Building Service Engineering Technology-Individual Assignment 01

2014
I.A. Anhaf Ahamed
NG/HNDQS/06/08
[BUILDING SERVICE
ENGINEERING
TECHNOLOGY-
INDIVIDUAL
ASSIGNMENT 01]
Lecture: Ms. Sushama Malshani
Building Service Engineering Technology Individual Project
Acknowledgment
This assignment would not possible without the encouragement of our Building services
engineering lecturer Ms. Sushama Malshani. I take this opportunity to express a deep sense of
gratitude for Mr.S Kalananthan B. Sac and all staff members of ICBT campus Nugegoda. As
well as I take this opportunity to thank my parents. Finally, I thank my parents and my
friends because without their support and encouragement I cannot submit at the right time.
I.A. Anhaf Ahamed NG/HNDQS/06/08 1|P a g e

Contents
Executive Summery................................................................................................................................. 6
1.0 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 7
Substructure of the building ............................................................................................................... 9
Building Superstructure ...................................................................................................................... 9
Building Finishes.................................................................................................................................. 9
External wall finishes ...................................................................................................................... 9
Internal wall finishes ....................................................................................................................... 9
Roof ................................................................................................................................................. 9
Floor Finish ...................................................................................................................................... 9
Insulation ........................................................................................................................................ 9
Building services................................................................................................................................ 10
2.0 Task 01 ............................................................................................................................................ 11
2.0 HVAC Systems ................................................................................................................................. 11
2.1 Heating System ........................................................................................................................... 11
2.1.1 Forced Air Heating System ................................................................................................... 12
2.1.2 Radiant Heating System ....................................................................................................... 14
2.1.3 Hydronic Heating System ..................................................................................................... 15
2.1.4 Steam Radiant Heating System ............................................................................................ 16
2.1.5 Geothermal Heating System ................................................................................................ 17
2.1.6. Suitable Heating System for Mr. Perera’s House ................................................................ 18
2.2 Energy and Fuel Used In Heating Systems and Its Impact on Environment ............................... 19
2.2.1 Types of Energy and Fuel Used in Heating System .............................................................. 19
2.2.2. Environmental Impact on Fuels and Energy ....................................................................... 21
2.3 Building Air Conditioning and Ventilation................................................................................... 23
2.3.1 Air Conditioning System ........................................................................................................... 23
2.3.1.1Air conditioning system’s works ........................................................................................ 23
2.3.1.2 How an Air Conditioner works .......................................................................................... 23
2.3.1.3 Types of Air Conditioning System ..................................................................................... 24
2.3.2 Ventilation System ............................................................................................................... 25
2.4Ventilation and Air Conditioning Integrates With Other Building Services ................................. 27
Ventilation and Air Conditioning Integrates With Heating System .............................................. 27
Ventilation and Air Conditioning Integrates With Electricity........................................................ 27
2.5 Fire Risk Associated with Ventilation and Air Conditioning Systems.......................................... 28
The aims of the fire risk assessment are ....................................................................................... 28
Fire Risk Associated with Ventilation ............................................................................................ 28

Fire hazards enclose with ventilation ........................................................................................... 28

Preventing Strategy....................................................................................................................... 28
Fire Risk Associated with Air-conditioning System ....................................................................... 28
Preventing Strategy....................................................................................................................... 28
3.0 Task 02 ............................................................................................................................................ 29
3.1 Provision for the distribution of services within buildings and storage space requirements .... 29
3.1.1 Provision forthe Distribution and Storage Space Requirements withinthe Building for
Heating System ............................................................................................................................. 29
3.1.2 Provision for the Distribution and Storage Space Requirements within the Building for Air-
conditioning System ...................................................................................................................... 29
3.1.3 Provision for the Distribution and Storage Space Requirements within the Building for
Ventilation System ........................................................................................................................ 30
Electrical Service ........................................................................................................................... 30
Plumbing Service ........................................................................................................................... 31
Sewerage and Disposal System ..................................................................................................... 31
Safety Services (Fire Safety) .......................................................................................................... 32
Communication System (Telephone lines and etc.) ..................................................................... 32
3.2 Plumbing Drawing for Mr. Perera’s Proposed House ................................................................. 33
3.3 Electrical Drawing for Mr. Perera’s Proposed House.................................................................. 34
3.4 Understanding of the Safety Requirements for the distribution of services.............................. 35
3.4.1 Electricity Service ................................................................................................................. 35
3.4.2 Plumbing Service .................................................................................................................. 36
3.4.3 Heating System .................................................................................................................... 36
3.4.4 Air Conditioning System ....................................................................................................... 37
3.4.5 Disposal and Sewerage System ............................................................................................ 37
3.5 Fire Risk Associated with Buildings and the Installations, Passive and Active, Designed into
Buildings to Control and Prevent fire Outbreak and Spread ............................................................ 38
The measures of fire protection ................................................................................................... 38
4.0 Task 03 ............................................................................................................................................ 39
4.1 Requirements of Providing Sanitation Facilities ......................................................................... 39
Sanitary wares ............................................................................................................................... 39
Water Supply................................................................................................................................. 39
Sewage disposal ............................................................................................................................ 40

Trash disposal................................................................................................................................ 40
Hygiene Promotions...................................................................................................................... 40
4.2 Discharge Pipe Work Drawing for Mr. Perera’s Proposed House ............................................... 41
4.3 Methods Used to Dispose of Foul and Surface Water from City and Rural Locations ............... 42
Separate System ........................................................................................................................... 42
Combined System ......................................................................................................................... 42
Partially Separate System ............................................................................................................. 43
Methods use to dispose foul water and surface water from city locations. ................................ 44
Methods use to dispose foul water and surface water from rural locations ............................... 45
4.4 Methods of Refuse removal and Disposal from Buildings .......................................................... 46
Storage Collection System and Disposal ....................................................................................... 46
5.0 Task 04 ............................................................................................................................................ 47
5.1 Need to integrate the design of buildings and their services ..................................................... 47
5.2 Implication of health, safety and welfare aspects in the design and construction process ....... 49
Health, safety and welfare aspects in ventilation ......................................................................... 49
Health, safety and welfare aspects in air-conditioning ................................................................ 50
Health, safety and welfare aspects in electrical and lighting system ........................................... 50
Health, safety and welfare aspects in plumbing ........................................................................... 50
Health, safety and welfare aspects in sewage and disposal ......................................................... 50
Health, safety and welfare aspects in fire safety .......................................................................... 53
5.3 Need to commission all service installation................................................................................ 54
5.4 Need to include the provision for the maintenance ................................................................... 55
5.4.1 Maintenance is into three categories .................................................................................. 55
5.4.2 Consideration for Building Maintenance ............................................................................. 55
5.4.3 Types of maintenance program ........................................................................................... 57
5.4.4 Causes of building deterioration .......................................................................................... 58
6.0 Task 05 ............................................................................................................................................ 60
6.1 Need to provide mechanical circulation for people and goods around buildings ...................... 60
6.2 ..................................................................................................................................................... 64
Finding θ (angle of incline) ............................................................................................................ 64
Escalator Speed (V) ....................................................................................................................... 64
6.3 The health and safety risks associated with lift and escalator ................................................... 65
Significant hazards and risks ......................................................................................................... 65
Keywords to reduce hazards ......................................................................................................... 69
7.0 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................... 70
8.0 References ...................................................................................................................................... 71

Online ................................................................................................................................................ 71
Lecture Notes .................................................................................................................................... 73
Books ................................................................................................................................................. 73
Images ............................................................................................................................................... 74

Executive Summery
In this assignment I have mentioned the main tasks of building services. I have included
every building services, its maintenance and health and safety hazard briefly as possible as I
can.

1.0 Introduction
Shipping Containers are in many ways ideal materials using for modern contractions. They
are designed for carry heavy loads, fire resistance and to be stacked in high columns. They
are also designed to resist harsh environments due to their high strength.
It is given a plan of proposed container box house for Mr. Perera’s in below image

According to the project this site is situated in Kelaniya, Sri Lanka. The site is surrounded by
a river, a coconut estate and a main road. It is surrounded according to below site layout.

It cannot build a container box house in a land easily. There should be consider several tasks
to make it safe and comfort to live occupant who are going to survive in it. They may be the
building substructure, superstructure, building finishes and building services.
Substructure of the building

According to the site layout the site is located near a river even though the soil condition of
the land is well-graded. Therefore for this house it is used Pad foundation which is most
suitable for this building.
Building Superstructure
The substructure of the building defines the structural parts above the foundation. According
to this project it is mainly showing the walls and roof. According to project the walls are
made from container box but there should a roof to cover the top of the building and give an
aesthetic appearance.
Building Finishes
Proposed project is a container box house as describe before. It should consider several
building finishes giving an aesthetic appearance. And better comfort.
External wall finishes

It is used alluminium cladding for external wall which is fire resistance and weather
resistance.
Internal wall finishes

It is used gypsum board for internal wall finish.
Roof
It is used pitch roof for roof.
Floor Finish
It is used terrazzo floor finish and tiles for bathroom floor finishes.
Insulation
It is used glass fiber insulation for walls which are non combustible.

Building services
According to assignment it is explained below all building services…

2.0 Task 01
2.0 HVAC Systems

2.1 Heating System
Heating System is method maintaining temperature in a room in a suitable manner by using
thermal energy. There are various types of heating systems used in;
 Forced Air Heating System
 Radiant Heating System
 Hydronic Heating System
 Steam Heating System
 Geothermal Heating System

2.1.1 Forced Air Heating System

This is most commonly using heating system in residential structures. It is a method heating
simply distributes the heat through systems of ducks it expelled through vents into different
rooms and different areas of a house and maintain a particular temperature. The air can be
heated with various methods, including; electricity, natural gas, propane, or oil. (Kevin
Carney, 2011)
Figure 1: Forced Air Heating System [1]
Advantages
 Quickly heats the area
 Energy efficient
 Can effectively keep you home comfortable all winter long
 Generally made to be incorporated with central air conditioning systems
 Can helps to improve air quality in a place by keeping its air filters clean.
 Can change and replace air filters
 Able to both heat and cool your home depending on the season
 Doesn’t effect to home décor
 Easy to Install

Disadvantages
 Difficult to heat distribute if there is any obstacle such as furniture or other large
objects in the way of vent.
 Some people thinks it is noisy
 Some fuels use in forced air heating systems are high cost

2.1.2 Radiant Heating System

Radiant heating system known as radiant floor heating has ability to natural and comfortable
heat in a residence through a system of hot water tubes underneath the floor or above the
ceiling. A boiler is heating the water by the power of oil, natural gas, propane or
electricity.(D'agnese, 2014)
Figure 2: Radiant Heating System [2]
Advantages
 Comfortable
 Heat Spreading Evenly
Disadvantages
 High installation cost
 Difficult to maintain
 Slow to heat
 Separate cooling system is required

2.1.3 Hydronic Heating System

Hydronic heating system known as a hot water base board system similar to radiant heating
system, a boiler heats the water and circulate it the heated water through tubes which are
attached to the wall. Heat is produce to the room through a heat emitter. (Anon, 2014)
Figure 3: Hydronic Heating System [4]
Advantages
 Quiet
 Temperature can control in separate in each room (close temperature control)
Disadvantages
 Challenge on placing Furniture
 Slow temperature increase
 Separate duct work need for A/C system

2.1.4 Steam Radiant Heating System
Steam Radiant heating system heats the space by radiators fixed in each rooms. The hot water
is heated using a boiler which is usually powered by electricity, oil, or natural gases.
Figure 4: Steam Radiant Heating System [3]
Advantages
 Comfortable
 Energy Efficient
 Warm space quickly
 Easy maintenance
Disadvantages
 Radiators can be unpleasant to a space
 Space requirement for radiators
 Effect for home décor
 Separate A/C systems for cooling.

2.1.5 Geothermal Heating System

Geothermal heating system is the modern heating method used for residential purpose. It uses
the heat from earth to regulate temperature. (Howard, 2013)
Figure 5: Geothermal Heating System [5]
Advantages
Extremely efficient
Can use for heat and cool
Renewable energy usage
Combustion less
Long Life
Low Maintenance
Disadvantages
High cost for installation
Powered by electricity only

2.1.6. Suitable Heating System for Mr. Perera’s House

For Mr. Perera’s house it is used Forced Air Heating System. It is used Solar Power
Elecrticity. The furnance is placed in garage area and the duct work going below the ground.

2.2 Energy and Fuel Used In Heating Systems and Its Impact on Environment
2.2.1 Types of Energy and Fuel Used in Heating System
HEATING SYSTEM TYPES OF ENERGY USED IN

Forced Air Heating System Electricity
Natural Gases
Propane
Oil
Radiant Heating System Electricity
Natural Gases
Propane
Oil
Hydronic Heating System Electricity
Natural Gases
Oil
Steam Heating System Electricity
Natural Gases
Oil
Geothermal Heating System Electricity
Electricity
It is a secondary energy source because it is converted from another source of energy, such as
coal, natural gas, oil, nuclear or renewable sources. (Anon, 2014)
Natural Gases
Natural gas is one of the cleanest, safest, and most useful forms of energy use ineveryday
lives. It is form from fossil fuel. (Alberta, 2014)

Propane
Propane is a hydrocarbon also known as LPG (Liquid Petroleum Gas).Propane is produced
from both natural gas processing and crude oil refining. (Anon, 2014)
Oil
Unpolished oil is a naturally occurring mixture of hundreds of different hydrocarbon
compounds confined in underground earth. This is also formed from fossils.
Other Energy Sources

According to Anon, 2014 there are various types of energy sources some of them are primary
and some of them are byproduct of primary source. They are;
 Biofuel
 Coal
 Geothermal
 Hydrogen
 Hydropower
 Solar Energy
 Uranium (Nuclear)
 Wind Energy

2.2.2. Environmental Impact on Fuels and Energy
All energy sources are disturbing the environment. There aren’t any sources are completely
clean energy source. Getting the energy to our usage are different and all the methods are
effecting to the environment.
Natural gas and its impact to the environment
Natural gas is a source of energy which is very important for reducing pollution and
maintaining a clean and healthy environment. Natural gas is the cleanest of all fossil fuels.
Natural gas is formed when layers of dead animals, plant parts are buried for thousands of
years subjecting to various reactions. Natural gas is a non-renewable source because it takes
thousands of years to form.
 When heating systems are operated by using by burning natural gas, it emits gases
like nitrogen oxide and carbon dioxide. But in lower quantities than in coal or oil.
Propane and its impact to the environment

Propane is non-toxic, non-caustic and will not create an environmental hazard if released as a
liquid or vapor into the environment. In heating systems propane is heated with oxygen it
emits carbon dioxide and water vapor.
C3H8 + 5 O2 → 3 CO2 + 4 H2O + heat
Propane + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water
So some amount carbon dioxide is released to the environment but less compared with diesel
and petrol.

Oil and its impact to the environment
Oil is comprised of large amount of carbon and hydrogen. When oil is burnt, it means the oil
is combusted with oxygen. As a result of this reaction it forms carbon dioxide and water
vapor and heat. This heat produced is used by the heating systems. But we should not forget
carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas it affects the ozone layer which protects the earth.
Electricity and its impact to the environment
Electricity consumption is an important portion of a consumer's environmental footprint. All

forms of electricity generation have some level of environmental impact. Most of the amount
of electricity is generated by fossil fuels, such as coal, natural gas, and oil. As described they
have impact on the environment. All these emits carbon dioxide as a result of the electricity
generation which is a greenhouse gas which affects the depletion of the ozone layer.
Electricity can be generated by renewable sources like solar, geothermal and wind. But in Sri
Lanka the electricity generated from the above described renewable sources are not sufficient
to the electricity requirement of the country. So nonrenewable sources described above are
also used to generate electricity. Then there is an impact to the environment with the use of
those nonrenewable sources with the emission of carbon dioxide.
For my project for Mr.Perera I suggest to use electricity to operate the heating system
according to the assumption I made (location as the nuwara eliya)
 Though electricity is also expensive, but it is more economical than propane, oil, and
natural gas. To overcome this problem I advised Mr.Perera to maintain the Forced air
heating system properly. And use proper insulating materials to the stop energy
emission to unwanted spaces.

2.3 Building Air Conditioning and Ventilation

2.3.1 Air Conditioning System
Air conditioning defines changing the properties of air such as temperature and humidity to a
more favorable and suitable condition.
2.3.1.1Air conditioning system’s works

 Maintain suitable humidity
 Supply a constant and adequate supply of ventilation
 Efficiently remove micro-organisms and dusts
 Efficiently clean the room
2.3.1.2 How an Air Conditioner works
An Air Conditioner has four major parts

 Refrigerant
 Evaporator coil
 Condenser coil
 Compressor
- Evaporator coil (inside the room) contain liquid refrigerant and absorb the hot air which are
inside the room and liquidated refrigerant changes into gas stage and blow cool air to the
room.
- Condenser coil (outside the room) get the gas stated refrigerant and absorb the cool air from
outside and gas stated refrigerant changes again to liquid state and blow heat air outside
which are taken from room.
- Compressor which helps to flow the refrigerant through these coils.

2.3.1.3 Types of Air Conditioning System

There are four types of air conditioning systems
 Split Air Conditioning System
 Window Air Conditioning System
 Central Air Conditioning System
 Package Air Conditioning System
Split Air Conditioning System

Split air conditioning system is mostly using air conditioning system nowadays which has
two units inside unit and outside unit. Inside unit contain the evaporator coil and outside unit
contain the condenser and the compressor.
Advantages
 Less space allocation inside the room
 Effective with home décor
 Can install room with or without window
 Less noise
Window Air conditioning System
It is a simplest method of air conditioning system because all the parts of air condition are
assembles in one unit. These types of air condition need an opening to fix it.These air
conditions have two parts room inside part which contain evaporator and room outside part
which contain compressor and condenser. Both parts are separated with insulated partition.
Advantages
Low cost
Lest effort for installation
Low maintenance
Single unit
Central Air Conditioning System

These types of air conditioning systems mostly using for commercial purpose buildings, such
as offices, hotels, movie theaters, factories, large buildings, and etc… .

Two Types of Central Air Conditioning System

Direct Expansion or DX Central Air Conditioning System
Chilled Water Central Air Conditioning System
Direct Expansion Air Conditioning System

For these system need two plant rooms one for compressor and condenser and other room for
the expansion valve, evaporator coil and handling unit. These types of air conditioning
systems used for small buildings or rooms in single floor.
Chilled Water Central Air Conditioning System

For these types of systems a plant room is enough for place all the important units, such as
compressor, condenser, controlling valve, and evaporator. These types of air conditioning
system use for large buildings, such as shopping malls, airports, and etc…
Package Air Conditioning System

It a system has different cooling capacities in between central, and split or window air
conditioning systems. This system also single unit likes window air conditioning.
Two types of Package Air Conditioning System

This system is dividing into two types depending on its cooling system used in,
Cooling with Water Cooled Condenser
Cooling with air Cooled Condenser
2.3.2 Ventilation System

Ventilation is a process of moving outdoor air into a building or a spaceand distribute within
the building or the space.
The main purpose of this process is providing clean and healthy air into a building or a space
and removing pollutant air from it.

2.3.2.1 Building Ventilation Has Basic Three Elements
Ventilation Rate
The amount of outdoor air that is providing into the space and the quality of the outdoor air.
Airflow Direction
The overall airflow direction in a building, which should be from clean zone to dirty zone.
Airflow Pattern
The external air should be delivered to each part of the space in an efficient manner and the
airborne pollutants generated in each part of the space should also be removed in an efficient
manner.
Methods of Ventilation
Natural Ventilation
This is a method of driving outdoor air through purpose-built building envelopes and
openings by natural forces.
Mechanical Ventilation
Mechanical ventilation is a method of ventilation driving air by mechanical fans.
Hybrid (Mixed-mode) Ventilation

Hybrid ventilation method depends on natural driving natural forces to provide the desire
flow rate. It uses mechanical ventilation when the natural ventilation is low.

2.4Ventilation and Air Conditioning Integrates With Other Building Services
Many building services integrate with some other building services. Ventilation and Air
condition services mainly integrate with heating and electricity. Main factor which is
affectingthese services is the orientation of the building.
Ventilation and Air Conditioning Integrates With Heating System

A house’s long axis has more space give more openings which will give more ventilation
throughthose openings. If a house’s long axisorientation is facing towards east-west the house
the house will has more lightings too.If this house is situated in hot area this house’s heat will
increase. This is results to have air conditioning system for this house.
If a house’s long axis orientation is facing towards north-south the house will has less
lightings therefore this house’s heat will decrease. If this this house situated in cool area this
house results to have heating system.
Ventilation and Air Conditioning Integrates With Electricity

A house’s long axis has more space give more openings which will give more ventilation
through those openings. If a house’s long axis orientation is facing towards east-west the
house the house will has more lightings too. It will reduce electricity but if this house is
situated in hot area this house’s heat will increase. This is results to have air conditioning
system for this house. It will increase electricity more.
If a house’s long axis orientation is facing towards north-south the house will has less
lighting therefore this house less natural lighting. As a result of this it has to use electrical
lights. This is effect for electricity meanwhile the heating of house will decrease.

2.5 Fire Risk Associated with Ventilation and Air Conditioning Systems
For a premise providing residential care should be fully aware of the need to manage the
premise well to ensure the safety and comfort of the resident from fire at all times.A fire risk
assessment is an organized and systematic look at the premises, the activities carried on there
that a fire could start and cause harm to those in and around the premises. It is also known as
Fire Preventing Plan. (Fire safety Risk Assessment, 2006)
The aims of the fire risk assessment are

 Identify the hazards (Hazard: anything that has the potential to cause harm)
 To reduce the risk of those hazards causing harm to as low as sensiblypossible
 To decide what physical fire precautions and management arrangements are necessary
to ensure the safety of people in your building if a fire does start
Fire Risk Associated with Ventilation
Fire hazards enclose with ventilation

 Combustible materials using for windows and doors (wood)
 Electrical issues in mechanical ventilation (fans)
Preventing Strategy
Using non-combustible materials for windows, doors and openings, such as alluminium
Inspect all wiring, switches and plugs for damage.
Fire Risk Associated with Air-conditioning System

Electrical issues
Combustible materials near air-conditioning condenser
Spread fire, heat and smoke through duct works
Preventing Strategy
Inspect all wiring, switches and plugs for damage
Keep combustible materials away
Using Fire and Smoke Dampers

3.0 Task 02
3.1 Provision for the distribution of services within buildings and storage space
requirements
Well organized and well secured a storage space required in a house for building service
distribution and building service placement. There are several types of storage space
requirements for each and every service.
3.1.1 Provision forthe Distribution and Storage Space Requirements withinthe Building
for Heating System
For Mr. Perera’s house Forced air heating system is using to heat the house. For the Forced
Air Heating System it need storage space for its furnace and need provision for its duct
works.
According to the plan it is a container box house which usually cannot contain an
underground basement and in this house it doesn’t have a basement. For a furnace there is a
space requirement on floor. There is only space allocation can be done for furnace is garage
in house. It is more spacious to place the furnace.
Duct work can install above the ceiling or below the floor. It is a container box house
therefore the height limit is limited. In this case it is difficult to put ductwork above the
ceiling which will effect to the internal height of the building. The only way to provide
ductwork is under the floor. For install duct work below the floor foundation should raise
above the ground level.
3.1.2 Provision for the Distribution and Storage Space Requirements within the
Building for Air-conditioning System
For Mr. Perera’s house Split Air-conditioning system is using to cool the house. For the Split
Air-conditioning System is need storage space for its indoor unit and outdoor unit which is
not effecting to building floor space.
This Air-conditioning system doesn’t need more space to place its indoor and outdoor unit. It
can be fixed on wall.

Building for Ventilation System
For Mr. Perera’s house Mixed-mode (Hybrid) ventilation system is using to ventilate the
house. For the Mixed-mode (Hybrid) ventilation System is need fewer storage space for fans
(ceiling fans and exhaust fans) and openings which is not effecting to building floor space.
Ceiling Fans – fixed on ceilings

Exhaust Fans – fixed on wall
Openings – windows and doors
Building for Electrical Service
For Mr. Perera’s house electrical service space is required for electrical line distribution and
solar panels and its inventor.
Electrical service lines can lie above a ceiling. According to the design it is a container box
house and the height is limited therefore it couldn’t install high ceiling but can install less
high ceiling (height between 5 – 10 inches). To connect all electrical lines there is a
distribution board which is placing in garage and the main meter box is placing outside of the
house.
Solar panels are used for water heaters and garden lights. Solar panels are placed on roof
(solar roof) and its inventor placed in garage.

Building for Plumbing Service
For Mr. Perera’s house need to install hot water and cold water supply is provided which is
buried in ground.
Water is getting from main service line and straightly connecting to bathrooms and kitchen
sink and another line is connecting to a small water tank for emergency use and garden usage.
For each and every bathroomit is using an indirect hot water system.
For safety of plumbing line it is buried 600mm in ground and garage road area it is buried
below 900mm from ground level.
Building for Sewerage and Disposal System
Sewerage system
For Mr. Perera’s house separate sewerage system is used for sewage disposal purpose which
is the storm water, Black water and grey water lines are separately disposed.
Strom water (rain water) – storm water lines are connected to nearest river
Black water (waste water with feces and urines) – lines are connecting to septic tank and
soakage pit
Grey water – (waste from personal washings) –lines are connecting to main drainage system
All sewerage lines are buried below 900mm below ground level which is safe from effect to
drinking water line.
Soakage Pit Septic Tank Specification

Soakage pit is situated front side of the house and near to coconut estate which is 18m away
from river and 2m is above from ground water level.
Disposal system
It is bins used for dispose waste. Which is taken from municipal council every once in two
days.

Building for Safety Services (Fire Safety)
Mr. Perera’s Building outside is covered with alluminium cladding which is fire resistant and
in side of house is covered with gypsum board which is not fire resistant therefore three fire
extinguishers are used. They are placed in living room area, kitchen area and in garage.
Building for Communication System (Telephone lines and etc.)
For Mr. Perera’s house Communication service space is required for Communication line
distributions which are hidden lines therefor parallel to electricity lines communication lines
also installed above the ceiling.

3.2 Plumbing Drawing for Mr. Perera’s Proposed House

3.3 Electrical Drawing for Mr. Perera’s Proposed House

3.4 Understanding of the Safety Requirements for the distribution of services

In a residential building there are lots of hazards happening with building services. Therefore
safety in building services it is important to have a safety plan to prevent hazards.
3.4.1 Electricity Service

Electrical service hazards in house hold is most commonly happening hazards and it is a
dangerous hazards.
3.4.1.1 Problems Facing in Electrical Service

 Electrical wire shortages
 Electrical switch shortages
 Over load powers
 Electrical equipment problems
 Sudden fire in electrical lines due to sparking in lines and heating in lines
3.4.1.2 Safety Requirement for Electrical Service

 Safety checking in wire lines and switches
 Safety covers using for switches
 Using heat resistant and fir resistant conduit pipes and wires
 Replace and repair electrical equipment
 Using electrical stabilizer for maintain over load powers
 Using breakers and dip switches to stop over load powers

3.4.2 Plumbing Service

Plumbing service hazards are happening in residential premises but it is not dangerous.
3.4.2.1 Problems Facing in Plumbing Service

 Improper joints and loose joints
 Leaking
 Heavy weights on pipe lines
 Broken lines
3.4.2.2 Safety Requirement for Plumbing Service

 Use proper joints and proper equipment to joints
 Burry below 600mm from ground level for normal areas
 Burry below 900mm from ground level for heavy load bearing areas such as roads
3.4.3 Heating System

Heating system hazards are causing fire mostly. It is a dangerous hazard happening in
residentialpremises.
3.4.3.1 Problems Facing in Heating System

 Combustible material near to heat emitters and vents
 Electrical issues in plants
3.4.3.2 Safety Requirement for Plumbing Service

 Keep the combustible materials away from vents and heat emitters
 Repair electrical damages and other damages

3.4.4 Air Conditioning System

Air conditioning systems also cause fire hazards and some electrical issues.
3.4.4.1 Problems Facing in Air Conditioning System

 Electrical shortages
 Shortages is circuits
 Condenser heat cause fire if combustible materials near
3.4.4.2 Safety Requirement for Air Conditioning System

 Repair and maintain properly
 Keep combustible materials away from the heat condenser
3.4.5 Disposal and Sewerage System
3.4.5.1 Problems Facing in Disposal and Sewerage System

 Leaks
 Opened septic tank (People may be fall)
 Heavy weights on pipe lines
 Broken lines
 Improper materials
3.4.5.2 Safety Requirement for Disposal and SewerageSystem
 Use proper materials
 Regular Inspections
 Burry below 900mm from ground level for heavy load bearing areas such as roads

3.5 Fire Risk Associated with Buildings and the Installations, Passive and Active,
Designed into Buildings to Control and Prevent fire Outbreak and Spread
Every building must be designed and constructed in such a way that in the event of an
outbreak of fire within the building.
If a fire starts in a building occupants within the building should be provided with at least one
rout of escape. There also should be a warning system to inform occupants to get out of a
building before the fine spread. If fire blocked escape route.
Even though there should be preventive methods to stop fire and spreading fire.
The rules of fire protection refer to the installation that must be placed to detect and prevent
fire.
The measures of fire protection

Fire protection measures used to protect routes of escape and to provide a safe refuge include
a combination of passive and active fire protection.
Passive protection
Passive fire protection is way control and prevent fire outbreak and spread which is
considered by building design. It will be always there an architectural design such as walls,
doors, staircase and etc…
Active protection
Active fire protection measure is a way to control and prevent fire outbreak and spread fire
which is also known as the actions we are doing when a fire is there such as automatic fire
detection, fire alarms, fire extinguishers and etc…

4.0 Task 03
4.1 Requirements of Providing Sanitation Facilities

For a built environment it is necessary to provide sanitation facilities. For a residential
premise it is necessary to consider several things for sanitation facilities such as sanitary
wares, water supply, and hygiene promotions.
Sanitary wares
For Mr. Perera’s house we have to consider some sanitary wares which are going to use in
proposed house
Bathroom
 Wash Basins
 Water Closet
 Bath Tub
 Shower Head
Kitchen
 Sinks
 Bottle traps
Dining
 Hand Basins
Water Supply
Water supply and sanitation offer many benefits in addition to improved health and those
benefits because they have important implications for the share of the cost that is attributable
to the health sector.(Dean T Jamison, 2014)

Sewage disposal
For a house or a building we have to consider a sewage disposal system. It should be connect
to a public drainage system or septic tank system.
Trash disposal
For a house or a building we have to consider trash disposal system which is using for.
Hygiene Promotions
Hygiene promotion is a planned, systematic approach to enable people to take action to
prevent and/or mitigate water, sanitation and hygiene-related diseases. It can also provide a
practical way to facilitate community participation, accountability and monitoring in WASH
programs. Hygiene promotion should aim to draw on the affected population’s knowledge,
practices and resources, as well as on the current WASH evidence base to determine how
public health can best be protected.(Spherehandbook.org, 2014)

4.2 Discharge Pipe Work Drawing for Mr. Perera’s Proposed House

4.3 Methods Used to Dispose of Foul and Surface Water from City and Rural Locations
There are three types of waste waters
 Black water (foul water or sewage) – waste water containing feces matters and
urines (human body waste)
 Grey water (sullage) –washing process residues
 Strom water (rain water) – originate during precipitation events
There are three methods to dispose and discharge to environment
Separate System
In this system the rain water and sewage are taken separately through two different sets of
pipes.
Advantages
Pipes are being small
Quantity of treating sewage is small
Disadvantages
Should use manual flush
Difficult maintain
Difficult to clean because of smaller pipes
Combined System
In this system the rain water and sewage are taken together through one pipe.
Advantage
Automatic flushing
Easy to clean because of bigger pipes
Disadvantages
Need large excavation
Amount of treating sewage increase

Partially Separate System

In this system part of storm water is admitted to sewage.
Advantages
Simple
Reasonable size of pipes
Disadvantages
Low velocity during dry seasons
Over flow can be happens during rainy seasons.

Methods use to dispose foul water and surface water from city locations.
A city is highly populated. There are lots of buildings and each building allocates less space.
Therefore having separate system is difficult because it need to allocate more space. Even in
city area there is not any private sewage such as septic tank and soakage pit.
In city areas mostly uses combine system which is the rain water, black water and grey water
together releasing to public drainage or the other method is black and grey water together to
public drainage and rain water dispose separately. In this method the rain water is straightly
discharge to river or sea and waste water is discharging to river and sea after treated which
are treated by municipal council or urban council.

Methods use to dispose foul water and surface water from rural locations
Rural areas are more spacious because there are fewer buildings, more space for each and
every building. Even more empty spaces available to use private disposal foul water (septic
tank and soakage pit).
In rural area people use soakage pit and septic tank to dispose foul water. They dispose rain
water to nearby river, lake, pond, paddy fields or flow freely and etc… and dispose grey
water to nearby lands or own lands flow freely.

4.4 Methods of Refuse removal and Disposal from Buildings

Increasing of population and modernization is resulting the waste generation process is more
complicated and increased. Each and every building (residential buildings, commercial
buildings, industrial buildings or multi-purpose buildings) generates garbage or waste day by
day.There are different types of solid waste.
 Domestic Waste
 Commercial Waste
 Industrial Waste
 Medical Waste
Municipal solid waste is being handled by segregation which is an important method because
it makes easier to recycle and reuse solid waste. It is process dividing garbage in separate
containers.
Storage Collection System and Disposal

Bins
Sacks
Skips
Refuse Chute
Garchey Systems
Sink Grinders

5.0 Task 04
5.1 Need to integrate the design of buildings and their services
In a building there can be some services integrate with other services. According to proposed
house plan there are many building services included;
 Electricity
 Communication
 Air-conditioning
 Water supply
 Sewage and Disposal
 Fire safety
 Ventilation
According to Mr. Perera’s house the water supply lines are integrating with sewage disposal
line, grey water line and storm water line.
If these lines are vertically parallel, the depth of excavation will increase for burying these
pipes although in case of repair situation it will be difficult to excavate and repair. Some
pipes may be break. If these lines are buried horizontally parallel the excavation width will
increase. This method is easy to repair but it cause health hazards.
Therefore it should be burry in a proper manner for easy maintain and prevent health hazards.
In Mr. Perera’s house plan the pipe lines are buried according to below diagram.

100m
m
Ground Level
A
600m
m
200mm
E
D
B 300m
m
C
A. Surface Drainage Channel

B. Grey Water Line
C. Black Water Line
D. Cold Water Line
E. Hot Water Line

5.2 Implication of health, safety and welfare aspects in the design and construction
process
Building Services Engineering is concerned with aspects of the built environment, involving
air conditioning and mechanical ventilation, electrical light and power, fire services, Fire
Safety Engineering, water and waste services, data and communications, security and access
control, vertical transportation, acoustics in buildings and energy
management.(Engineersaustralia.org.au, 2014)
The purpose of building services is providing comfort and wellbeing to living people in a
building. It should not only provide comfort and wellbeing. Is should provide health and
safety too.
Health, safety and welfare aspects in ventilation

For Mr. Perera’s house hybrid ventilation is used which is combination of natural and
mechanical ventilation. According to the plan there are openings for windows and using
ceiling and exhaust fans for hybrid ventilation.
Having opening in a building can be having safety and health problems. Having large
opening can be threatening of thieves and robbers. In the design and construction process it
has been considered to use iron grills and alarm system and every openings can be close
during night or day if it is not necessary to open to prevent this problem.
Even having opening can cause polluted, dusty air move into house which is effect to health
of people living in that residence. But in Mr. Perera’s house health issues can be effect only
from front side of the house because it is facing to a main road. Therefore it used windows
which can be sealed.
Fans and exhaust fans can cause hazards due to electrical cause which will overcome huge
disaster such as a fire. To avoid this problem electrical lines should properly maintain and
should regularly inspect.

Health, safety and welfare aspects in air-conditioning

For Mr. Perera’s split air-conditioning system is used to cool some areas. Air conditioning is
control fresh air in space which will not effect to space. If the air filters in air-conditioning is
repaired or not working it will not clean the germs and dust particles in air. It will effect to
health problems. To avoid this problem it should be maintain properly.
Air-conditioning can also cause hazards due to electrical issues and equipment issues such as
heating of condensers can cause fire to combustible materials. To avoid this problem the
wiring of air-conditioning should maintain properly and condenser should be place in a
proper place.
Health, safety and welfare aspects in electrical and lighting system

Wiring a building is not an easy task. It should do by professionals. Electrical line can effect
for lot of safety hazards. Lighting should be done in a proper manner too. For Mr. Perera’s
house it considered to do wiring properly done and used easy maintenance method (wiring
above ceiling) in the design and construction process.
Health, safety and welfare aspects in plumbing

Plumbing lines is an important service which is providing drinking water, sanitation usage,
hygiene promotions and etc…
Proper pipe lying is necessary to avoid leakages, bacteria affects to prevent health issues
therefore during design and construction process plumbing lines are buried below 600mm
from ground level and in front of garage entrance it concerned to burry below 900mm from
ground level.
Health, safety and welfare aspects in sewage and disposal

For Mr. Perera’s house it is using a separate disposal system for dispose black water and
storm water. It is important to consider about these systems especially to prevent health
hazards.
According to the plan of this house a septic tank and soakage pit are using for dispose of
black water (foul water). It is important to consider the health issues in black water disposal.
If it is not dispose in proper manner it will cause infection and more health issues too.

Therefore the soakage pit and septic tank is placed away from water resources. It is also
designed and builds according to the rules and regulation of municipal council.
Figure 6: Septic Tank and Soakage Pit

The grey water lines are connected to public drainage line.
The black and grey water lines are buried 300mm below drinking water lines which is not
effecting or causing infection to water lines.
‘Y’ joints and plugs used for regular checkup of these lines and easy maintenance purpose. It
is fixed according to below image,
Plug
‘Y’
Join
t
The laying sloppiness of these pipes is ¼ inch per foot which is making easy to flow the
disposal inside the pipes easily. (Permies.com, 2009)
The storm water line going above ground in surface water channels which is also should
maintain proper manner. If there is any water gathering it can also effect for health issues
such as mosquito breeding.
The slope of storm water drain should be 2% (2centi meter per 1meter) which can help to
prevent water gathering in drain channels. These lines are connecting to nearby river to
dispose those waters.
In this house it is using bins for dispose wastes which should be kept in a proper manner to
prevent health hazards. In this house it is disposing the wastages everyday which is carry out
from municipal council for recycling purpose.

Health, safety and welfare aspects in fire safety

It is important to consider about fire safety which is mainly cause by other building services
as explained above.
In Mr. Perera’s house it is using three (03) fire extinguishers which was explained in storage
space retirements.
These extinguishers should be store in a proper place if there any children it should be keep
away from them.

5.3 Need to commission all service installation

Building commissioning is a process of verifying the subsystems for building services in
construction. It is important for every building because it is improve a project from the design
phase through post construction and occupancy.
To carry out this process a commissioning team will appointed by client as a third party to
know as commissioning team.
Commissioning in a building is new for construction industry but it will increase the project
quality and it will give lots of advantages for client.
This is an ongoing process to resolve comfort and satisfaction.

5.4 Need to include the provision for the maintenance

According to maintenance, 2014 the preventive and remedial upkeep of building service
components and their original condition;
5.4.1 Maintenance is into three categories
5.4.1.1 Preventive Maintenance

It defines prevent failures which can effect within lifetime of building (Kalananthan, 2014)
5.4.1.2 Corrective Maintenance

It defines started immediately treatment for preventing by rising a damp in an acceptable
manner (Kalananthan, 2014)
5.4.1.3 Emergency Maintenance

It defines started immediately work after disaster. (Kalananthan, 2014)
5.4.2 Consideration for Building Maintenance
5.4.2.1 Maintenance plan

Maintenance plan is a method making a plan using annual maintenance report from previous
year to next year. This is most cost effective way to maintain the value of an asset.
(Kalanantahan, 201)
5.4.2.2 Recording the Asset

This is consideration of a maintenance manager. It is important to record in details the
managing process. (Kalanantahan, 201)

According to Kalananthan, 2014 basic information should refer;

As-built Drawing
Age and condition of building
Service details
Maintenance requirements
Names and contacts of maintenance responsible persons
Dimensions and areas of accommodations
Local council requirements
According to Kalananthan, 2014 there are four methods can assist with recording
information;
Day log book
Maintenance log book
Periodic information survey
5.4.2.3 Maintenance budget

According to Kalananthan, 2014 this is affecting to annual budget expenditure on
maintenance. Tasks effect to the budget;
Committed Expenditure
Variable expenditure
Managed expenditure
5.4.2.4 Maintenance Program

It is method how would a maintenance program carried out.

5.4.3 Types of maintenance program

Manual Maintenance
Computerized Maintenance
After completing a building project it is important to carry out maintenance for the buildings.
If it fails it will affect building detrition.

5.4.4 Causes of building deterioration

According to Abdul, 2014 the primary source and causes of deterioration and decay in
structures and buildings can be listed below;
5.4.4.1 Human
This method is caused because of poor planning for proper maintenance, lack of knowledge
about maintenance, failure to clean and carry out routine maintenance (Abdul, 2014)
5.4.4.2 Chemical
This method causes promoting corrosion by mixing of certain cleaning agents with materials
or components (Abdul, 2014)
5.4.4.3 Atmospheric
This is caused by natural causes such as Wind, rain, sun, frost and snow for cold weather,
pollution in the atmosphere, affects the finishes of the building components (Abdul, 2014)
5.4.4.4 Structural
This is consider reaction of the structures to thermal and climatic changes (Abdul, 2014)
5.4.4.5 Moisture
This is caused because of water penetration in walls and etc… (Abdul, 2014)
5.4.4.6 Fire
This is caused of fire disasters
5.4.4.7 Faulty design

This is about the design process which is done by consultant team. Faulty design cause high
maintenance cost and building dilapidation
5.4.4.8 Faulty construction
This is about the construction process which is done by contractor team. Faulty construction
cause high maintenance cost and building dilapidation
5.4.4.9 Faulty materials

This is about the construction process materials which are used in construction. Faulty
construction cause high maintenance cost and building dilapidation
5.4.4.10 Faulty systems

This is defining the design and drawings and also defines the maintenance system faults.

5.4.4.11 Cleaning
This term define after construction cleaning process. It is also a part of maintenance process
too.
5.4.4.12 Vandalism
It is define bad human behaviors

6.0 Task 05
6.1 Need to provide mechanical circulation for people and goods around buildings
An essential transportation means people are used daily is Lifts and escalators.The suitability
of circulation systems defines the total extent of access that can be achieved in a building; for
barrier-free design these parts of buildings are given high priority.(Acsu.buffalo.edu, 2014)
The mechanical transportation of people and goods is an energy-using service which needs
the designer’s attention at the earliest stages of building design.
Thedesigns of circulation systems have number of issues. Understanding these issues can
help architects approach to design moving around outdoors and inside buildings is an
essential thing in urban life.
There are two types of circulation elements in a building

Architectural Elements
 Corridors
 Portals (entrance, door, gates)
 Stair ways
 Ramps
Mechanical Elements
 Lifts
 Escalators
 Travelators
Mechanical transportation system

The mechanical transportation of people and good around and between buildings is of
considerable importance in relation to the degree of satisfactory service provided.

There are few factors considered when design for lift and escalator
 Circulation (movement of people in building)

 Mode (horizontal or vertical)
 Human behavior
 Safe operation, comfort and service
 Occupy minimum space and require less cost
 Aesthetic and disable access
Images of lifts and escalator
Lifts
There are several kinds of lifts
Passenger lift
Evaluation lift

Vertical platform lift
Inclined platform stair lift
Stair lift

Escalator
Travelators

6.2
N = no. of persons moved per hour

P = no. of persons per step
V = escalator speed (ms-1)
L = width of step (m)
θ = angle of incline
Escalator for Maharagama Departmental Store

N = 1950
P=1
V =?
L = 800mm = 0.8m
θ=?
Finding θ (angle of incline)
3000
θ
5000
Escalator Speed (V)

6.3 The health and safety risks associated with lift and escalator
There are several risk assessments in lift and escalator. This general risk assessment examines
the hazards, risks and control measures relating to Fire and Rescue Service personnel, the
personnel of other agencies and members of the public when attending special service
incidents involving lifts, escalators and moving walkways.(Fire and Rescue Service
Operational Guidance, 2012)
Significant hazards and risks

The significant risks and hazards associated with lifts and escalators are
Ineffective incident communications

Lifts and escalators will normally have two sites of operation: a machine room that may be in
a remote location within the building, when there are any hazards where people will require
rescue or release.
Poor communication can lead to machinery being moved at the wrong time or in the wrong
direction leading to injuries to the person(s) waiting to be rescued or the rescue team.(Fire
and Rescue Service Operational Guidance, 2012)
Fast access to machine rooms and shafts

There are machine or control rooms lift and escalators. In case of risk hazard if it is difficult
to access to the machine or control rooms it will difficult to control the hazards. (Fire and
Rescue Service Operational Guidance, 2012)

Machinery
All machinery parts cause hazards for personals(Fire and Rescue Service Operational
Guidance, 2012)
o Machinery power source(s)
o Noise from machinery
o Entrapment of body parts or clothing in moving machinery
o Being struck by moving machinery or displaced machinery parts or debris
o Contact with sharp or abrasive machinery surfaces
o Shear trap created by the movement of the lift car or counterweight within the
lift shaft
o Uncontrolled movement of the machinery due to the release of stored energy
Power systems and hydraulic fluids
Personnel should be aware that the risk from electrocution or electric shock will be present
until all electrical power supplies have been isolated.
Most lifts and all escalators will have two separate electrical sources within the machine
room, namely:(Fire and Rescue Service Operational Guidance, 2012)
o 230 volt electrical supply for the lighting and any power sockets fitted
o 415 volt electrical supply for the machinery that drives the lift or escalator.
Leaking hydraulic fluid can cause slippery surfaces, leading to slips trips and falls. Contact
with this fluid can also lead to skin irritation and skin disorders. Some fluids may be
carcinogenic.

Working in restricted areas

Lift and escalator incidents may involve or create working environments where there is
minimal headroom and space to man work.(Fire and Rescue Service Operational Guidance,
2012)
Any available space may be further restricted by the use of fire service equipment or items of
machinery that have been left on the floor during maintenance operations, etc…
Manual handling
There will be occasions when manual handling issues arise, including:
o Releasing and handling of people trapped in the machinery
o Hand-winding the lift or escalator
o Working within a restricted space
o Moving, handling or using fire service equipment required to deal with
incidents
o The presence of debris or equipment.
Manual handling may also result in personnel coming into contact with moving parts of
machinery or sharp edges. This may lead to a range of injuries including musculoskeletal
injuries, cuts and even fatalities.(Fire and Rescue Service Operational Guidance, 2012)
Lubricants
There is a high likelihood that supplies of lubricants (which can be oil or grease) will be
found in machine rooms.
Lubricant containers may create trip hazards and, if spilled, lubricant will create hazardous
surfaces in and around machinery. Lubricants can also have properties that can have
detrimental short and long-term health effects. Some lubricants are carcinogenic and others
cause an allergic reaction if they come into contact with skin.(Fire and Rescue Service
Operational Guidance, 2012)

Limited or lack of familiarity with the lift or escalator

Personals unfamiliar with lift and escalator can increase hazards.
Distressed or violent members of the public
The context for this reaction includes a range of situations, in which members of the
public:(Fire and Rescue Service Operational Guidance, 2012)
o Are physically trapped by the machinery
o See other people trapped by the machinery
o Are confined within lift cars against their will
o Become frustrated by their perception of Fire and Rescue Service actions or
inaction
o Are released from the machinery or the lift car
o See or hear unfamiliar equipment used by the Fire and Rescue Service
o Are trying to extricate themselves
Unauthorized access by members of the public to machine rooms

Stored energy within the lift/escalator
Hazardous materials

Keywords to reduce hazards
 The installation team should wear safety equipment to work safe

 They should report about hazards
 Encourage and reward safe behavior
 Work according to health and safety law
 Give the workers knowledge and train them with skills

7.0 Conclusion
As per proposed project it is a container box house. They are designed to carry heavy loads
and to be stacked in high columns. They are also designed to resist environment due to their
high strength.
Proposed project is situated in Kelaniya. It is need to imply building services to building

comfort.
This project is situated in Kelaniya so it is no need to use a heating system but for an
assumption it is used forced heating system.
For proposed project it used split air conditioning system and hybrid ventilation system.
Water supply system is important service for occupants who are lived in a built environment.
For proposed project it used hot water and cold water lines. Hot water lines heated by indirect
heating method.
It also needs to imply a fire safety method for a building it is used three fire extinguishers
which are placed in kitchen area, garage area and living room area.
For disposal system it is used separate system. Septic tank and a soakage pit used for dispose
foul water, public drain line used for dispose grey water and the storm water drain to nearby
river.
Even though it is considered for health and safety issues for all building services.

8.0 References
Online
 Kevin Carney, (2011). What Is Forced Air Heating?. [online] Available at:
http://www.carneyphc.com/blog/heating/what-is-forced-air-heating/ [Accessed 21 Jul.
2014].
 D'agnese, J. (2014). Radiant Floor Heating. [online] This Old House. Available at:
http://www.thisoldhouse.com/toh/article/0,,1548320,00.html [Accessed 22 Jul. 2014].
 Anon. (2014). Learn What Hydronic Heating Is - Appropriate Designs - The

Specialists in Hydronic Comfort Heating - HydronicPros.com. [online]
Hydronicpros.com. Available at: http://www.hydronicpros.com/hydronicheating/
[Accessed 22 Jul. 2014].
 Howard, B. (2013). Ten Myths about Geothermal Heating and Cooling. [online] The
Great Energy Challenge Blog. Available at:
http://energyblog.nationalgeographic.com/2013/09/17/10-myths-about-geothermal-
heating-and-cooling/ [Accessed 22 Jul. 2014].
 Alberta, G. (2014). Alberta Energy: What is Natural Gas?. [online] Energy.alberta.ca.

Available at: http://www.energy.alberta.ca/naturalgas/723.asp [Accessed 22 Jul.
2014].
 Anon. (2014). Electricity | Energy4me. [online] Available at:

http://www.energy4me.org/energy-facts/energy-sources/electricity/ [Accessed 22 Jul.
2014].
 Anon, (2014). What Is Propane?. [online] Available at:

http://www.propanecouncil.org/council/what-is-propane/ [Accessed 22 Jul. 2014].
 Anon, (2014). Energy Sources | Energy4me. [online] Available at:

http://www.energy4me.org/energy-facts/energy-sources/ [Accessed 22 Jul. 2014].
 Fire safety Risk Assessment. (2006). 1st ed. [eBook] London: Department for
Communities and Local Government Publications, pp.9,10. Available at:
https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/14885/
fsra-residential-care.pdf [Accessed 24 Jul. 2014].
 Dean T Jamison, V. (2014). Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene Promotion -

Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries - NCBI Bookshelf. [online]
Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK11755/

 Spherehandbook.org, (2014). The Sphere Handbook | Hygiene promotion. [online]

Available at: http://www.spherehandbook.org/en/hygiene-promotion/ [Accessed 28
Jul. 2014].
 Engineersaustralia.org.au, (2014). Building Services | Engineers Australia. [online]

Available at: http://www.engineersaustralia.org.au/nerb/building-services [Accessed 1
Aug. 2014].
 Permies.com, (2009). french drain pipe - not for water from above? (green building
forum at permies). [online] Available at: http://www.permies.com/t/1356/green-
building/french-drain-pipe-water [Accessed 4 Aug. 2014].
 Dr.Abdul-Mohsen Al-Hammad. 2014. CAUSES OF DETERIORATION IN

BUILDINGs. [ONLINE] Available at:
http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:6TM_aP-
EzcgJ:faculty.kfupm.edu.sa/ARE/amhammad/ARE-457-course-web/Causes-of-
deterioration-in-buildings-Latest.pdf+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=lk&client=firefox-
a. [Accessed 25 May 2014].
 Acsu.buffalo.edu, (2014). A Primer on Accessible Design. [online] Available at:

http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~arced/nycha4/PrimerAD/primerAD4.htm [Accessed 5
Aug. 2014].

Lecture Notes
 Kalananthan, S., 2014. Decay and deterioration of building, Technology A. ICBT,

unpublished
Books
 Fire and Rescue Service Operational Guidance. (2012). 1st ed. London: The
Stationery Office

Images
[1] Forced Air Heating System. (2011). [image] Available at:
http://s3.amazonaws.com/eakes-production/assets/15796/original.jpg?1300132180
[2] Radiant Heating System. (2008). [image] Available at:
http://www.excellenceinplumbing.com/images/hydronichouse.gif [Accessed 22 Jul.
2014].
[3] Steam Radiant Heating System (2013). Steam Radiant Heating. [image] Available at:
http://inspectapedia.com/heat/1096ss.jpg [Accessed 22 Jul. 2014].
[4] Hydronic Heating System. (2007). [image] Available at:
http://www.hydronicpros.com/images/whatis1_boilercircuit.gif [Accessed 22 Jul. 2014].
[5] Geothermal Heating System. (2012). [image] Available at:
http://www.groundsourcedrilling.com/site_images/site_images2012/GeothermalBkgrHeat
ingIMR.gif [Accessed 22 Jul. 2014].
[6] Septic Tank and Soakage Pit. (2010). [image] Available at:
http://www.waterboard.lk/Scripts/htm/Articles/Article1_Eng.html [Accessed 5 Aug.
2014].

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Building Service Engineering Technology-Individual Assignment 01

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2014

I.A. Anhaf Ahamed

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Fire hazards enclose with ventilation ........................................................................................... 28

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Substructure of the building

External wall finishes

Internal wall finishes

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2.0 HVAC Systems

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2.1.1 Forced Air Heating System

Figure 1: Forced Air Heating System [1]

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2.1.2 Radiant Heating System

Figure 2: Radiant Heating System [2]

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2.1.3 Hydronic Heating System

Figure 3: Hydronic Heating System [4]

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2.1.4 Steam Radiant Heating System

Figure 4: Steam Radiant Heating System [3]

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2.1.5 Geothermal Heating System

Figure 5: Geothermal Heating System [5]

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2.1.6. Suitable Heating System for Mr. Perera’s House

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2.2.1 Types of Energy and Fuel Used in Heating System

HEATING SYSTEM TYPES OF ENERGY USED IN

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Other Energy Sources

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2.2.2. Environmental Impact on Fuels and Energy

Natural gas and its impact to the environment

Propane and its impact to the environment

C3H8 + 5 O2 → 3 CO2 + 4 H2O + heat

Propane + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water

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Oil and its impact to the environment

Electricity and its impact to the environment

Electricity consumption is an important portion of a consumer's environmental footprint. All

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2.3 Building Air Conditioning and Ventilation

2.3.1.1Air conditioning system’s works

2.3.1.2 How an Air Conditioner works

An Air Conditioner has four major parts

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2.3.1.3 Types of Air Conditioning System

Split Air Conditioning System

Central Air Conditioning System

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Two Types of Central Air Conditioning System

Direct Expansion Air Conditioning System

Chilled Water Central Air Conditioning System