enn 7 Fowler’s d Fee Tpeisions. cosatrades for ‘ a which Fowler's Calculators are especially ‘JUBILEE MAGNUM” suitable Extra Long Scale Calculator __ ENGINEERS (all classes) DRAUGHTSMEN STUDENTS ARCHITECTS ‘This instrument haf been designed by the writer fo mark the 50th anniversary of the founding of the firm by his father, the late. William ‘Hesry Fete Whe, MICE, MIMechE,, ete, and sy a Wie BUILDERS tribute'to the pivticeriag work he did in the develope of circular ealeuatore SURVEYORS | ls also intended to meet the wants ofa great number ot people whose petty a TIMBER MERCHANTS fooling probe oF mulepticton, a dision a rapid and’ accurate manner, ‘Tt'is true, tes ey TER ULSI NURACTURERS) te ita and tee soap ow Sita TEXTILE SALESMEN . Sauate. Koot Seater ‘bas Yhetiog fee Meee BEAT Gekcuante {meroase the length of the * Lang Seale" ang eae ta, TEXTILE SHIPPERS TEXTILE MANAGERS ELECTRICAL TRADES | ‘utilised to increase of length to give a sreater’dessee of set dlvision, ‘The instrument is unique in several respect, gives in its small compass. the advantaee of £0 dnches in total length, on which calcalstions made accurately. to four a Significant figures.” The longa divided ‘logarithmic scale, chabl easily dete ined to our’ significant figures A BRITISH ite ct He le PRECISION-MADE INSTRUMENT | ia ona ic a division, reduces by about half, the number ey BACKED 8Y 50 YEARS’ EXPERIENCE ments, and thus the time take i este xX 2 a ! & i ee a wnDESCRIPTION OF SCALES The Instrument contains 4 separate scales arranged ‘concentrically on single dial so that they are all rotated toxether by a ksiurled nut st the top.” A number of Sfauge points "are also wiven, around the outer circle. ‘These are certain multiplying factors. whieh often ecur, and to save time and trouble in setting them it (convenient to have their values so marked. It is hoped the selection given will be found useful. Bil the scales have a common unity line which rotates with them, and there is also a common =" Cursor" line ‘whieh Is rotated by a knurled mut at the side. A fixed Datum line is etelied om the wicemeath surface of the cover glass. Commencing with the largest circle and proceeding inwards to the Salle Seale Wo. 1. ~The va single citcle, 13} inches tn circumference, graruated clockwise. This {s'the caleulating scale for meleiplication, division, ete. Sualogous to the ordinary slide rule. It is also’ used for direct reading and incorporating values given on ther seales by aid af the cursor of datam fine (the Cursor by preference, as it is closer to the scales and ‘litinates parallax). Between the priiae mumbers 1 and 2 the scale is divided nto 20 figured parts (11, 12) 18, cuz) each ‘eeimally graduated snd capable of further graduation with the cursor. “Readings on this part can be made Casily to four, snd sometimes Ave, significmt ues, Between the prime numbers, 2, 8, 4 8, 6, cach pat vs divided into 10, vizyy 21, 22) ue. Up 10 8, BL vies up 14,41, 42, coe up €0 5) and Sls... up to 6, thoush duly’ even divisions, 22, 24, 20, etc,,"are figured, : b xe x d under datum, ‘Tie process after setting the frst factor @ under the ath i a succession ‘of settings of cursor and of Htors_om the scale, and of finally reading the product der the datum. "The whole operation begins at the atura and ends there, Tt consists in. sum of turning {he severdl factors past 2 xed print, and reading the (otal of angular movements at the end, “It matters Sot whether the angular movements of the dial and Pursor are made clockwise or cantra-clockwive for the individual settings. So long as the sequence isin the over stated the reading of the final result is the TT there ore decimal points im the factors the position of the poist in the fal product is to be decided be Sion and mental ‘consideration ‘as with ll “Actual examples of this will be tigen it the eourse of the exercises. Ui"scate No. 4 (Long. Seale) Is used instead of Scale No 1 (Short. Seale) “the succession of operations is peocisel) the same, but the setting calls for a little more ‘me. The particu wast te determined by & mental consideration of the factors, ordt tay be deter Wed. by Sst roughly and rapidly: working out the oblem on the short scale, no special care bei g taken Netting the factors to either datum ar cursor, AM ‘pproximate answer will then result, but one suficienthy ‘Rirate to give the Tocatfon of if, whoa worked cut n the long seale, with care taken i all settings. Such st'quick tral on the short scale can be made in lees time fan it takes to describe, but it eliminates amy reading rom a wrong cirele when the long scale is used, When Ging tabular work cr working out 2 series of sclemtiic ‘results the location of the frst citen serves as 2 quide to the location of the following ones, the Lomy Seale theit can often be read just as easily-ac the Short Seole, ‘without preliminary trial. "The reat advantage of the Long Scale is ite Sine andl luniforss graduation, and this, with ite great length, makes for easy setting aud’ reading, coupled. with extreme accuracy, ‘To get acoustoimed to reading Scales Nos. 1 and 4 and’ theit ‘graduations the leamer will ind it. good Practice to work through a siultiplication table such Revtwiee one’ are (Wo, tivice two are four, ete. thas: set 3 s eale Nov" 1 under dati snd set cursor to unity. "Then tira, in suceession, all the figured graduations past the cutsor, noting that the procession of valu Thich pass the datum are twice those which pass the "Thue 2 x 11 = 22; 2 12m 24 ete, ‘Do the same for 3, or other simple number and proceed to such sultipliers as 3-1, etc “This Kind. of exercise teaches the learner to read accurately parts of the seale that are aot figured or Shere the graduations: require 0 be. spi in. reading Tnd'cach counted. az 2 i there. ore. graduations, ot Gach counted as 5 if there are 2 graduations. Divison This ie ju cseence: subtraction, and the reverse of multiplication, which is addition, ‘Tes per formance, witht the ‘Calculator fs ‘best acquited by practising with simple fractions ti the routine. of Bperations becomes, mechanic PeSatme the division, of + simple fraction form fie, witha single numerator and a single denominator, tna also that Seale No. 1 i being used, and the Jearner a favised to get pocustomed to the Seates Noe, Land 3 ‘before using Stale No. 4 ‘Set a under datum, Sct cursor tom Read valoe of ©, under datum . axe Next consider the fraction 4% the numerator and one in the Jenominator. ‘Set dial tito comes under dat Set cursor tom Set da il 3s ander cursor. Read) answer under atu Now cowsider fraction with several factors in the numerator an well av in the denowinator, "It makes no liference to the answer whether all the top factors are multiplied together, and then divided by all the bottom {etors multiplied together on, whether" the top std bottom factors are worked in palrs ax single fraction, find Sally tied ingroup. ‘Obviously also the insertion of the factor 1 in the numerator or denominator can take so difference to the result, "Learners wil, however, Gnd it-easle, a fst, to Work such a compound fraction by taking the factors alternately from numerator and denominator, find to enable them fo do this ina routine manner the factor abou ‘oe isered th the faction au offen ae thay be hecetsary to make the mumerator contain one tore factor than the denominator, Any compound Frscton’ca Gen work flows hee weboe work as “SAS Set factor under datum Set cursor tom Bet factor 6 20" cursor, Set cursor to 1. Set fartor © to cursor. Read ‘amswer under datum, ith two factors in Se at SET abe hee 8 Sag m xn xp WOKS XP and set"the factors in a similar manter It Wal be observed In all these three examples :~ he factors are taken alternately from the numerator and the denominator beginning. with. the numerstor ‘The dial is always turned for multipliers. 7 ‘The cursor is always turned for divisors. inthe datum is used only to set first factor and to read PRACTICAL WORKED-OUT EXAMPLES. Multiplication of Two Factors on Short Scale No. 1. BL: Multiply 12-8 by 3:6, ‘ 12-8 on Scale No, 1 under datu hs Is the sth gradwition past the Set cursor to Unley line Set dial tH 8-62 an Seale No. L comes under enrsor. This is between the 69 and 6 imarky the exact point being @ divisions past the 53. to make the GO and the Seale No.1 der dat ‘The exact answer by ordinary multiplication is 71-086 Multiplication of the’ same To Factors on tho. Long Set 12:8 (inarked 128) on the 2nd circle from the contre tndes data ‘et cursor to, Unity lin Set la ft 862 om the Sth circle from the centre This isthe stl graduation past the 5 2nd ons ite Real ansier just before the 7105 mark on Cir No. 0 from contie™ We should entniate this as a little under Ti04, and Perhaps ive it a value of 71-0iby which would be Rearly exact Ex 2: Matiipty 0947 by 2-8 on the Short Scale No.1 $47 on Seale No. Tuner” atu, ‘This Hes Deeween the G4" and 90 tarks the point being lalfsray betwen the Sed and hr Foe past the 8 $cc "the cursor to Unity ine. Set Gla HPSS thes nner Caron ead answer (ust over aid which we judge as 9 om Scale No, 1 under datum. : By vbual iuspeetion it will be geen that the answer ‘must be is the icighbourhood of "09, ‘Therefore we mark, Lo, the write our answer as given by the Calculator 4s “0972: Worked aut on the [ing Scale the procedure is as, follows — Set $47 (midway between the marks 346 and 948, Oth circle from centro) under the datum. Set cursor to Unity line t dial tll 28 (5th circle from ceatre) comes under » 5 rdRead avswer a shade over the SrJ graduation past the 07 mark “This we should estimate as 9716, and from the con~ tions soentioned when worked out on the: Short ‘we should call i 0-O0716, an smswer Correct tO five figures. Multiplication of Three Factors on the Short or Long ‘Seale. Thenethod is precisely the same whichever seale Is used, si it will be described uly for the Short Seale. Bx 32 Find the product of “O84T % 2°8.% OB-by Set 347 omSeale Now kunder datum. Set Cursor to Unity fine Set ial til 2-8 on Seale No. 1 comes under cursor. Ail the’ above settings as shown tax. 8 Set Cursor t> Unity fine, Set dial tH 635 on) Seale No, 1 comes under cursor, This fs'the 7th division past she (mark. Resa answer 0-17 on scale No. 1 wader datum. By actual multiplication the core-tsnswer fe O° 10966, showing a clse approximation by the nse of the Short Siale of the instrument. Had the Long Scale been used we should have found the answer fo rane Just sskade tnder O17 mark and put {he answer down se 6-163, sll better approximation Muliplieation ‘of Four or’ more Factors on the Short fr Long, Seal Bad Mind te product of -0947 % 2-8 % 09:5 X 4-9. ‘The method ie procisly the sas Tor the first three factors showa in Ex. 8 above when we had a reading OFT? (appras.) onder the” dats, Welnoeaeain tet the cursor to Unity and then set dial ‘il Hh comes under the cursor. Read product "0347 2°80 63-5 x 4-0 under aatum, “This, fusing the Shoré Scale, comes just ttle over the arse division past the and we shobld estimate the Imager ae ead ba sppoxaately exact amwer Divide 7258 13M So Baba dee the data. {Gn the Short Seale this naiuber would be represented as\mearly se possible ata postt a litle over the St Sradwation inark followiog fhe” On the Long Seale i Would be ata poiat-asshade beyond the frst short fraltton ark Past 735." The frst short graduation Sark, of course, feprese Sst the far 6 18-8 One Snore Seale his fe at point midway between the eit Oth aratuation past the 1. On the Lang, Seale i is'at point on cle fromthe centre midway between the 2nd and 3rd graduat ota the Tas Ton dal Rend othe E ity Hine comes under the cursor, the Short Seale No. 1 and 829-9 ng Scale, Chis latter hgure beina quite correct FRACTIONS Consider tinst a tract umerator and one tn th nto the Short Ex. 6: Solve" Set iat il Set cursor to 1133, Set dial til 364 comes under cur Read auswer 2107 uuder datum, The correct answer by ‘ctual’ mult iv ‘Whos worked out oit the Ls the answer came barely 2158 and we should there pe dows 2 correct result Te will have been noticed iu working at th ‘examples on the Lng Seale, that greater tnitial Setting ean be got than when 2o0 Short Sea Sd thus fe is that a more accurate result ise when reading the answer, ‘The method of Ioeating the Cirele om which to read the anewer which is given ow B. 5-6 should however always be borne in mind. The Drinciple of working is, however, precisely the samo ‘when either scale is used, and to avoid confusion the succveding examples will all be worked out on the Short Seale. (Consider now fractions with’ several factors in the numerator and denominator. Sce notes on page ‘Ex 7: Solve 12:9 % 66:6 x 0042 with two factors in a denominator, an uuader the datum, 6x 19) 2 Work this as 1° SOOM aking the factors ltgmately from the mumerstor and the denominator. SSet 10-5 tinder datum. Set cursor to 8-9. Set 60:6 to cursor. Set cursor to Unity Set 42'to cursor Read aiswer “613 under datum the decimal point etme ed bya rough mental cal ir Ckanples whic follow| ‘The correct answer worked out by actual multiplication aud division is “61287. Gpr OS & Latin..ld cus... THRE Woe 5 Tat 8 x 178 5 2-4 Work this as 18:8 72 taking the factors alternately as in the previous exauuple, Set 18¢8 under datum, Set cursor to 1a", Set 7258 to cursor, Set cursor to 176. Set Unity t0 cursor, Set cursor to 243, Set Unity to cursor. Read answer 1-483 under datum, ‘The correct answer is 148988 (a close approximatici). EXERCISES WITH THE RECIPROCAL SCALE No. 2 If the reader has followed the previously worked out ‘examples carefully he will be in ' position ‘to. solve in a routine way any" compound. f resented to him, and also to apply the more rapid method of mink. cation ‘and’ division ‘peruiitted when Seales Nos. ud ¥ are used in conjunction and: which will now” be explained ildpiesion of an ODD number of Factors ua Seales Nos. 1 and 2 in conjunction, oe Bb Bind the: produ af B95 x 10-16. 402 Read answer 37:4 ou Scale No. 1 uider datum, sp etgacttal, multiplication the ‘correct ‘answer is 5742086.) The decimal point is fixed mentally tn this way: 482 is roughly, "5; +3. 8-42 is roughly and 4 x 16-16 is roughly 56. Therefore there ate two Whole numbers in the answer, Ea, 10: Find the product of “854% 20-4 08-6 x -802 (4 factors ‘This will be worked as +3543 29-4. 63-6% +8621 to make it into an odd number of factors, Les ‘Set 354 on. Scale No. 1 under datunt, Set cursor to 294 on Scale No. 2 Set 086) on Seale No. 1 under cursor, Set cursor to 862 on Scale ‘No. 3 Set Unity on, Seale No, 1 wider Cursor, Read answer 571 No. L under datum (6 move n correct answer by seta m tion is 57067 The decimal point is fxed mentally in this way “4 fs roughly one-third ; one third of 28-4 i= roughly 5 times’ €9°6 ig roughly 500 ; 560 multiplied by 78 i roughly 500, ‘Therefore the answer mist rental three whole numbers and fe 571 It is interesting to compare the above example with the @’ movements necessary. when sine. either, Seale Nos. 1 or 4 alone, or by comparing it with the move tents of an ordinary Straight Slide: Rule with its inter mittent “end-switching” ‘This is only one. of many iMustrations that could ‘be given. ‘Rapid Division with Scales ‘Nos. 1 and 2 used in eon- junction, ‘with EVEN number of Factors in the Denomitator. ora Pe Ms Find the value of gg where there § an EVEN mumber of factors in the denominator, ‘Set 6734 on Seale No. 1 under datunt, Set cursor to 6 on Scale No. 2. Set 1439 om Scale No. 2 under cursor. Read answer 4-02 an Scale 1 under datum (3. move iments), the position of the decimal point bene feed mantaliy “as! explained above. The correst answer Worked ‘out by multiplication and divishwy is 4-23) 6 nr, aoa Ts Here the artifice may’ be adopted. of jnserth extra factor, 1, into the denominator to make ft catsin an even number of factors, thus avs Set 4276 on Seale No. 1 under datum Set cursor ty 342 on Seale No. 1 Set 187 on Seale No. 2 umder curs Set cursor to 269 on Seale No. t Set T'(Unity) under cursor Read answer 2-050) on Seale No, 1 under datum (6 movements Further exercises with the Reciprocal S Bx. 18: Find the decimal equivalent of ale. Set cursor over 6436 on Seale No.1,” Rend! under ‘enrsor cont Seale No, 2-0-1548. TW setting cursor to 6456 on Scale No. 1, we note that. there ‘are. 20 graduations. etweot @ and. 7, the Trading advancing clockwise 6-05, 6-10, 6:15, 0-20) bey and 6-456 is between G-4 and a is exit prsition being estimated. Conceive this space tobe Wivided 2into 100 parts ew just He Seale value wider the anid advance 56 of these parts post 6-4, ore than half-way anticlockwise, we make the sor ge near as may be 1ts From inspection of the fraction its value is obviously between one-sixth amd one-seventh, and without hesita: ‘ion write down the decimal valle a8 1548, Er 14: Find the decimal equivalent of is ATH on Seale No, 1 Read 2878 on Seale No. 2 wider cursor. The fraction is manifestly tess than 1 and th8 B00. expressed decimally will require 3 cyphers after the etimal point so we write the answer 0-OO09378. "= In setting 2475 under the cursor” we note it falls Detween the graddations 84 and 38, and that between B4 and 35 there are 5 radiations; each advancing © thus: 340, 344, 844, 946, 34s, 350." Hallway between 846 and $48 fs '347 and a shade past this Is'34%5. Reading Scale No, 2 the cursor is just short af the value 288. "We estimate it as 2978 amd the answer, therefore, is 0-000287s, Ex, 18: Find the decimal enivaent of g 1 ORE Set cursor over 284 0m Scale No. 1. (This fs the fourth graduation line past the 28 mark. ‘The reading om Scale No, 2 under cursor is just past the graduation following the 85 mark, rexding. anti clockwise, and where each space counts 2, "We estimate it-as 3881 By ivspection the value of the fraction is seen to be 1 ‘more than } and we write down the answer as $5 han J ite down the 35-21 ‘The three preceding examples are good illustrations of the care required. in Seale reading; in toting. the Nalue of the graduations, and whether the advance of fhe Scale is clockwise ‘or anti-clockwise, "Seale No. 2, the Reciprocal Scale, it may be noted, is the only ore sraduated anti-clockwise Ex 1: Find the decimal value of 1 Set 87 om Seale No. 1 under carson, Read 027 on Seale No. 2 under cursor, Note that in reading decimal values’ of fenctions less a one-tenth there will be one cypher placed after the ecimat point, andl preceding the number ae read from w Drocal Seale. With values less than one 3 hundredth and greater than one-thousanitth two cyphers pe a a an st 17: Find the fractional value o Sot Cnti-clockvvse) T428 on Scale No. 2 under cursor, Read 7 on Seale No, 1 under cursor, a Fractional value is therefore 2 7 Ex. 18: Pind the fractional value of 00 i) on Seale No. 2 under cursor. Read 183'0n Scale No. 1 Fractional value fs therefore niler curs 1 5300 Note that as many cyphers must follow the 153.98 here ar cyphers folowing the decimal point he ven number ‘xamples of Powers (Involution) using Reelprocal Se ee td Pind the talue of (30-0) {ile ea, one withthe Calclatr in two ways, either by multiplying 86-7 by itself as an ordinary: ‘multiplication sum, as previously described, or by the ‘method shown below using the Reciprocal Seale. Met 86:7 on Seale Not under * Set cursor to 36-7 on. Si Tum ‘dial Rea 1347 under datum on Seale No, 1. Ex. 20: Find the value of (16-4)* This can be done by extended multiplication, 16-4 14% 16-4"0n Seale No. 1, or by the method shown, Iuelow, in which we first tind the square of 16:4, as it Example above, and then multiply this result on Seal Now by 16-4, ‘Thus Set 16-4 on Seale No. 1 under datum, Set cursor to 16:4-on Seale No. 2 urn dil tll 16:4 on Scale No. 1 comes under cursor. Read 441 under datum on Seale ‘No. 1. Nors.—The result is obtained in 2 movements, The use of the Reciprocal Seale also. makes, possible the ‘calculation of expressions such as (-310)"" ‘oF (48%, “ete., without the cumbersome method. of ordinary ‘logarithms, i.e,, of having a negative Characteristic, which must be made exactly divisible bs ‘he index. When quantities less than nity are. being Aealt with, we work on. the’ Reciprocal Scale No. 2 Instead of the outer Multiplying Seale No, 1, as shown below int the solution of the above examples Ex. 2: Find the value of (0-310) Because 0.310 is Tess than unity, and answer will be also set 0-310 om Reciprocal Seale and read its 13. OM log, seale = 0:5085 fapproe). 4“Multiply by 2-1 and take wholly negative since answer will be less: than unity Thea Jog. of amswer = (2-1 > 0-5085 (using: Seale Nos, 1 or 4 for this ‘multiplication, pre Fe ear coon ; z Set decimal part (-0078) om log, scale, and read answer ont Reciprocal Seale which = 0cUs% Ex. 207 Find the Salus of (Osaneies Because 0-46 is less than unity, and answer will be also, work on Reciprocal Seale and og. Seale ‘Sct ("496 on Reciprocal Seale, and read ite log, (0°305) hoe. ale No 8 Multiply by 0 wile fess’ than Then log. of answer = —(0-5 x 0-05) = —0-1525, SL 1528 on Log. Seale and rend answer on Reelprocal Scale = 0-704, 2 —1-0078 dl take wrholly negative since answer ty. LOGARITHMS eee Seater Set atti anaes etree ‘exposition of we theory of logs, but the following Motes Same’ gues always the same nierever he. decimal Sat me 278 yy 0-444, 0-00278 ,, T-44. 5 i the following Ex.28: Find logn Set curgor over 2675 em Scale No, 1. Read Mantissa of log, itn, 4278 on Seale Now 8 As thowe wae et ‘ixures it number 2075 all tothe itt of the Weed oly the’ characteristic of the Ton. ts postive nid ee ale is. The complete toe. therefore Is $4273 Be 24 nd agate of 20: Set‘ cursor over 3075 om Scale No. 1 {it lies between the third and fourth graduation ine after 6) Read Mantissa of log. on Seale No. ty tie” 7005 Tho characteristic ofthe to. {as there age Une Sores to left of decimal point) is t 12 1-706, Find logarithy of 002407. Set cursor over 240700 Sale Now 1." This les about cmecthital of the way’ between 24 (which represents oi tnd the rst graduation after it, which reyreschts Sige. ‘Read Maantiasn of log. on 8 ‘Wermake the reading As the number is Tess than unity, the characteristic fs negative and as there s'a eypher to the right of the Slecimnal point Ite value ie 2 Therefore the Jogarithin of 0:024076 = 773s To find 4 number corresponding to 4 diven losstithm, Set the ‘decimal portion af the logarithm os Seats No. 3 under the ede and read on Seale Nov T'the corresponding mus ihe, indes of the Tosasithm ioreased ‘Vy 1 il be the mumber of integers the given number when it & whole umber oF the index diminished by Twi Ge fhe number of preted cyphers when the Sumber ise ‘eelmal fraction, and the fadex consequently negative Bs. 26:" Thus guen 2" 1880 a he logeritin ofa notes To find this number set 1880 (che decimal portion of the lox} om Seale No. 3 wnder cursor Real under eusor on Seale Nort 1542 AS'2 je the Ghamncteristic of the Sumber there wil be the whole figures to the teft of the citnal pony in the answer, which is therefore 154-3 Ex, 27: Find the number which has T5250 as ite viet S850 (the decimal a ¥e decimal portion of the log.) on Scale 2 under cursors Read under Cursor on Scale No. 1, 335, AAs the index is T diminishing this'by 1 in an arith: metical sense gives 8 as a remainder, but increasing a by 1 in an algebraical sense gives Tr and 3 is just the nmber of eyphers after the decimal poimt of the 16 1 of 2675. entrequired, which thos iW the algebraleal seaue therefore thie ease increased By 1 £7 give the prefixed eypners ‘AS explated at the co m2 suet of integers, or mencemient of this chapter, Lagatithins. of Numbers ean reswily. he obtained 18 three aind often four hygures by the ase-of Seales Nos. and 3 sed in emyjnc thd wal evolved oy one tor users~—tive late ‘irs Harold Palwer, Mcp.5. of Cheltenhant=avhorehy the length of the log. scale’ nay theoretically be imercased 11'75 luches (approx) to. 110 inches lappeox en tines its uatural ienuth, snl the mantiesa, be ces defintely, whl often. te five Dortionjeand antitogs. reread on ‘A few examples showing the method adopted are sven below i ex. 28" Find the log. of (1) Place: the cursor’ over the value. sf 77 om the Long Seale. ‘This is at a point about theve-quarters of on) past the SLL wiatke This vale fs on the fifth cigele fzom the ceutse, Deduct 1 frum Gitele number. ‘Then 51 = 2) "Read the value oa the Log. S No. $ under Write down the result as 4 ()_ Now divide Curis by 10 = “4071s, ‘The log. of 81418 ic theretore “49715 (correct to five decimal laces) x. 20: Find the log. of 487-5. Gj" Set curser’ to 487°5 on the Long Seale. It appears he uh cele Th 7 es Tm ‘Read thé value on the Log. Seal (3) Combining the two values s belore 6-4008 and ‘dividing by 10" the mantissa becomes “64038, ‘The complete log. 18 therefore 204008.” (A. very accurate result, as, from tables, the value is given as 26400781.) Te “Surpraig how "auichy, dhe “process canbe meutally elected, the dividing’ by 10 ‘being a simple iistter by alteriig. the position ‘of the decimal poitt, ind the memorising of the subtraction of 1 from the ivele on Which the number whose Tog. has to be found is placed. Ex 80: Find the log. of 1455. (1) Place the cursor over 1455 on the Long Sale "its number appears on the aud cirle. Then 2 : ()" Read value om the Lo, Seale = “6, 3) Combining the two values 1+} “628 = 1-628 and sividing bv 10, the mantissa becomes “1628, 7 (4) The complete tog is therefore 3-1608. It is, of course, posable, by reversing the previous process) to find the ‘antlog. of a mumber. ‘Ee alt Pind the ‘of 2: 68205, (i)” Mulsiplythe mantissa by 10 = 8°%206. (2) Turn ‘cursor to "3808 on the Log. Seale, (3) The resi ts foune on the 8 1 428 7th circle = ¥ doubt as to which circle to read the antilog. ons andy inthis case, asthe fs 2, the answer becomes 4286, ‘Hyperbolic Logarithms.—-Thiese which are to the base emieTis2s are inch” used. in calculations relating tothe expansion of ‘gases. "They also find extended, hase i higher mathematics. They can easily be derived fnltiplying the common logarithm obtained. from Scales Nos. Tan 3 by 230258. The exact position of this multiplier denoted by lor.e 10 will be found as @ sauge point on the outside of Sale Nu. ty Tex. 82: Find the hyperbolic log. of 14-3 fist find connmon Jog. of 14" Set cursor over 1436 on Seale No. 1. ssa of common log,, viz, 1570 on Scale ‘As there are two figures to the left of the decimal point in the number, and the number is grester thom Iinity, the characteristic Ie 1, and. positive "Therefore the log. of 1-85 Is 11570, Now multiply 11970 by log. 0. Set log.el0 on Seale No. 1 under datum, rn cor fo 1, and hen eum dial tl 12570 comes ‘Read answer 2685 = hyperbolic log. under datum, To ‘convert hyperbolic logs. "to common Togs. multiply by (043420 Indicated as log.tge In the gauge points, EXTRACTING ROOTS BY LOGARITHMS Roots. of numbers as for example *V/162 or *V/9176 ‘can easily be extracted by tens of logarithms. The maall () and () of the root sign is called the index of the root, and any sort of « number may be found: by ‘Alvidiag’ its logarithm ‘by this index. ‘The quotient Sbtalned is then the Logarithm of the Toot Ex. 38: Find *y 604 Set cursor over 04 on Seale No. 1, and read mantissa of fog. on Seale No. 3, viz, “841d.” As there are 3 whole tummbere in G94 the characterislc. will be 2 and. the log. of 004 will therefore be 2-S414 Bed = 3 = 0-047 8 ectionHence log. #004 9-071 Set 9471 on Seale No. 3 under cursor and read. on see No. 1385. By inspection we should) say that ‘04 ie therefore 8°85. Ex. St: Find *V 0°89 Su! om Seale No. 1, Read on Seale = a8 In'this case i fs not posse to dividedirectly by 6 luccause there is'a negative characteristic, aud a positive imuatisea,” The artifee of adding mumesieally 38 many Negative ‘wuits, or parts of units, to the characteristic is is uccessary to make it evenly contata the index of ihe raot ie adopted. The same gumber of positive units cr parts of ‘units 1 then ‘added to the mantissa, and coed then’ separately Give by’ the Index. ‘Thos T +7 = 8 and B= 5 = ida d= 015M ond 40198 = 5 = -98e7 Tt sey = Teaser = tow. +y0-82 Therefore *y/0-82 = 0-610 optalned by sttting “0827 on Seale No. 8 and reading this, value 0:9610 on Bae doe Pend Sy 0 Set ctirsor over 6 bn Seale Now 3 mantissa of log. = 77S. * Characteristic will be T~ Thereiore log. 0-6 = T7778 Hf we add (Ind) tothe characteristic of this log. it will be evenly divisible by the index of the root (viz. 2H). Hence T+ (1-4) = 2-4 and — 24 = 24 TZ Now add + 1-4 to the mantissa portion of lo. Tat aivide ths by the index of the toot Thus 9778 1d = Bel78and 2178 = 2-4 = -9075, Adding these together we get T9075. ‘Therefore log. *4y'0-6 = T-907 Now set M075 on" Log. Seale No. 0-6 on Seale No. 1 = 0-5 N05...Opt OS & Laifn,.14 cms. FIV xtracting: Square and dih Roots by means of Seales Nog, 1 and 2 used 1 conjunetion, Ex, 302" Find the square root of 1840. ‘et’ 1810 on Seale No. 1 under datum, Set cure tor Tera did ‘anticlockwise until the sme number res sitaultaneously under the datum on Seale No. 1, «ithe etstor on Seale No. 2. This namber Is 43 the ‘uae'root of MHD, “Opposite 4 on ther Seale Ne. 1 Scule No, 2 will be fouad the value and read ot isp » It will be observed thst two values of square ret ‘may be obtained tn this way. For fest ince fi ahowe xample we can ge, iter 45 coming on Scales Now 1 and 2, when the unity line on the dial comes opposite the mid-point between datum and cursor, or we could et 186 when the unity line falls midway between the ‘datum and cursor, ‘The other value, for example the 136 given above, is the square root of the original number (18H) multiptied by, the square root of 10. "Thus 136 = 1849" y/10, Ex.872 Find the 4th rox of 1849. Proceed as in Example 46 above to find the square root (49) and then abtain the square root Of 43 iat 9 Shilar manner. Set 43cm Scale Ni Set cursor to 1. ‘Tum dial anti-clockwise until the same number comes simultaneously under the datum on Scale No. T and in guar on Sale 3. hes 6-30 the i root ot 18. ybtaining Powers of Numbers by Logarithms. “To rae a’aumber to a given power multiply the logarithm of the number by the ‘power index: the product is then the logarithm of the result. Ex. 38: Find the value of 27-3" Here the log. of the result will be 3 times the los. of ‘Set cursor over 27-5 on Scale No. 1 FRead log. on Scale No. 3 (-4808 ane! add charac teristic (1) = 1-439, Box 14398 = 4-3 Set cursor over 3179 on Log. Seale No. 3. Read 2070 on Scale No, 1 under cursor. Since the characteristic is 4 ve must add another eypher to this result to make 5 heures to the felt of the decimal place. The answer is therefore 207900, "The correct arithmetical answer is 20700-575 Ex. 40: Find the value of 10° Set cursor over 16 on Seale No, 1 and read loz. on ‘Scale No. adding characteristic (2) to same. This equals 1-204. Multiply 1°208 by 1-93 om Seale No. 1 1-904 to dation Set cursor to ‘unity. Set dial til 1:33 romes under curs-r. Read 1-204 1-33" — 1°00 0m Seale No. 1 Set 80 on Log. Scale No. 3 under curso Read S081 on Seale No. L under cursor Since characteristic will have) srures 0 left «f decimal point the answer 139-61 0 1 under the datum.EXAMPLES SHOWING THE USE OF “GAUGE POINTS * MARKED ROUND OUTSIDE OF SCALE No. 1 Ex. 40: How Many yards are there in 390 metres? Set 306 on Seale No. 1 under datum: arson to 1 ‘Turn dial tll" Metres to Yards" comes under cursor. Read answer 483 on Seale No. 1 smnder datuth Ex 41: Hoge many metres aire there in 680 wards? Set" 6a ont Scale No.l amder datums Set cursor to. Turn diat till Yards to Metres comes under en Red answer Gif om Seale: Now 1 imder dat Er 42 How many ths. are ther? i 86 kilogr Set i om Scale No, T ander datum, Set cursor to 1 Turn dial tll Kg. to tbs.” comes under cursor, Read answer 189°3 on Seale No.-1 under datuth. Bex. 43: How many square kilonietres ere there $3 saugre miles? ‘Set dion Scale No. 1 under datum. Set cursor to Sq. Mile—Sq. Kus Read answer 111-4-on Seale No. 1 under datu ‘These examples will serve to show heve such coxver: sions are made. Care should, of course, always be taken fn setting, and reading results, especially. with regard to subdivisions, whieh must bear Propartionate valves to the prime minters aed The values of the Conversion Factors marked om the outer scale are as follows Metres to yards, 1-088) Sands to metres, -dtdd + sq. metres to sq. yards, Lt9gon : eq. yards to sq. metres, 0-SB013 ; sq. cent metres) Sq. inches, 0-15: Sq. inches to sq. cent hettes, B-AGISO miles to. kilometres, 1-60034 5 kilo metres to les, 0-8¥187j_kllogrammies to Ubs., 2-20402 ; Ths. to dlogrammes, 0-459507 inches to centimetres, 2-644 contimetre= to inches, 0-8987 ; sq. miles to sa. Kilometres, 25800 ; oq, kilometres to eq. iniles, 0-801 Cia L1gsas and ie 4 constant whieh when mult plied by the square root of the area of a cirele gives Hediameter. yy PArsaL : = 178905: Log. HO258 7 Log.40 em O-s3i00 ; 7p = B-14150; ee = feet per second; gr-= O'A1 metres. per second AEQUHS degrees; EHP. = 246s ae t= MENSURATION OF CIROLES FX 4b: Find the area of a circle 8} inches diaineter. Anate di ogid me 88 x BB eT mt Seale Now 1 under da a Set cursor to 85 on Seale No, 2 Tamm dio tll 27/4 (gauge point on outer circle) comes [Read aes 9-02 aquare inches on Seale Ne. 1 under tum. ME 45: 1nd circumference ofa circle 0-3 inches diam. Set om Seale Now 1 uedet datum Set cursor to 1. ‘Tam cial till 7 (gauge pelat on outer cists) comes under curr. Read cireuin‘erence 29-2 under datum on Seale No. 1. This and following examples ‘may, Of course, be worked cut ca: the Long Seale (No. 4) in ashitcr manners the value of 7 (Sc1410) a8 well as the ciar-cter being faker om the Ling Scale.” This wil give a clos-r approx mati, vie, 29-22 neatly. Ex. 401" Find the diameter of a circle whore area is 22 Square inches. ‘bias ar y/Aren x C. Cm 1-12888 api is marked as a gauge point on collier cirele, Setar om Scate No. 1 Set cuisor to 1. urn dial till sane number (15-07) comes under datum, cm Seale No. I and under cursor on Sealy Now 2 TIME {Ee square root of ‘Tora cursor ta, 7 Tura dial tll €" comes under cursor Read Sawer 17 hnder dati No.1. PROBLEMS IN PERCENTAGZS In speaking of percentages confusion often arises {o the basis on which It Is measured. And B's £50 it woul 'e tre to say frester than B's, and equally feue tosay thrt Bis selary wes 23 per cent. less than A's ‘The fact is 0 Ty expressed fm two diferent ways. There ‘cau be no misapprehension in any caer if the quantity epteseatting the 100 is made clear. Set the question as'a problem in fractions. thu: Exi4r Tn an examination 27 scholars pass 1st class, 85 dnd class, and G3 Sed class. Expres. the various umbers as percentages of the whole Here 27+ 35+ 63 = 125 and this t-tal must be regarded) 46a. 100 base which has to. be divided into three similar proportions.” Therefore if 3,‘ * are the three percentages, we have the following vel tionships es 100 x fea = ler datum. = 21-6 per cont, 2y 100 x 85 iy and y = OS 28 per cont : 100 x 63, oe aig ana = om 5004 per oomt For this class of problem the instrament is very con. venient, Set'1-0 of Seals No. under dawn, and sot cursor to 125 (le, 12-6), Rotate the dial antil the Several numbers 27, 35, 68 come under the curs rand Tead the several percentages under the datum, PROBLEMS IN PROPORTION ‘Set the question ia simple fractional form os follows : Where A, BP'C'are ert imgwn quantities and is a the unknown quantity -p-— © Rach of these quantities may be in the numerator or denominator, as the operator finds it convenient in Setting dows their relationship, but must, of course, be done correctly. Then by cross multiplication AUX = Wc Bx Cand = Ex. 48: If 15 men do a task in 28 days, in how matty days will 21" men do it, assuming they’ work at the same rate, Obviously ‘more men will take Tess Hine in the ratio of 18 to 31 and if + is the number of days, then oT aa x45 ee Howe FS 20 days. ‘This and the following example are worked out om the Caleulator as previously described under " Fractions.” ‘Ex. 102 Tea task takes 18 men 38 days, how many me" will be requined to-do it in 27, days? ‘Obviously more men will berequired in. proporti to the Inegeasedgpeed af which the task must be done therefore-Se =f and x = DISCOUNT Ex, 50: What is the wholesale price of an article cab ea shone of 30 per een the etal price of wie is Set unity line! to datum, Set cursor to. 15, Tr dial {9 $0 (20 backwards) representing 20 per cad 12/~ under eupson, Profit on Returns.—Supposing a merchant cam produce ao rt ie'ar td, per Ibs and wishes to make & profit of B 124 per cent, on Returns the sellin ‘mined as follows ‘Set unity line to datum. Set cursor to 100 — 12} = 87-5, ag ay oat pre ner the cursor we ing Price yuder datur, price can be detere "hue 100 30 6 5 “This can be warked out on ether the Short of Long salt ‘io while in this postion we can place any Cost Price under the cursor andre the Selling Price (ith 12} per SEs prot) ander the datum. Gi (o-7say mF ti (0-754) FFE 74a. approx.) = enstea Baa al (34d) Ws gteater setting and reading accuracy nl thereby, If anyother. percentage of Drost is requived the working will be the same, but the Percentage ust always be subtracted. from 100. and fhe cursor pl sad to that figure. ‘Profit on Cost. Assuming an article to cost, bd. per Ib. Find the selling price with the profit of 125 per font. on cost ‘The working is as follows : 10 Set 112-5 iuder datum on Long Scale. Now by bringing any cost price on Long Scale under ne ein brie 12h = 112} ‘The principle cam be adapted to many uses ita merchant has an offer of Of. per Ib. ancl he ean provtuce at say S#fd. per Ib. his protts on ‘Returns will be obtained by calculating as fellows ‘— (Use Long Seale.) Set od. under datum, Turn cursor to 84. Le, 8-687 Turn dial till 100 (unity) comes tinder datum. Read 91:5 under ciasor The difference between datum and cursor will show the amount of profit on Returns, viz., St per cent, ‘By turning 1 under cursor and reading 100-38 under the datum we read a. profit of 0-33 per cent, on cos ‘Again suppose the offer was for 9}. per Tb. and the 4merchant wiehes to make 12) per cent, profit on Returns he will have to produce the goods ct the following price, ‘Set 100 (unity) under datum. Tur cursor to 100 — 12} = 100 — 12-5 = 87 Now hy settie the offered price. viz, OHd., under the daturs the figure swhich comes tnder the cisor wil be the’ price at which the goods must be produced ‘The answer is SSIS = Side = Production Price. If'an ofr of 91d, per 1b. & made, and a proBt of 12} per cent, on vast he requiced the tule i Set 13} (i135) under datum. Turn cursor t3 100 (units) Set price ofered der datum, Read Production Price under cissor = 8:4375 = Sid HINTS ON CALCULATIONS Simpliiying a Decimal Quantity.—Regard should be made othe valve of the termital figares hich ae Huck off. "It be desired to contract 15-047 to four Siguitcamt scores; then 19-06. ie nearer” than 13°04 ihasanse 7 ie nearer 10, than Lj. but if the. original Iuumber tad been 15-642, then 15-64 would have. been the closer approsimattn: Fractions! Value of ‘Desimals.A misconception of tne fractions] value’ of dectmale sometimes eases Inistakes, expecialy If there are cyphers between the Atecimal point, andthe fst digit To avoid this Semember thot when expressed as fraction the number Gfeeyphers in the denosntustor isthe same ax the number ‘of Ggures after the decimal point in. the sutber, Py, 308; For example: 2:01 = % tor 908 +06 = 8. 002 = 2+ 100 1000 Locating Position of Decimal Point.—When factors ‘containing decimals. are multiplied. by ordinary” arith netic there is no dificulty in locating the decimal poi ‘one sitipiy ticks off the same number of deimal hires u the answer as there are in the factors, but this cannot always be done when the operation is" perfortaed with 4 scale or scales.” The umber of signideant figures the answer (Le, the number which can” be written down) cannot be stated beforehand. Tt will depend ot Several things, vir. the size of the Factors, the degree of Sibedivision of the scale, the necuraey. of the seale sales and the accuracy of the operator in setting and fading thet. The position of the deciual point, however, deter- saines the aoouraey” of the answer and its location 1s Gheretors important. & i Oe ee ee Pear eet ae sie Fon te et eee nr cancers eam as Toe Sores ee eemetmna sane Seale hah ci aa ead Se ee eles as ee heen SURPOR tne neni lonag 2876 x 025 wy gy, a aes oer ree Tbs ot ete is ch ast ead ek te NY Hn os teen cocoa r= raul Sonal adh fateg, dake aren theoe, he a RR ai!