os +N ORNS ‘Surveying It General Cre tformaton: {Course Contents Unie ‘Teigonometrical Leveling: Inoducton, height and dstnces-base ofthe objet accesible, base of bjt nacesibe,geodtcl observation, refaction and curvature, ans signal eaton, difrence in elevation between two points, ‘Teangulation: Trimgultion systems, casicaton, stength of figure, section of tiangulation ‘sation, grade of triangulation, field work of tangulation, triangulation computations, induction to EDM instrument, Unieat Sarvey Adjustment and Treatment of Observations: Types of cor, definition of weight of an observation, most probable value, Iw of ecidntl eros, law of weight, detemsinaion of probable or (different cases with examples) principle of least squares, adjustment of triangulation figure by ‘method of least squares Unie ‘Astronomy: Defisitions of esronomical terms, star at elongation, strat prime verti star at horizon, ‘erat culmination, celestial coordinate systems, Nepie’s rule of cicular pas, various time systems. sideeal, apparent, solr and mean solar time, Pes of photographs, types of aerial photographs, arial ph, stereoscopic vison and secoscopies, height Elements of Photo-grammety: Introd ‘camera and height displacements in vet determination from parallax measurement, Sight planing Introduetion of remote sensing and its systems: Concept of 1S and G.PS. Basi Components, data input, storage & ouput 45 ‘Scanned with CamScanner6.23 TRIGONOMETRIC LEVELLING ‘is is an indirect method of levelling in which the difference in elevation of the pains is determined from the observed verti! angles and measured distances, The fetical angles are measured with a transit and the distances are measured dinetly for computed trigonometrically. Trigonomettical levelling is commonly used in ical work to find out the elevation of the top of buildings, chimneys church spires, and so on, Also, it can be used to its advantage in difficult terme soch as mountaneous areas. “Depending upon the field conditions and the measurements that can be made ssth he instruments available, there can be innumerable cases. An attempt has been ~ ade to solve a few cases and many more can be solved by the reader himself 623.1 Base of the Object Accessible—The Object may be Vertical or Inclined Fig. 6.45, AF is the vertical object, D is the horizontal distance between the and instrument, $ is the reading on the levelling staff held vertical on the 1 is the height of the instrument, / is the height FE, and @ is the angle of eation of the top of the object. |IEBBRBME] Reduced level of top of a vertical objet ‘Scanned with CamScannerWe ve From triangle CFE, FE= CE wn 0 pian 0 of BM. +8 4H Oe BML +S 4D tan 0 is the distance between the foot of ip i Sage ea BAM it positions at O, and Os, respective F LI Lh ead ptt (REBAR) Reduce eet of tp of nt bet RL of F= RL. of BM. + 5) + hy RL of BM. +S, + (Dy +3) tan 0 Loa ako RL of F= RL. of BM. +S; + ly RL of BM. +S, + (D; ~) tan 8 o From Eqs. (6.4) and (6.5) +, ra) un 0, #5, 4 (,— 9) tn Oy or (S;~S)) + Dp tan 6, ~ D, tan 6) = x (tan 8, + tan 0.) a px S12 S) + Dy tam 0, ~ Dy ta 8 Sama RL. of Fane eau ater comping he vate o RL of F= RL. of BM. + 5, + (D, +4) tan 0 RL of F=RL of BM 45,4 (Dp-20H0 Tie ove meta ae dhe te date been he ire al. ghey te be te it infu sh ao brepid also ‘Scanned with CamScannerPas | 32 Base of the Object Inaccessible 6232 Scations and the Elevated Object are in the Same Vertical Plane rizontal distance between the instrument and the elevated object is 2 he observation ae made from two insrument stains. Assuming sessment saan and the object to he in the same verte plane, the og 0 cass as. vat Axes at Same Level In Fig. 647, his the vertical distance FA ar reading on the BM. 0, and, ae the angles of elevation fom the Si Shaations apd O; respectively, D is the horizontal dane beeen Fie objet an she hoizona dane Between the wo sation ie From viangle O/A' F, = D tan 6, 66) From wiangle 0/4’ F, = (D+ d) tan 8 con From Eqs. (66) and (6.7) Dian 0,= (D+ d)tan Dan 6, tan 0) = d tan 0 ” D=d tan Oyttan 6, ~ tan 64) Bee tan 6, tan 6, f= D tan 0, = (an g; - tan 8) | RL of F=RL. of BM. + 5+ Daeunett Axes at Different Levels pon the tera, three cases arise: 4 , losrument axis ot 0, higher than that at O, (ia. 6.48) hy = y= A'AT® S,- 8) = 8 From wiangle OYA" F, hy = D tan 8 8) 69 | Fomuiznse ova" F, y= (D + a) ta 0, ~ ‘Scanned with CamScannerSubtract Eq. (6.9) from Eq. (6:8) t0 get hy = hy = D tan 0 = (D +d) tan 0 or S= Dian 0, ~ D tan 0; ~d tan 6, = D (an 8, ~ tan 0) = d or Dian ~ tan 8) =S+ dan S +d tan 0) . P= erga) But y= Dian 6; : p, = Se dian 8) tan 8 = Tan Gan 8) sd RL of F= RL. of BM. + 5) + hy 2. Instrument axis ot O; higher than that at O, (Fig. 6.49) ‘Scanned with camScanner— tinal euros y= y=, From wiangle O/4" F, hy = From tangle OYA" F, py = sinting Ea, (6.10) from Eq. (6.11) 16 ger fy hy s —_— 2 = § (sayy Dien 0, (6.10) +d an 0,~ Dim a, D tam 0; ~ D tan 6, + d tan Oy D (tan 0, ~ tan 6,)-+ 4 tan 0, p= tan 6 ~ 5) But fy « n= am RL of Fa (an 6; = tan 05 Dian a, (tan 6, — 5) tan 6, (an = tan RL of BM. + 5,4 4, 3.instrument axes at very different levels (Fig. 6.50 and 6.54) Ifthe difference in elevation (S, ~ 5,) between the two instrument Stations js too large and cannot te measured on staff atthe BLM., then the following procedure is adopted ?. a ‘Set up the instrument at O; (Fi. 6.50). | Os dm 0, a1) ‘and measure the vical angle atthe point F ‘Transit the telescope and establish a point O,, at a distance d from 0, Shift the instrument 10 O, and measure the vertical angle atthe point F, the staff reading r with respect to horizontal Cross-wire on the staff at O, (Fig. 651), ‘S be the difference in level fen the two axes 0, and 0, “Scanned with camscanner(dan 4-8) Tan 6, = tan @ » @ = tan 8) (0, shove the axis at Oy= hh ~ r = dun 0-7 + Sadun 0-14 Hence: RL. of F=RL. of BM. +5, +5 +h, = RL of BM. + 5, +d tan O— py 6.23.3. Base of the Object Inaccessible—The Instrur Stations and the Elevated Object not in the Sa | Vertical Plane | In this case the following procedure is adopted: a | 1. Set up the insrument at 0, Fig. 632) and measure the horizontal | 00,8" (a). Measure the vertical angle 6, a ‘Scanned with CamScannerdsin B sin 0 A°F = A°OY tan 0 470, tan 0 [since AO," ATF = AMO; tan 04 = 470, ta Os Isince OY RL. of F= RL. of BM. +5; +4 (sin « tan Oysin 8) aio, RL of F= RL. of BM. + 5; +d (sin B tan Oysin 0) Example 6.24 A vane 30 m above the foot of a staff was sighted ata point 50 m aay from the instrument. The observed angle of elevation was 2°30. pe reduced level of the trunnion axis being 200 m. Find the reduced level of the saff sation Solution Let O be the instrument station and A be the staff station, = 3000 tan 2°30' = 130.98 18 Since, the distance of 3000 m is quite Jane, the correction for curvature and refation must be applied. Cones, 0.0673 D*, where D is in km costs x (3908) = 0.6057 m LL of OF HL + V3 4 Cy = RL. of instrument axis + V- 3+ Cy, 100 + 130.98 - 3 + 0.6057 = 328.5857 m Hence, RLL. of staff station A Brample 6.25 A theodolte was set up at O, and the angle of elevation to te tp of building at A was £26. The horizontal distance Between the vertical axis of the feodolte and the projected Potion ofthe op ofthe building 8200 m. Determine the reduced Joel of the top ofthe building, ibe RL ofthe instrument axis 4 1525.00 m. lution Refer to Fig. 6.53. ‘Scanned with CamScannera oe. | - ‘whereas the ange of depression to the botiom Was 2°30" Caleulate the rt hey” of the transmission tower Solution Refer o Fig. 654 Let the height of the tower be h. heh, thy 4h, = 200 tan 30°42" = 118.75 m iy = 200 tan 2°30" = 8.732 m = 118.75 + 8.732 = 127.482 m Example 6.27 In order to determine the elevation of top F of a signal on 2 Hil, observations were made from two stations Oy and Oy. The stations OO» and signal F were in the same plane. Ifthe angles of elevation of the top &f ihe signal measured at O, and 0, were 25° 35° and 15° 5 respectively dteraine ihe eevation ofthe foot ofthe signal ifthe height of the signal above its Base vas 4m, Jess eanes upon the bench mark (RL. 105.42) were respectively 2758 ‘ne 3.855 m when the instrument was at O, and at Oy The distance berveet Ot and Oy was 120 m, Solution Refer wo Fig. 648, RL. of insument axis a P= 10542 + 2.755 = 108.175 m RAL. of instument axis a & = 10542 + 3855 = 109.295 0 Dilflerence in elevation between the instument axes « $ = 109.275 ~ 108,175 = dund +5 ian 6, = tan 6, - ‘Scanned with CamScanner1. Mesure ofr oitaese ar 120 tan 18°54 41 an 2°35 159811 m Dian o, = 159.811 x tan 25°35" = 76.511 m nal fy 2 RL. of the foot of the R.L. of instrument axis at P +f ~ height of signal = 108.175 + 76.511 = 4 180.686 m fleample 628 To find the elevation of the top ofa chimney, the following dxervtions were made from two stations P and Q, 50 m apart Horizontal angle at station P, between chimney and Horizontal angle at station Q, between chimney and Angle of elevation from P to the top of chimney = 30° “Angle of elevation from Q to the top of chimney = 29° RL. of the line of collimation at P = 22.5 m RL. ofthe line of collimation at Q = 20.3 m Determine the elevation of the top of the chimney. Solution Refer to Fig. 655. ATT (Imiaaess) st P and @ be the instrument stations and F be the top of the chine. In triangle APQ: ZAPQ = 60° and ZAQP = 50° ZPAQ = 180° ~ (50” + 60°) = 70° Applying the sine rule, sin 565) = 40.76 m ‘Scanned with CamScanner,veying Sur and QA= Also. n= and hy = Hence, RL. of chimney top = at P= RL. of F from observatio RL. of F from observations at Qe Hence, elevation of F = 70° PA tan of = 40.76 tan 30° = 23,533 QA tan a = 46.08 tan 29° = 25, 53.5 R.L. of line of collimation + hy (or h 22.5 + 23.533 = 46.033 mm a 20.5 + 25.543 = 46.043 m (46.033 + 46.043) Tar Oe 50 x (2 G0.) = 46.08 m = 46.038 m ‘Scanned with CamScanner6.13 CURVATURE AND REFRACTION Curvature and refraction effects should be accounted for in precise levelling work and also if the sights are too long. The effect of curvattire is to cause the objects sighted, to appear lower then they really are. The effect of refraction is to make the objects appear higher than they really are. ‘Scanned with CamScannerot level Hine due o, ton teva tae teen 2 ozo Iie and he tect of curvature of the earth NE 6 LARD be a ve Kin OUR A a 0 be earth thinset position. AC he in of eoination yay Tine, is the radius of the earth, “The curvature corection, C, Now OC = on? + AC a (Re Cy or RH IRX CHC? o COR +6) Since C, is very small as compared to the radius of the ean wt 2 ‘Taking the radius of the earth as 6370 km, C= 00785 D? where D= distance in km Since the curvature increases the staff reading, the correction is hee subctve ‘Tree saff reading = observed staff reading ~ 0,0785 D” votartne rhe lnsrumeat c Eno of sont Loveline VBI Creature 6.13.2 Refraction Refraction ofthe 1a ener is the ma SME through the atmosphere om an sn Oo is the main source ea though layers of air of meet EMAL error. ‘The rays of light While on th at leon destss reactor a Jon, Tse lure an it Sal eS a all points along the rack rd ‘an refraction 8 ows a curved path, let us say AE ge verage refraction eqn’, 4 varies considerably Wit the curvawure correction, 1st" €rrection can, however, be taker ‘Scanned with CamScannerMr of Verte Dita 255. Refi correction = 2.0785 n correction Jo = 0.0112 D? ‘The correction due to refraction is additive, 613.3 Combined Correction since, the effect of curvature and refraction, when com! sighted appear Tow, the overall correction is subtractive, Combined correction = 0.0785 D? - 0.0112 D = 0.0673 D? ‘True staff reading = observed staff reading — 0.0673 D? Emr due to curvature and refraction can be eliminated by equalising BS. distances or by reciprocal levelling. ned. is to make the objects 5. and fal For a length of sight of about 400 m, combined, correction will be J ¢m and may bbe neglected when running indirect levelling. 6.13.4 Distance to Visible Horizon Let AB be a level surface passing through ¢ the observer position A (Fig: 6.37). The eye level of the observer is at C, thus AC 7 js the height of observer ft. The distance = D(AB) is known as the distance to visible horizon and can be determined from [JHRIG37 Distaice to visible horizon h = 0.06730" 6.13.5 Dip of the Horizon YE Let AB be a level surface passing through observer's position A (Fig. 6.38). Let. CE be the tangent to the level surface at the eye level of the observer, The angle ECB is known as the angle of dip. AO = BO ‘. ie mean radius of earth's surface. Are AB = RO or o= DIR : . ° ‘Scanned with CamScanner