈- {]-hm-N-I- irw-J-e-bn-se- A-h-km-\-sØ- I-Æn-- ]-Xn-\m-ev- \q-‰m-
Im-c-Ww- GI-ssZ-h- hn-izm-k-Øn¬-\n-∂pw- h-gn-sX-‰n,- ar-Km-cm[\- ≠p-Iƒ-°v- ap-ºv- A-td-_y-bn¬- Po-hn-®- ap-l-Ω-Zv- (k)-B-Wv.- B-
kzo-I-cn-®-Xm-sW-∂¿-∞w.- A-¥n-a {]-hm-N-I-\n-eq-sS- am-\-h-cm-in-bp-sS- hn-tam-N-\-Øn-\p-th-
{ip-Xn-I-fn-epw- kv-ar-Xn-I-fn-ep-sa-√m-w- C-∂v- Im-Wp-∂- I¬-∏- ≠n- A-hX - c- n-∏n-°s - ∏-´- {K-\vY - a - s
- {X- hn-ip-≤- Jp¿-B≥.- A-Xv- GsX-
\-I-fn¬- knw-l-`m-K-hpw- {_m-lv-a-Wm-[n-]-Xyw- A-c-°n-´p-d-∏n°m≥ ¶n-epw- H-cp- k-ap-Zm-b-Øn-s≥-d- {K-\v-Y-a-√.- am-\-h-cm-in-°v- ap-gp-h-\p-
th-≠n- am-{X-w- kr-jv-Sn-°-s∏-´-Xm-Wv.- \-tS- kq-Nn-∏n-®-t]m-se- kpc- ap-≈- am¿-§-Z¿-i-\-am-W-Xn-s≥-d- Im-X¬.- N-cn-{X-Øn-s≥-d- sh-fn-®-
bpw- tkm-a-hpw- {_m-lv-a-W¿-°v- {]n-b-s∏-´- a-b-°p-a-cp-∂p-I-fm-bn- Øn¬- A-h-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-´,- A-{]-am-Zn-X-am-b,- am-‰-Øn-cp-Ø-ep-Iƒ-
cp-∂psh∂m-Wv- a\ n-em-Ip-∂Xv.- - C-h- D-]t- bm-Kn-°p-∂X - v- ssZhnI- °v- hn-t[-b-am-Im-Ø- {K-\v-Yam-WXv-.- Jp¿-B\p-am-bn- tem-IØn-
a-Xw- hn-tcm-[n-®ncp-∂n-t√-sb-∂- tNm-Zy-Øn-\v- Xo¿-®-bm-bpw- {]k- te°v- IS∂p-h∂ ap-lΩZv- \_n- (k)-bp-sS Po-hn-Xw- a\p-jy¿°v-
Iv-Xn-bp-≠v.- C-¥-y-bn¬- h-∂- {]-hm-N-I-∑m¿- a-Zy-]m-\-sØ- F-Xn¿- ap-gp-h≥- am¿-KZ¿-i\hpw- im-iz-X im-¥n-bn-te°p-≈ hgn-Im-´nbp-
Øn-cn-°W - w.- A-hc - p-sS- {]-t_m-[\- ß
- f- p-sS- A-hi
- n-jSv- ß
- ƒ- C∂pw- am-bn- \n-esIm-≈p-∂p.- Po-hn-XØn-s≥-d kIecw-Kßfpw- ssZhnI
am¿-KZ¿-i\{]Im-cw- Fßs\ hn-aeo-Icn-°m-sa∂v- Jp¿-B\pw-
1.- X-kv-tam-Zv-t[z-\- kp-l-tbm¿- \m-iv-\o-bm-Xv- {]hm-NINcy-bpw- hc®p-Im-Wn-°p-∂p-≠v.- GIssZhm-cm-[\bn-
X-Zp-tlm- hm-Nm-bm-Pv-R-hm¬-tIym-
iv-\m-tay- hm-lw- amw-k-ew- tN-Zv-`-h- Xo-Xn''- (i-X-]-Y-{_m-lv-aW-w- 3:-1:-2:-21).- e[njv
1.- kv-tX-- T
\n-xln-
Xam-c-Wb
y-ky-Po-kp-h n-X]n-Z¿-
cmw- _i ≥- \Øn- tXe°v
N-Kp-tcmx- ¬-∏-a- m-h
P\ßsf
-k≥- {_-lv-alm-£Wn- N- GtX- ®
Quoted by [¿-Ω-m-\-µ- sIm-kmw-_n˛`-K-hm≥- _p-≤≥,- t]-Pv- 404.- ]-X-¥n- N-Xzm-c˛x-]
{]hmNI∑m¿- -©-ax-N-B
Ah¿- -N-cI
tem- -≥Øv
- ssXx- C-Xn- }(O-
- Fhn- sS tP\n-
µm-tKym- ]-\n-j
®hcm- b-Ø
n-cv- p-5:-∂
10:-9m-).-epw˛
ap-gp-h≥- ]Tn-∏n-® ]m-Xbn-te°m-Wv- Jp¿-B≥- a\p-jy-sc £Wn°p
∂Xv.- B ]m-Xbn-eq-sSbm-Wv- \ap-°v- im-iz-X im-¥n-bn-seØn
t®cm≥- Ign-bp-I.-
266 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- 267

Iq-Sp-X-e-dn-b-m≥-:-

U-b-d-Iv-S¿-
\n-®v- Hm-^v- {Sq-Øv-
I-em-`h≥- tdm-Uv-
sIm-®n≥ -˛ 682 018
t^m¨-:- 0484 ˛ 2367810,- 2352421
^-m-Iv-kv-:- 0484 ˛ 380746
Website: www.nicheoftruth.org
E-mail: islam@nicheoftruth.org