RV COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING®, BENGALURU-560059

(An Autonomous Institution under VTU, Belagavi)

A TECHNICAL SEMINAR REPORT ON

TRAFFIC MANGAMENT USING IoT DEVICES

Submitted by
J DAIVIK SANTOSH
VIII semester, 1 section
USN: 1RV15CV132

Under the Guidance of

Dr. Anantharama
Associate Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
R V College of Engineering

In partial fulfilment of the award of degree

Of
Bachelor of Engineering
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Jan-April 2020

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R V COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING®, BENGALURU-560059
(An Autonomous Institution under VTU, Belagavi)
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

Certified that the technical seminar titled “Traffic management using IOT
devices” is submitted J DAIVIK SANTOSH, who is bonafide student of RV
College of Engineering, in partial fulfilment for the award of degree Bachelor of
Engineering in Civil Engineering of the Visvesvaraya Technological
University, Belagavi during the year 2019-2020. It is certified that all
corrections/suggestions indicated for internal assessment have been incorporated
in the report. The technical seminar report has been certified as it satisfies the
academic requirement in respect of technical seminar work prescribed by the
institution for the said degree.

Signature of Guide Signature of HOD

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 Traffic Management using IoT devices

Chapter 1. Introduction
1.1 General
Road transportation is the most used mode of transport throughout the country and the world.
Constantly, as population increases so does the number of road users[1]. Traffic on roads
consists of road users including pedestrians, ridden or herded animals, vehicles, streetcars,
buses and other conveyances, either singly or together, while using the public way for purposes
of travel.

Traffic congestion is a condition on transport that is characterised by slower speeds, longer

trip times, and increased vehicular queueing, which is one of the major problems the 21st
century is facing. The need to maintain discipline on our roads is a must and that is where
traffic lights have become a very important tool for this purpose. Unfortunately, the present
traffic control systems that exist today, have out-lived their purpose and because of this , these
systems cannot handle the number of vehicles on our roads thus leading to traffic congestion,
one of the biggest problems faced in our country[1].Traffic jams or congestions is a serious
problems in large cities. To control the traffic, traffic lights are used at junctions which are
controlled by a traffic police or have been set with a timer. These age old systems are used
everywhere without taking into account the latest traffic data. The consequences of this can be
“green light” being granted to an empty lane, while traffic waits in red light, as same intervals
of Green Lights are granted for every lane[2].
Fast traffic is the vital part in the growth of the country. If a country is bad at managing traffic
it can hinder its growth and also have a toll on the surrounding environment. Slow moving
vehicles not only delay the journey but also pollute the air, on economy by wasting working
hour and fuel, and on personal life by increasing stress level.

1.2 Traffic Congestion Problems

With increasing number of vehicles on road, heavy traffic congestion has substantially
increased in major cities. This happened usually at the main junctions commonly in the
morning, before office hour and in the evening, after office hours[3]. The main effect of this
matter is increased time wasting of the people on the road. Slow moving vehicles not only
delay the journey, but also have impact on environment by polluting air, on economy by
wasting working hour and fuel, and on personal life by increasing stress level. It can also be
life threatening while emergency vehicles try to go through the congested traffic area.

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Victoria Transport Policy Institutes Urban Mobility Report (UMR) highlights the huge
amounts of time and money are wasted due to traffic congestion[3]. For example, time delay:
5.5 billion hours and fuel wasted: 2.9 billion gallons in the urban areas of the United States due
to traffic congestion between 2000 and 2010. The UMR predicted that congestion cost will
increase from $121 billion in 2011 to $199 billion in 2020[3].

Fig 1.

The cost of congestions in major cities (fig 1.) throws a light on how big a problem traffic
congestion is on the economy of the country.

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Usually, during traffic jam, the emergency vehicle, such as ambulance, fire brigade and police
will be stuck especially at the traffic light junction. This is because the road users waiting for
the traffic light turn to green. This is very critical problem because it can cause the emergency
case become complicated and involving life.
Present traffic systems fail to provide traffic information including congested roads and
alternate routes available in case of congestion. In Intelligent Traffic Management all these
limitations of existing controller are eliminated.[5]

1.3 Present Scenario in India

1.3.1 General
The present traffic scenario in India is very concerning. With a very large population and
emerging workforce in the country, India exhibits huge traffic congestion problems. The main
reason to this problem is that the country is emerging and developing at a very rapid speeds.
The GDP annual growth rate of India has evidently increased from 6.9% in 2013 to 7.3% in
2014 according to the World Bank Data [6]. This indirectly emphasize that economy of India is
increasing, and hence both Private vehicles and Freight Vehicles have increased sufficiently.
But a very serious threat to this is the present traffic system. Mostly the traffic management
system in India consists of traffic lights that change periodically for fixed time. At peak hours
the congestion due to traffic is very high. The present system is not adaptive to the traffic
conditions and number of vehicles in a particular lane. This makes the traffic conditions more
hectic and congested at times.
1.3.2 Time, Pollution and Emergency
The average wait time is a very important parameter when it comes to traffic congestion
monitoring. The average wasted time in traffic in 2015 according to INRIX 2015 was as high
as 81 hours in United States (Los Angeles, CA) and 101 hours in Europe (London Commute
Zone, UK) [6]. Well, these data show us a mirror to how inefficient the traffic management
system is around the world. Another important parameter that describes the traffic congestion
problem is Pollution. CO2 [10] is a major by-product of vehicular emissions. According to
World Bank Data Centre (IBRD; IDA) the CO2 emissions in India was 1.66 metric tons per
capita [6x]. This is tremendously high. One more statistic that shows a major flaw in present
traffic system is high emergency ambulance response time. As per the Report of the Working
Group on Emergency Care in India Ministry of Road Transport & Highways, Govt. of India, in
India, the average ambulance response time is 30 minutes and is required to be reduced to as
low as 10 minutes [7].
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1.3.3 IoT Developments in India

In past years the trends in technology change rapidly. One of the new emergent in these
changing trends of technology is Internet of Things. The Government of India has identified
this and introduced policies related to IoT. The Department of Electronics and Information
Technology, (DeiTY), India has come out with a draft IOT Policy document which focuses on
following objectives:

• To create an IoT industry in India of USD 15 billion by 2020. It has been assumed that
India would have a share of 5-6% of global IoT industry
• To undertake Research & development for all the assisting technologies.
• To develop IoT products specific to Indian needs in all possible domains.
• To undertake skill development in IoT specific skill sets [6].

1.3.4 ITS- India and Rest of the world

India is trying to match shoulders with developed countries of the world. In an attempt of so,
India is one of the country in the world that is aimed at developing and implementing ITS at
ground level for future smart cities. According to the Department of Electronics and
Information Technology, (DeiTY) India, ITS can bring sustainable transportation solution [7].
In this very approach an embedded Centre of Excellence for ITS will be created at CDAC,
Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India. This will also be the national resource centre of the
country [8].

1.4 Objectives
The implementation of IoT in traffic management helps achieve the following objectives.
• To address the present traffic management problems leading to traffic congestions.
• To improve the response time of Emergency vehicles by priority determination.
• To help traffic police / personnel make quick decisions in managing traffic by
presenting then information on a electronic dashboard.

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Chapter 2. Literature Review

2.1 Theory and Concepts
2.1.1 Internet Of things
The Internet of things (IoT) is a system of interrelated computing devices, mechanical and
digital machines provided with unique identifiers (UIDs) and the ability to transfer data over a
network without requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction. Most scholars
agrees on the idea of expanding and interpreting the pioneering conceptual definition of Kevin
Ashton who defined IoT as “a standardized way for computer to understand the real world”
[12]. With a key feature to create a smart environment together with quick response to support
certain decisions and/or operations of human, IoT-based systems have been proposed in several
applications such as supporting disabilities, managing diabetes therapy [12], building smart
home, improving safety in mining operations, and using IoT for an intelligent transportation
platform [23].
How IoT works[13], A complete IoT system integrates four distinct components:
sensors/devices, connectivity, data processing, and a user interface.

1. Sensors / devices
First, sensors or devices collect data from their environment. This could be as simple as a
temperature reading or as complex as a full video feed. The sensors are Linked to vehicles and
traffic controllers. The primary operation is to collect data.

2. Big data Storage

Now all the data from various sensors, are stored in the data cloud. The sensors/devices can be
connected to the cloud through a variety of methods including: cellular, satellite, WiFi,
Bluetooth, low-power wide-area networks (LPWAN), or connecting directly to the internet via
ethernet.

3. Data Processing
Once the data gets to the cloud, software performs processing on it. The software is built on
the principles of Traffic management engineering.

4. Result
After the data is processed the output is given out as tasks, tasks are performed to manage the
traffic[13].

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IoT is incorporated to make the transportation and its management smarter[6]. The
implementation may look hard for developing countries, but the long term savings outweigh
the initial investments[7].

Fig 2 Internet of Things schematic showing the end users and application areas based on data

Fig2. Shows how IoT can be implemented in various branches of the transportation sector, thus
by implementing it to these sectors traffic can be managed intelligently.

2.1.2 Intelligent Transport Systems ( ITS )

An intelligent transportation system (ITS) is an advanced application which aims to provide
innovative services relating to different modes of transport and traffic management and enable
users to be better informed and make safer, more coordinated, and 'smarter' use of transport
networks. Some of these technologies include calling for emergency services when an accident
occurs, using cameras to enforce traffic laws or signs that mark speed limit changes depending
on conditions.[14]

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Intelligent transport systems vary in technologies applied, from basic management systems
such as car navigation; traffic signal control systems; container management systems; variable
message signs; automatic number plate recognition or speed cameras to monitor applications,
such as security CCTV systems; and to more advanced applications that integrate live data and
feedback from a number of other sources, such as parking guidance and information systems;
weather information [15]. Additionally, predictive techniques are being developed to allow
advanced modelling and comparison with historical baseline data. Some of these technologies
are described in the following sections [11].
Communication is divided into two types: Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle to
Infrastructure (V2I) [11].
V2V is for nearby vehicles to avoid collision, give way for emergency Vehicles, assist drivers
in finding parking spot [11]. V2I mainly is for the controlling of traffic lights, theft
identification[11].

2.1.3 Traffic Engineering [16].

Traffic engineering is a branch of Civil engineering which deals with the improvement of
traffic performance of road networks and terminals.
Traffic Engineering may be divided into 6 sections, traffic characteristic, traffic analysis,
traffic control and operation, planning and analysis, geometric design, administration and
management.
Objectives of traffic management are-
1. To increase the safety of road users and its smooth performance.
2. To reduce accidents
3. To reduce the delay in road transport and improve speed.
4. To remove traffic problems

(A) Uninterrupted traffic flow

Flow occurring at sections of the road where vehicles are required to stop by any cause outside
the traffic stream such as traffic signs, traffic signal lights.

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(a) Flow rate or volume

It is the number of vehicles passing a specified point during a stated period of time. It is usually
expressed as vehicles per hour.

q = Flowrate in vehicle/ minute

N= Number of vehicles
T= observation period

(b) speed
It is the rate of movement of traffic expressed in kilometre per hour.

Vs= 3.6 d n / t
Vs= speed
D= length of the road considered in metres
N= Number of individual vehicles
T= summation of observed travel time from N vehicle to travel distance

( c ) density or concentration -K

It is the travel interval between the passage of the fronts of successive vehicles at
a specified point it is measured in seconds.

Spacing, is the distance between two vehicles measured from the front bumper of
the vehicle to the other and is computed as inverse of density

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Traffic engineering also deals with the parking of road users. The importance of parking
management also plays an important role in the management of traffic[19]. In traffic
management/engineering studies, it studies the management of traffic/parking by conducting
various surveys and questionnaires.

Measures for reduction in accident rates/remedial measures- these are done by “3-Es”
Engineering measures which include geometric design of roads, preventive maintenance of
vehicles, before and after studies of road lighting. Enforcement measures which includes speed
control, traffic control devices, medical checks, training and supervision, law and regulation.
Educational measures which include educating the road users pedestrians on road safety.
The types of accidents which occur commonly are-
• Moving vehicles collides with the parking vehicle
• Two vehicles approaching from different direction and collide at intersection
• Moving vehicles collide with stationary objects
• Head on collision of vehicles

Thus Smart managing of traffic is required in developing countries like India to smartly
manage the traffic as our old systems are incapable in solving this crisis. Intelligent traffic
management systems use the basic principles and formulas of traffic engineering to come up
with ways to deal and manage the traffic.

Internet of things, intelligent transport systems and the basic principles of traffic engineering is
used to devise a solution for managing traffic.

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2.2 Methodology
2.2.1 Traffic Management System for Emergency Vehicles using IoT[3].
According to ICMR around 45% of deaths are due to delayed response from emergency
vehicles. The main contributing factor to this delay is traffic. Thus it is very important to
address this problem (Indian council of medical research, stats.). The design methodology is as
following.

The steps involved in this process are :-

• Incident type determination ( calling of emergency contact 100 )
• Priority level determination ( setting the priority based on input - fire, hospital, crime)
• Dynamic traffic control :-

( To clear the path of emergency vehicle we calculate the length of

traffic flow ) n= no of cars, k= length of cars and m is space between.

• ITS System is activated. The emergency Vehicle equipped with an IOT device is
detected when it starts, this response is processed and priority code is sent back to
vehicle and the traffic is cleared using IOT enabled traffic signals which is retrofitted on
our existing traffic lights.

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Traffic on road changes dynamically depending on the travel time such as peak and off
peak and the occurrences of incidences. To manage such a dynamic system, the things that
need to be considered are type of incident , determination of priority level, optimum route.

Table 1. priority level scenario

Table 1 gives an example on how priorates can be set during emergency. Now let us take an
example of case scenario A and understand how IoT enabled traffic system helps in providing
quick response.

Fig 3. Architecture of the system

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The processes performed to achieve the expected result of reducing the response time for
ambulance is given is given in fig 3. As soon the emergency call is made to 100, the operator
sets the scenario code to A. This is received by the central traffic controller, the RIFD ( an IoT
device ) is activated for the duty vehicle, the information is also sent to traffic lights / signal.

When ambulance is at the starting point or signal 1:

For conventional system which is controlled by a manual personal, it turns the signal green in
signal 1 and let the ambulance pass. In signal 2-8 that will operate as normal, that means each
signal will turn green and red as normal. Say 10 vehicle will cross the intersection but other say
10 vehicle will come in the queue from left or right road.

Table 2. showing path volume.

In this proposed system, it turns the signal green from signal 1 to signal 8 for ambulance. No
vehicle is adding up in the queue. When ambulance is at signal 1, there are say 160 cars in
front of it in 8 signals. Signal 2-8 will not allow any cars coming from left or right. So when the
ambulance is in signal 2 in Green wave system it will have 140 vehicles but in our proposed
system there will be only 90 vehicles, which is shown in Table 2.
Using IoT enabled controlled traffic lights, we can stop any car coming in the way of the
ambulance, hence minimise the length of the traffic needed to be cleared to give a clear way to
the ambulance. As less cars are entering the path of the emergency vehicle and more number of
cars clearing from the front, average speed of the traffic will increase and travel time for the
ambulance will decrease.
As a consequence, proposed system can reduce the travel time and an ambulance is more likely
to meet the required timeline.

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Thus, by incorporating IoT in Traffic management system we can reduce the response time
needed for ambulance or any other emergency vehicle.

2.2.2 Traffic data collected sensors to support management[2][4].

The equation of IoT can be represented as :-

From the equation above, the Internet of Things can be compared to the communication of
human. For instance, human have biological sensors such as ears, eyes, skin, taste buds, etc. to
perceive what is happening in their surroundings[2]. Human use body parts to make and
receive sounds and require a name to enable others to get an attention. Communication can
only succeed when the communication medium exists e.g. telephony network, mobile network,
air. In order to let things carry the property similar to human’s, sensors need to be attached to
physical objects being considered. Objects, both sender and receiver, must have names, and
digital communication is required as depicted in Fig. 4.

Fig 4. A communication between things imitated human communication.

Traffic management in many places including Thailand still relies heavily on physical
operations of police officers. To control traffic lights, both manual and semi-automatic controls
are practically in use. Manual control is a routine where police officers control the sequence of
signals by observing the traffic situation usually from a police box located near the intersection.
Semi-automatic approach, on the other hand, uses a predefined timer to control traffic[4].

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Police officers sometimes have to intervene traffic for some other routine operations. For
example, they have to close some of the lanes occasionally in order to detect vehicles that
violate traffic regulations.
The proposed solution is targeted at retrofitting the technologies i.e. RFID and IoT to fit them
into the current operations instead of entirely changing the way the system operates. The
specifications of the proposed system are identified as follows:
Specification 1: The system shall be able to figure out the congestion level at intersections to
avoid impractical sequencing of traffic lights. For example, lanes that significantly congest than
the others shall have longer green time and green light shall not be granted to empty lanes.
Specification 2: On top of the specification 1, the system shall also allow a police officer to
receive information about adjacent junctions to support decision making that takes an account
of accumulation effect.
Specification 3: Intervention of police officers to traffic flow (e.g. checking expiry of motor
tax or insurance or vehicles involved in criminal cases) shall be reduced.
Specification 4: The system shall facilitate tracking vehicles that might be involved in crimes.

Fig 5. Architecture
As shown in the above fig 5. The traffic data is read by sensors retrofitted to traffic lights, this
data is communicated with other controllers via the database system controlled by a police
personal.

Thus this low cost of retrofitting RFID and IoT to our pre-existing signal lights help in
collecting data and coordinating automatically with other controllers, to smoothly avoid traffic
congestions and address the traffic problems.

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Chapter 3
Limitations

3.1 Limitations of Priority Determination System

• This is system is exhaustive and should be ready to change priorities mid-way, which
makes the system hard to build[3].
• This system is susceptible to hacks and hackers gathering data and misusing it for
wrong doings[15].
• System faces difficulty in making decisions when more than two emergences happen
together in the same locality[3].
• System needs higher initial investments, which makes it discouraging to adopt.
• Country’s dependency on computers can make many people lose their jobs.

3.2 Limitations of Sensor based system

• If one sensor becomes faulty, whole system becomes abnormal and heavy load is put on
the data processing[2].
• System is susceptible to hacks and as discussed above can lead to misuse and it can also
be dangerous[15].
• All the road users should have RFID tags to make the system efficient[4].
• System needs heavy investment in maintaining and installing.

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Chapter 4
Case study
Mysore, India[17]

The city of Mysore is located about 140 km west by southwest of Bangalore. It has a
population of about 1.2 million. It is a historic city with a significant tourist industry. The city
is adjudged to be well-planned and it does not suffer traffic congestion of the scale of
Bangalore.
The core proposition is to improve the attractiveness of the public transport, thereby gaining
new users from private transport and retaining existing users. It is believed that many people
would consider using public transport since their current means of travel face increasing travel
congestion, unpleasant conditions, and increasing out-of-pocket costs as fuel prices rise.
Provision of easily accessible relevant travel information to passengers before and during their
journeys is seen as a major basis for increasing attractiveness of the public transport offer. It is
also seen as advancing the image of bus transport and positioning it as a modern, value-added
service.
The implementation of ITS has given it the following features :-
• Information availability on Bus routes (Bus Numbers: Starting – Destination
Point – en route stops), Schedule of the buses – ETA/ETD, Seat availability,
approximate travel time in at least two languages – English and Kannada, point
to point bus fares ; accessibility to such information should be both visual and
audio enabled.
• Two-way communication facility for instant contact with drivers in case of
emergency incident /accident management/ diversions / traffic jams and warning
of any traffic violations in real-time.
• Instant access to information such as: missed trips, late trips on different routes,
break downs and its duration, vehicles offline, accidents – types, impact, losses
etc, route-wise stop times for different trips at bus stops, average speed point to
point, travel time analysis, improper stops at bus stops, driver behaviour,
deviation in routes, speed violations. [KSRTC website].
The buses are retrofitted with an RFID tag (IoT devices) which transmits data to other sensors
and also to the data hub in the central bus stand thus these data collected from various sensors
are sent over the internet processed and useful data is made use to make smart traffic
management choices.

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Chapter 5
Conclusion and Future scope

Disruptive issues such as traffic congestion, accidents, unidirectional flow of caravans

including large number of cars and emergency vehicle movement are challenging issues in
metropolitan cities. Present Traffic light controlling systems are not fully adaptive to various
traffic situations that can emerge in the course of a day. The practical problem is defined, the
solution is proposed,
In a world which has more number of vehicles than Human, the Intelligent Traffic
Management System proves to be more efficient than any other control system. Through this
we can not only control the flow of traffic but also handle the cases emergency vehicles such as
police vehicles, an ambulance, fire brigade, etc. Using this Intelligent Traffic Management
System, stolen vehicle can also be detected with ease.

Future looks promising for the ITS, as every day technology is becoming cheaper and systems
are becoming more powerful many of the drawbacks of this system becomes insignificant.
Thereby paving the way to a new era of traffic management.

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Reference:
1. A Skordylis, N. Trigoni, “Efficient Data Propagation in Traffic- Monitoring Vehicular
Networks,” IEEE Trans. Intel. Transp. Syst., vol.12, no.3, pp.680-694, Sep. 2011.
2. N. Choosri, Y. Park, S. Grudpan, P. Chuarjedton, and A. Ongvisesphaiboon, “IoT-RFID
Testbed for Supporting Traffic Light Control” IEEE ., vol 5, no.5, Mar.2016.
3. Abdullahi Chowdhury “Priority Based and Secured Traffic Management System for
Emergency Vehicle using IoT”, IEEE Transp.sys., vol 11, no 2, Jan 2017.
4. Moumena Chaqfeh , Nader Mohamed , Imad Jawhar , and Jie Wu “ Vehicular Cloud
Data Collection for Intelligent Transportation Systems, IEEE , vol 2, no 7, Mar 2011
5. Priyam Poddar, Gaurav Ganguly, Aritra Bhattacharjee “Smart Traffic & Parking
Management using IoT” , IEEE Smart cities, Oct 2016
6. Ankith Dubey, Mayuri Lakhani“ Internet of Things based Adaptive Traffic Management
System as a part of Intelligent Transportation System (ITS)” , Elsevier 2017’
7. Aasif Attar, Pratik Chaudhary, Prof. Venkatesan N “INTELLIGENT TRAFFIC
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM” , Volume : 1 | Issue : 4 | Nov 2015., IERTJ
8. M.A.Chowdhury, A.Sadek, "Fundamentals of Intelligent Transportation Systems
Planning, Artech House", London 2003.
9. World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files. Open
License. Catalog Sources: World Development Indicators; Online Available :
http://www.worldbank.org/
10. Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology (OST-R)U.S.
Department of Transportation (US DOT); Online Available : http://www.rita.dot.gov/
11. Alberto Attilio Brincat , et al., “The Internet of Things for Intelligent Transportation
Systems in Real Smart Cities Scenarios” , IEEE 5th World Forum on Internet of Thing.,
2019
12. R. M. Cardoso, N. Mastelari, and M. F. Bassora, "Internet of things architecture in the
context of intelligent transportation systems–a case study towards a web-based
application deployment," presented at 22nd International Congress of Mechanical
Engineering (COBEM 2013), 2013.
13. Internet of Things (IoT): A vision, architectural elements, and future directions
Jayavardhana Gubbi, RajkumarBuyya, Slaven Marusic, Marimuthu ,Palaniswami
Volume 29, Issue 7, September 2013, Pages 1645-1660
14. Khanna, Abhirup. (2018). Intelligent Traffic Management System for Smart Cities.,
IEEE 2018.

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15. Miz, V., & Hahanov, V. (2014, September). Smart traffic light in terms of the cognitive
road traffic management system (CTMS) based on the Internet of Things. In Design &
Test Symposium (EWDTS), 2014 East-West (pp. 1-5). IEEE.
16. [book] Introduction to Traffic Engineering; R Srinivas Kumar., 2018

17. Case study of Mysore is the courtesy of KSRTC website.

Figure and table references

1. Fig 1. Courtesy of Transportation urban mobility initiative website.
2. Fig 2. Courtesy of R. M. Cardoso, N. Mastelari, and M. F. Bassora, "Internet of things
architecture in the context of intelligent transportation systems–a case study towards a
web-based application deployment," presented at 22nd International Congress of
Mechanical Engineering (COBEM 2013), 2013.
3. Fig 3. Courtesy of Abdullahi Chowdhury “Priority Based and Secured Traffic
Management System for Emergency Vehicle using IoT”, IEEE Transp.sys., vol 11, no
2, Jan 2017.
4. Fig 4., Fig 5. Courtesy of Moumena Chaqfeh , Nader Mohamed , Imad Jawhar , and Jie
Wu “ Vehicular Cloud Data Collection for Intelligent Transportation Systems, IEEE ,
vol 2, no 7, Mar 2011
5. Table 1., Table 2. Courtesy of “Priority Based and Secured Traffic Management
System for Emergency Vehicle using IoT”, IEEE Transp.sys., vol 11, no 2, Jan 2017.

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