Knowl

edge,
Atti
tudeandPrac
tic
erega
rdi
ngPers
onal
Hygi
eneamongSchoolChi
l
drenofGover
nment
El
ementa
rySchool
,Chak38D.B,Di
st
ri
ctKhus
hab.

S
ubmi
tt
edby
:

Na
me Rol
lnumbe
r Cont
actNumbe
r

F
arha
nAf
zal 270 03074834247

S
yedDa
nia
lImr
an 348 03174594639

Ha
fizAhs
anI
l
yas 273 03129427000

Ahs
anAl
i 260 03316820692

S
upe
rvi
sedby:
Dr.
KHAL
IDS
IDDI
QUI
(MBBS
-Mphi
l
)
(
HODCOMMUNI
TYME
DICI
NEDE
PART
MENT
)

DEPART
ME NTOFCOMMUNITYMEDICI
NE
F
AIS
ALABADME DI
CALUNI
VERS
ITY(
SES
SION2015-
2020)

1
 Acknowl
edgement

Iherepres
entmyr ese
arch
“Knowledg
e,At t
it
udeandPracti
ceregar
dingPer
sonalHy
gieneamongSchool
Chil
drenof
GovernmentE l
ementar
ySchool,Chak38D.B,Di
st
ric
tKhushab.
”f
orful
fi
l
lmentofappea
ring
t
h
i
n4 pr ofes
sionalMBBSexaminati
on,
Uni
ver
si
tyofHe
alt
hSc
ienc
es,
Lahor
e.

Fi
rstandforemos t,Iwoul
dlik
etotakethisopportunitytothankAll
ahAlmight
yforbe i
ngmy
st
rengthandg uideinwrit
ingres
earch.I
woul dl
iket oe x
pressmyg r
ati
tudetomyme ntor
Dr.Khal
idSiddiqui,f
ordevoti
ngmucht i
met oguidemef ormyr e
searc
h.Ispeci
al
lythank
mypa rent
sfora lwaysbei
ngsupport
iveinmye duc at
ion.Ials
othankallmyfel
low
cl
assmateswhoc onsent
edtoparti
ci
pateinresearch.

I
amhi
ghl
ytha
nkf
ult
omyc
o-r
ese
arc
her
s.Wi
thoutt
hem,
itwa
simpos
sibl
etoa
ccompl
i
shi
t.

S
igna
tur
e:

Na
me:

Rol
lNo:

Da
te:

2
 Tabl
eofcont
ent
s

Sr T
opi
c Pa
geNo
No
1 T
itl
ePa
ge 1
Ac
knowl
edg
eme
nt 2
2 T
abl
eofCont
ent
s 3
3 L
istofPi
eCha
rts 4
4 Abs
tra
ct 5
5 I
ntr
oduc
ti
on 6
6 L
it
era
tur
eRe
vie
w 8
7 Obj
ect
ive
s 10
8 Me
thodsa
ndma
ter
ial 11
9 Re
sul
ts 13
10 Di
scus
sion 31
11 Conc
lus
ion 33
12 Re
fer
enc
es 34
13 Anne
xur
e1(
Que
sti
onna
ire
) 36
14 Anne
xur
e2(
Inf
orme
dCons
entPe
rfor
ma) 38

3
Li
stofTabl
es

S
rNo T
abl
es Pa
geNo
1 Knowl
edg
eofS
tanda
rdPr
oce
ssofHa
ndWa
shi
ng.

2 At
ti
t udeofs
tude
ntstowar
dshandwas
hingbefor
e
ea
tingfoodandaf
tercomi
ngoutfr
omtoil
et.

3 Pra
ctic
eofHandWashi
nga
mongS
tude
ntsa
fte
r
comingoutf
romt
oil
et.

4 Pr
acti
ceofHa
ndWa
shi
nga
mongS
tude
ntsbe
for
e
ea
ting
.

5 Ma
ter
ial
Use
dforHa
ndWa
shi
ng.

6 Ha
bitofS
tre
etVe
nde
dfood.

7 Re
asonf
orT
aki
ngS
tre
etVe
nde
dFood.

8 Knowl
edgeaboutst
ree
tvendedf
oodc
aus
ingdi
arr
hea
andot
herinf
ecti
ousdi
sea
ses.

9 Atti
tudetowar
dsc
ov e
ringmout
handnos
ewhi
l
e
coughingands
nee
zing.

10 Pra
cti
ceofcov
e r
ingmouthandnos
ewhi
l
ecoug
hing
andsnee
zingamongchi
ldre
n.

11 At
ti
tudet
owa
rdsBr
ushi
ngt
eet
hDa
il
y.

12 Pr
act
ic
eofBr
ushi
ngt
eet
hDa
il
yamongChi
l
dre
n.

13 Pr
act
ic
eofwe
ari
ngCl
eanCl
othe
sRe
gul
arl
y.

14 Pr
act
ic
eofBa
thi
ngRe
gul
arl
y.

15 Pr
act
ic
eofCl
eani
nga
ndCombi
ngHa
irr
egul
arl
y.

4
 Abs
tra
ct

Thi
sres
earchwil
ldis
cus
sabouttheknowledge,a
tti
tudeandprac
ti
ceofper
sonalhygi
ene
amongschool
goingchi
l
dren.
Personalhygie
nea mongc hi
ldr
enisconsi
dere
da st he
bes
ttooltoimprovecommunitys t
rat
egiesandinterv
enti
onpract
ic
estot ac
k l
ethe
manycommuni c
a bl
eandinfec
tiousdis
eases.
T
hisstudye v
aluat
edt
hek nowl
edg
e,at
ti
tudes
,andpr
act
ice
s(KAP)ofhyg
ieneamongr
ura
l
s
chool chi
l
dreninChak38DBandaime
dt oc
reat
eaware
nessamongschoolchi
l
dre
n
r
egardingpersona
lhy
g i
ene.
Thi
scross-
sectionalstudywasc ompri
sedof100student
swhowe r
einter
viewe dbytr
ained
st
aff
.Pa r
ti
ci
pa ntswe reingrades1-
5a tGover
nme ntPri
marySc
hool
, l
oca
te dinChak38DB
Khus
ha b.Datac onsi
stedofpe r
sonalhyg
ienepra
ctic
esli
kehandwashi
ng, brushi
ngteeth,
weari
ngc l
eane dc l
othes,ba
thingetc
.
S t
udyfi
ndingsunders
corethenee dformorehandwa s
hingandhy gi
eneeducat
ionin
school
s;andprovi
deobject
iveevidencethatmaygui
dethede v
elopme ntofc
ompr ehe
nsi
ve
healt
handhy gi
eneint
erventi
onpr ogramsi
nr ur
als
chool
s .
Succ
essfuli
mplementati
onof
theseprogr
amsisli
kel
ytos ubst
antial
lyat
tenuat
ethetransmi
ssi
blediseas
eburdenborne
byschoolchi
ldr
eninrura
l s
e t
ti
ngs.
Hea
lthpromoti
onpr
ogra
mme sandhe a
ltheduc
ationlect
uresshoul
dbei mplement
ed
f
orchil
drenandthei
rfami
l
ies
.Schoolnurs
es,schools
taf
fa ndparent
sa l
soha v
ea n
i
mportantrol
einte
achi
ngthechi
ldre
nhow topr act
ic
eg oodpe r
sonalhyg
iene.

Ke
ywor
ds:
Hy
giene
,cros
ssec
tional
study
,Handwashi
ng,S
chool
Chil
dren,
Knowledg
e,
Att
it
udes,
Prac
ti
ces
,S c
hoolNurs
ing
,Hea
ltheduc
ati
onandPromoti
on.

5
I
NTRODUCT
ION:

Hygi
eneisderi
vedfrom“Hyg
eia
”-thegoddes
sofhea
lthi
nGreekmyt
holog
y.Iti
sdef
ine
das
1
thes
cie
nc eofheal
thandembra
cesal
lf
actor
swhic
hcontr
ibut
etohe
alt
hfull
iv
ing.
Pers
onalhygie
nei nc
ludesbathi
ng,cl
othing,washinghandsa f
tertoi
let
,careofnail
s,feet
andteeth.Thea i
m ofpe rs
onalhygi
enei st opromotestandardsofpe r
sonalcl
eanl
ine s
s
wit
hinthesetti
ngofthec ondi
ti
onwhe repe opl
elive
.Everyy e
arapproxi
ma t
ely1.
5mi ll
ion
2
under-
fi
vechil
drendiefr
omdi ar
rheaduet ounsaf
ewa te
r,lackofsani
tar
y,andhygi
ene.
Theslumchi
ldr
enar
emor evul
ner
abletothedise
asesa
ris
ingoutofpoorpers
onalhygie
ne
pra
cti
c e
ssuchasdi
arr
he a,worminfes
tat
ion,spr
eadofrespi
rat
oryinf
ecti
ons
,inadequate
nutr
it
ion l
eadi
ng t
oa naemia
,ma l
nutr
it
ion,and vi
tamin defi
ci
encya sa r es
ultof
3
over
crowdi
ng,l
owsoci
oe c
onomicsta
tus,i
nadequat
ewatersuppl
yandlackofs
anit
ary.
Beside sconst
it
uti
ngaba si
sforpers
ona landsoci
alhea
lth,hygi
enei sanindi
spensi
blepart
ofli
v ingi nsoci
ety.Huma nbeing
sa r
ec onti
nuousl
yaffect
e dbye xt
ernalenv
ironmental
poll
uta nts.Ever
ydaya c
tiv
iti
esmayi nvolv
ec ont
a c
twithma nysourcesofe nv
ironmental
contami nati
on;thesema ybetouchedwi ththehand,presentons hoeswhilewa l
ki
ng ,or
containe dindus tont hebodya ndha i
r;movingtheha ndt ot hemout ha l
soc auses
4
microor gani
smstoe nt
erthebody.
Hygiener ef
erstothes etofpracti
cespe rc
e i
vedbyac ommuni tytobea ssocia
tedwi t
hthe
preservati
onofhea lt
ha ndhe al
thyli
vi
ng .Whi l
einmode rnme dic
a l
s ci
ences,thereisaset
ofstanda r
dsofhygiener ecomme ndedf orthediffer
entsi
tuati
ons,wha ti
sc onsi
dered
hygienicornotcanv arybetwe endif
ferentc ul
tures,
gendersande t
a ry
ang roups.Some
regul
a rhygie
nicpracti
cesma ybeconsideredg oodhabit
sbyas ocietywhilethene gl
ectof
hygienec anbecons i
dereddi s
gusti
ng,disrespectf
uloreventhreateni
ng.Pe rs
onalhygiene
amongc hi
ldreni
sc onsi
de r
e dasthebes ttoolt
oi mprovecommuni tystra
t e
g i
esand
i
nte r
ve nti
onpract
icestot ackl
ethema nyc ommuni cabl
ea ndinfe
ctiousdiseasest
ha tafec
t
5
thechildrenduri
ngt hei
rpe ri
odofg r
owt ha ndde vel
opment
Y
oungersc
hoolchil
drena r
emor epronetopoorper
sona
lhygi
enetha
naret
hei
rol
der
c
ounte
rpart
s.Poorpe r
sonalhygi
eneisama j
orpubl
i
chealt
hprobl
emtha
taf
fec
tsmany
6
s
choolc
hil
dreninma nydevolv
ingcountr
ies
.
Moreover
,poorpers
onalhygie
nea f
fec
tschi
l
dren’sheal
thandma k
e sthempronet o
ex
cessi
veexposur
etoma nyinfec
ti
ous,r
espi
rat
ory,andGITdi
seasessuchas:di
arrhoea
,col
d,
f
ever,f
lu,
abdominalpa
in,vomiti
ng,di
ste
nsi
on,gumdi s
ease,
derma ti
ti
sanditc
hingand,i
n
t
helongrun,af
fect
sthei
rimmuni t
y,gr
owthandde vel
opment,a
ndi ncr
ease
ss c
hool

6
 7
a
bse
nce
.
Seve r
alst
udie sconduc t
edwor l
dwi deha vedi scussedthet opicofpe r
sona lhygi
eneand
cle
a nl
inessamong s
chool children;f orexampl e, ObiyoinNi g
e ri
ae xa mineds c
hoolchildr
en
aged6– 14ye arsregardi
ngt heirknowl edg ea ndpr act
iceconc erningpe r
sonalhygi
enea nd
cle
a nl
iness.
Hef oundtha tthea v
er agek nowl edgea ndpr a
c t
ices coreswe re74.6%a nd
54.9%r es
pe cti
v el
y.Mor eov er,her e v
e a
ledt hatonl y29.4%ofs c hool chil
drenwa s
ht hei
r
handsa fe
rg oingtothet oil
e t,37.0%wa shthe i
runi f
ormda i
lyand46. 35%oft hemwa sh
8
theirhandsa ferplay
ing.Ont heot he rhand, as tudybyKa kkarinI ndia,reveal
edtha t82.
6%
ofschoolchildrende mons tratedda il
yba t
hing ,61.1%da il
yte et
hbr ushing,53%mout h
9
ri
nsingaferame al,and80. 2%oft he mha dc leana ndcombe dha i
r.
Rece
ntest
imat
esinCol
ombiaindi
cat
ethatacuteres
pira
toryandint
es t
inal
infe
cti
onsare
themai
ncaus
eofmor t
ali
tyamongchi
ldr
ena ged1to4y ea
rs,these
c ondleadi
ngcauseof
10
deat
hamonggir
lsag
ed5t o14year
s,andthethir
dleadi
ngc a
useofinfantmortal
i
ty.
F
eachem( 1984)foundthathygi
enepract
icesinfuencedthepatte
rnofdi
arrhea
lspread.
F
urthermore,
wa t
e rha
ndli
ngandwa shi
ngwe rethes peci
fcprac
ti
cesthatrequi
redmos t
11
a
ttent
ion. As ur
v eybyNandrup-Busin2009, r
e v
e a
ledthatmandatoryhandwa s
hingin
12
e
lementaryschoolscansi
gnif
cantl
yreduceabsenc eari
si
ngfrominfecti
ousdis
eases.
Handhyg
ienei
sacoreel
eme
ntofpati
ents
afe
tyfort
hepr
eve
nti
onofhe
alt
hca
re-
ass
oci
ate
d
13
i
nfec
ti
onsandthes
prea
dofant
imi
crobi
alr
esi
sta
nce.

7
L
ITE
RAT
URERE
VIE
W:

Hygienei sa noldc once ptr el

a tedtome dicine,aswe l
last ope rsonal andpr ofe ssi
ona lcar
e
practic
e srelatedt omos taspe ctsofliv
ing .Inme dici
nea ndi nhome( dome stic)and
everyda ylif
es etting s
,hy g i
enepr a
c t
icesa ree mployeda spr eventati
v eme asurest or educe
theincidenc ea nds preadingofdi sease.Int hema nufactureoff ood, phar ma ceutical,
cosme ticandot he rproduc t
s, goodhy gienei sak eypartofqua l
ityassura ncei .
e .ensuring
thatthepr oduc tc ompl ie swit hmic r
obial specif
icati
onsa ppr opr
iatetoi tsus e.Thet e r
ms
cle
a nli
ne s
s( orc leaning)a ndhy gieneareof te
nus edintercha ngeably,whi chc anc aus e
confusion. I
ng e ner al
,hy gienemos tl
yme anspractic
estha tpr eventspr e
a dofdi se
a se-
causingor ganisms . Si
nc ec l
ea ningpr ocesse s(e.
g.,handwa shing)remov ei nfectious
microbe sa swe llasdi rta nds oil,
theya reof tentheme anst oa c
hie v
ehy g iene .Othe rusesof
thet er
ma ppe ari nphr as esincluding:bodyhy giene,persona lhygiene, s
le ephy giene ,
me ntalhy giene, de nta
l hy gi
e ne,andoc c upa t
ionalhygie
ne , usedinc onne ctionwi thpubl i
c
health.Hy gienei sa ls
ot hena meofabr a nc hofsciencetha tde al
swi ththepr omot iona nd
preserva t
ionofhe a lt
h, alsoc all
edhy gi
e nics.Hygienepra cti
c esvarywi dely,a ndwha tis
14
considereda c c
e pta bl
ei nonec ul
turemi g htnotbea c
cept ableina nother
Huma nbodypr ovi
de sprot
ecti
ona gains
texternalenvi
ronmentpoll
uta nt
stos omee xtent
.
Howev e
r,skincrac
k sandwoundsc ana l
lowpa thogenstoente
rthebody .Fort hisr
eason,
pers
onalhyg i
eneisoneoft hemos timportantpracti
cesi
ntermsofpr otec
tingt hebody
fr
omdi seas
e s.Hyg
ieneisape rs
ona lmatte
r.Hy gi
enepracti
ces
,taughtduringc hil
dhoodby
mothers,f
athersort eac
hers,mostl
yt hr
oughpr act
ici
ng,needtobec onti
nue dbyt he
i
ndivi
dualafterchi
ldhood.Correctadopti
onoft hesehabit
shasadirectimpa ctona
15
pers
on‘sfuturehealth.
Hygienebe haviourincl
udeshandhy gi
ene ,per
sonalcare,homehy gi
enea ndfoodhy gi
ene.
I
ndividualhy g
ienebe havi
ourscanbea ffe
ctedbyma nyf a
c t
ors,i
ncl
udingbe l
i
e f
s,val
ues,
habit
s ,s
ocio-economicandc ul
tura
lfactors,l
evelofknowledgePe r
sonalpref
erences,f
amily
character
isti
csa ndphysi
calandsoci
a l
c harac
teri
sti
csofthewor kandliv
ingenvironments.
Therefore,thehy gi
enehabit
sofe achindivi
dualdif
fer,
me aningthatt
he s
eha bi
tsa r
eunique
16
toindivi
dua l
.
Handwa s
hingprotec
tspeopl
epoorlyornotatal
lfr
omdr opl
et-andai
rbornedi
seas
es,
suc
h
asmeasl
es,chi
ckenpox,i
nfl
uenza,
andtuberc
ulosi
s.I
tprotec
tsbestaga
instdi
sea
ses
tr
ansmit
tedthroughfec
al-
oralr
outes(s
uchasma nyfor
msofs t
oma c
hflu)anddi
rec
t
17
phys
ica
lcontac
t( s
uchasimpeti
go).

Compa
ringha
nd-r
ubbi
ngwi
tha
lcohol
-ba
seds
olut
ionwi
thha
ndwa
shi
ngwi
tha
nti
bac
ter
ial

8
soapforame di
a nti
meof30s econdseachshowedthattheal
cohol
hand-rubbi
ngreduced
bact
erialc
ontaminati
on26%mor ethantheanti
bact
eri
alsoa
p.Butsoapandwa te
risthe
moree f
fect
ivethanalcohol
-ba
sedha ndrubsforr
educi
ngH1N1infl
uenzaAv i
rusand
18
Clos
tri
diumdiff
ici
lesporesf
romha nds.
Respi
rat
oryhyg
iene,Corr
ectre
spiratoryandhandhygi
enewhe ncoughinga
nds nee
zing
reduc
esthespr
eadofg er
mspa rt
icular
lyduri
ngthecol
da ndfl
useasonbyCarry
ingti
ssues
andusethemtocatchcoughsands neezesDi
sposeofti
ssuesa
ssoona spos
sibl
e.Cl
eanyour
19
handsbyhandwa s
hingorusi
nga na l
coholhandsani
ti
ze
Bodyhygi
enei
sachi
evedbyusingpers
onalbodyhygi
enepr
oduc t
sincl
udi
ng:soap,
hai
r
shampoo,t
oot
hbrus
hes,toot
hpa s
te,c
ott
ons wabs
,anti
per
spi
rant,fa
cia
lti
ssue,
mouthwa
sh,
20
nai
lfi
l
es,s
kinc
lea
nsers
,toil
etpaper
,andothersuc
hproduc
ts.
“Street
-vende dfoods ”or“ s
treetfoods ”whi cha rede f
ineda sfoodsa ndbe v
e ragesprepar
ed
and/orsoldbyv endor sins tr
eetsa ndot he rpubl icplacesfori mme diatec onsumpt ionor
consumpt i
ona tal at
ert i
mewi thoutf urthe rpr ocessi
ngorpr epa r
ation, whi cha r
es old
outsi
dea uthorize dma rketa reasforimme diatec onsumpt ion.Be caus eofs oc i
oe c
onomi c
changesinma nyc ount ri
es,thissec t
orha se xpe r
iencedsig nif
icantg rowt hdur ingthepa st
fewde cades.Ur ba ni
zationa ndpopul a t
iong rowt h,especiall
yinde velopingc ount r
ies,ar
e
expectedtoc ont i
nuei ntot hene xtc ent
ur ya nds t r
eet-vende df oods, whic ha r
el ar
g e
lybut
note xcl
usiv
elya nur ba nphe nome non,wi llex panda ccording l
y. S
tree tvende df oodsa r
e
appreciate
df ort he i
runiquef l
a vorsa swe llast he i
rconve nience ,t
he ya rea l
s ooften
essenti
alforma i
nt ai
ningt henut ri
tionals tatusoft hepopul ati
on. Streetfoodv ending
assuresfoods ecur i
tyforlow- i
nc omeur ba npopul at
ionsa ndpr ov i
de sal i
ve l
ihoodf oralarg
e
numbe rofwor kerswhowoul dot he r
wisebeuna bl
et oest abli
shabus i
nes sforwa ntof
capit
a l
.Str
eetf oodv endinga l
soof fersbus ine ssoppor t
uni ti
esf orde veloping
21
entrepreneurs.
Hygieneref
erstothes etofpracti
cespercei
ve dbyac ommuni tytobea ss
oc i
atedwi t
hthe
prese
r v
ati
onofhe alt
ha ndhe a
lthyli
ving.Whileinmode rnme dicals
ciencesthereisasetof
sta
nda r
dsofhygie
ner e c
omme ndedfordiff
erentsituat
ions,wha ti
sconsi
de r
e dhygieni
cor
notcanv ar
ybetwe endiff
erentcult
ure s
,gende rsandetarya
ng roups.Somer egula
rhy g
ieni
c
pract
icesmaybec onsideredgoodha bit
sbyas oci
etywhilethene g
lectofhygienecanbe
consi
de r
eddisg
usting,dis
respectf
ulore ve
nt hreateni
ng.

9
OBJ
ECT
IVE
S:
 T
oa s
sessk
nowle
dge
,at
ti
tudea
ndPr
act
ic
ere
gar
dingPe
rsona
lHy
gie
nea
mong
S
choolChi
l
dre
n.

 T
ocr
eat
eawa
rene
ssa
boutPe
rsona
lHy
gie
nea
mongS
chool
Chi
l
dre
n.

10
ME
THODOL
OGY:
De
scr
ipt
iveCr
ossS
ect
iona
lSt
udy

S
TUDYPL
ACE
:
Gov
ernme
ntE
leme
nta
ryS
chool
,Cha
k38D.
BDi
st
ri
ctKhus
hab.

S
TUDYPOPUL
ATI
ON:
100S
chool
Chi
l
dre
nofGov
ernme
ntE
leme
nta
ryS
chool
,Cha
k38D.
BDi
st
ri
ctKhus
habwe
re
i
nte
rvi
ewe
d.Pa
rti
ci
pant
swe
reofg
rade1-
5.

E
XCL
USI
ONF
ACT
OR:
Chi
l
dre
nofg
rade6-
8we
ree
xcl
ude
dduet
opr
ope
rknowl
edg
ede
vel
ope
dint
hem.

S
AMPL
ESI
ZE:100mal
est
ude
nts
.

S
AMPL
INGT
ECHNI
QUE:
Non-
Proba
bil
i
tys
ampl
i
ng(
Conv
eni
entS
ampl
i
ng)

DAT
ACOL
LECT
ION:
T
heDa
taCol
l
ect
ionwa
sba
seduponapr
ete
ste
d,s
emi
str
uct
ure
d,
que
sti
onna
ire
(combi
nat
ionofbot
hope
nende
dandc
los
eende
dque
sti
ons
).

DAT
AANAL
YSI
S:
Da
tawa
sana
lys
edbyMi
cros
oftE
xce
lShe
eta
ndt
her
esul
tswe
repr
ese
nte
dint
hef
ormof
Pi
eGr
aphswi
tht
hepe
rce
nta
ges
.

11
E
THI
CALI
SSUE
:
T
oobt
ainc
ons
entofpa
rti
ci
pant
spr
iort
oda
tac
oll
ect
ion,
ade
tai
l
ede
xpl
ana
tionont
hea
im
a
ndobj
ect
iveoft
hes
tudywa
sgi
vent
otheHe
adMa
ste
roft
hes
chool
andot
hers
taf
f
f
acul
tya
ndConf
ide
nti
al
it
ywa
sse
cur
ed.

12
Re
sul
ts
:

Knowl
edg
eofS
tanda
rdPr
oce
ssofHa
ndWa
shi
ng.
S
ampl
eof100i
ndi
vi
dua
lswa
sta
kenf
roms
tude
ntsofGov
ernme
ntE
leme
nta
ryS
chool
,
Cha
k38D.
B,Di
st
ri
ctKhus
hab.
All
stude
ntswe
reofa
ge5-
11.
Among100s
tude
nts
,88
(
88%)k
newwhi
l
e12(
12%)we
renota
war
eofS
tanda
rdPr
oce
ssofHa
ndWa
shi
ng.
Shown
i
nFi
gur
e.1

Att
it
udeofs
tude
nts(
age5-
11y
ear
s)t
owa
rdsha
ndwa
shi
ngbe
for
eea
tingf
ooda
nda
fte
r
c
omingoutf
romtoi
l
et.
Re
sul
tss
howt
hata
mong100s
tude
nts
,86(
86%)s
tude
ntswe
res
hownt
oha
veag
ood
a
tti
tudet
owa
rdsHa
ndwa
shi
ngbe
for
eme
alsa
nda
fte
rcomi
ngoutf
romt
oil
et.
Whi
l
e14
(
14%)s
tude
ntsdi
dn’
tha
veag
ooda
tti
tudea
boutha
ndwa
shi
ng.S
oov
era
ll
,wec
ans
ay
t
hats
tude
ntsofGov
t.E
leme
nta
ryS
chool
Cha
k38D.
Bdi
st
ri
ctKhus
habha
veag
ooda
tti
tude
t
owa
rdsHa
ndWa
shi
ng.
Showni
nFi
gur
e2.

Pr
act
ic
eofHa
ndWa
shi
nga
mongS
tude
ntsofa
ge5-
11y
ear
saf
terc
omi
ngoutf
romt
oil
et.
Re
sul
tss
howt
hata
mong100s
tude
ntsofa
ge5-
11y
ear
s,84(
84%)s
tude
ntswa
she
dthe
ir
ha
ndsa
fte
rcomi
ngoutf
romt
oil
etda
il
y.Whi
l
e6(
6%)s
tude
ntswa
she
dthe
irha
ndse
ver
y
nowa
ndt
hen.
And10(
10%)s
tude
ntsdi
dnotwa
sht
hei
rha
ndsa
tal
l
.Showni
nFi
gur
e3.

Pr
act
ic
eofHa
ndWa
shi
nga
mongS
tude
ntsofa
ge5-
11y
ear
sbe
for
eea
ting
.
Re
sul
tshowt
hata
mong100s
tude
nts
,83(
83%)
stude
ntspr
act
ic
edha
ndwa
shi
ngbe
for
e
e
ati
ngda
il
y.Whi
l
e9(
9%)s
tude
ntswa
she
dha
ndss
ome
time
sand8(
8%)s
tude
ntsdi
dnot
wa
shha
ndsa
tal
l
.Sowec
ans
ayt
hatov
era
ll
,Pr
act
ic
eofHa
ndWa
shi
nga
mongs
tude
ntsof

Gov
ernme
ntE
leme
nta
ryS
chool
Cha
k38D.
BDi
st
ri
ctKhus
habi
sgood.
Showni
nFi
gur
e4.

Ma
ter
ial
Use
dforHa
ndWa
shi
ng.
Pr
evi
ousRe
sul
tss
howe
dtha
toutof100s
tude
nts,
about90s
tude
ntspr
act
ic
edha
nd

13
wa
shi
ng.
Amongwhi
ch60(
67%)ofs
tude
ntswa
she
dthe
irha
ndswi
ths
oapa
ndma
int
aine
d
ahe
alt
hyhy
gie
ne.
Whi
l
e30(
33%)ofs
tude
ntswa
she
dthe
irha
ndswi
thonl
ywa
terwhi
chi
s
nots
ati
sf
act
ory
.Showni
nFi
gur
e5.

Ha
bitofc
ons
umi
ngS
tre
etVe
nde
dFood.
Whe
nChi
l
dre
nwe
rea
ske
daboutHa
bitofe
ati
ngs
tre
etVe
nde
dfood,
93(
93%)s
tude
nts
s
aidY
es.
Itme
anst
hatChi
l
dre
nofPr
ima
ryGov
t.S
chool
Cha
k38DBwe
remor
epr
onet
o
i
nfe
cti
ousdi
sea
sesbe
caus
eofc
ons
umi
ngunhy
gie
nicf
oodf
romv
ende
rs.
Showni
nFi
gur
e6.

Re
asonf
ort
aki
ngS
tre
etVe
nde
dFood.
Whe
nchi
l
dre
nwe
rea
ske
dwhyt
heyus
edt
oea
tst
ree
tVe
nde
dfood,
outof100s
tude
nts64
(
64%)a
nswe
redbe
caus
eitwa
sche
ap.
14(
14%)s
aidi
twa
sta
sty18(
18%)s
aidi
twa
sea
sil
y
a
vai
l
abl
eand4%g
aveot
herr
eas
ons
.Showni
nFi
gur
e7.

Knowl
edg
eaboutS
tre
etVe
nde
dFoodc
aus
ingDi
arr
hoe
aandot
herI
nfe
cti
ousdi
sea
ses
.
Outof100s
tude
nts76(
76%)s
tude
ntsha
dknowl
edg
eabouts
tre
etVe
nde
dfoodc
aus
ing
i
nfe
cti
ousdi
sea
seswhi
l
e24(
24%)di
dnotha
vet
hepr
ope
rknowl
edg
eabouti
nfe
cti
ous
di
sea
ses
.Showni
nFi
gur
e8.

At
ti
tudet
owa
rdsc
ove
ringMout
handNos
ewhi
l
eCoug
hinga
ndS
nee
zing
.
Outi
f100s
tude
nts
,81(
81%)s
tude
ntsr
epor
tedt
oha
dag
ooda
tti
tudet
owa
rdsc
ove
ring
t
hei
rmout
hswhi
l
ecoug
hinga
nds
nee
zingwhi
l
e19(
19%)ha
dpoora
tti
tuder
ega
rdi
ngi
t.
S
howni
nFi
gur
e9.

Pr
act
ic
eofc
ove
ringMout
handNos
ewhi
l
eCoug
hinga
ndS
nee
zi .
ng

Outi
f100s
tude
nts
,83(
83%)s
tude
ntsc
ove
redt
hei
rmout
hswhi
l
esne
ezi
nga
ndc
oug
hing
whi
l
e17(
17%)di
dnot
.Showni
nFi
gur
e10.

14
At
ti
tudet
owa
rdsBr
ushi
ngt
eet
hDa
il
y.
Outof100s
tude
nts
,93(
93%)ha
dgooda
tti
tudet
owa
rdsbr
ushi
ngt
hei
rte
ethDa
il
ywhi
l
e7
(
7%)s
howe
daba
dat
ti
tude
.Showni
nFi
gur
e11

Pr
act
ic
eBr
ushi
ngt
eet
hDa
il
y.
Outof100s
tude
nts,
thoug
h93(
93%)s
howe
dag
ooda
tti
tudebut88%a
ctua
ll
y
pr
act
ic
edbr
ushi
ngt
hei
rte
ethDa
il
ywhi
l
e12(
12%)di
dnotbr
usht
hei
rte
ethda
il
y.
S
howni
nFi
gur
e12

Pr
act
ic
eofwe
ari
ngCl
eanCl
othe
sRe
gul
arl
y.
Outi
f100s
tude
nts
,86(
86%)wor
ecl
eanc
lot
hesr
egul
arl
ywhi
l
e14(
14%)wor
edi
rt
ycl
othe
s.
S
howni
nFi
gur
e13.

Pr
act
ic
eofba
thi
ngr
egul
arl
y.
Outof100S
tude
nts
,87(
87%)pr
act
ic
edba
thi
ngr
egul
arl
ywhi
l
e13(
13%)di
dnotba
the
r
egul
arl
yandha
daba
dHy
gie
ne.
Showni
nFi
gur
e14.

Pr
act
ic
eofCl
eani
nga
ndCombi
ngHa
irr
egul
arl
y.
Outof100s
tude
nts
,76(
76%)c
lea
neda
ndc
ombt
hei
rha
irr
egul
arl
ywhi
l
e24(
24%)ha
da
ba
dHy
gie
net
owa
rdsi
t.S
howni
nFi
gur
e15.

15
T
abl
eno.
1: Knowl
edg
eofS
tanda
rdPr
oce
ssofHa
ndWa
shi
ng.

T
ota
lPopul
ati
on Y
es No

100 88 12

T
ota
lPopul
ati
on:
100%
S
aidY
es:
88%
S
aidNo:
12%

16
T
abl
eno.
2:.At
ti
tudeofs
tude
nts
(ag
e5-
11y
ear
s)t
owa
rdsha
ndwa
shi
ng
be
for
eea
tingf
ooda
nda
fte
rcomi
ngoutf
romt
oil
et.

T
ota
lPopul
ati
on Ne
ces
sar
y NotNe
ces
sar
y

100 86 14

T
ota
lPopul
ati
on=100%
Ne
ces
sar
y =86%
NotNe
ces
sar
y =14%

17
T
abl
eno.
3:Pr
act
ic
eofHa
ndWa
shi
nga
mongS
tude
ntsofa
ge5-
11y
ear
s
a
fte
rcomi
ngoutf
romt
oil
et.

T
ota
lPopul
ati
on Y
es No S
ome
time
s

100 84 10 6

T
ota
lPopul
ati
on=100%
Y
es =84%
No =10%
S
ome
time
s =6%

18
T
abl
eno4:
Pra
cti
ceofHa
ndWa
shi
nga
mongS
tude
ntsofa
ge5-
11y
ear
s
be
for
eea
ting
.

T
ota
lPopul
ati
on Y
es No S
ome
time
s

100 83 8 9

T
ota
lPopul
ati
on=100%
Y
es =84%
No =8%
S
ome
time
s =9%

19
T
abl
eno.
5:Ma
ter
ial
Use
dforHa
ndWa
shi
ng.

T
ota
lPopul
ati
on Wa
teronl
y Wi
thS
oap

90 30 60

T
ota
lPopul
ati
on=100%
Wa
teronl
y =33%
Wi
thS
oap =67%

20
T
abl
eno.
6:Ha
bitofS
tre
etVe
nde
dfood.

T
ota
lPopul
ati
on Y
es No

100 93 7

T
ota
lPopul
ati
on=100%
Y
es =93%
No =07%

21
T
abl
eno.
7:Re
asonf
orT
aki
ngS
tre
etVe
nde
dFood.

T
ota
lPopul
ati
on Che
ap T
ast
y E
asi
l
yAv
ail
abl
e Ot
her
s

100 64 14 18 4

T
ota
lPopul
ati
on=100%
Che
ap =64% E
asi
l
yAv
ail
abl
e=18%
T
ast
y =14%. Ot
her
s =4%

22
T
abl
eno.8:KnowledgeaboutStr
eetVe
nde
dFoodc
aus
ingDi
arr
hea
a
ndothe
rInfect
iousdis
eases.

T
ota
lPopul
ati
on Y
es No

100 76 24

T
ota
lPopul
ati
on=100%
Y
es =76%
No =24%

23
Tabl
eno.9:
Att
itudetowar
dsc
ove
ringMout
handNos
ewhi
l
e
Coughi
ngandSneezi
ng.

T
ota
lPopul
ati
on Ne
ces
sar
y NotNe
ces
sar
y

100 81 19

T
ota
lPopul
ati
on=
100%
Ne
ces
sar
y. =81%
NotNe
ces
sar
y =
19%

24
T
abl
eno.10:Pr
act
ic
eofCover
ingMout
handNos
ewhi
l
eCoug
hing
a
ndSnee
z i
ngamongChi
ldr
en.

T
ota
lPopul
ati
on Y
es No

100 83 17

T
ota
lPopul
ati
on=
100%
Y
es =
83%
No. =
17%

25
T
abl
eno.
11:At
ti
tudet
owa
rdsBr
ushi
ngt
eet
hDa
il
y.

T
ota
lPopul
ati
on Ne
ces
sar
y NotNe
ces
sar
y

100 93 7

T
ota
lPopul
ati
on=
100%
Ne
ces
sar
y =
93%
NotNe
ces
sar
y=7%

26
T
abl
eno.
12:Pr
act
ic
eofBr
ushi
ngt
eet
hDa
il
yamongChi
l
dre
n.

T
ota
lPopul
ati
on Y
es No

100 88 12

T
ota
lPopul
ati
on=
100%
Y
es =
88%
No. =
12%

27
T
abl
eno.
13:
Pra
cti
ceofwe
ari
ngCl
eanCl
othe
sRe
gul
arl
y.

T
ota
lPopul
ati
on Y
es No

100 86 14

T
ota
lPopul
ati
on=100%
Y
es =
86%
No =
14%

28
T
abl
eno.
14:
Pra
cti
ceofBa
thi
ngRe
gul
arl
y.

T
ota
lPopul
ati
on Y
es No

100 87 13

T
ota
lPopul
ati
on=
100%
Y
es =
87%
No =
13%

29
T
abl
eno.
15:Pr
act
ic
eofCl
eani
nga
ndCombi
ngHa
irr
egul
arl
y.

T
ota
lPopul
ati
on Y
es No

100 76 24

T
ota
lPopul
ati
on=
100%
Y
es =
76%
No =
24%

30
 Di
scus
sion

Personalhygieneistaughttoc hi
ldrenthroughma nypa r
tsofthes chool curr
iculum.
Howe ver,t
he r
eisas eriousne edtoincreasethis
, t
oc ov
e rma nyimpor tanti
s s
ue sregar
ding
personalhygienesucha smout hc a
re,bathing
, handwa shing,
a ppropriat
eus eoft hetoi
let,
nail
a ndhaircarea ndthec l
eanli
nessofc l
othesanduni f
orms .Improv edcleanl
ine ssand
neatnesswitha gema ye xpl
ai
ne dbyc hi
ldrenbe c
omi ngmor eindepe ndentanda blet
o
22
achi
e vepersonalhy g
ienebyt hems el
ves,rel
atedtoa dvancesing r
owt handde velopment.
Ov eral
l ourfindingsa r
ec onsistentwi thpre v
iouss tudiest ha tha vedoc ume nte dk nowl e
dge
andpr a cti
cesofhy gi
enea mongs chool chil
dre ninde velopingc ount ri
e s
. Ove rall
,the
ma jori
tyofs tude ntsrepor tedwa shingha ndsbe f oreme als. Thepe r centagesofc hil
dr en
whor epor t
edt oha vepr ope rk nowl edgeora t t
itudet owa rdsha ndwa shingbe f
or ee ati
ng
we re88%a nd86%, r
espe cti
ve l
y. The sehighpr opor t
ionsa rec onsistentwi tht hehi gh
proport i
onofc hil
drenwhor e por teda ctuall
ywa shingt he i
rha ndsbe f
or eme als(83%) .
Not abl
y ,thes el
f-reportedf reque ncyofha ndwa shingbe foreme al
sa mongc hil
dre ninour
studyiss ubstant i
all
yhig he rtha nf reque nci
esr epor tedf roms tudie sofc hil
dr eninot he r
count r
ie s
. F
orins tance,s tudiesf romt hePhilippine sa ndCol ombi aindi cate
dt hat75. 9%a nd
46.9%ofs tudent s,res
pe c ti
vely, repor tedwa shingha ndsbe foreme al
s.T hec onside rabl
y
higherf requenc yofha ndwa shingbe foreme a l
sa mongc hildrenofCha k38DBma ybedue ,
i
npa rt
, tothet heircultura lt
ra ditiona ndc eremoni alprac ti
c eofwa shingha ndsbe f
or e
me alsort hede sireforc lean, fr
e shha ndsbe foree a t
ing. Howe ve r
, only60%ofs tude ntswho
wa shedt heirha ndsrepor tedus ings oa p.Thisiss imil
a rtot hePhi l
ippine sandT urk eystudie
s
whe rea na verageof57. 7%a nd62. 4%ofc hi
ldre n, respective l
y ,wa shedt heirha ndswi t
h
23
soap.
Wa s hi
ngha ndsa ft
e rdefec ati
oni soneoft hemos teffect
ivewa ystoprevent
gastroi
ntesti
nal parasi
ticinfections.Whi l
e86%ofs tudentsreportedthatwa s hingha nds
aft
e rdefecati
oni simpor t
a nt,84%r epor t
eda ctuallyfol
lowingt hi
spracti
ce. Thisma ybedue,
i
npa rt
,tothea tti
tude soft hes choolc hil
dren.Althoug hthestude ntsknowt ha twa shing
handsa ft
e rdef
e cationisimpor tant
,the yma ybene gat
ivel
yinfluencedbyfa ctor ssucha s
l
azine s
s,therusht opla ywi thfriends, orevent hel ackofhandwa shi
ngfacili
tiesc l
os etothe
l
atrines.I
tissimi l
arwitht hes tudiesc onduc t
edi nCol ombiaandI ndiareportedt hat82. 5%
24
and86. 4%ofs tude nts
, re
s pectively
,wa shtheirha ndsa f
terusingthetoile
t.
I
nOt herpra
cti
cesofpersona l
hygi
ene,Chi
ldrenofCha k38DBs howedtoha v
eg ood
pers
ona l
hygi
enee .
g.;
we a r
ingcl
eancl
othesregular
ly,cover
ingmouthandnos ewhile
sneezi
ngandcoughing,brushi
ngteet
hregularl
y, c
leaningandCombingHa i
ronre g
ular
basi
s.Chi
ldr
enshowe dtoha vehabi
tofstr
e e
tVe ndedfoodwe re93%be c
a us
e60%
cons
ideredi
ttast
ybe s
idesha vi
nggoodknowledger egardi
ngstr
eetVendedfoodc aus
ing
i
nfecti
ousdi
seasesanddia r
rhoea.Whil
eotherpr ac
ti
c esofpers
onalhyg
iene,chi
ldren

31
reportedt oha vepoorba thingwe re13%i nc ontras
ttoas tudyc onduc tedinthePhi l
ippi
nes
whic hfoundt hat35%ofs tudentsreportedpoorba t
hing.
Anot herrea sonthatca ninfl
uence
hy g
ienepr acti
cea mongs c
hool chil
dre
ni sthelowl evelofparent a
lli
te racy.
Inmos tofarea
s
ofKhus ha ba ndPa kis
tan, t
hemot heri
sty pical
lytheprimaryc ar
e t
ake rofthef a
mi lyandis
thusc ha r
g edwi thteachinghe rchil
drenpr operhe a
lthandhy gienepr acti
ces.Ani l
li
terat
eor
une duca t
e dmot herma ybel essknowledg eabl
ea boutteachinghe rchildrenprope rhygi
ene
practices,subs equentl
yl eadingtoincreasedr ate
sofinfect
iona nddis easea mong sther
chil
dr en. Inli
g htoftheseobs e
rvati
ons,futures c
hool-bas
edhe alt
ha ndhy gienee ducati
on
prog r
a mss houl dincl
udes trategi
estoinvolvefa mil
yme mbe rs,parti
cul ar
lymot hersand
25
sibl
ings.
Thef i
nding soft hec urrents t
udya ddres
sesthene edf orhe al
thpr omotion
programme sandhe al
the duc ati
onl ec
turesbys choolnur sesandhe alt
hpr ovi
dersto
rai
sethek nowledge,a tti
tudea ndpr ac
tic
esoft hec hi l
drena ndt heirfamili
estowards
hygie
nea nds anita
tion.Ahol i
sticinter
venti
onistappr oacha ddressi
ngs choolchil
dren’
s
soci
al,e c
onomi ca nde nvironme ntalcharact
eris
tic
ss houl dbei mpl eme ntedtoimprove
hygie
nepr act
icesa mongs c hoolc hil
dren.Hand-washingf a
cili
ti
esa ndac l
eantoi
let
shouldbee as
il
ya v
a i
lablea nda ccessi
bletos choolc hil
dr e
n, t
akingi nt
oa cc
ountthe
i
nc r
easingnumbe rofc hi
ldr enine a chschool.Mor eov e
r ,mot i
vati
ona lapproachesand
programme stoe ncour agec hi
ldrena boutthe i
rba s
icpe rsonalhy gi
e nes houl
dbe
26
adopteda ndi mpl eme nted.

32
 Conc
lus
ion

I
nc onclusion,s chool-bas
edhy gi
enee ducati
oni sv i
talinor dert ode cr
ea s
et hera t
es
oft ransmis s
ibledi seases
.Childrena r
emor ere c
eptivetol earninga nda reve r
yl i
kely
toa dopthe althybe havi
oursa tay oungera ge.Theyc ana lsobea gentsofc hangeby
spreadingwha tt heyha velearnedins chooltot heirfamilya ndc ommuni tyme mbe rs
.
Futures tudiesr eg a
rdingKAPs houl
ds peci
fic
all
ya ssessthea tti
tudest hatstudentshave
towa r
dshy giene ,avail
abi
li
tyofwa t
e rands anita
tionf a
cili
ti
esa thomea nda tschool,
andt her easonsbe hindnotwa shi
ngha nds.Enhanc ed,comprehe nsi
vek nowledgea bout
thesei ssuess houldbeus e
dt oi mprovel ow-costbuthi ghl
ye f
fecti
vepr ogramst hat
wil
lme a ni
ng full
ya ttenuat
et hebur denoft ransmi s
sibl
edi s
e asea mongs t
udentsin
rurals et
t i
ngs.
Thef i
ndingsr ev
ealedthatalargenumbe rofprimaryschoolchil
drenwerecl
eana nd
neat,thepr oporti
onincr
eas
eswi thage,butitne e
dstobei mprovedfur
ther
.Healt
h
promotionpr ogramme sandhe a
ltheducat
ionl
ecturesshouldbei mple
mentedfor
chil
drena ndt hei
rfamil
ie
s.Schoolnurs
esa ndschoolst
a ffal
soha veanimpor
tantrole
i
nt eachingthec hil
drenhow topract
isegoodpe rs
onalhy g
iene,andinsuperv
isi
ng
thei
rc l
ea nl
i
ne ss
.

33
RE
FERE
NCE
S:
1.
ParkK.TextBookofPr
eve
ntiv
ea ndS
oci
alMe
dic
ine
.23s
ted.
Jaba
lpur
,Indi
a:M/
S
Bana
rsi
dasBhanotPubl
is
her
s;2002.
2.
TowardsTot
alS
ani
tat
iona
ndHy
gie
ne:
ACha
ll
eng
eforI
ndi
a.Count
ryPa
perS
eri
es,
New
Del
hi
;2003.
3.
Rag
hav
aPK.
School
hea
lth.
Indi
anJCommuni
tyMe
d.2005.
4.Anappl
i
cat
iononde
ter
mini
nghy
gie
nebe
hav
iour
sofuni
ver
si
tys
tude
nts(
Asl
ane
tal
.
,
2006;
)
5.Pe
rsonal
hygi
enei
nsc
hool
chi
l
dre
nag
ed6-
12y
ear
sinj
orda
n(Vi
vas
,eta
l,2010;
pal
i
wal
,
etal
,2014).
6.
Minimi
z a
tionofi
ll
nessa
bse
nteei
sminprima
rys
chool
stude
ntsus
ingl
ow-
cos
thy
gie
ne
i
nter
vent
ions(Tambeka
randShi
rs
at,2012;
)
7.
Rel
ati
onofpoorpe
rsona
lhy
gie
nea
ndi
nfe
cti
ous(
Pal
i
wal
eta
l,2014)
.
8.Bas
icpe
rsonalhy
giene
:Knowledg
ea ndpr
act
ic
esamongs
choolc
hil
dre
nag
ed6-
14
ye
a r
sinAbraka
,De l
tastat
e,Ni
geri
a.
(Oyi
boeta
l2012)
.
9.
KakkarR,Ka ndpalS
D,Ag gar
walP( 2012)Heal
ths t
atusofc hi
l
dr enundersc
hool
hea
lthservi
cesinDoiwalabloc
k,Dehradun8.I
nte
rnatÁ
onalSc
ienti
fi
cF orumonHome
Hygi
ene
. Househol
dwaterst
orage,
handli
ngandpoint
-of-
usetr
eatme nt(2005)
10.Mini
st
e r
iodePr
otecc
ionSoci
al
 S
ITUACI
ONDES
AL NC
UDE OL A:
OMBI I
NDI
CADORE
SBá
SICOS
[Col
ombianHeal
thProf
il
e:Ba
sicI
ndic
a t
ors].
 
11.F
eac
hem.
R.GPr
eve
nti
ngdi
arr
hoe
a.Wha
tar
epol
i
cyopt
ions
?He
alt
hpol
i
cya
ndpl
anni
ng
1984
12.
Rol
eofHa
ndwa
shi
ngi
nre
duc
ti
onofi
nfe
cti
ousdi
sea
ses(Na
ndr
up-
Bus
,2009)

13.
SaxH,eta
l.‘
Myfi
vemome nt
sforhandhygi
ene’
:auser
–centr
eddesignapproac
hto
unde
rst
and,t
rai
n,moni
tora
ndreporthandhy
giene
. 
Jour
nalofHospi
tal
Infe
ction.
 
2007
14.I
nte
rnat
ional
sci
enti
fi
cFor
umonHomeHy
gie
ne.
Hous
ehol
dwa
ters
tor
age
,ha
ndl
i
ng
andpoi
ntofusetr
eatment(
2005)
15.
.Effe
c tofhandhyg
ieneoninf
ect
iousdi
seaseris
kinthecommunit
yset
ti
ng:
amet
a-
ana
lys
is.Ame ri
canJ
ournal
ofPubl
icheal
th2008;98:
1372-81.
(Ai
el
loAE
,Coul
bor
nRM,
Pere
z
V,L
arsonE L)
.
16.
Act
ual
medi
ci
nea
ndpe
rsona
lhy
gie
neGör
gül
ü,R.
S.(
2000)
17.E
ffec
tofwashi
nghandswi
thsoa
pondi
arr
hear
is
kint
hec
ommuni
ty:
asy
ste
mat
icr
evi
ew.
LancetI
nfe
cti
ousDi
sea
s e
s2003
18.
Pre
vent
ionoft
hes
pre
adofi
nfe
cti
on–
thene
edf
oraf
ami
l
y-c
ent
reda
ppr
oac
htohy
gie
ne

34
pr
omot
ion(E
xne
rM,
Far
aGM,
Nat
hKJe
tal
,2008)

19.RookGAW, 99thDahlemConfe
renceonI nf
ect
ion,
Inf
lammati
onandChroni
c
I
nflamma t
oryDisorde
rs:Darwi
ni
anme dici
neandthe‗hygi
ene
‘or‗ol
dfri
ends‘hy
pot
hes
is.
Cli
nical
andExperimenta
l I
mmunology
, 2012
20.
Eff
ectofha
ndwa
shi
ngonc
hil
dhe
alt
h:ar
andomi
sedc
ont
rol
tri
al(
Agboa
tal
l
aMe
tal
,
2005)
21.
Fre
der
ick
,J.A.
,&David,L
.Ba
cte
ria
lEnt
eri
cInf
ect
ionsi
nPe
rsonsI
nfe
cte
dwi
thHuma
n
I
mmunodef
ici
encyVi
rus
.2004
22.AhmaduBU,Rimamchi
kaM,Ibr
ahi
mA,NnanubumomAA,Godi
yaA,E
mmanuel
P(2013)
Sta
teofpe r
sonalhy
g i
eneamongpri
mar
ys c
hoolchi
ldr
en:Acommuni
tyba
sedcohort
st
udy.2013
23.I
nter
cult
uralCommuni
cat
ionS
pec
ial
i
sts
.Et
hiopi
a:L
ang
uag
e,Cul
tur
e,Cus
tomsa
nd
Eti
quet
te.2009
24.Ba
ndaK,Sar
karR,Gopa
lS,Govi
ndar
aja
nJ,Har
ij
anBB,Je
yak
umarMB,etal
.Wate
r
handl
i
ng,sa
nit
ati
onanddefec
ati
onpra
cti
cesi
nrur
alsout
hernI
ndi
a:ak
nowle
dge,
atti
tude
s
andprac
ti
cess
tudy2007
25.
26.ALBa
shtawyM( 2014)Knowl
edge,at
ti
tudesandprac
ti
cesofPar
ent
s/Guardi
ans
reg
ardi
ngpe di
cul
osi
sint heUmm el-
JmalDist
ri
ctofJor
dan.J
our
nalofRes
earc
hi n
Nursi
ng.
2014

35
Anne
xur
e-1
Que
sti
onna
ire:

Name__
_____
___
___
___
___
___
_Cl
ass
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
Ag
e _
_____

Addr
ess_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___

E
duc
ati
on: F
ami
l
yinc
ome
: Ge
nde
r:

1-
Doy
ouk
nowt
hes
tanda
rdpr
oce
ssofwa
shi
ngha
nds
?
1)
Yes
. 2)No
2-Doyouknowi
tisnece
ssa
ryt
owa
shy
ourha
ndspr
ope
rlybe
for
eea
tingf
ooda
nda
fte
r
comi
ngoutfr
omtoi
let
?
1)Y
es 2)No
3-Doy
ouwa
shy
ourha
ndspr
ope
rlya
fte
rcomi
ngf
romt
oil
et?
1)Y
es. 2)No
4-Doy
ouwa
shy
ouha
ndspr
ope
rlybe
for
eea
tingf
ood?
1)Y
es. 2)No
5-Wha
tma
ter
ial
doy
ouus
eforwa
shi
ngt
hei
rha
ndsbe
for
eyous
tar
tta
kingf
oods
?
1)Wa
teronl
y 2)Wi
ths
oap
6-
Habi
toft
aki
ngs
tre
et-
vende
dFood?
1)Y
es. 2)No
7-Re
asonf
ort
aki
ngf
oodsf
roms
tre
ets
ide
?
1)T
hey
’rec
hea
p
2)T
hey
’ret
ast
y
3)E
asi
l
yav
ail
abl
e
4)Ot
her
s
8-Doy
ouk
nowS
tre
etf
oodc
aus
esdi
arr
hoe
aandot
heri
nfe
cti
ousdi
sea
ses
?

36
 1)Y
es. 2)No
9-I
sitne
ces
sar
ytoc
ove
rourmout
handnos
ewhi
l
esne
ezi
nga
ndc
oug
hing
?
1)Y
es. 2)No
10-Doy
ouc
ove
ryoumout
handnos
ewhi
l
ecoug
hinga
nds
nee
zing
?
1)Y
es. 2)No
11-I
sitne
ces
sar
ytobr
ushourt
eet
hda
il
y?
1)Y
es. 2)No
12-Doy
oubr
ushy
ourt
eet
hda
il
y?
1)Y
es. 2)No
13-Doy
ouwe
arc
lot
hesr
egul
arl
yaf
terc
lea
nsi
ng?
1)Y
es. 2)No
14-Doy
ouba
ther
egul
arl
y?
1)Y
es. 2)No
15-Doy
ouc
lea
nandc
omby
ouha
irda
il
y?
1)Y
es. 2)
No

37
Anne
xur
e-2
I
nfor
medc
ons
entPe
rfor
ma

[
Inf
orme
dCons
entF
ormf
or_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__]
Na
meofPr
inc
ipl
eInv
est
iga
tor
Na
meofPr
oje
cta
ndVe
rsi
on
I
havereadt
hef or
egoinginf
ormati
on,orithasbeenrea
dt ome.Ihav
ehadtheopport
uni
ty
t
oaskquest
ionsaboutitandanyquest
ionsIhavebeenaskedhavebeena
nswere
dt omy
s
ati
sf
act
ion.Icons
entv ol
unta
ril
ytobeapa rt
ici
panti
nthisst
udy
Na
meofPa
rti
ci
pant
___
___
___
___
___
___
S
igna
tur
eofPa
rti
ci
pant
___
___
___
___
___
___
_
Da
te_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
Da
y/mont
h/y
ear
S
tat
eme
ntbyt
her
ese
arc
her
/pe
rsont
aki
ngc
ons
ent
I
hav
eac
cur
ate
lyr
eadoutt
hei
nfor
mat
ions
hee
ttot
hepot
ent
ial
par
ti
ci
pant
,andt
othe
Be
stofmya
bil
i
tyma
des
uret
hatt
hepa
rti
ci
pantunde
rst
andst
hatt
hef
oll
owi
ng
Wi
l
lbedone
:
1.
2.
3.
I
conf
ir
mtha
tthepa
rti
ci
pantwa
sgi
vena
noppor
tuni
tyt
oas
kque
sti
onsa
boutt
hes
tudy
,
Andall
thequest
ionsaskedbythepar
tic
ipantha
vebeenans
wer
edcorr
ect
lyandtothebes
t
ofmyabil
i
ty.I
confir
mt hatt
hepa r
ti
ci
panthasnotbe
enforc
edi
ntogi
vi
ngconsent
,andthe
cons
enthasbeengivenfr
eelya
ndv ol
untar
il
y.
Ac
opyoft
hisI
CFha
sbe
enpr
ovi
dedt
othepa
rti
ci
pant
.
Pr
intNa
meofRe
sea
rche
r/pe
rsont
aki
ngt
hec
ons
ent
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
S
igna
tur
eof
Res
ear
che
r/pe
rsont
aki
ngt
hec
ons
ent
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
Da
te_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
Da
y/mont
h/y
ear

38