Shallow Foundation

References:
 Coduto, D.P. (1994): Foundation design:
principles and practices
 Hardiyatmo, H.C. (2002): Teknik Fondasi I
 Day, R.W. (2006): Foundation engineering
handbook
 Tomlinson, M.J. (2001): Foundation design and
construction
 Topics (from SAP):
Konstruksi dinding penahan tanah dan bentuk a. Pengertian, fungsi, maksud, tujuan konstruksi
bangunan yang menggunakannya b. Aplikasi di lapangan dan perkembangan
konstruksi penahan tanah
Analisis tekanan tanah (diam, aktif, pasif) a. Teori Rankine dan Coulomb
b. Analisis beban
Pengaruh beban, muka air dan lapisan tanah a. Pengaruh beban, muka air dan lapisan tanah
berbeda terhadap tekanan dan analisis dengan berbeda terhadap tekanan tanah
metode Cullman b. Analisis metode Cullman
Konstruksi dinding penahan tanah I a. Tinjauan analisis beban
b. Stabilitas terhadap gaya eksternal
c. Stabilitas terhadap gaya Internal
d. Merancang konstruksi perkuatan tanah
Konstruksi dinding penahan tanah II a. Tinjauan analisis beban
b. Stabilitas terhadap eksternal
c. Stabilitas terhadap gaya Internal
d. Merancang konstruksi perkuatan tanah
Perkuatan pada tanah konstruksi pada dinding a. Pengertian, maksud, tujuan perkuatan tanah
penahan tanah dengan kondisi tanah kurang b. Bahan perkuatan tanah
baik c. Macam/tipe konstruksi perkuatan tanah
d. Analisis beban
Topik Spesial : perkembangan konstruksi a. Topik Spesial (berkaitan perkembangan teknik
fondasi dangkal sesuai perkembangan iptek fondasi dangkal dan dinding penahan tanah)
b. Analisis beban
 Retaining Walls
 Retaining wall: structure whose primary purpose is to provide
lateral support for soil or rock.
 In some cases, may also support vertical loads  basement walls
and certain types of bridge abutments.
 Some of the more common types of retaining walls are gravity
walls, counterfort walls, cantilevered walls, and crib walls.
 Gravity retaining walls are routinely built of plane concrete or
stone and the wall depends primarily on its massive weight to
resist failure from overturning and sliding.
 Cantilever retaining walls are still probably the most common type
of retaining structure.
 There are many different types of cantilevered walls, Typical
cantilevered walls are T-shaped, L-shaped, or reverse Lshaped
 Retaining Walls
 Retaining wall: vertical or near vertical walls that retain soil or rock
Gravity wall Cantilever wall

Conventional types of retaining walls

 Types of Retaining Walls

Keys

Gravity walls of stone, brick, or plain concrete

Approach slab

Approach fill

Cantilevered wall Semigravity wall Optional piles

Bridge abutment
 Counterforts

Counterfort retaining wall Buttressed retaining wall

 Crib wall

Headers
Stretcher

Face of wall

Note: cells to be
filled with soil
 Massive gravity wall

2.75

Lapisan geotexstile
Slab beton
Timbunan sirtu
1.00
+25.30
0.30
+24.65
MA Banjir Q=1000 m3/s, +24.48 m
2.00 Slab beton
Susunan batu kosong Ø 20-30 cm
+23.00 Susunan armour rock Ø Min 70 cm
+22.60 0.40 +22.60
5.30 Galian
Tanah asli
6.90
2
1

+19.70

+19.10

1.00
Lapisan geotexstile +18.10

4.35 3.20 4.75 0.80

DETAIL PENAMPANG STA 11

S k a l a 1: 150
Classification of
Earth Retaining
Structures
Mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) wall Soil-nailed wall

Sheet pile with a tie-back anchor tie-back anchored retaining wall

Backfill material: clean granular material

1. Predictable behavior. Import granular backfill generally

has a more predictable behavior in terms of earth pressure
exerted on the wall. No expansive soil related forces.
2. Drainage system. To prevent the build up of hydrostatic
water pressure on the retaining wall, a drainage system is
often constructed at the heel of the wall. The drainage
system will be more effective if highly permeable soil, such
as clean granular soil, is used as backfill.
3. Frost action. In cold climates, frost action has caused
many retaining walls to move so much that they have
become unusable.
 Movement of Retaining Walls

 Movement of retaining walls (i.e., active condition) involves

the shear failure of the wall backfill and the analysis will
naturally include the shear strength of the backfill soil.
 The backfill soil is in a plane strain condition  the friction
angle ϕ is about 10 percent higher in the plane strain
condition as compared to the friction angle ϕ measured in
the triaxial apparatus.
 In practice, plane strain shear strength tests are not
performed, which often results in an additional factor of
safety for retaining wall analyses.
Pressures acting on the wall
 Lateral Earth Pressure

Difference between vertical and horizontal Equal fluid pressure in

earth pressures (σv ≠σh) all directions

The ratio between horizontal effective stress (σh) and the vertical effective
stress, (σv ) is known as the coefficient of lateral earth pressure, K.

Three improtant soil conditions: at-rest,

active and passive condition
 At-rest condition
It is very difficult to determine the in situ coefficient of lateral earth pressure
at rest through measurement  typical values and empirical formulas

For uncemented sands and normally consolidated clays (Jacky, 1948):

Modified by Schmidt (1966):

Coduto (1994): K0  (1  sin  )OCRsin 1  0.5 tan  

2

H 2 K 0
P0 / b 
2
b = unit length of the wall (usually 1 m)
 = unit weight of soil
H = height of the wall
 Lateral Earth Pressure
 Vertical stresses can be reliably calculated by multiplying the
unit weight of the soil by the depth; the horizontal stresses
cannot be accurately predicted.
 The coefficient of lateral earth pressure depends not only on
the soil physical properties, but also on construction or
deposition processes, stress history, and time among others.
 From a retaining earth structures design perspective, two
limits or conditions exist where the soil fails: active and
passive. The corresponding coefficients of lateral earth
pressure are denoted Ka and Kp, respectively.
 Under ‘‘natural’’ in situ conditions, the actual value of the
lateral earth pressure coefficient is known as the coefficient of
lateral earth pressure at rest, K0.
 Lateral Earth Pressure: Rankine (1857)
Rankine’s (1857): an active lateral earth pressure condition
occurs when the horizontal stress (σh) decreases to the minimum
possible value required for soil stability. In contrast, a passive
condition takes place when (σh) increases to a point where the
soil fails due to excessive lateral compression.
Active and passive
pressures acting on a
cantilever retaining wall
 Lateral Earth Pressure & Shear Strength (1)
 'h 0
K0 
 'v

Assuming the friction between the soil and the wall to be negligible,
the vertical effective stress (σv), at a depth z behind the wall = .z

Angle of the shear plane

Changes in the stress condition in a soil as it transitions
from the at-rest to the active condition
Development of shear failure planes in the soil behind a
wall as it transitions from the at-rest to the active condition
Wall movement required to reach the active condition
Lateral Earth Pressure & Shear Strength (2)

Starting from at-rest conditions, the wall moves toward the backfill.
While the vertical stress remains constant, the horizontal stress
will gradually increase value σhp
Angle of the shear plane
Changes in the stress condition in a soil as it transitions
from the at-rest to the passive condition
Development of shear failure planes in the soil behind a
wall as it transitions from the at-rest to the passive condition
Wall movement required to reach the passive condition
Effect of wall movement on lateral earth pressure in sand
 Important Points:
1. The mobilized angle of internal friction at rest (0) is related to the
in situ horizontal and vertical stresses, and thus is a function of
the coefficient of earth pressure at rest:

2. Although the soil remains within the failure limits between

active and passive conditions, deformation does occur in
conjunction with any changes in loading conditions.
3. Because active failure is reached through a ‘‘shorter’’ stress
path compared to a passive condition, smaller deformations
are associated with active failure.
4. When transitioning from active to passive and vice versa, a
K = 1 condition must occur where the horizontal and vertical
stresses are equal, and Mohr circle collapses into a point 
the soil is at its most stable condition.