The phase constant B, can be found from 116 Microwave Waveguides and Components Chap. 4 ae Qfr 4 x 9 x 10” 1 Se ee Be= YOHoe — EON GE TN oxi 4x 107 = 193.51 = 608.81 rad/m The power delivered in the z direction by the guide is a P= rez ['[ (Ex we) aray a, Tefal [aX -B, : (#) =- ees os ete . LE [ees (22) mew) x (Baton (2Jomve) | tear pa 2 «Be [fo] ope b a ey eee a ope 193.5a(10-?)(2 x 10") wm dps 193.5702 X WO) 313 = 45556 x 10\(dm & 10) Eoy = 53.87 kV/im ‘The peak value of the electric intensity is 53.87 kV/m. 4-1-6 Excitations of Modes in Rectangular Waveguides In general, the field intensities of the desired mode in a waveguide can be established by means of a probe or loop-coupling device. The probe may be called a monopole antenna; the coupling loop, the loop antenna. A probe should be located so as to ex- cite the electric field intensity of the mode, and a coupling loop in such a way as to generate the magnetic field intensity for the desired mode. If two or more probes or loops are to be used, care must be taken to ensure the proper phase relationship be- tween the currents in the various antennas. This factor can be achieved by inserting additional lengths of transmission line in one or more of the antenna feeders. Impedance matching can be accomplished by varying the position and depth of the antenna in the guide or by using impedance-matching stubs on the coaxial line feed- ing the waveguide. A device that excites a given mode in the guide can also serve reciprocally as a receiver or collector of energy for that mode. The methods of exci- tation for various modes in rectangular waveguides are shown in Fig. 4-1-6. In order to excite a TE; mode in one direction of the guide, the two exciting antennas should be arranged in such a way that the field intensities cancel each other in one direction and reinforce in the other. Figure 4-1-7 shows an arrangement for launching a TE, mode in one direction only. The two antennas are placed a quarter- wavelength apart and their phases are in time quadrature. Phasing is compensated by use of an additional quarter-wavelength section of line connected to the antennaSec. 4.1. Rectangular Waveguides 7 Coaxial line Antenna ~ probe TE mode _-Short-circuited ———__ end ‘Antenna probe TM; mode TM, mode Figure 4-1-6 Methods of exciting various modes in rectangular waveguides. 1 —1 Our of In phase phase 2 <— Waveguide Waveguide Antenna Antenna probe probe : Figure 4-1-7 A method of launching a RF input TE, mode in one direction only. feeders. The field intensities radiated by the two antennas are in phase opposition to the left of the antennas and cancel each other, whereas in the region to the right of the antennas the field intensities are in time phase and reinforce each other. The re- sulting wave thus propagates to the right in the guide. Some higher modes are generated by discontinuities of the waveguide such as obstacles, bends, and loads. However, the higher-order modes are, in general, more highly attenuated than the corresponding dominant mode. On the other hand, the dominant mode tends to remain as a dominant wave even when the guide is large enough to support the higher modes. 4-1-7 Characteristics of Standard Rectangular Waveguides Rectangular waveguides are commonly used for power transmission at microwave frequencies. Their physical dimensions are regulated by the frequency of the signal being transmitted. For example, at X-band frequencies from 8 to 12 GHz, the out- side dimensions of a rectangular waveguide, designated as EIA WR (90) by the Electronic Industry Association, are 2.54 cm (1.0 in.) wide and 1.27 cm (0.5 in.)