Geoscience Canada Volume 13, Number 2
has been gok-siver deposts ofthe “epithe
‘mal type’ also known variously as “bonanza
ores’, “Tertiary type’, “precious metal d
Posi of volcanic association” or “Yossi not
spring type" (Figure 1 and Tabie 1),
Epithermal precious metal deposits are at
tractive, especially when base metal prices
are depressed, because thoy have high unit
101
values of precious metals with generally low
‘oro base metal content. The deposits com-
‘monly occur as small vein systems (less than
‘a milion tonnes in siz) but they tend to have
(900d grades, and many contain high-grade
re shoots. They provide quick payback at
high rates of retum on modest amounts of
Invested capital. Consequently, epthermal
Ore Deposits #10.
A Canadian Cordilleran
Model for Epithermal
Gold-Silver sits
‘Andres Panteleyev
Senior Project Geologist
Geological Branch
‘Minera! Resources Division
British Columbia Ministry of Energy, Mines
and Petroleum Resources
Victoria, Brtish Columbia VAV 1x4
Introduction
Discovery of lode gold in 1851 and placer
{0d in 1857 initiated the fist large-scale eco-
‘omic activity in Brtsh Columbia and led to
‘a majo infix of miners during the got rushes
of the mid- and late 1800's. This explosion
‘of non-native population necessitated colo-
rial expansion, the creation of new sett:
‘ments, developments of infrastructure, and
provided the economic base forthe fledging
colony.
‘otal gold production o date from the Ca
‘radian Cordilera (Brtish Columbia and Yu
kon) Is close to 1,182 tonnes (38 milion
ounces), approximately one-third of the
‘amount produced by Ontario, About 60% of
Cordilran gold comes trom lode deposits
the remainder has been won from placer
workings. Placer gold production peaked in
1900; lode gole production peaked in 1939
when 18.3 tonnes of gold were produced in
Brish Columbia, Thereater, output dectines
steadily uni the early 19708 when by-prod
Lct gold, mainly trom porphyry copper mines
as well as massive sulphide and skarn de-
posits, became the dominant source. These
accounted for up to 80% of the annual
3-4 tonnes of gold production
‘Gold was liberated in intemational markets
in 1968 from the fixed price of $35US per
‘ounce set in 1934. The resulting pre in-
creases, culminating in spectacular price
Peaks in late 1978, renewed intrest n krown
eposits and enlivened the quest for new
supplies of both gold and siver. The search
for gold has been the main focus during the
1980's of the mining exploration community,
$100 millon annual enterprise in the Ca-
‘radian Cordilora, One ofthe primary targets
HEART PKS.
ZEBALLOS.
SHEED CREEK: YMIR. ‘to.
(MAIN DEPOSITS
Prospects.
EPITHERMAL DEPOSITS —__
CASSIAR
BLACKDoME
Figure 1 Distnbuton of gold doposts in Gitsh Columbia showing major camps, individual deposts and
areas of recent exporaven acy. Lnes indicate major tctono physiograpnic bouncers. Crystalline
Imetamerphvc tranes o! the Coast Plone Bet nthe west and Omineca Balt inthe east ave shown by
‘he hachured paterndeposits are particulary attractive to smaller
‘companies that seek fnancing primarily from
pubic sources. In addition, major mining
‘companies, wit long-term investment stat-
‘agias and the abilty fo support major capital
foutays, seek larger epithermal prospects
suitable for open-pit operations. An example
othe type of superior epitharmal deposit that
expiorationsts svive to find is the El Indio
Mine, Chile, which began limited production
in 1979. In ils first year of operation,
12,800 kilograms of gla were produced trom
£50,000 tonnes of direct shipsing ore. There
remained 70,000 tonnes of similar material
containing 277 grams gold per tonne as well
‘as main reserves of 3.2 milion tonnes with
12.3 grams gold per tonne, 141 grams siver
por tonne, and 4.0% copper (Wahi ef al
1982)
Cheracteristics of Epithermal Deposite
The term “epithermal” was introduced by
Waldemar Lindgren in 1933. Itis part of a
{genetic classification of ore deposits that de
Scribes hydrothermal fuid sources and depth
Zonas in such terms as “epithermar’. "me
sothermal’, and “hypothermal”. Epithermal
‘deposits were considered (Lindgren, 1999,
'. 212)10 be formed “by hot ascending waters
‘of uncertain origin, but charged with igneous
‘emanations, Deposition and concentration
{of ore minerals occurs) at sight depth’. He
‘considered temperatures to range trom
'50-200°C under conditions of “moderate”
pressure. Lindgren also noted thal epthor-
‘hal deposits have sking analogies to those
products of the hot springs”. Other workers.
‘such as Budington (1995), recognized that
temperatures greater than those suggested
by Lindgren wore possible in near surface
nyerothermal environments. Soon the upper
temperature iit for epthermal deposits was
‘extended to atleast 300°C. Use of the term
“epitherma!" became well entrenched in North
‘America and elsawhore during the 1940's and
1950, Many descriptions of epthermal-type
deposits and districts accumulated and doc
‘ument the geometry, structural controls. and
‘mineralogical variations of these deposit.
Review articles describing "epthermar
‘deposits abound: each period of renewed in-
terest in gold produces updated summaries
Notable desorption nctude: Schmit (1850).
Wisser (1966), Siltoo (1977). Berger (1982)
Berger and Eimon (1862), Siberman (1982),
and Heald-Wetlaufor ef al. (1963). They
‘emphasize the folowing characteristics
(1) The deposits form near the sustace. Mr
neralization takes piace from surface 1 a
‘maximum depth of about 1,000 metres. Ore
‘can be developed over a considerable svike
length but is festicted in vertical extent to
intervals varying Irom 100 to 1,000 metres.
Average vertical range of ore is about
350 metres; it rarely exceeds 800 metres. Ore
‘zones (078 shoots) Dottom in either barren
rock or pass downward into sub-economc
zones containing base metal suiphies.
(2) Veins are the most common ote est; they
tend to branch of fate upward into compl
cated, wedge-like oF cone-like features
Breccia zones, stockworks, and fine-grained
Dbeding replacement zones also occur: larger
zones o! these Iypes may extend to tens of
millions of tonnes in size.
{@) Deposits form n extensional tectonic set
tings, in areas with wel-developed tension
fracture systems and normal faults. The frac-
ture systems are commoniy, but not neces~
sanly associated with large-scale volearic
‘collapse structures
(4) Minecalizaon commoniy occurs in vol
ganic terranes with well differentiated
subaetial pyroclastic rocks, and numerous
‘small subveleanic intrusions. Hot spring de
Posts and furarole volcanic phenomena are
Sometimes evidant where centres of hydro-
thermal cischaige have not been deeply
eroded
(6) Ore and associated minerals are depos-
ited dominantly as open space ‘iling with
banded, crusierm, wuggy. drusy. colltorm.
‘and cockscomb textures. Repeated cycies of
‘minaral deposion are evident. Ore minerals
‘are genoraly fine-grained but commonly have
coarse-grained, well-crystalized over
‘growths of gangue mnerals. Some replace:
‘ment textures are evident; pseudomorphs of
‘quart after calcite are characteristic. (See
Figure 2)
(6) Gold and siver are the main economic
‘metals, and occur along with enhanced
‘amounts of Hg, Ae, Sb and rarely T, Se, and
Te. Gold to siver ratios range widely, silver
is typically more abundant than gold. Main
‘re rinerals are ative gold and silver, elec:
trum. acanthte (argent), and siver-bear-
ing areoric-antimony sulphosalts. Telurices
are locally mportant. In adlvon, galena and
‘phaleste ara common; copper occuts gen-
erally as chalcopyrite but in some deposits
forms enargite. Cinnabar, stionite, tetra-
hhodrte, and selerides are Important in some
posits
(7) Gangue minera's are mainly quartz and
calcite wih lesser torte, baste, and pyrite.
‘Chioate, hematite, dolomite, modonite, and
modechroste are less common. Silea oc-
‘curs in many varieties. most commonly as
‘quartz or amethystine quartz, but also as opal,
chalcedony, and cristobalte
(6) Hyorothermal alteration is pronounced.
Precious metal mineralization is frequently
‘associated with slciteation. Zones of slic
fication can be tlanked by zones of ilite-ser-
leit and clay alteration, all occurring within
farger zones of ropyltic altaration. At depth,
vein structures contain aduiatia; near the
‘surface. broad argllic zones, some contain-
ing alunite, can predominate. Some deposits
have aluminous, advanced argilic alteration
assemblages containing: kaointe’dickte,
sercite, pytoohyiite, and andalusite with ac-
‘cossory ciaspore, corundum, topaz, 2unylte,
lazuite or scorzalte, dumortente, and rutile
cr anatase.
‘Table 1 Reserves and Production, Briish Columbia Epithermat Deposits
Reserves
4 mi, 2.43 git Au, 10.4 gt Ag)
~21 mt, 0.35% Cu, 0.85 ot Av, 109 gt Ag
~2 mt, 3.96 git gokd-equivelent
Production
Deposit {nition tonnes)
Silbak Premior so1e-1976 42
Equity Sivor 986-present ~7
(Gam Goosiy)
Big Missour 197-1942 08
Baker (Chappelle) 1990-1983 0.08
Dusty Mac 1969-1976 0.08,
Nadina 197297302
Girola
Lawyers, -
Blackdome -
Mt. Johany -
(iskut F. area)
Av ag
a) (19)
$6,000 271,000
3,300 696,000
1,800 +600
1,200 23,000
00 10,500,
<10 13.700,
577,600, 3.1 gt Ag, 213 91 Ag, some Pb,
2n, Gu
~34 mt, 206 git AU
mt, 7.27 gt Au, 254.2 91 Ag
195,000 1,27 git Av, 10 git Ag
554,000 1, 213 9% Au, some Ag, Pb. Zn,
coGeoscience Canada Volume 13, Number 2
Figure 2 Textures of epinermal ores: (a) cystaline ametysine quartz in an kragur ven, Fine grained
‘quartz marks the vein margin and there isan acuana selvage atthe wal rock contact, Lawyers dopost
Teodoggane area, Britsh Columbia, fb) banded chalcedonec quarts forms the ven wall, crystals of
elena and phates (dark gran), and fre-granedfuonte accu a he contact wah ier zone amet sine
‘quarz, Croode, Colorado; (@) way breccia with tagment rimmed by chalceconc Quart and
toe-grined cystaline quartz overgrowths, Lawyers depost, Teadoggone sree, Bissh Columba,
103
Genesis of Epithermal Deposits
‘Studies of racant and active geothermal sys
tems, such as those by Henley and Elis
(1983), Weissberg (1969), Weissberg ef al.
(1979), Ewers and Keays (1977), and Write
(1981), nave done much to demonstrate the
‘relationship between ho! springs and epither:
‘mal deposits, a relationship noted by Schmit
(19500) and strongly promoted by White as
‘arly as 1955. The concept that ascending
‘magmatic-source hydrothermal uds are im
Portant has been largely eliminated, mainly
by fud inclusion and stabe isotope studies.
Epitnermal deposits are now considered to
form from relatively dilute, near-neutral to
weakly-alkaline chloride waters
{<5 weight per cent (w.%s) NaC! equivalent)
at undergo boling or effervescent degas:
Sing, fuid mixing, and oxidation at temper-
atures generally between 200-300°C, and
‘most commoniy between 230-260°C. Boiling
or mixing of fluids as they ascend of migrate
laterally appear tobe the two most important
‘cooling mechanisms. Downward migration of
fluids has been documented in one locality,
Creede, Colorado, where hydrothermal fuids
in at least part of the hydrothermal system
hhave mixed with denser, cooler brines (Bothko
and Fye, 1973)
Recent detailed studies of a number of Ter-
tiary epithermal deposits in caldera setings,
‘rncipally by geotogists trom the United States
Geological Survey, thoroughly document the
.goologe settings and present perceptive, wel
researched explanations ofthe origins ofthese
deposits (Steven and Eaton, 1975; Lipman
and Steven, 1976; Lipman et al.. 1976:
‘Casadoval and Ohmoto, 1977; Slack, 1980;
{and others). The authoritative descriptions
‘and genet interpretations o! these ceposits
has led to extensive comparisons with other
deposits and areas. Unfortunately, many new
workers and explorationists place undue er
phasis on the caldera or resurgent caldera
‘setting of the deposits. Consequently, thore
|s a widely:neld notion that calderas are a
requisite for the development of epithermal
deposits. This is not the case. In fact, cal
eras, as described by Smith and Bailey
(1968), are simply a type of very specialized
volcano, they do not inherenty contain any
‘mineralization. In Nevada, only 2 out of 31
recognized calderas are known to contain
ore (McKee, 1978), andin the western United
States, only 14 out of 125 known caldera
have any associated ore (Rytuba, 1981). If
‘re occurs, it is because calderas produce
large fracture systems, but any major frac
ture system that channels hycrothermal fads
can localize mineralization.
Radiometric data from epithermal deposits
in Tertiary volcanic areas ofthe southwestern
United States (Silberman and McKee, 1974:
‘and others) show that ores are 2-17 millon
years younger than the caldera-forming vor
Canism, Thus t seems that hydrothermal ac:
tivity is not genetically related to caldera104
Volcanism, but is related to younger, sub
‘oleanic magmatic activ in structurally ois-
turbed rocks at the caldera margins and in
the surrounding rocks.
‘Association of epithermal ores with felsic
volcanic rocks (rhyolite and dacite flows,
‘domes, ash flow sheets, and tufts) has also
been overemphasized. Epithermal ores oc:
cur in all rock types, particulary those that
sustain large, open-iracture systems over
‘extended periods of time during hyarother-
‘mal actvty In Nevada, McKee (1979) noted
that in 96 mining aistcts with economically
signifeant ore production, only 5 districts were
in siiceous tuft; the majority of mineral de-
posits were in andesitic hypabyssal and ex-
trusive voleanic rocks. Ancesitc pyroclastic
rocks of flow breccias appear to preteren:
tilly maintain zones of primary high perme-
‘abiity during hydrothermal activity. In aditon,
‘andesites can sustain fault and fracture
related diatent structures and openings, such
as cymod structures or cymoid loops, over
long periods of mineralization,
In summary, hydrathermal activity is only
taoly related to caldera development or re-
‘surgorce but the ore-contoling structures
may be. The heat for hydrothermal activity
‘does not appear to be the latent heat of vol
‘canism but is more likely derived trom struc:
turally controllag subvoleanc intrusions oF
ooper plutons, Any rock type that maintains
primary or structural induced permeabiliy
land permis focussed hydrothermal uid fow
can provide sites for ore deposition
Zoning of Hydrothermal Alteration
—The Key Exploration Guide
Passage of hydrothermal uid through trac
tured rocks produces structurally contiolied
zones of hydrothermal alteration. In most
epithermal districts at least some hydro:
thermal alteration is evident as readily visible
zones of Dleached rock. Larger alteraion
zones can be many kilometres in dimension
the ore zones are a fow metres or tens of
‘metres, at best. The challenge to the explo-
rationst is to properly assess the alteration
zones for economic potential and to locate
and detine structural features that provided
focus for sustained hydrothermal ui ow.
Propyitic alteration (chlorte, calcite, py:
rite, epidote, zeolite) is an early-developeed,
Widespread and distictwide alteration in
‘many epithermal districts. The term “pro-
pylt” was introduced by von Richthoten in
the late 1800's to describe distinctive rocks
in the famous Comstock Lode epithermal
camp, Virginia Cty, Nevada. Within the broad
areas of pxopyliic alleation are move re
Stited zones a! serctic alteration or reces-
‘ive weathering clay alteration (ilte-kaolinte
‘montmoriionite). These surround central
Zones of silifcation or quartz veining, some
portions of which may be mineralized. The
Bilcied zones are more resistant and com
‘monly form local heights of land, many of
Which in old mining areas are sites of mine
headtrames or other workings.
The Buchanan “Boling” Model. Buchanan
(1981) summarized and tabulated data for
‘any ofthe western US epithermal deposits
and presented a model, now widely cic
lated and uiiized by explorationiss in the
Cordilera, that effecivelyilustrates the goo-
metic arrangementof ore andatertion zones
in“typical” epthermal voins thal are hosted
by volcanic rocks (Figure 3). The model de-
scribes a zone of mineralization that occurs
‘along a dominant subverical fracture system
{rom a depth of about 500 metres to the sur
face; close to surface it spits into a series of
subsidiary structures. The centre of ore de-
positon, placed by Buchanan at a depth of
fabout 350 metres, has a discrete top and
bottom. Above the ore zone, quartz veining
persists but diminishes progressively in
‘abundance upward, as do precious and base
total amounts. Similarly, quartz becomes
progressively finer-grained upward and be:
‘comes opaline silca or chalcedony in the
Upper part of the zone, I the slicatich hy-
drothermal ids discharge at surface as hot
‘springs, mushroom-shaped caps of siliceous
Shier are deposited, Alternatively, in veins
‘with less dynamic uid flow regimes, surace
‘expressions of deoper hydrothermal activity
may be nothing more than thin calcite veins
Or clay.altred zones in wall rocks adjoining
fauls or fractures. Al the base of the ore
zone, Bucharan describes two types of ore
terminations. In one type, quantities of ore
diminish downward and quertz veins that
‘continue to depth are barren or contain only
‘minor chalcopyrite and pyrthotite. nthe sec-
fond more common type, precious metas,
galena, and sphalerte occur in sub-eco:
Romie amounts at cepth together with minor
pyrite and chalcopyrite. In both cases. calcite
fand adulaia contents decrease with depth
_~ worsens suencar
bee
(Tssextoonn
Semone [—Joreuce
neces. 9
F pau
aeceenty t =
Figure 3 ldealzed section of @ bonanza epitemal depost. afer Buchanan (1981). Real systems ae commoniy mare complex because this single stage mode!
Is overonted by sever! stages of mineralzatn related to migration of ic boing or degassing ives,‘Geoscionce Canada Volume 13, Number 2
Buchanan (1981) concluded that ore de-
positon and attendant wall rock alteration
resulted from boiling and oxidation of the as-
ending hydrothermal fuids. In the mode},
repeated seit-sealing is tolowed by episode
folracturing and breceation along tho oro
structures. The attencant pressure drops
‘causa boiling that results in mineral precip-
tation. This produces multiple stages of ore
‘sepositon, and the distinctive, layered and
‘symmetically-banded ore textures so com
‘mon i epithermel deposi. The boiing love!
is contioied by the tomperature and salinity
of the fluids: hydrostatic Muid pressures are
‘considered to prevail in this type of shallow,
‘open-fracture system. Boling causos a de-
‘tease in ud tamporatures and vapour loss
that increases pH in the ore fluids. At the
srt of boling, alter a sight loss of volatiles,
solutions become neutral to sightly akaline:
with a 20% vapour loss and more alkaline
‘conditions, iver minerals depostt along with
‘dvlria, minor soricite, and abundant sce,
Atthe topo the boing zone, vigorous boing
leads to faster vapour loss with attendant
rapid cooling. At highor structural levels, the
released vapours may condense into ox
‘zed, acidic tuids. In this environment the
‘various goid complexes (bisuiphate, chlo-
‘ide, tiocomplexes, oF others) destabilize and
{gold precipitates along with copious amounts
of silica (Seward, 1973). At or near surtace,
‘any temairing volatiles that are released
‘condense to form a hight-oxidized, acidic
‘environment. The strong acid solutions formed
can be diuied by the neutral groundwaters
but are generally only weakly chemically
buffered. Extensive and intenso sariciio or
argiic atsration develops in this zone. This
so-called "low pH of acid capping” charac-
terizes many epithermal deposits, The clay
‘ateration zones are generally not ol ore grade
‘but commonly have anomalous amounts of
‘Au, As, Pb and loss commonly Hg, Sb, W,
Mo, B and Ag: some contain alunite
{KAL{S0,}(0H)). The size of sericte-clay
Zones tends to be proportional to that of
lated orebodias — the larger the alteration
Zone, the larger the zone of mineralization,
Buchanan's model is frequent ercize.
Despite many detaied studies of epithermal
deposits and despite theoretical studios
(Drummond and Onmoto, 1985), only a few
deposits show evidence of boling. In tic
inclusions boting is indicated by widespread
‘entrapment of various amounis of vapour in
‘ore and gangue minerals, and the presence
‘of remnant concentrated brine, An alters
tive explanation, based on the diute nature
‘of flids in epthermal deposits and the iso-
topic signatures of vein minerals (ONall and
Silberman, 1974; Radke ot a, 1980). i that
‘the hyérothormal systems aro troe-towing
{luids derived trom, and recharged by, me-
teoric wators that undergo litle isotopic x:
‘change with wal rocks. Models that postulate
‘mixing of fuids as a cooling and oxdizing
‘mechanism have bean discussed by Henley
‘and McNabb (1978), Honiey and Els (1983),
Hedenquist and Henley (1985), and others
In their models developed trom stucies of
active gocthermaltields, hycrothermal luis,
‘which are primanly deepiy-circulating meteo-
tie waters, are hested. rise in @ buoyant ther
mal plume, ang then mix with cooler,
‘oxygenated, noviral to acidic surtace waters.
‘Buchanaris major contribution is hs clear
description of ore and alteration mineral 20n-
ing and the spatial relationship betwoen mi-
neralizing solutions and the paleosurtace,
Undoubtedly most ore fuids have complex.
bistoris, some incuding both baiting (Orum-
mond and Ohmoto, 1985) and fluid mixing
(Casadevall and Onmoto, 1877). Uncertainty
About the mechenism of ore depositon in
spithermal systems does not lessen the use-
‘uiness of Buchanaris empirical model. Once
the position of the palsosurface has been
recognized oF postulate trom geological ld
data, Ne model provides a useful guide for
‘timating dopths to mineralization.
‘A Hot Spring Model — Acid-Sulpnate Sit-
Cceous Alteration. White (1955) described a
numberof active springs with associated epi-
{thermal mercury and gold-siver deposits. in
1981 he stated: "The correlation of fossil
geothermal systems (ore deposits) wih pres-
‘ent-day active systems provides insighis into
possible origins of various consttuens of ore-
{generating systems”. One of the best-stud-
od examples is at Stoamboat Springs, rear
Reno, Nevada, where active hot springs and
areas of steaming ground have been axien-
‘ively studied and nearby mineral deposits
‘genetically related to extinct hot springs have
‘baen exposed by shalow pits and tested 10
depth by boreholes.
Mader siicoous hot spring deposits and
thelr partaly-exposed underlying akered rocks
represent the "siica cap” and “low pH acd
cap” described by Buchanan (1961) ao tho
surface products of an epitnermal system
The silceous sinter deposited is porous at
surface but compacted and cemented
{epth; it consists of opaine silica. chaice-
dony, and cristobalite. The deposite at
Steamboat Springs were formed by hot
springs related to underlying 1-3 mikon year
‘old myolte domes, Maximum water temper-
‘ature measured in boreholes is 186°C. The
sinters are enviched in Au, Ag, Sb, Hg, AS,
Tl and B (White, 1981); locally, black, sii-
ce0us muds contain crysialing sionite, of
metastbnite, and cinrabar. Uptill rom the
active hot springs, fossil ponds are now seen
{as ¢mallienses of chalcodny. some of which
Contain up t00.1% Hgin the formotcinnabar
or matacinnabar,
‘Altered rocks underlying the hot spring de
osits, which were originally basaltic ande-
site and granodiorte, are nov exposed inthe
nearby "Siica Pt” as zones of beached, write
clay-alunite-siica rock. The alteration is
‘caused by sulphuric acid furs that stil is-
sue from fractures in the walls and floor of
the pit. The vapours deposited enough su-
105
hur and meccury to permit recovery of crys:
lating naive supnur and earthy cinnabar tom
‘another, nearby excavation. Visible cinnabar
is v@strictes to a zone win 15 metres of the
present ground surface, and aralytical de-
taction of mercury is possible to 26 metres,
‘White, 1981). Stbnite along with arsenic val-
ues are found somewhat deeper, to a me
Jmum depth of 48 metres, Values of up to
15 ppm gold, 150 ppm Ag, 3.9% Sb, and
0.19% Hg are obtained from siiceous muds
in he ser, native sulphur and possibly some
innabar are deposited above the ground-
water table as subtimates trom vapours. The
position of the groundwater table marks the
boundary between hot waters and the va-
Pour-dominanted fuids (White et a. 1971)
‘Above this boundary, where HS is oxidized
to H,SO, and condenses to aqueous su
phurie acid, descending reflnxing solutions
‘cause the most severe acidleacting, Schoen
tal. (1974) have shown thatthe acid cap-
ping (soltateric alteration) at Steamboat
‘Springs consists ofthe folowing zones from
‘surface to depth: opal, cristoballte, and sore
anatase (presumably trom the tlanium-ich
basaltic country rocks); opal, alunite, quart,
{and minor pyte; and Kaolinite, aluite, mont-
‘marilonite and pyrite. Below the clay-aiunite
zone, narrow 20008 of montmorillonite and
ite alteration are restricted to the walls of
the hydrothermal channetways.
The Marysvale Replacement Model
— Hydrothermal Alunite Deposits Alunite-
‘slica deposits associated wih hydrothermal
‘activity in volcanic areas can be large and
tenses more genase: Gectogical Society of Lon-
‘on, Spec! Publeation Number 7, p. 9-116
‘site, RH. 198, Erarge-bearng massive au
‘pride ceaosds high n Bory coppe” S/N
Evoneme Geology. v 78, p. 348-352
Sind, A. and Haraen, N.C, 1969, Resource
iessesement of goiequartz vows, Zebaos min-
Ing camp, Vancouver Ilan, in Geological Fec-
two, 1962 Baten Calum Misty of Energy.
Mines and Peiclou Recoures, Paper 83,
291-08Geoscience Canada Volume 18, Number 2
‘Slack JF, 1980, Multistage von oes ofthe Lake
Cty sti, western San Juan Meuotaine, Cok
rage: Exonomie Goology. v.75, p 963-991
Smith, RL and Baley. RA. 1968, Rosugent
‘cauidrons: Geological Society of Ametica,
Memoir 118, p 613-862,
‘Stovon, TA, and Eaton, GP, 1875, Environment
fof depostion in the Creeao mining dtc,
‘San juan Mountains, Colorado: Pat |. Geol
hycloge. and geophysical sting: Economic
Geology. v.70, p. 1029-1097,
‘Spun, JE, 1923, The ore magmas, a series of
‘essays on fe depositon: McGraw-Hil Boole
Company, New York, 588.
Wither, TN. Araneda,G. ond Cowra JW, 1982,
‘The Indo gol, siver, capper depos, region
‘1 Coquimbo, Chile, unpubished preliminary
‘pon. 3
GAC | AGC
&
Weissbera, BG. 1968, Gold-siver ore-grade
‘recipes rom New Zealans thermal wales
Economic Geog, v.64, p. 95-108
Weisberg. 6.6. Browne, PAL and Seward, 7M,
1879. Oe metals in acive eotneral syste,
fn Barnes. HL, e¢, Geochomisny of Hyco
{oral Ov Deposits, Second Eaton, John Wiley
‘and Sors, New Yor, p, 738-780.
\Wito.0. 1985, Thermal serng and eptheral
‘r8 deposi: Esoneme Geology, 50h Anniver
say Volume, p. 99-164.
inte, DE, 1981, Active gotberma!eytars and
hhysoheral ore deposte: Eooname Geology,
75 Ansiversry Volume, 9. 352-423.
Mines, Report 13, Part, . 69-92
‘Wejdak, Pd and Sica, Ad. 1984, Equty Siver
‘sivercopper gold epost: ateraton ard this
Indlysion studies: Economic Geology v.79,
. 969-980
‘Accepted, as revised, 7 November 1986.
NE WwW from the GEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION
OF CANADA
GAC Special Paper 29
The Carswell Structure
Uranium Deposits,
Saskatchewan
Edited by Lainé..D Alonso and M Svab
A.synthesis of the voluminous unpublished material on
one of the best uranium deposits in North America
Reviews the geology, mineralogy. geochronology.
geochemistry, stratigraphy. geophysics and metallogeny
of this conspicuous ring-type structure. Includes a col-
oured map {1:50 000/ — Bedrock Geology of the
Carswell Structure.
230 pages. 1985. $35 Cdn. (GAC Members!
$42 Cain, (Non: Members!
ORDER FROM: GAC Publications, Business and Economic
Service Ltd., 11! Peter Street, Suite 509, Toronto,
Ontario, Canaca, MSV 21
‘AOD: $3 (Canadian) postage (BOOK RATE) and handling
for each pub!ication ordered. Payment must accompany
orders. Make cheque payable to Geological Associa~
tion of Canada. If paying by VISA or MASTERCARD
give full card’ number, expiry date and signature.