THE NATURE AND ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION 2.

) Psychological- originates from the emotional state, mental

state, and psychological make up of a person
Communication – synthesis process which individuals interact 3.) Physiological- bodily conditions that compromise the ability
through symbols to create and interpret meaning. of a person to send or receive message
-can be done verbally, using word or phrases, or 4.) Semantic- anything related to the meaning of words that
nonverbally using sign objects, body, movement etc. distorts or masks a message and confuses the listener.
 As a process – communication among people are active.
-they communicate following their creative and MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
convenient ways and methods to achieve a certain goal or
objective. -pattern or flow of communication as well as the elements
involved in that particular kind of communication.
Ex. Greeting a person or setting his/her mood first before
beginning a conversation can be a beginning of the process. LINEAR MODEL
 As an interaction – communication binds people together.
-their interaction with one another connects their
understanding.
Ex. Sharing opinions opens one to respect other’s point of
view. As the word “sorry” softens your heart, a tap on
shoulder can pacify a person. Characteristics:
 As a social context – the activity of producing, transmitting 1.) It is unidirectional.
and receiving meaningful symbolic messages in an
2.) It prevents a simple communication act.
environment such as school, church or any social gathering
is communication. 3.) It involves psychological effects over social effects.
-people can influence or encourage others to  The concept of a straight path was first proposed by
create their own meaningful ideas.
Aristotle and later on expounded by various scientist and
Ex. Teachers motivate their student to be creative.
communication experts.
ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
 Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver introduced the
1. Sender/Speaker- conveys the message, oral and written, concept of noise.
influenced by past experiences, knowledge about the
INTERACTIVE MODEL
subject, manner of speaking, present situation
communicate purpose, and attitude toward self and the
listener.
-ensures that his/ her message id the message that actually
communicated.
2. Receiver/ Listener – the one who listens and decodes the
conveyed message.
-filters what the speaker communicates by his frame of  Wilbur Schramm, an expert in/ father of mass
reference, which includes his/her level of knowledge about communication introduced this model in 1954
the subject, language, proficiency, experiences, values, and
 He took into consideration the following concepts:
attitudes.
 Context- setting in which the communication situation
3. Message - whatever the sender communicates to the
takes place
receiver or the information received from the sender
 Field of experience- cultural background and other
 Ideas/feelings that make up the content of the process frames of reference an individual may bring into the
of communication. interaction
4. Channel – medium or means through which the message is
 Communication is a give take give interaction. You speak
transmitted
and your partner listen, vice versa.
-message sent via the sense (e.g eyes, ears, skin, mouth,
nose) DISTINCTION:
-more examples: soundwaves, paper, telephone, radio.
5. Situation- time and place in which communication occurs 1.) Internal interference – form of distraction that begins
(setting) in the thoughts of either participant in the process.
Ex. Language used by students in the classroom is quite -includes the amount of attention we pay to other that
different from the language they use at home. influences the way we interpret messages.
6. Feedback - receiver’s response to the sender’s message Ex. A student is inattentive to the lecture because he is
-can be verbal or nonverbal thinking about the long quiz.
- speaker’s way of determining whether the message was 2.) External interference – form of distraction that arises in
effectively important. the environment where the communication is
7. Noise- all the possible barriers to effective communication happening.
understood or accurately interpreted. -bad odor, temperature, very attractive passerby
-usually occurs between the sender and receiver
-can be internal or external TRANSACTIONAL MODEL
- cause of communication breakdown
 COMMUNICATION BREAKDOWN- occurs when the
message or the feedback is not sent or received, properly-
as least in the way the sender intends – or is not received by
the concerned party altogether.

KINDS OF NOISE

1.) Physical- comes from the environment  This model was develop by Dean Barnlund in 1970s
PRINCIPLES:
 People is continuous and simultaneous.
 People are engaged in the communication transfer of
spontaneous and immediate message.
 As one listens, he/she gives feedback, verbally and
nonverbally
 All communication have past, present and future.
 People present in the communication react to the
situation bases on their own past experiences, current
status, and anticipated future.
 All communication plays role
 One’s role in a relationship controls his actions and
words.
 These roles may be understood differently by the
different people we meet.
 Their diverse perception affects our response to the
different forms of communication.
VERBAL AND NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION
A. VERBAL
 uses spoken language to communicate a message or
information.
 Involves the production of sounds, words, phrases
and sentences through speech
LINGUISTICS- study the human language
FIVE BASIC FEATURES OF LANGUAGE
1.) Phonology- the study of sound in the language
2.) Semantics- study of meaning of words, phrases and
sentence in a language.
3.) Morphology- the study of the formation of words
4.) Syntax- study of how the words are put together to form
grammatically correct sentences in a language.
5.) Pragmatics- study of language uses
-studies how words can be interpreted in different
situations
B. NONVERBAL
 Conscious or unconscious transmission and
reception of message of information using body
 Body gestures, facial expression, posture and tone
 Influenced by one’s culture, values, and attitudes or
feelings
CATEGORIES OF NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION
1.) Kinesics- body movement, facial expressions and gestures
2.) Proxemics- amount of distance and space used in a
communication situation
3.) Haptics- communication through touch (hugging,
handshake, tapping the shoulder)
4.) Paralanguage- nonverbal cues such as volume, pitch,
intonation and tone.
5.) Chronemics- time in communication (looking at one’s watch
when the lecture is going on can convey that the talk is long
you are bored)
6.) Appearance- physical look that conveys a message
-clothing, shoe, hair color, make up, hairstyle, height, built
and neatness influence how one gains appositive or
negative impression from others
7.) Artifacts- objects used as tool to convey a message
FUNCTION OF COMMUNICATION
 Reason for communication
 Each function is based on the speaker’s purpose for
communicating.
1.) Regulation and Control – controlling others by managing
their behavior
Regulation - rule or directive made and maintained by
an authority
Control- the power to influence, direct or regulate
people’s behavior or the course of events.
2.) Social Interaction
 refers to spontaneous verbal exchanges occurring in
natural setting that are typically familiar to the interactants
 most familiar and primary reason why people
communicate
 forming social circles: peer circle, community circle
3.) Emotional Expression
 Manifestation of one’s emotional state
 Conveys a variety of information regarding a
person’s state of mind his/her intension.
 Used by speakers for the purpose of moving other
persons to act, to move in the particular direction
the speakers want them to move
4.) Motivation
5.) Information
 Teacher giving lecture
 Dentist telling the pupils how to brush their teeth
 Weather forecaster tracking the path of LPA
BARRIERS
1.) Process Barriers- blocks the flow of message
(verbal/nonverbal)
2.) Physical Barriers- distracting sound and noise
3.) Semantics Barriers- problems arising from the expression or
transmission of meaning.
4.) Psychological Barriers- status and perception
*barriers cause breakdown in communication
STRATEGIESTO AVIOD COMMUNICATION BREAKDOWN
1.) Apply positive self-talk and perception
2.) Use appropriate language
3.) Be open
INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
 Communication between/ among people with different
culture (cross culture, multiculture, etc)
 CULTURE- connected to psychological barrier in some
communication
IMPORTANCE:
 Symbolic exchange
 Irreversible process
 Different cultural communities
 Negotiate share meanings
 Interactive situation
SOCIAL- CULTURAL ASPECT
 Cultural identity
 Gender role
 Age identity
 social class
 religious identity
LEVES OF COMMUNICATION
1.) Intrapersonal Communication
 takes place which a single person, often for the
purpose of clarifying ideas or analyzing a situation
 prefix “intra” means within or inside
Aspect:
 Self-Concept- determines how a person sees him/herself and
is oriented towards others.
-involves three factors: beliefs, values, and attitudes
a) BELIEFS- are basic personal orientation towards what is
true or false, good/bad; can be descriptive or
prescriptive
b) VALUES- are deep-seated orientation and ideas.
Generally based on beliefs about right and wrong ideas
and actions.
c) ATTITUDES- are tendency toward or against a topic
generally are consistent with values: often global,
typically emotional
- Beliefs, values and attitudes all influence behavior, which
can either be spoken opinion or physical action
- Includes body image which is a way of perceiving ourselves
according to the social standards of our culture
 Perception- looks outward
Rooted in beliefs, values, attitudes
Closely intertwined with self-concept that
creating a harmonious understanding of both oneself and
one’s world
 Expectation- future -oriented message dealing with long
term roles, sometimes called “life scrip”
Projection of learned relationship
2.) Interpersonal Communication
 Process in which people exchange information, feelings,
and meaning through verbal and nonverbal messages
 Involves two persons(dyadic) or relatively small number
of people
 Formal/informal talks with friends and acquaintances
 Key to long relationship
 Let people know each other better, settle
misunderstanding resolve conflicts and save problems
 Allow us to make friends
TYPES:
 VERABAL COMMUNICATION
 WRITTEN COMMUNICATION
 COMMUNICATING W/ GESTURE
 LIP READING
 DANCING
 GIVING OF GIFTS
 SUBTLE SIGN
3.) Small Group Communication
 Composed of three to fifteen people interacting to
achieve common purpose or objective, solve a
problem, plan for a project, or make a decision
 Important communication units in academics,
professional, civic, and personal context
 One may act as a leader or moderator for formal set up
4.) Public Communication
 One person communicates with many people and we
also doesn’t know the receiver’s identity
5.) Mass Communication
 Communication between one or few people to an
unseen audience using print or electronic medium like
television, radio, newspaper or internet in which
interaction may be absent or delay
6.) Intercultural Communication
 Communication between different culture
 Often happens in marriage difference in race, travelling,
working overseas.
DIMENSION OF COMMUNICATION
 Miscommunication is brought by lack of awareness of the
dimensions of communication, especially those influenced by
culture and gender
 Communication breakdown/ miscommunication can lead to
total cessation of interaction
1.) Verbal and Nonverbal
 Encompass the use of language and the facial
expression and gesture and bodily movement used.
 Must be used together to clearly impart the
message
 Misunderstanding may happen when words
contradict actions.
a.) Culture
PHILIPPINES- when talking to someone, especially someone
in authority, you look down to express courtesy.
WESTERN- avoiding looking at the people in the eye, while
talking means that one is hiding something.
b.) Gender
Men think they should be “macho” in language and action;
use assertive words.
Women are expected to be emotional
2.) Oral and Written
 Mean spoken communication and the transcription
of thoughts and ideas
 While verbal dimension talks of use of language and
the choice of words to convey a written message,
the oral dimension imparts the message following
the principle of delivery.
 oral dimension takes care of delivering the words
 written dimension takes care of putting down words
3.) Formal and Informal
 Formal dimension usually means the meticulous
observation of appropriates in dress, language, and
setting
 Informal dimension uses more casual approach with
no regard for formalities
4.) Intentional and Untentional
 When what we intended may not be the actual
result
 When the speakers did not expect the reaction.
TYPES OF SPEECH STYLES
1.) FROZEN STYLE
 Used generally in very formal setting.
 Most formal communicative style for respectful situation
 Does not require any feedback from the audience
 Usually uses long sentences with good grammar and
vocabulary
 The use of language is fixed and relatively static
Examples: national pledge, anthem, school creeds,
marriage ceremonies, speech for a state ceremony
2.) FORMAL STYLE
 Used in speaking to medium to large groups
 May also be used in single hearers- strangers, older persons,
professional
 Speaker must frame whole sentences ahead before they are
delivered
 Avoids using slang terminologies language is comparatively
rigid and has a set, agreed upon vocabulary that is well
documented; is often of a standard variety.
Examples: meetings, speeches, school lessons, court, a corporate
meeting, at a swearing in ceremony, in an interview or in a
classroom
3.) CONSULTATIVE STYLE
 Used in semi-formal communication
 Happens in two-way participation
 Most operational among other styles                            
 Speaker does not usually plan what he wants to say
Sentences end to be shorter ans spontaneous

Examples: regular conversation at schools, companies, group

discussion,
teacher-student, doctor-patient, expert-apprentice

4.) CASUAL STYLE

 Language used between friends

 Often very relaxed and focused on just getting the
information out                                           
 Slangs are quite often used in these instances
This style is used in informal situations and language
Relationship between speaker and hearer is closed.

Examples: casual conversations with friends, family members,

chats, phone calls and messages

5.) INTIMATE STYLE

 Completely private language used within family of very
close friends or group
 Uses personal language codes
 Grammar is unnecessary
 Does not need complete language
 Certain terms of endearment, slangs or expressions whose
meaning is shared with a small subset of persons to person