LEHIGH a University Characterization of Cyclic Inelastic Strain Behavior On Properties of A572 Gr. 50 and A913 Gr. 50 Rolled Sections E.J. Kaufmann B.R. Metrovich = A.W. Pense = i= 1 Final Report to American Institute of Steel Construction ATLSS Report No. 01-13 August 2001 ATLSS is a National Center for Engineering Research on Advanced Technology for Large Structural Systems 117 ATLSS Drive Bethlehem, PA 18015-4729 www.atlss.lehigh.edu Phone: (610)758-3525 Fax: (610)758-5902 Email: inatl@lehigh.eduee ee LEHIGH University SS Characterization of Cyclic Inelastic Strain Behavior On Properties of A572 Gr. 50 and A913 Gr. 50 Rolled Sections E.J. Kaufmann Senior Research Engineer B.R. Metrovich Research Assistant A.W. Pense Professor Emeritus Final Report to American Institute of Steel Construction August 2001 ATLSS is a National Center for Engineering Research on Advanced Technology for Large Structural Systems 117 ATLSS Drive Bethlehem, PA 18015-4729 Phone: (610)758-3525 www.atlss.lehigh.edu Fax: — (610)758-5902 Email: inatl@lehigh.eduoe oe ee ee ee TABLE OF CONTENTS ‘TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES ACKNOWLEDGEMENT L INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research Objective and Approach 1.2 Background Il, EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM IL1 Properties of As-Rolled Sections 11.2 Effect of Inelastic Straining on Tensile Properties 11.2.1 Test Procedure 11.2.2 Test Results 11.2.3 Strain Aging Effects 113 Effect of Inelastic Straining on CVN Properties 113.1 Test Procedure 11.3.2 Test Results 113.3 Strain Aging Effects 114 Cyclic Strain Behavior 114.1 Test Procedure 11.4.2 Test Results 11.4.3 Low Cycle Fatigue Tests Il]. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS. IV. REFERENCES RR RARE UUUENRNN =ee ee ee ee ee ee a ee LIST OF FIGURES Figure | - Effect of Straining and Aging on Tensile Properties of Steel Figure 2A — Stress-Strain Curves for Steel A for Various Pre-Strain Conditions Figure 2B ~ Stress-Strain Curves for Stee! B for Various Pre-Strain Conditions Figure 2C — Stress-Strain Curves for Steel C for Various Pre-Strain Conditions Figure 2D- Stress-Strain Curves for Steel D for Various Pre-Strain Conditions Figure 3 ~ Summary of Yield and Tensile Strength vs. Strain Condition Figure 4 — Summary of Tensile Ductility vs. Strain Condition Figure SA — CVN Transition Curves (TL) for Steel A for Various Pre-Strain Conditions Figure 5B - CVN Transition Curves (LT) for Steel A for Various Pre-Strain Conditions Figure $C - CVN Transition Curves (TL) for Stee! B for Various Pre-Strain Condi ns Figure SD - CVN Transition Curves (LT) for Steel B for Various Pre-Strain Conditions Figure SE - CVN Transition Curves (TL) for Steel C for Various Pre-Strain Conditions Figure SF - CVN Transition Curves (LT) for Steel C for Various Pre-Strain Conditions Figure 5G - CVN Transit jon Curves (TL) for Steel D for Various Pre-Strain Conditions Figure SH - CVN Transition Curves (LT) for Steel D for Various Pre-Strain Conditions igure 6 ~ AT ain at 15 ft-lbs From As-rolled Condition for Various Pre-strain Conditions Figure 7 ~ Cyclic Strain Test Specimen (ASTM E606) Figure 8 ~ Cyclic Strain Test Set-up Figure 9 ~ Typical Strain-Time Plot for a Single Cyclic Strain Test 12 12 B 13 4 4 15 15 16 16 7 7 18 18 Figure 10A ~ Cyclic Strain Behavior of Steel A (10 cycles at 2%, 4%, 6% and 8% Strain Range) 19 Figure 10B — Cyclic Strain Behavior of Steel B (10 cycles at 2%, 4%, 6% and 8% Strain Range) 19 Figure 10C ~ Cyclic Strain Behavior of Steel C (10 cycles at 2%, 4%,6% and 8% Strain Range) 20an aeem ae eee eee eee eee ee Figure 10D ~ Cyclic Strain Behavior of Steel D (10 cycles at 2%, 4%,6% and 8% Strain Range) 20 Figure 11 ~ Comparison of Monotonic and Stabilized Cyclic Stress-Strain Behavior for the Four Steels 2 Figure 12 — Strain-Life Plot for Steel C (A572 Gr. 50) Extrapolated to Low Fatigue Life 2LIST OF TABLES TABLE 1 - Tensile Properties of Test Materials TABLE 2 ~ Chemical CompositionsACKNOWLEDGEMENT ‘The authors wish to acknowledge the support of the American Institute of Steel Construction and the Pennsylvania Infrastructure Technology Alliance (PITA) in performing this project. Also acknowledged are Nucor-Yamato Steel Co.,Trade Arbed Inc., and British Steel for providing material for the study through SAC Joint VentureI. INTRODUCTION Ina series of cracking incidents that have occurred during fabrication with rolled column shapes [1] it was found that the cracking originated in the k-area of the column. It was also found that the mechanical properties in this area were substantially changed as a result ofthe rotary straightening, process now widely used in manufacturing rolled shapes. The cold deformation introduced in the web near the web-flange intersection (k-area) during rotary straightening of the section was found to have ‘markedly elevated the yield and tensile strength with concomitant decreases in ductility and fracture toughness [2]. The local elevation in strength and reduction in ductility and toughness in the k-area ‘was believed to have been a key factor in the cause for the cracking. Beyond the fabrication precautions which have now been implemented to mitigate future cracking in this region [3] the subsequent service performance, particularly severe service as occurs in earthquakes, of rolled sections containing these low ductility and toughness regions also needed to be examined. The study reported herein is one of four studies initiated by the American Institute of Steel Construction to address these needs. 1.1] RESEARCH OBJECTIVE AND APPROACH, ‘The objective of the current study was to examine the basic mechanical properties of inelastically strained A572 Gr. 50, A913 Gr. 50 and A36 steel sections to provide test data that could be used to assess the effects of manufacturing straightening procedures on the notch toughness and ductility of the k-region of rolled shapes. An A36 section was included in the study to compare the inelastic strain behavior of a section produced earlier by integrated mills to sections produced by current manufacturing practices. The studies included tensile and Charpy-V-notch properties (ASTM E8 and E23) of the as-rolled sections and at three levels of monotonic pre-strain (2%, 8%,12%). ‘Although the strain conditions introduced in the k-area during rotary straightening are a combination of tensile, compressive, and shear deformation, quantitative simulation of these complex conditions in the laboratory is not readily achievable. Consequently, monotonic tensile straining was chosen to approximate these conditions and to compare the steels and observe trends at different strain levels. The cyclic inelastic strain behavior of the materials was also studied using standard strain controlled fatigue test methodologies (ASTM E606). Limited studies of the effects of strain aging were also conducted. The contemporary Gr.50 sections were W14 X 176 sections produced by three different mills, Two sections were AS72 Gr. 50 and the third was A913 Gr. 50. ‘The A36 steel was a W36 X 260 section manufactured prior to 1984 and was believed to be produced by an integrated mill. 1.2 BACKGROUND ‘The strain hardening of structural steel has been shown to produce changes in the hardness, strength, ductility, and toughness of the steel. The phenomena of strain aging can produce additional cchanges in these properties. The effect of these processes on the mechanical properties of stec! is illustrated in Figure 1. If, after initial inelastic deformation to Point A on the stress-strain curve of @ steel specimen the load is removed a certain amount of permanent deformation remains as a pre~ strain, If reloaded immediately the specimen loads elastically to Point A again and continues to extend as ifit had not been unloaded. If the specimen is unloaded and aged at room temperature or at 1moderately elevated temperatures the lower yield point and lower yield extension returns again but at an elevated stress than occurred upon immediate reloading (Point A). Subsequent extension to failure will often be accompanied by a slight increase in tensile strength and reduction in total elongation of the specimen. Straining followed by subsequent aging not only results in increased yield point and reduction in tensile ductility in some steels but also affects the notch toughness of the steel Reductions in absorbed energy and upward shifts in transition temperature occur in steels as a result of straining often with further changes following aging. ‘The potential for increases in yield and tensile strength along with decreases in ductility and toughness after monotonic straining have been demonstrated in AS72, AS88A, A588B, A737B and ATSIC plates [4]. In this study cold strain at the level of 5 to 10% increased yield strengths of the steels by over 200% and subsequent aging at 370 C raised them another 25%, Cold strain increased the 34 J Charpy V-notch transition temperature by 25-50 F with aging increasing the transition temperature modestly above the as-strained level. More recently, limited studies of rotary straightened structural members has demonstrated that the k-area of some wide flange shapes have substantially increased hardness, yield and tensile strengths with accompanied decreases in tensile ductility and notch toughness. Hardness as high as. RB 97 and notch toughness as low as 4J at room temperature have been reported in this region [2] II. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM 11.1 PROPERTIES OF AS-ROLLED SECTIONS The as-rolled properties of the AS72 Gr. 50, A913 Gr.50 and A36 rolled sections as well as the mill report test results are summarized in Table 1. Standard 0.505 in. round specimens located at the web mid-thickness and centerline of the section were prepared for each section. In general, the tensile properties of the A572 Gr. 50 steel (Steels A and C) were consistent with the mill certificates, however, the A913 Gr. 50 steel (Steel B) provided somewhat lower strengths which can be attributed to the mid-thickness positioning of the 0.505 in. test specimen compared to the full thickness coupon tested by the mill. Chemical composition of the steels including residual elements are given in Table 2, The analyses show that the steels satisfy their respective specification requirements within product anlaysis tolerances. Residual element levels in Steels A, B, and C are at typical levels found in ‘modem day structural steel sections. The very low residual element levels measured in the A36 section (Steel D) provided additional evidence of its integrated mill origin. 11.2 EFFECT OF INELASTIC PRE-STRAINING ON TENSILE PROPERTIES 11.2.1 Test Procedure To study the effects of inelastic strain on the mechanical properties ofthe various steels large 2(33°x 4”) full web thickness tensile coupons were prepared located near the web centerline of the sections. For each of the four rolled sections coupons were monotonically pre-strained to three different levels of strain (2%, 8%, and 12%) from which longitudinal 0.505 in. tensiles and L-T and T-L oriented Charpy V-notch specimens were then fabricated. Additional coupons were prepared from Steel A and prestrained to an intermediate strain (8% ) for subsequent aging (10 hours) at 200 F and 400 F. 11.2.2 Test Results Figures 2A through 2D show the stress-strain behavior obtained for the four steels (A, B, C, and D) initially (as-rolled) and at the various pre-strains, The results are summarized in Figure 3 and 4 which shows that all of the steels followed the same trend. With increasing pre-strain the yield point increased by 20-40% approaching the tensile strength of the steel while tensile elongation decreased by about the same magnitude. At 12 % pre-strain, close to strain at ultimate tensile strength in the as-rolled condition, yield points and tensile strengths were nearly identical as the strain hardening capacity of the steel was fully exhausted by the pre-strain 11.2.3 Strain Aging Effects ‘Aging of Steel A pre-strained to 8% strain resulted in only a small additional increase in strength (2%). Considering the low carbon (0.067%) and nitrogen (0.0032%) levels measured in ‘this steel itis not surprising that its strain aging response was small. It is interesting that low nitrogen levels were found in all of the steels (see Table 2) and well below the A992 manufacturer's limit of 0.012%. A588 plate steels with higher nitrogen levels (0.011-0.012) studied by Herman et al [4] showed greater effect of strain aging particularly on CVN properties. 113 EFFECT OF INELASTIC PRE-STRAINING ON CVN PROPERTIES, 113.1 Test Procedure ‘Standard Charpy V-notch specimens were fabricated from the same large pre-strained coupons as the tensile specimens. Eighteen L-T and T-L oriented test specimens were each fabricated for the three pre-strain levels and in the as-rolled condition. The specimens were tested in triplicate over a range of temperatures within the transition temperature range for the material. 113.2 Test Results Results of Charpy V-notch (CVN) tests over the transition temperature range are shown for the as-rolled and variously pre-strained sections in Figures SA through SH. lll three contemporary sections (Steels A,B, and C) exhibited upper shelf behavior at room temperature in the as-rolled condition whereas the earlier produced A36 (Steel D) showed room temperature toughness in the ‘transition temperature range. Pre-straining resulted in progressive reductions in absorbed energy and ‘an upward shift in transition temperature. A summary of the shift in the 15 ft-Ib transition 3temperature relative to the as-rolled condition (AT yan) is provided in Figure 6. For the three contemporary steel sections a pre-strain of 2% was found to shift the 15 ft-Ib transition temperature 10-20 F. At 12% pre-strain the shift ranged from 40-70 F. Transverse oriented specimens consistently experienced a larger shift in transition temperature at all pre-strain levels ranging from 25-100 F. 113.3 Strain Aging Effects As with tensile properties the effect of an elevated temperature aging treatment on notch toughness was also small. An increase in transition temperature of about 15 F was observed for Steel ‘Aat the higher aging temperature of 400 F compared to 68 F increase observed by Herman et al [4]. IL4 CYCLIC STRAIN BEHAVIOR 114.1 Test Procedure Cyclic strain tests following ASTM £606 [5] methodology were carried out on all four ‘materials. ‘The 0.375 in. dia, round test specimen design utilized is shown in Figure 7. The surface finish of the reduced section of the test specimens was a 16 micron finish. Figure 8 shows a test specimen installed in the 55 kip servohydraulic load frame used with a | in. G.L. extensometer attached to the reduced section of the test specimen. Tests were conducted at four strain range levels of 2%, 4%, 6% and 8%. Each test consisted of 10 tension-compression cycles at a single strain range. ‘The specimens were loaded at a constant displacement rate of 0.005 in./min. to the specified strain range. A typical strain-time plot for a single test is shown in Figure 9. 11.4.2 Test Results Figures 10A through 10D show a composite plot of the four individual tests performed at ‘each strain range for the four steels. All four materials cyclically strain hardened similarly. ‘The similarity in the cyclic strain hardening characteristics of the steels is also shown in Figure 11. The stabilized cyclic stress-strain test data for each strain range is plotted and fitted to an equation of the form o = K * where n is the cyclic strain hardening exponent. Also shown are the corresponding monotonic stress-strain curves for comparison. Steels A, B, and C yielded nearly the same value for n ranging from 0,096-0.111. Steel D exhibited a higher value for n of 0.150. In general, materials with greater ductility and higher cyclic strain hardening exponents show greater low cycle fatigue resistance. The test results shown in Figure 10 also show that at the lowest strain range of 2% cyclic stabilization occurred 4-5 cycles. At the higher strain ranges all four steels cyclically stabilized within 2-3 cycles. The majority of the strain hardening appears to occur during the first strain cycle which suggests that the monotonic pre-strains used to measure effects on properties likely represents the bulk of the strain damage. 11.4.3 Low Cycle Fatigue Tests No visual indications of eracking was observed in any of the materials within the ten applied cycles. To obtain some information on crack initiation behavior several additional tests were performed where cycling was continued until initiation of fatigue cracking, Three tests were 4conducted at a strain range of 2%, 6% and 8% using Steel C. Cracking developed within several hundred cycles at the lowest applied strain range and within 25 cycles at 8% strain range. A strain - life plot of the results is shown in Figure 12. Extrapolating the curve to shorter fatigue life suggests that cracking could be expected in the range of 5-10 cycles normally applied in rotary straightening at applied strain ranges of 13-18%. IILSUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 1. The behavior of contemporary A 572 Gr. $0 and A913 Gr.50 rolled sections under inelastic straining was found to be similar. Inelastic strains ranging from 2-12% resulted in significant changes in tensile and notch toughness properties in all three contemporary steels studied. Yield and tensile strengths increased by 20-60% and 5-20%, respectively, with concomitant reductions in tensile clongetions of 15-50%. Elevation of CVN transition temperature ranged from 20-70 F over the range of strains studied. Larger shifts in transition temperature were observed transverse to the strain direction ranging from 25-100 F. 2. Strain aging effects were found to be small in A572 Gr. 50 steel. For 8% strain a 2% increase in strength and 15 F increase in transition temperature was observed. Carbon and nitrogen levels were low in all four steels studied which may account for the small strain aging response. 3. The cyclic inelastic strain behavior of all three contemporary Gr. 50 steels was also similar. Cyclic Stabilization was achieved after 2-3 applied strain cycles for strain ranges above 2%. The cyclic inelastic behavior of historical A36 stee! indicates a higher low cycle fatigue resistance consistent with its lower strength and higher ductility. 4, Low cycle fatigue cracking was not observed in any of the steels examined at strain ranges as high as 8 % in 10 applied cycles. Limited tests using A572 Gr. 50 suggests that strain ranges of 13-18% are necessary for crack initiation to occur in 5-10 cycles normally applied in rotary straightening, 5. Test results suggest that the k-region properties of rotary straightened sections possess properties ‘comparable to monotonic pre-strains of 8-12%.IV. REFERENCES 1. Tide, R., “Evaluation of Steel Properties and Creaking in k-area of W Shapes”, Engineering Structures, Vol. 22, pp. 128-134. 2. “AISC Materials and Design Workshop, January 8, 1997, Chicago, IL”, AISC, 1997. 3. “AISC Advisory Statement on Mechanical Properties Near the Fillet of Wide Flange Shapes and Interim Recommendations, January 10, 1997, Modem Steel Construction, AISC, February 1997. 4, Herman, W.A. ,Erazo, M.A., DePatto, L.R., Sekizawa, M., and Pense, A.W., “Strain Aging Behavior of Microalloyed Steels”, WRC Bulletin 322, Welding Research Council, April 1987. 5, ASTM E606-92 “Standard Practice for Strain-Controlled Fatigue Testing”, Vol. 03.01, ASTM, 2000.TABLE2 CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS Composition, wt% Element Steel A | SteelB | SteelC | Steel D c 0.067 | 0.085 | 0.072 0.17 Mn 151 1.20 1.48 0.75 P 0.022 | 0.023 | 0.014 | 0.020 Ss 0.005 | 0.020 | 0.016 | 0.024 Si 0.28 ous 021 0.05 cr 0.028 Oud 0.061 | 0.044 Ni 0.23 ol 0.13 0.031 Mo. 06s | 0.072 | 0.086 | 0.038 Al 0.032 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.002 cu 031 0.22 0.29 0.021 Co | <0.001 | 0.010 | 0.008 | 0.004 Nb 0.003 | 0.008 | 0.003 | 0.002 Ti 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.001 | <0.001 Vv ous 0.005 | 0.057 | 0.004 <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 Pb 0.006 | 0.003 | 0.011 | 0.003 Sn 0.004 | 0.013 | 0.013 | 0.002 As 0.003 | 0.011 | 0.007 | 0.005 ze 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | <0.001 Ca <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 Sb 0.0034 | 0.0044 | 0.0047 | <0.0001 <0.0001 | 0.0002 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 N 0.0032 | 0.0033 | 0.0040 | <0.0005 Fe 973 979 97.5 98.8 8STRAIN-AGED LOWER ‘YIELO EXTENSION vieLo. EXTENSION STRESS —— AU =chango In UTS dui SE =Change In otong STRAIN Figure 1 Effect of Straining and Aging on Tensile Properties of Steel,{4)‘Stress (ksi) Stress (ksi) 100 90 80 Steel A, A572 Gr 50 — 2% Prestrain {8% Prestrain Aged at 200 F 8% Prestrain Aged at 400 F | 0.00 0.05 0100.45 0.20 0.25 «030088 = 0.40 Strain (infin) Figure 2A Siress-Strain Curves for Steel A For Various Pre-strain Conditions. Steel B, A913 8% Prestrain 2% Prestrain ee , 42% Prestrain | Initial Conditién 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 «0200.25 0.80 035 (040 ‘Strain (iin) Figure 2B Stress-Strain Curves for Steel B For Various Pre-strain Conditions. 10ENERGY ABSORBED (FT-LB) ENERGY ABSORBED (FT-LB) 250 © Ita Propet ° 2% Prestain Ti Conan oo | 88% Prstain o 09% Aged at 20 F 30% Aged a 400 F so | *12% Prestain We 6 x DB lecea qo een phi 1 “ 12% Presta so -100 “50 ° 50 100 150 200 ‘TEMPERATURE (F) Figure SA CVN Transition Curves (TL) For Steel A For Various Pre-strain Conditions. 250 200 | 8% Prestrain ° 450 | @12% Prestrain 100 S ‘© nitial Conditions . (2% Prestrin a i , i ee 4 | 2% Presa Aged st 200 F/ 295 Praia /,S' Presa Rae f200 F Y) | , | / ’ 8 Prestrain Aged at 400 F ‘TEMPERATURE (F) Figure 5B CVN Transition Curves (LT) For Steel A For Various Pre-strain Conditions. BENERGY ABSORBED (FT-LB) 60 © Initial Properties: 50 | 12% Prestrain 2 2% Prestrain 88% Prestain 7 teenie | 40) 12% Prestrain “8 eee | « eo 304 y «eT | Initial Condition “ ae | 7°72 Prestisn 20 & i 10 | ° —_____| “10-1000 ° 50 100 150200 TEMPERATURE (F) Figure SC CVN Transition Curves (TL) For Steel B For Various Pre-strain Conditions. 0) ‘© Initial Conditions a i 120 o 2 | ao | om Preanin oe | Gi Initial Condon | 1907 16% Prestrain | 3 | 8 ‘12% Prestrain | 8 eo | 3 8 : | 8 co ek Se | . 4 Z & Bie Presiain 242% Prestrain & 40 “7 a 2 a “120° 100-80 «60-40-20 ww 100 TEMPERATURE (F) Figure SD CVN Transition Curves (LT) For Stee! B in the LT For Various Pre-strain Conditions.ENERGY ABSORBED (FT-LB) ENERGY ABSORBED (FT-LB) 70) - — ntl Properties ° | 80) 112% Prestrain AR Brest, se) 8% Prestrain Initial Condition ‘© 2% Prestrain ” 1 50 212% Prestrain coal 40 / Os 2°42 Prestrain xo 20 “% | a} | oe - | < | 50 100 150 200 TEMPERATURE (F) Figure SE CVN Transition Curves (TL) For Steel C For Various Pre-strain Conditions. 140 ‘© Initial Propeties 420-1 02% Prestrain 8% Prestrain 4100-4 12% Prestrain Initial Condition 80 60 | ‘TEMPERATURE (F) Figure SF CVN Transition Curves (LT) For Steel C For Various Pre-strain Condit 1550 es 1 “Initial Properties™ ] ag.|_ 2a Properties” A | ap | 02% Presirin | peo Initial Condition 12% Prestrain =" 12% Prestrain ENERGY ABSORBED (FT-LB) oO tf) tO 4) ‘TEMPERATURE (F) Figure 5G CVN Transition Curves (TL) For Steel D For Various Pre-strain Conditions. eo _ : it! Popes sol ela P SOs E”] comrrsion | 60} 12% Prestrain B so AD B00) : 5x0 62 1 ° =o om «0 © # iw Ww io 1 i TEMPERATURE) Figure SH CVN Transition Curves (LT) For Stee! D For Various Pre-strain Conditions. 161207 — = — Transverse Bonga! Esco = eo 2 60 5 40 bh 2 Ei £7 i . i ° i Eiuwi FEE FEE 222 e328 £28 £28 £EE eebbe 8 Ee £88 FEE steeia = = Stee! B Stee! C Steel D Figure 6 AT aqiiqat 15 ft-lbs from As-rolled Condition For Various Pre-strain Conditions. _ — ac: i on 8 DIA SECTION IS 00075" = +=3/a000" TOLERANCE OF 0a” OF 37 Figure 7 Cyclic Strain Test Specimen (ASTM E606). 0Figure 8 Cyclic Strain Test Set-up. a a \ \ train (Invin) [VV Voy Vv Vy yy VT Figure 9 Typical Strain-Time Plot for a Single Cyclic Strain Test,100 STRESS (KSI) ° 80 pa 100 0.05 0.04 -0.03 -0.02 -0.01 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 ‘STRAIN (IN/IN) Figure 10A. Cyclic Strain Behavior of Steel A (10 cycles at 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8% Strain Range) STRESS (KSI) -80 + -100 0.05 0.04 0.03 -0.02 -0.01 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 ‘STRAIN (INIIN) Figure 10B Cyclic Strain Behavior of Steel B (10 cycles at 2%, 4%, 6% and 8% Strain Range). 19STRESS (KS!) ° 80 -400 0.05 -0.04 0.03 -0.02 0.01 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 STRAIN (IN/IN) Figure 10C Cyclic Strain Behavior of Steel C (10 cycles at 2%, 4%, 6% and 8% Strain Range). 100 804 60 40 STRESS (KSI) ° 80 $4 0.05 0.04 -0.03 -0.02 -0.01 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 STRAIN (IN/IN) -190 + Figure 10D Cyclic Strain Behavior of Steel D (10 cycles at 2%, 4%, 6% and 8% Strain Range). 20100 100 80 80 Heo go = 2 g 2 = £ B40 R40 Steel A (A572 Gr.50) Steel B (A913 Gr.50) — Monotonic Stress-Strain Curve — Monotonic Stress-Strain Curve 20 (© Stabilized Cyclic Test Data 20 © Stablized Cyclic Test Data 096 0 1 0 0.00 0.01 002 003 0.04 0.05 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 Strain (invin) Strain (in/in) 100 100 y- 80 80 0 oe? é Stress (ksi) Steel C (A572 Gr.50) Steel D (A36) — Monotonic Stress-Strain Curve 20 (© Stablized Cyclic Test Data 20 || ~~— Monotonic Stress-Strain Curve - Ke" (© Stabilized Cyclic Test Data 1044 n=0.111 ° 0 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 004 0.05 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 Strain (in/in) Strain (in/in) 150 Figure 11 Comparison of Monotonic and Stabilized Cyclic Stress-Strain Behavior of the Four Steels. 21Steel C (A572 Gr. 50) 4c =.0.13-0.18 Total Strain Range (Ac) 0.01 1 10 100 1000 Number of Cycles Figure 12. Strain-Life Plot for Steel C (A572 Gr. 50) with Data Extrapolated to Low Fatigue Life. 2