Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII

KWnXw
`mKw ˛ 1

tIc-f-k¿°m¿
hnZym-`ym-kh
- I
- p∏v
JT -1/MDWKV-(0)

kwÿm\ hnZym-`ymk Kth-jW ]cn-io-e\ kanXn (SCERT), tIcfw

2015
 tZio-b-Km\w
P\-K-W-a-\- -A-[n-\m-bI Pbtl
`mc-X -`m-Ky-hn-[mXm,
]©m-_k - n‘p KpP-dmØ admTm
{ZmhnU DXv°e - - _w-Km,
hn‘y-ln-am-N-e -b-ap\mKwKm,
D—e Pe-[nX-cwKm,
Xh-ip-`\ - mta PmtK,
Xh-ip` Bin-j -am-tK,
Kmtl Xh- P-b- KmYm
P\-KW- a- w-Ke- Z- m-bI Pbtl
`mc-X- `m-Ky-hn-[mXm.
Pb-tl, Pb-tl, Pb-tl,
Pb Pb Pb Pbtl!

{]Xn⁄
C¥y Fs‚ cmPy-am-Wv. F√m C¥y-°mcpw Fs‚
ktlm-Z-co- ktlmZc-∑m-cm-Wv.
Rm≥ Fs‚ cmPysØ kvt\ln- ° p∂p;
kºq¿Whpw sshhn-[y-]q¿W-hp-amb AXns‚
]mcº-cy-Øn¬ Rm≥ A`n-am\w sIm≈p∂p.
Rm≥ Fs‚ amXm-]n-Xm-°-sfbpw Kpcp-°-∑m-scbpw
apXn¿∂-hscbpw _lp-am-\n-°pw.
Rm≥ Fs‚ cmPy-Øn-s‚bpw Fs‚ \m´p-Im-cp-sSbpw
t£a-Øn\pw sFiz-cy-Øn-\pw- th≠n {]bXv\n°pw.
Prepared by :
State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT)
Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695 012, Kerala
Website : www.scertkerala.gov.in
E-mail : scertkerala@gmail.com
Phone : 0471-2341883, Fax : 0471-2341869
Typesetting and Layout : SCERT
Printed at : KBPS, Kakkanad, Kochi
© Department of Education, Government of Kerala
{]nb-s∏´ Ip´n-Itf,
KWn-X-Øns‚ temIØv
\mw Ipsd-tbsd k©cn®v Ign™p
At\z-j-W-ßfpw Is≠-Ø-ep-Ifpw XpScmw
C\nbpw KWn-X-Øn¬ \ap°v apt∂m´v
t]mtI-≠-Xp≠v
kwJy-IfpsS hnim-e-amb temI-tØ°v
Pyman-Xn-bpsS bp‡n-Iƒ tXSn
_oP-K-Wn-X-Øns‚ ]pXnb Xe-ß-fn-te°v
At\z-jWw XpS-cmw.
kvt\lm-iw-k-I-tfmsS,

tUm. Fkv. cho-{μ≥ \mb¿

Ub-d-IvS¿
Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn.
 inev]-im-e-bn¬ ]s¶-Sp-Ø-h¿

]mT-]p-kvXI cN\
Sn.]n. {]Im-i≥ {ioIpam¿ Sn.
Pn.F®v.-F-kv.-F-kv. hmg-°mSv Pn.Pn.F®v.-F-kv.-F-kv.
ae-∏pdw Ica\, Xncph\¥]pcw
DÆn-Ir-jvW≥ Fw.hn. hn.sI. _me-Kw-Km-[-c≥
Pn.F-®v.-F-kv.-F-kv. Ipºf Pn.Fw.F-®v.-F-kv.-F-kv.
Imk-d-tKmUv Imen-°‰v bqWn-th-gvkn‰n Imºkv
\mcm-bW- ≥ sI. ae-∏pdw
_n.F.-B¿.-F-®v.-F-kv.-F-kv.
t_mhn-°m\w \mcm-b-W-\pÆn
Imk-d-tKmUv Ub-‰v, ]me-°mSv
taml-\≥ kn. F{_lmw Ipcy≥
Pn.F-®v.-F-®v.-F-kv.-F-kv. kn.F-®v.-F-kv.-F-kv. t]mØp-I√v
AßmSn°¬ kuØv, sNß-∂q¿ \ne-ºq¿
Dss_-Zp≈ sI.kn. kp\n¬Ip-am¿ hn.]n.
Fkv.-H.-F-®v.-F-kv.-F-kv. Aco-t°mSv P\X F®v.-F-kv.-F-kv. sh™m-d-aqSv
ae-∏pdw
IrjvW-{]-kmZv
hnP-bI- p-am¿ Sn.sI. kn.Fw.-F-kv.-F. hn.F-®v.-F-kv.-F-kv.
Pn.F-®v.-F-kv.-F-kv. sN¿°f N∏-\-ßm-Sn, ae-∏pdw
Imk-d-tKmUv
Ih¿
cmtIjv ]n. \mb¿
hnZ-Kv[¿
tUm.C. IrjvW≥
dn´. s{]m^. bqWn-th-gvkn‰n tImtfPv
Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw
thWptKm]m¬ kn.
Akn. s{]m^., tImtfPv Hm^v So®¿ FUyqt°j≥
Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw
A°m-Z-anIv tIm¿Un-t\-‰¿
kpPnXv Ipam¿ Pn.
dnk¿®v Hm^o-k¿, Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.-Sn.

kwÿm\ hnZym-`ymk Kth-jW ]cn-io-e\ kanXn (SCERT)

hnZym-`h≥, ]qP-∏p-c, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw 695 012
1 Xpey{XntIm-W-§Ä ...................... 7 - 32

2 ka-hm-Iy-§Ä ............................... 33 - 44

3 _lp-`pP§Ä ............................... 45 - 60

4 kÀhkahmIy§Ä................... 61 - 86

5 ]W-hn-\n-abw ................................. 87 - 96
Cu ]pkvXI - Ø- n¬ kuI-cy-Øn-\mbn Nne Nn”-߃
D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

ICTkm[yX

IW°v sNbvXp-t\m°mw

t{]mPIvSv

Xncn-™p-t\m-°p-tºmƒ

N¿® sNømw
KWnXw
hi-§fpw tImWp-Ifpw
Hcp {XntIm-W-¯nsâ hi-§-fp-sS-sbÃmw \ofw ]d-ªm AXp
hc-bv¡m-\-dn-bm-a-tÃm.
hi-§f- psS \ofw 4 skân-ao-äÀ, 5 skân-ao-äÀ, 7 skân-
ao-äÀ.

{XntImWw ABC hc-bv¡p-I. D, E F¶o {XntImWw hcbv¡mtam?

c­p _nµp-¡Ä AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯p-I.
C§s\ hcbv¡mw:
Translate by Vector FSp¯v 'ABC, D, E
F¶n-h-bn {Ia-ambn ¢n¡v sN¿p-I.

'AcBcCc 7
sk

o.
]pXnb Hcp In«p-¶ntÃ. Cu

5 sk.a
c­p {XntIm-W-§fpw X½n-epÅ .ao
.
_Ôw F´mWv ? 'ABC bpsS hi-

§fpw tImWp-Ifpw amän t\m¡q.

' AcBcCc amdp-¶pt­m? E bpsS 4 sk.ao.

Øm\w amän t\m¡q. E F¶ _nµp

D bn F¯-pt¼mÄ F´mWv kw`-

C§-s\bpw hc-bv¡m-atÃm:

hn-¡p-¶Xv?
.
.ao

o.
k

5 sk.a
7
s

4 sk.ao.

CXp-t]mse Xmgs¯ hiw 5 skân-ao-äÀ Bbn c­p

{XntImWw hcbv¡mw:

7s .
k .ao
o.

o.

ABC DE F¶ .ao k
4 sk.a

4 sk.a

F¶ {XntIm- W hpw

hcbpw hc-bv¡p-I. Reflect about Line

. 7s
FSp¯v {XntIm-W-¯nepw hc-bnepw

¢n¡v sN¿p-I. ' AcBcCc e ` n - ¡ p w . 5 sk.ao. 5 sk.ao.

c­p {XntIm-W-§fpw X½n-epÅ

_Ôw F´mWv? 'ABC bpsS hi-

Xmgs¯ hiw 7 skân-ao-äÀ Bbpw hcbv¡mw:
§-fpsS \ofw, DE F¶ hc-bpsS

. 4 .
.ao
5s
.ao sk
Øm\w, Ncnhv XpS-§n-bh amän

k k
.ao sk .ao
5s .
t\m¡q.
. 4

7 sk.ao. 7 sk.ao.
Cu Bdp {XntIm-W-§-fnepw hi-§-sfÃmw H¶p-X-s¶-
bmWv. tImWp-Itfm?

BZyw hc¨ {XntIm-Ws¯ Xncn¨pw adn¨pw h¨h

Xs¶-bm-WtÃm asä-Ãmw.

8 `mKw þ 1
 ¢mkv þ 8
BZyw hc¨ {XntImWw I«n-¡S-em-kn sh«n-sb-Sp-¯v, ]e-X-c-
¯n Xncn¨pw adn¨pw asäÃm {XntIm-W-§-fp-ambpw IrXy-ambn
tNÀ¯p-h-bv¡m³ Ign-bp-¶pt­m F¶p t\m¡q.
Xpey-amb hi-§Ä tNÀ¯p-h-¨m tImWp-Ifpw tNÀ¶n-cn-¡p-
¶ntÃ?
aäp Nne \of-§-sf-Sp¯v CXp-t]mse {XntIm-W-§Ä hc¨p t\m¡q.
Ah-bp-sSbpw tImWp-IÄ Xpey-atÃ?
Chn-sS-sbÃmw I­ Imcyw Hcp s]mXp-X-Xz-ambn FgpXmw:
Hcp {XntIm-W¯ - nsâ hi-§Ä asämcp {XntIm- XpeyX
W-¯nsâ hi-§Ä¡v Xpey-am-sW-¦nÂ, Cu hc-IÄ, tImWp-IÄ, NXp-c-§Ä, {XntIm-
{XntIm-W§- f- nse tImWp-Ifpw Xpey-am-W.v W-§Ä F¶n-§s\ ]e-Xcw Pyman-Xob
Cu {XntIm-W-§Ä t\m¡q. cq]-§fp­v.
Htc \of- a pÅ hc- I Ä F§s\ hc-
C
¨mepw Xpey-am-sW¶p ]d-bm-dp-­-tÃm.
R
5s
5 sk.ao.

6s

k.a
.ao

o.
k

k
.ao

3s
.

P 6 sk.ao. Q
sk.ao.

sk.ao.
4
A 3 sk.ao. B

{XntIm-W-§-fpsS hi-§Ä Xpey-am-b-Xn-\m tImWp-

Ifpw Xpey-am-Wv.
4
CXp-t]mse Xs¶ Htc Af-
hpÅ tImWp-I-fpw.
AXm-bXv, bnse Hmtcm tImWpw se
'ABC 'PQR
Hmtcm tImWn\v Xpey-am-Wv.
‘A ¡v Xpey-amb tIm¬ GXmWv?
45 o

‘A BWv 'ABC bnse Gähpw henb tIm¬.

'PQR se Gähpw henb tIm¬ GXmWv? 45o

At¸mÄ Htc \ofhpw hoXn-bp-apÅ NXp-c-§fpw

‘A = ...........
Xpey-am-sW¶p ]d-bmw.
C\n c­p {XntIm-W-§-fn-sebpw Gähpw sNdnb
tImWp-IÄ GXmWv?
sk.ao.
4
sk.ao.

‘C = ...........
CS-¯cw tImWp-IÄ FSp-¯mtem? 4 sk.ao.
2

‘B = ........... 2 sk.ao.

9
Œ Xpey {XntIm-W§
- Ä 9
KWnXw
asämcp Xc-¯nepw CXp ImWmw: 'ABC bnse Gähpw henb
hi-amWv BC; AXn-s\-Xn-sc-bpÅ tImWm-Wv Gähpw henb
tImWmb ‘A.
CXp-t]mse Gähpw sNdnb hi-amb AB bpsS FXn-sc-bpÅ tImWm-
Wv, Gähpw sNdnb tImWmb ‘C; CS-¯cw hi-amb AC bpsS
FXn-sc-bm-Wv, CS-¯cw tImWmb ‘B.
'PQR epw C§-s\ -X-s¶-bmWv.
At¸mÄ t\cs¯ I­ Imcyw AÂ]w- IqSn hni-Z-ambn C§s\
]dbmw:
Pyman-Xob XpeyX Hcp {XntIm-W-¯nsâ hi-§Ä asämcp {XntIm-
Nn{X-¯nse kmam-´-cn-I-§Ä t\m¡q. W-¯nsâ hi-§Ä¡v Xpey-am-sW-¦nÂ, Cu
4 sk.ao. {XntIm-W-§-fnse Xpey-amb hi-§Ä¡v FXn-
sc-bpÅ tImWp-IÄ Xpey-am-W.v
CXp-]-tbm-Kn-¨pÅ Hcp IW¡p t\m¡mw. Nph-sS-¡m-
o.
sk.a

o.

Wp¶ {XntImWw hc-bv¡pI:

sk.a
3

C
3

.
sk.ao. .ao
4s

4
sk
k

5
sk.ao.
.ao

4
.

.ao. A
6 sk.ao.
B

3s
k
k.ao. C\n CtX {XntIm-Ww- Xs¶ AB bpsS Nph-«nÂ, CSXpw
3s heXpw amän hc-bv¡p-I.
4 sk.ao. C
.
c­v kmam-´-cn-I-¯n-sebpw hi-§Ä .ao
4s

k
4 skân-ao-äÀ, 3 skân-ao-äÀ F¶n§ 5s
k
.ao

s\bmWv. ]t£ Cu kmam-´-cn-I-§Ä

.

A B
Xpey-am-sW¶v ]d-bp-¶Xv icn-b-Ã-tÃm. 6 sk.ao.
.
Pyman-Xob cq]-§-fpsS Xpey-X-sb-¡p- .ao
4s

k
dn¨v bq¢nUv ]d-bp-¶Xv C§-s\-bmWv; 5s
k
.ao
.

H¶n-t\m-sSm¶p tbmPn-¡p-¶h
Xpey-am-Wv.
ap³t]-Pnse hc-Ifpw tImWp-Ifpw
NXp-c-§-fp-saÃmw, H¶p Xncn¨p h¨mÂ
IrXy-ambn tNÀ¶n-cn-¡p-a-tÃm.
D
'ABC bnse AC, BC F¶o hi-§Ä, 'ABD bnse BD,
AD F¶o hi-§Ä¡v Xpey-am-Wv.
aq¶m-as¯ hiw, c­p {XntIm-W-§fnepw AB Xs¶.
aq¶p hi-§-fp-sSbpw \ofw Xpey-am-b-Xn-\mÂ, tImWp-
Ifpw Xpey-am-Wv. AXm-bXv
‘CAB = ‘DBA ‘CBA = ‘DAB

10 `mKw þ 1
 ¢mkv þ 8
AC, BD F¶o hc-I-fn AB F¶ hc Iq«n-ap-«p-t¼m-gp- hm¡pw s]mcpfpw
­m-Ip¶ adptIm-Wp-If- m-WtÃm ‘CAB bpw ‘DBA bpw. Hcp {XntIm-W-¯nsâ hi-§Ä, asämcp
Ch Xpey-am-b-Xn-\mÂ, ACbpw BD bpw kam-´-c-h-c-I- {XntIm-W-¯nsâ hi-§Ä¡v Xpey-am-
fm-Wv. sW-¦nÂ, Ah IrXy-ambn tNÀ¯p
CXp-t]mse BC bpw AD bpw kam´c-amWv (hni-Zo-I- hbv ¡mw F¶p I­-tÃm. bq¢nUnsâ
cn-¡mtam?). `mjbn ]d-ªmÂ

AXm-bXv ACBD Hcp kmam-´-cn-I-amWv (Ggmw-¢m- Hcp {XntIm-W-¯nsâ hi-§Ä asämcp

{XntIm-W-¯nsâ hi-§Ä¡p Xpey-am-sW-
knse kam-´-c-h-c-IÄ F¶ ]mT-¯nse Htc Zni ¦n Cu {XntIm-W§- Ä Xpey-am-Wv.
F¶ `mKw). bq¢nUv, {Ko¡p `mj-bn-se-gp-Xnb Fe-
At¸mÄ, c­p hi-§f- psS \ofw 5 skâna- o-äÀ, 6 skân- saâ
Ime
vkv F¶ ]pkvXIw \thm-°m-\-
bqtdm-¸n emän³ `mj-bn-te¡v
ao-äÀ, Hcp hnIÀWw 8 skân-ao-äÀ Bb kmam´cnIw hnhÀ¯\w sNbvXp. ‘tbmPn-¡pI’
hc-bv¡mtam? F¶-Xnsâ emän³ hm¡v congruent
F¶m-Wv. ]s¯m-¼Xmw \qäm-t­msS
Pyman-Xob cq]-§-fpsS XpeyX F¶-
Xn\v Cw¥o-jn equal F¶-Xn\p ]Icw
(1 ) Nph-sS-bpÅ Hmtcm tPmSn Nn{X-§-fn-epw, Hcp congruent F¶ hm¡v D]-tbm-Kn¨p XpS-
{XntIm- W - ¯ nse tImWp- I Ä¡p Xpey- a mb §n.
tImWp-IÄ atä -{Xn-tIm-W-¯n \n¶v I­p-]n-
Sn¨v Fgp-Xp-I. R
i) C
.
.ao
4 sk.ao.

5s
.

k k
.ao

.ao 6s
k

.
4s

Z
A B P Q
6 sk.ao. 5 sk.ao.
ii)
.
N .ao
sk
.ao.

10 0
8 sk

s 1
k.a
4 sk

o.
.ao.

M
L 8 sk.ao. X 4 sk.ao. Y
(2) NphsS hc-¨n-cn-¡p¶ c­p {XntIm-W-§-fnÂ
AB = QR BC = RP CA = PQ
F¶n-§-s\-bmWv: C
R

40o 60o
A B
P Q
'ABC bnse ‘C bpw 'PQR se tImWp-Ifpw I­p-]n-Sn¨v Fgp-XpI.
11
Œ Xpey {XntIm-W§
- Ä 11
KWnXw
(3) NphsS hc-¨n-cn-¡p¶ {XntIm-W-§-fnÂ
\½psS `mj AB = QR BC = PQ CA = RP
Pyman-Xn-sb-¡p-dn-¨pÅ ]pkvX-I-§Ä ae-
bm-f-¯n-te¡v samgn-amäw \S-¯n-b-t¸mÄ F¶n-§-s\-bmWv:
congruent F¶- X n\v ‘ kÀh- k aw ’
C
F¶mWv D]-tbm-Kn-¨-Xv. Pyman-Xob cq]- R
§Ä tNÀ¶n-cn-¡-W-sa-¦n FÃm Af-
hp-Ifpw (\ofhpw tImWp-sa-Ãmw) Xpey-
am-bn-cn-¡-W-a-tÃm.
CX-\p-k-cn-¨v, {XntIm-W-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨pÅ
s]mXp-XXzw C§s\ Fgp-Xmw.
Hcp {XntIm-W-¯nsâ hi--§Ä asämcp
{XntIm-W-¯nsâ hi-§Ä¡p Xpey-am-sW- 60o 70o
¦n Ah kÀh-k-a-am-Wv. A B P Q

c­p {XntIm- W - § - f n- s ebpw aäp tImWp- I Ä

I­p]n-Sn¨v Fgp-Xp-I.

(4)
C

k.ao. 6s
k
8s .ao
.

A B

.
8s
k. .ao
ao. k
6s
D

Nn{X-¯n 'ABC, 'ABD F¶n-h-bnse tImWp-IÄ Xpey-amtWm?

F´p-sIm­v?

(5) Nn{X-¯nse ABCD F¶ NXpÀ`p-P-¯nÂ

AB = AD BC = CD
D

30o
A C
50o

B
NXpÀ`p-P-¯nse tImWp-I-sfÃmw IW-¡m-¡p-I.

12 `mKw þ 1
 ¢mkv þ 8
Hcp {XntIm-W¯- nsâ tImWp-IÄ asämcp {XntIm-W¯ - nsâ
tImWp-IÄ¡v Xpey-am-sW-¦nÂ, {XntIm-W§
- f- psS hi-§Ä
Xpey-am-Iptam?

c­p hi-§fpw Hcp tImWpw

aq¶v hi-§-fp-sSbpw \ofw X¶m {XntImWw hc-bv¡mw. c­v
hi-§-fpsS \ofhpw Ah tNcp¶ tImWpw ]d-ªm-tem?
c­p hi-§-fpsS \ofw 5 skân-ao-äÀ, 7 skân-ao-äÀ; Ah tNÀ¶p-
­m-Ip¶ tIm¬ 40°.
{XntImWw hc-bv¡mtam?
C§s\ hcbv¡mw
.
.ao
k
7s
min = 0, max = 5 Bbn ssÉUÀ a \nÀan-
40o
¡p- I . hi- § -
f psS \ofw 4, 5, 6 Bb Hcp

{W-{XnXn§ttIm-Im--fWWp-shpw
hpw \n4a,Àan5a,-¡p-6aI. Bb asämcp
5 sk.ao.
C§-s\-bp-amImw
Sbpw tImWp- Ic­p
Ä {XntIm-
t\m¡q.
7s
k
(sNbv
Angle FSp¯v {XntIm-W-¯n-Â ¢n¡v
Xm tIm¬ Af-hp-IÄ ImWmw.)
a F¶ kwJy amän t\m¡q. F´mWv
.ao
.

40o
kw`-hn-¡p-¶Xv? a = 1 BIp-t¼mtgm?
5 sk.ao.

Xmgs¯ hiw 7 skân-ao-äÀ Bbpw hcbv¡mw

. 5
.ao sk
5 sk .ao
.
40o 40o
7 sk.ao. 7 sk.ao.

atä-sX-¦nepw coXn-bn hc-bv¡mtam?

Cu {XntIm-W-§-fp-sS-sbÃmw aq¶m-as¯ hi-§Ä¡pw Htc \of-
amtWm?
t\cs¯ sNbvX-Xp-t]mse, Hcp {XntImWw I«n-¡-S-em-kn apdn-
s¨-Sp-¯v, Xncn¨pw adn¨pw aäp {XntIm-W-§-fp-ambn H¯p t\m¡q.
IrXy-ambn tNÀ¶n-cn-¡p-¶ntÃ?
hi-§fpw tImWpw amän t\m¡q.

13
Œ Xpey {XntIm-W§
- Ä 13
KWnXw

ChnsS I­ Imcyw s]mXp-X-Xz-ambn FgpXmw.

Hcp {XntIm-W-¯nsâ c­p hi-§fpw Ah tNcp¶
tImWpw, asämcp {XntIm-W¯
- nsâ c­p hi-§Ä¡pw
Ah tNcp¶ tImWn\pw Xpey-am-sW-¦nÂ, Cu {XntIm-
W-§f - psS aq¶m-as¯ hi-§fpw Xpey-amWv; aäp c­p
tImWp-Ifpw Xpey-am-W.v

Cu {XntIm-W-§Ä t\m¡q.
R

C
{XntImW\nivNbw

\of-apÅ Hcp CuÀ¡n aS¡n Hcp .ao

.

.ao.
sk

tIm¬ D­m-¡pI. P

8 sk
4

50o
A 8 sk.ao. B

4s
50o

k
.ao
.
Q

Cu tImWnsâ c­p hi-§fptSbpw apI- 'ABC bnse AB, CA F¶o hi-§fpw Ah tNcp¶
fn asämcp CuÀ¡n h¨v Hcp {XntIm- ‘A bpw 'PQR se QR, PQ F¶o hi-§Ä¡pw Ah
W-ap-­m-¡-Ww. ]e coXn-bn hbv¡m- tNcp¶ ‘Q hn\pw Xpey-am-Wv.
a-tÃm.
AXn-\m Ct¸mÄ I­-X-\p-k-cn¨v, 'ABC, 'PQR Ch-
bnse aq¶m-as¯ hi-§-fmb BC, PR F¶o hi-§fpw
Xpey-amWv; ‘B, ‘C Ch 'PQR se c­p tImWp-IÄ¡v
apI-fnse hi¯n Hcp AS-bm-f-an«v
Xpey-am-Wv.
c­m- a s¯ CuÀ¡n AXn¡qSn- ‘B bv¡p Xpey-amb tIm¬ GXmWv?
¯s¶ IS¶p t]mI- W - s a¶p ]d-
ªmtem? Xpey- a mb hi- § Ä¡v FXn- s c- b mWv Xpey- a mb
tImWp-IÄ.
'ABC bn AC F¶ hi-¯n\v FXn-sc-bmWv ‘B.
apI- f n- s e hi- ¯ nepw Xmgs¯ 'PQR Â AC bv¡p Xpey-amb hiw PQ; AXn-s\-Xn-sc-
hi¯nepw AS-bm-f-an-«v, Cu c­-S-bm-f- bpÅ tIm¬ ‘R.
§-fn¡q-Snbpw IS-¶p-t]m-I-¯-¡-hn[w
CuÀ¡n hbv¡W - s- a¶p ]d-ªmtem? At¸mÄ ‘B = ‘R.
F{X {XntIm-W-§Ä D­m¡mw?
Hcp tImWpw AXnsâ c­v hi-§f- psS CXp-t]mse ‘C = ‘P F¶pw ImWmw (hni-Zo-I-cn-
\ofhpw ]d-bp-¶-tXmsS {XntImWw Dd- ¡mtam?).
¸n-¡mw, AtÃ?

14 `mKw þ 1
 ¢mkv þ 8
C\n Cu Nn{X-§Ä t\m¡q: ○

C
○

3 sk.ao.
○

3s
k.a
○

o.
30o 30 o

A B P 5 sk.ao. Q
5 sk.ao.

C§-s\-bpÅ {XntIm-W-§Ä hc-¨Xv HmÀa-bpt­m? (Ggmw

¢mknse F¶ ]mT-¯nÂ
{XntIm-W-\nÀanXn F¶ asämcp tIm¬

`mKw).
'ABC, 'PQR Ch-bnÂ,
AB = PQ = 5 sk.ao.
BC = QR = 3 sk.ao.
‘A = ‘P = 30°
AC, PR F¶o hi-§Ä Xpey-amtWm?
c­p hi-§fpw Hcp tImWpw Xpey-am-bn-«pw,
aq¶m-as¯ hi-§Ä Xpey-aÃ
- m-¯Xv F´p-sIm-
­mWv?

(1 ) Nph-sS-bpÅ Hmtcm tPmSn Nn{X-§-fn-epw, H¶mw {XntIm-W-

¯nse tImWp-IÄ¡p Xpey-amb tImWp-IÄ c­mw- {Xn-tIm-
W-¯n \n¶v I­p-]n-Sn¨v Fgp-Xp-I.
C
i)
.
.ao R 3
sk
k
7s .ao
.
40 o

40o P 7 sk.ao. Q
A B
3 sk.ao.
ii) Z
N
o.
4 sk.a

6s

50o
.
.ao

k
sk

.ao

50o
4

L M
6 sk.ao. X Y
15
Œ Xpey {XntIm-W§
- Ä 15
KWnXw
(2) Nn{X-¯n AC, BE Ch kam-´-c-h-c-I-fmWv.
C E

kÀh-ka- X- m-X{- ´w .ao

. .ao
.

_n.kn. Bdmw \qäm-­n {Kokn Pohn- 6s

k 6s
k

¨n-cp¶ XXzNn´-I\pw KWn-X-im-kv{X-

Ú-\p-am-bn-cp¶p tYeo-kv. Zqsc IS-enÂ
\¦q-c-an«p InS-¡p¶ Hcp I¸Â Ic-bn A 4 sk.ao. B 4 sk.ao. D

\n¶v F{X AI-se-bm-sW¶v IW-¡p-

Iq-«m³ tYeokv D]-tbm-Kn-¨-Xmbn ]d-b- i) BC, DE F¶o hc- I Ä¡v Htc \of- a mtWm?

s¸-Sp¶ Hcp kq{Xw t\m¡q. F´p-sIm­v?

BZyw I¸-en-\v -t\sc Xoc-t¯mSp ii) BC, DE F¶o hc-IÄ kam-´-c-

tNÀ¶v Hcp I¼p \m«n. Ipd-¨-I-se-bmbn C
Xoc- t ¯mSp tNÀ¶p- X s¶ asämcp
amtWm?
.
I¼pw. XpSÀ¶v Cu c­p I¼p-I-fpsS F´p-sIm­v?
k
.ao
H¯ -\-Sp-¡mbn aq¶m-a-sXmcp I¼pw (3) Nn{X- ¯ n ACBD 6s

Ip¯n \nÀ¯n. kmam-´-cn-I- 35o

]n¶oSv, c­m-as¯ I¼n \n¶v Xoc-

A B
amtWm? F´p- 35o
¯n\v ew_-ambn Ic-bn Hcp hc hc-
¨p. I¸-ens\ t\m¡n-s¡m­v Cu hc-
sIm­v? .
.ao
bn-eqsS ]pd-tIm«p \S¶v \Sp-hn-es¯ 6s
k

I¼v I¸-en\v t\sc I­-t¸mÄ \S¯w

\nÀ¯n. At¸mÄ \n¶n-cp¶ Øm\w hc-
D

bn AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp¯n. (4) Nn{X-¯n AB F¶ hc-bpsS a[y-_n-µp-hmWv M.

'ABC bnse aäp c­p tImWp-IÄ IW-¡m-¡p-I.

I¸Â C
○
○

○
○

○
○

○
○

I¼v I¼v I¼v

○

1 3 2
○

50o
○

A M B
tYeokv
○

Ct¸mÄ IS-ense {XntIm-Whpw Ic-

bnse {XntIm-Whpw kÀh-k-a-am-b-Xn- (5) NphsS ImWp¶ Nn{X-¯nÂ, AB, CD F¶o hi-

\m (F´p-sIm­v?) Ic-bn \n¶v I¸- §Ä kam-´-c-am-Wv. AB bpsS a[y-_n-µp-hmWv M.

en-te-¡pÅ Zqcw tYeokv Ahkm\w
\n¶ Øm\hpw Xochpw X½n-epÅ Zqcw
Xs¶-bm-W-tÃm. D 6 sk.ao. C

40o 60o
A M B
12 sk.ao.

16 `mKw þ 1
 ¢mkv þ 8
i) 'AMD, 'MBC, 'DCM Ch-bnse tImWp-I-sfÃmw IW-¡m-
¡p-I.
ii) AMCD, MBCD F¶o NXpÀ`p- P - § - f psS khn- t ijX
F´mWv?
Hcp hihpw c­p tImWp-Ifpw
hi-§-fp-sS-sbÃmw \ofw ]d-ªm {XntImWw hcbv¡mw; c­p
hi-§-fpsS \of-hpw, Ah tNcp¶ tImWpw ]d-ªmepw {XntImWw
hc-bv¡mw.
Hcp hi-¯nsâ \ofhpw AXnsâ c­-ä-¯p-Å tImWp-Ifpw ]d-
ªmtem?
Hcp hi-¯nsâ \ofw 8 skân-ao-äÀ; AXnsâ c­-ä¯v 40°, 60°
tImWp-IÄ. {XntImWw hc-bv¡mtam?
C§s\ hcbv¡mw.

40o 60o
8 sk.ao.

tImWp-I-fpsS Øm\w amän C§-s\bpw hc-bv¡mw.

60o 40o
8 sk.ao.
C§-s\-sbÃmw hcbv¡mw:

60o 8s
. 60o
.ao k
.ao
k .
8s

40o 40o

atä-sX-¦nepw coXn-bn hc-bv¡mtam?

JT -/MDWKV-(0)

C§s\ hc-bv¡p¶ {XntIm-W-§-fp-sS-sbÃmw aq¶m-as¯ tIm¬

80° Xs¶-bm-Wv. (F-´p-sIm­v?)
aäp c­p hi-§tfm?
17
Œ Xpey {XntIm-W§
- Ä 17
KWnXw
C¯cw Hcp {XntImWw sh«n-sb-Sp-¯v, aäp-Å-h-bp-ambn Xncn¨pw
adn¨pw tNÀ¯p-h¨p t\m¡q. aäv c­v hi-§fpw Xpey-atÃ?
At¸mÄ aq¶m-a-sXmcp s]mXp-XXzw IqSn-bmbn.
Hcp {XntIm-W¯ - nsâ Hcp hihpw AXnsâ c­-ä¯ - pÅ
tImWp-If - pw, asämcp {XntIm-W¯
- nsâ Hcp hi-¯n\pw
AXnsâ c­-ä¯ - p-Å tImWp-IÄ¡pw XpeyamsW¦nÂ,
Cu {XntIm-W-§-fpsS aq¶m-as¯ tImWp-IÄ Xpey-
amWv. Xpey-amb tImWp-IÄs¡-Xn-sc-bpÅ hi-§fpw
Xpey-am-W.v
GXv {XntIm-W-¯nepw tImWp-I-fpsS XpI 180 BW-tÃm. At¸mÄ
o

Hcp {XntIm-W-¯nse c­v tImWp-IÄ Adn-bm-sa-¦n aq¶m-as¯

tIm¬ I­p-]n-Sn¡mw.
At¸mÄ, Hcp {XntIm-W-¯nse GsX-¦nepw c­v tImWp-IÄ asämcp
{XntIm-W-¯nse c­v tImWp-IÄ¡v Xpey-am-sW-¦nÂ, aq¶m-as¯
tImWp-Ifpw Xpey-am-Wv.
GsX-¦nepw Hcp hi-hpw- IqSn Xpey-am-bmtem? aäp c­v hi-§Ä
Xpey-am-Iptam?
CXp-t]mse c­p {XntIm-W-§Ä hc¨p t\m¡q:

40o 60o 40o 80o

8 sk.ao. 8 sk.ao.

Cu {XntIm-W-§-fpsS aq¶m-as¯ tImWp-IÄ F´mWv?

60o
80 o

40o 60o 40o 80o

8 sk.ao. 8 sk.ao.

Hcp hihpw FÃm tImWp-Ifpw Xpey-am-bn«pw {XntIm-

W-§f - psS aäp c­p hi-§Ä Xpey-aÃ
- m-¯Xv F´p-sIm-
­mWv?

18 `mKw þ 1
 ¢mkv þ 8
apI-fn ]dª s]mXp-X-Xz-¯nsâ Hcp D]-tbmKw t\m¡mw. Nn{X-
¯nse ABCD Hcp kmam-´-cn-I-amWv:
D C

icn-bÃ- m¯ s]mcp¯w
Hcp {XntIm- W - ¯ n\v aq¶p hi- § Ä,
A B aq¶p tImWp- I Ä F¶n- § s\ BsI

AXm-b-Xv, CXnse AB, CD F¶o FXnÀh-i-§-fpw,
AD, BC F¶o FXnÀh-i-§-fpw kam-´-c- h-c-I-fm-Wv.
AC F¶ hnIÀWw hc-¨m CXns\ c­p {XntIm-W-
Bdv Af- h p- I - f mWtÃm DÅ- X v . c­p
{XntImW§- f n Cu Af- h p- I - f nse
\nÝn-X-amb aqs¶®w (aq¶v hi-§Ä,
c­p hi-§fpw Ah- tNcp¶ tImWpw

§-fmbn `mKn¡mw: Hcp hihpw AXnsâ c­- ä - ¯ p- a pÅ

tImWp-I-fpw) Xpey-am-bm Cu {XntIm-
D C W- § Ä Xpey- a m- I p- s a¶v (AXm- b Xv
_m¡n aq¶v Af- h p- I fpw Xpey- a m- b n-
cn¡psa¶v) I­p.

C\n Hcp IS-emkn hi-§Ä 4, 6, 9

skâ n-ao-äÀ Bb Hcp {XntImWw hc-
bv¡q.
A B

'ABC, 'ADC Ch c­n-epw, Hcp hiw AC Xs¶-bmWv.

AXnsâ c­-ä-¯p-Å tImWp-IÄ Xpey-amtWm? ASp-¯X- mbn 6, 9, 13.5 skân-ao-äÀ Bb
asämcp {XntIm-W-hpw.
AB, CD F¶o kam-´chc-IÄ, AC F¶ hc-bp-ambn
tNÀ¶p- ­ m- I p¶ adp- t Im- W p- I - f mWv ‘CAB bpw
‘DCA bpw.
AXn-\mÂ
Ch-bpsS tImWp-IÄ Af¶p t\m¡q.
‘CAB = ‘DCA c­v {XntIm-W-¯n-sebpw tImWp-IÄ
CXp-t]mse Xpey-atÃ? (sh«n-sb-Sp¯v tImWp-I-tfm-
tcm¶pw tNÀ¯p- s h¨v t\m¡n- b mepw
‘ACB = ‘DAC
aXn).
F¶pw ImWmw. (F§s\?) AXm-b-Xv, Cu {XntIm-W-§-fn aq¶v
tImWp-I-fpw, c­p hi-§-fp-ambn A©v
At¸mÄ 'ABC, 'ADC Ch-bn AC F¶ hi-hpw,
Afhp-IÄ Xpey-am-Wv. ]t£ Ch kÀh-
AXnsâ c­-ä-¯p-Å tImWp-Ifpw Xpey-am-Wv. AXn- k-aaÃtÃm.
\m Cu {XntIm-W§
- f- nse Xpey-amb tImWp-IÄs¡-
Xn-sc-bpÅ hi-§fpw Xpey-am-Wv. AXm-bXv,
AB = CD AD = BC
CXv GXp kmam-´-cn-I-¯n\pw icn-bm-W-tÃm.
GXp kmam-´c- n-I¯
- nepw FXnÀh-i§
- Ä Xpey-am-Wv.
19
Œ Xpey {XntIm-W§
- Ä 19
KWnXw
kmam-´cnI¯nse DB F¶ hnIÀWw IqSn hc-bv¡mw. hnIÀW-
§Ä apdn-¨p-I-S-¡p¶ _nµp-hns\ P F¶p hnfn¡mw.

D C

kmam-´c- nIw A B
AB, AC F¶o hc- I Ä hc- b v ¡ p- I .
Parallel LineFSp¯v AC bv¡v kam-´- 'APB, 'CPD AB, CD
c-ambn bn IqSnbpw AB bv¡v kam-
Ch t\m¡q. Ch-bnse F¶o
B
´-c-ambn bn IqSnbpw hc-IÄ hc-
C
hi-§Ä Xpey-am-sW¶p I­pIgn-ªp. Ah-bpsS c­-

bv¡p-I. Ch apdn¨p IS-¡p¶ _nµp D ä-¯p-Å tImWp-Itfm?

AS- b m- f s¸Sp- ¯ p- I . kmam- ´ - c nIw

ABDC hc¨v hnIÀW-§fpw hc-bv¡p-I.
‘CAB, ‘DCA Ch Xpey-am-sW¶p I­p.

AXm-bXv,‘PAB = ‘PCD

‘PBA, ‘PDC F¶nh Xpey-amtWm?

AB, CD F¶o kam- ´ - c - h - c - I fpw BD F¶ hcbpw

tNÀ¶p-­m-Ip¶ adp-tIm-Wp-If
- m-WtÃm Ch. AXn-\mÂ
Chbpw Xpey-am-Wv.

hnIÀW- § Ä ]c- k v ] cw ka- ` mKw At¸mÄ 'APB, 'CPD Ch-bn AB, CD F¶o hi-

sN¿p-¶pt­m F¶v t\m¡q. (Mid Point §Ä Xpey-amWv; Ah-bpsS c­-ä-¯pÅ tImWp-Ifpw

or Center FSp¯v hnIÀW- ¯ n Xpey-am-Wv. AXn-\mÂ, Ah-bnse Xpey-amb tImWp-

¢n¡v sNbvXm AXnsâ a[y-_nµp
e`n¡pw). A, B, C F¶o _nµp-¡-fpsS
IÄs¡-Xn-sc-bpÅ hi-§fpw Xpey-am-Wv.

Øm\w amän hyXykvX kmam-´-cn-I- AXm-bXv, AP = CP BP = DP

§Ä hc-bv¡mw. asämcp hn[-¯n ]d-ªmÂ, AC, BD F¶o c­p

hnIÀW-§-fp-sSbpw a[y-_n-µp-hmWv P.

GXp kmam-´c- nI- ¯

- nepw hnIÀW-§Ä apdn¨p IS-¡p¶
_nµp, c­p hnIÀW-§f- p-sSbpw a[y-_n-µp-hm-Wv.
C¡mcyw C§-s\bpw ]dbmw:

GXp kmam-´c- n-I¯

- nepw hnIÀW-§Ä ]c-k]v cw ka-
`mKw sN¿p-¶p.

20 `mKw þ 1
 ¢mkv þ 8
(1) Nph-sS-bpÅ Hmtcm tPmSn Nn{X-§-fn-epw, H¶mw -{Xn-tIm-
W- ¯ nse hi- § Ä¡v Xpey- a mb hi- § Ä c­mw -
{Xn-tIm-W-¯n \n¶v I­p-]n-Sn¨v Fgp-Xp-I.

i) C R

50o

6s
k.a
o.
50o 70o
A 6 sk.ao.
B 70o
ii) P Q
N
Z
ao.
sk.
8

30o 80o
L M 70o 30o
X 8 sk.ao. Y
(2) Nn{X-¯nÂ, AB F¶ hc-bpsS c­-ä-¯pw
P
kam-´-chpw Xpey-hp-amb c­p hc-IÄ AP,
BQ hc-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. PQ, AB Ch apdn-¨p-I-S-
¡p¶ _nµp-hmWv M.
i) 'AMP bpsS aq¶p hi-§fpw 'BMQ sâ A B
M
hi-§Ä¡v Xpey-amtWm? F´p-sIm-­v?

ii) AB F¶ hc-bn M F¶ _nµp-hnsâ

Øm\-¯nsâ khn-ti-jX F´mWv? Q
iii) 5.5 skân-ao-äÀ \of-apÅ hc hc-bv¡p-I. Pyman-Xn-s¸-«n-bnse
Hcp a«w am{Xw D]-tbm-Kn¨v hc-bpsS a[y_nµp I­p-]n-Sn-
¡p-I.
A
(3) Nn{X-¯n ABCDE F¶ ]©-`p-P-¯nsâ
hi-§Ä Xpey-amWv. tImWp-Ifpw Xpey-
B E
amWv. AB, AE F¶o hi-§Ä \o«n-bXpw
CD F¶ hiw \o«nbXpw P, Q F¶o
_nµp-¡-fn Iq«n-ap-«p¶p.

i) 'BPC bpsS hi-§Ä 'EQD bpsS hi- P C D Q

§Ä¡v Xpey-amtWm? F´p-sIm­v?

ii) 'APQ bpsS AP, AQ F¶o hi-§Ä Xpey-amtWm?

F´p-sIm­v?

21
Œ Xpey {XntIm-W§
- Ä 21
KWnXw
(4) Nn{X-¯nse 'ABC, 'PQR Ch-bnÂ

AB = QR BC = RP CA = PQ
F¶n-§-s\-bmWv.

A D B
P Q

i) CD, PS Ch Xpey-amtWm? F´p-sIm­v?

ii) 'ABC, 'PQR Ch- b psS ]c- ¸ - f - h p- I Ä X½n F´mWp

_Ôw?

(5) Nn{X-¯nse ABCD F¶ NXpÀ`p-P-¯n AB, CD Ch kam-´-c-

amWv; BC F¶ hi-¯nsâ a[y-_n-µp-hmWv M.

D C

A B N

DM, AB F¶o hc-IÄ \o«n-bXv N F¶ _nµp-hn Iq«n-ap-«p-¶p.

i) 'DCM, 'BMN F¶nh-bpsS ]c-¸-f-hp-IÄ Xpey-amtWm?

F´p-sIm­v?

ii) ABCD F¶ NXpÀ`p-P-¯n-sâ-bpw, ADN F¶ {XntIm-W-¯n-

sâbpw ]c-¸-f-hp-IÄ X½n F´mWp _Ôw?

(6) Hcp NXp-c-¯nsâ c­v hnIÀW-§Ä Xpey-amtWm?

F´p-sIm­v?

22 `mKw þ 1
 ¢mkv þ 8
ka-]mÀiz-{Xn-tIm-W-§Ä
Cu {XntImWw t\m¡q.
CXnsâ c­v hi-§Ä Xpey-am-Wv. Nph-sS- C
bpÅ tImWp-Ifpw Xpey-am-sW¶p tXm¶p-
¶ntÃ?

ao.
C¯-c-samcp {XntImWw sh«n-sb-Sp-¯v, Xpey

6s
k.

k.
hi-§Ä tNÀ¶n-cn-¡p¶ hn[w \Sp-hn-eqsS

6s

ao.
aS-¡n-t\m¡q. Nph-sS-bpÅ tImWp-IÄ IrXy-
ambn tNÀ¶n-cn-¡p-¶ntÃ?
tImWp-IÄ Xpey-am-Im³ F´mWv ImcWw? A B

aS-¡nb hc Nn{X-¯n hc¨p t\m¡mw; AXm-bX- v, apI-fnse aqebpw

Xmgs¯ hi¯nsâ a[y-_n-µphpw tbmPn-¸n-¡pI.
C
ssÉUÀ
min = 3, max = 15
\nÀhc- BI- ¯
an-¡bp-Iv¡. p-\ofw - ¡ -
6 Bbn
h n[w
tI{
AB F¶
µ
a

-
a mbpw hcBcw Bbpw I . A, B Ch
c­p hr¯-
§Ä
AS- b hc¨v
m-
a

f-s¸- SAh
p-¯ -p Iq«n'ABC
I. -ap-«p¶hc-_nbv¡µpp-IC.
C\n hr¯-
hne amdp- §¶Ä-X\p-ad¨pk-chbvn¨v¡hyXykv
mw. a bpsSX
A M B
{W-Xn§-tIm--fp-WsS--§sbÃmw
Ä In«c­pp-¶n-tÃ?hi-Cu § Ä{XXpey-
ntIm-
Ct¸mÄ AMC, BMC F¶o c­p {XntIm-W-§-fm-bn. amW. v tImWp-
tImWp-IÄ F{X-bmWv? Itfm? a = 6 BIp-t¼mÄ

Ch-bn AC, BC F¶o hi-§Ä Xpey-amWv.

M F¶-Xv, AB bpsS a[y-_nµp Bb-Xn-\m AM, BM
Chbpw Xpey-am-Wv. c­nepw aq¶m-as¯ hiw CM Xs¶-bm-Wv.
c­p {XntIm-W-§-fp-sSbpw hi-§-sfÃmw Xpey-am-b-Xn-\mÂ, Xpey-
amb hi-§Äs¡-Xn-sc-bpÅ tImWp-Ifpw Xpey-am-Wv.
At¸mÄ c­p {XntIm-W-§-fnepw CM F¶ hi-¯n-s\-Xn-sc-bpÅ
‘A, ‘B Ch Xpey-amWv.
CXv Hcp s]mXp-X-Xz-ambn FgpXmw:
Hcp {XntIm-W¯
- nsâ c­p hi-§Ä Xpey-am-sW-¦nÂ,
Cu hi-§Äs¡Xn-sc-bpÅ tImWp-Ifpw Xpey-am-W.v
ChnsS asämcp Imcy-hpw-IqSn ImWmw. Nn{X-¯nse 'AMC, 'BMC
Ch-bnse Xpey-h-i-§-fmb AC, BC Ch-bvs¡-Xn-sc-bpÅ ‘AMC,
‘BMC Chbpw Xpey-am-Wv.
23
Œ Xpey {XntIm-W§
- Ä 23
KWnXw
Cu c­p tImWp-IÄ CM F¶ hc-bpsS Ccphi-¯p-apÅ tImWp-
I-fm-b-Xn-\mÂ, Ah-bpsS XpI 180° BWv.
At¸mÄ Cu tImWp-I-tfm-tcm¶pw 90° BWv.
AXm-b-Xv, CM F¶ hc AB bv¡v ew_-am-Wv.
C\n thsdmcp Nn´: BZyw ]dª s]mXp-XXzw adn¨p ]d-ªmÂ
icn-bm-Iptam?
AXm-b-Xv, Hcp {XntIm-W-¯nsâ c­p tImWp-IÄ Xpey-am-sW-¦nÂ,
Ah-bv¡v FXn-sc-bpÅ hi-§Ä Xpey-amtWm?
Hcp Nn{Xw hc¨p t\m¡mw: C

ap³ t]Pnse Pntbm-Pn{_ {]hÀ¯-\-

¯n C F¶ _nµp- h n\v Trace On A B
\ÂIp-I. C bpsS k©m-c-]mX {i²n-¡q. 'ABC bn ‘A = ‘B BWv. AC = BCBtWm F¶mWv
tNmZyw.
ap¼p sNbvX-Xp-t]mse 'ABC sb c­p {XntIm-W-§-
fmbn `mKn-¡mw. ChnsS C bpw AB bpsS a[y-_n-µphpw
tbmPn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\p ]I-cw, C bn \n¶v AB bnte¡v
ew_w hc-bv¡p-¶-XmWv kuIcyw.
C

A P B
'APC, 'PBC Ch c­n-sebpw Hcp hi-amWv CP. AXnsâ P F¶
Aä-s¯ tImWpIÄ a«-hp-am-Wv.
atä Aä-¯pÅ tImWp-Itfm?
‘A = ‘B F¶-dn-bmw.
‘APC = 90 = ‘BPC F¶pw Adn-bmw.
o

At¸mÄ aq¶m- a s¯ tImWp- I - f mb ‘ACP, ‘BCP Ch- b pw

Xpey-am-IW-a-tÃm. (F´p-sIm-­v?)
24 `mKw þ 1
 ¢mkv þ 8
A§s\ c­p {XntIm-W-§-fnepw Hcp hihpw Ah-bpsS c­-ä-
¯pÅ tImWp-Ifpw Xpey-am-sW¶p In«n. At¸mÄ Xpey-amb
tImWp-IÄs¡-Xn-sc-bpÅ hi-§fpw Xpey-am-W-tÃm. AXn-\m AC,
BC Ch Xpey-am-sW¶p hcp-¶p.

Hcp {XntIm-W-¯nsâ c­p tImWp-IÄ Xpey-am-sW-

¦nÂ, Cu tImWp-If- psS FXn-sc-bpÅ hi-§fpw Xpey-
am-W.v
c­p hi-§Ä Xpey-amb {XntIm-W-s¯ ka-]mÀiz
Slider FSp¯v AXn Angle ¢n¡v
{XntImWw (isosceles triangle) F¶mWv ]d-bp-¶-Xv. sNbvXm DF¶v In«pw. min = 0 , max
o

Ct¸mÄ I­ XXz-a-\p-k-cn-¨v, c­p tImWp-IÄ Xpey- = 90 Fs¶-Sp-¡p-I.

o

amb {XntIm-W-§fpw ka-]mÀiz{XntIm-W-§-fm-Wv.

\ofw 6 Bbn AB F¶ hc hcbv¡pI.
Cu {XntImWw t\m¡q: ‘A = ‘B = D BI-¯¡ - h- n[w hc-IÄ
hc-¨v Iq«n-ap«p¶ _nµp C AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-
C ¯pI. 'ABC hcbv¡p-I.
4s
ao.

k.
k.

ao.
4s

A 4 sk.ao. B

aq¶p hi-§fpw Xpey-amb C¯-cs - amcp {XntIm-Ws¯

C\n AcC, BcC F¶o hc-Ifpw Ac, Bc
ka-`p-P{- Xn-tImWw F¶m-WtÃm ]d-bp-¶X - v. ka-]mÀiz F¶o _nµp-¡fpw ad¨p hbv¡mw. D
{XntIm-W-§-fpsS Iq«-¯nse Hcp khn-tij C\-am- amdp-¶-X-\p-k-cn¨v {XntIm-W-¯nsâ
Wv ka-`p-P-{Xn-tImWw (equilateral triangle). hi-§Ä amdp-¶Xv t\m¡q. D = 60 o

BIp-t¼mÄ {XntIm-W-¯nsâ {]tXy-

Nn{X-¯nse 'ABC bn AC = BC Bb-Xn-\mÂ, Cu
hi- § Äs¡- X n- s c- b pÅ ‘B, ‘A Ch Xpey- a mWv .
IX F´mWv? 45 BIpt¼mtgm?
o

IqSmsX AB = AC Bb-Xn-\mÂ, Ah-bvs¡-Xn-sc-bpÅ ‘C, ‘B Chbpw

Xpey-am-Wv. At¸mÄ Cu {XntIm-W-¯nse aq¶p tImWp-Ifpw Xpey-
am-Wv. tImWp-I-fpsS XpI 180° Bb-Xn-\mÂ, Hmtcm tImWpw 180°
y 3 = 60° F¶pw ImWmw.

GsXmcp ka-`p-P-{Xn-tIm-W-¯n-epw, tImWp-I-sfÃmw

60° BWv.

adn¨v, Hcp {XntIm-W-¯nsâ tImWp-I-sfÃmw 60° BsW-¦nÂ,

AsXmcp ka`pP{XntIm-W-amWv. (hni-Zo-I-cn-¡mtam?)
25
Œ Xpey {XntIm-W§
- Ä 25
KWnXw

(1) NphsS Iptd ka-]mÀiz-{Xn-tIm-W§ - Ä hc-¨n-«p-­v. Hmtcm-¶nepw

Hcp tIm¬ Fgp-Xn-bn-«p-­v. aäp- tIm-Wp-IÄ I­p-]n-Sn-¡pI.

40o

30o

20o
100o

(2) Hcp ka-]mÀiz-{Xn-tIm-W-¯nsâ Hcp tIm¬ 120° BWv. aäp

c­p tImWp-IÄ Fs´m-s¡-bmWv?
(3) Hcp ka-]mÀiz-{Xn-tIm-W-¯nsâ Hcp tIm¬ 90° BWv. AXnsâ
aäp c­p tImWp-IÄ Fs´m-s¡-bmWv?
(4) Nn{X-¯n O hr¯-tI-{µhpw, A, B F¶nh hr¯-¯nse _nµp-
¡-fp-amWv.

60o

A B

‘A, ‘B Ch IW-¡m-¡p-I.

26 `mKw þ 1
 ¢mkv þ 8
5. Nn{X-¯n O hr¯-tI-{µ-hpw, A, B, C F¶nh hr¯-¯nse

_nµp-¡-fp-am-Wv.
A ew_-ka- `- mPn
Hcp hcbv ¡ v At\Iw ew_- § Ä hc-
bv¡mw.

120o 120o
O A B
B C

'ABC bpsS tImWp-IÄ Fs´m-s¡-bmWv?

hcbv¡v At\Iw ka-`m-Pn-Ifpw hc-bv¡mw.
ka-`m-Pn-IÄ C

A
M B

A P B
ew_hpw ka-`m-Pn-bp-ambn Hcp hc am{X-
Cu Nn{Xw t\m¡q: ta-bp-Åq.
'ABC bn AC, BC Ch Xpey-amWv; C bn \n¶v AB
bnte-¡pÅ ew_-amWv CP
CXn 'APC, 'BPC Ch-bpsS hi-§-fpw, tImWp-Ifpw A B
Xpey-am-sW¶p I­p. At¸mÄ AP bpw BP bpw Xpey- M
amWv. AXm-b-Xv, AB sb CP ka-`mKw sN¿p-¶p.
IqSmsX ‘ACP, ‘BCP Chbpw Xpey-amWv; At¸mÄ
CP F¶ hc, ‘C sb ka- ` mKw sN¿p¶p F¶p
]dbmw.
Hcp ka-]mÀiz-{Xn-tIm-W¯
- nÂ, Xpey-hi
- §
- Ä tNcp¶
aqe-bn \n¶v FXnÀh-it- ¯-b¡ v pÅ ew_w, Cu aqe-
bn-epÅ tImWn-t\bpw FXnÀh-i-s¯bpw ka-`mKw
sN¿p¶p.
Hcp hc-sbtbm tImWn-s\tbm ka-`mKw sN¿p¶ hcbv¡v ka-
`mPn (bisector) F¶mWv ]d-bp-¶-Xv. At¸mÄ apI-fnse Nn{X-¯nÂ
CP F¶ hc AB bpsSbpw ‘C bpsSbpw ka-`m-Pn-bm-Wv. CXv AB
bv¡v ew_-hpw- IqSn Bb-Xn-\m CXns\ AB bpsS ew_-k-a-`mPn
(perpendicular bisector) F¶p hnfn-¡mw.
27
Œ Xpey {XntIm-W§
- Ä 27
KWnXw
CXv asämcp Xc-¯nepw ]dbmw: AB bpsS ew_-k-a-
`mPn C bneqsS IS¶p t]mIpw.
AB bv¡v ta thsdbpw
AI- ¯ p-
\ ns
- ¶mcp ew_w ka-]mÀiz-{Xn-tIm-W-§Ä hc-

○
bv¡m-atÃm.

○
Hcp hc-bnse \nÝn-X-Øm-\-¯p-\n¶p

○
C

○
ew_w hc-bv¡p-¶Xv F§s\? AB bpsS ew_- k - a - ` m- P n, Cu

○
○
{XntIm-W-§-fp-sS-sbÃmw apI-

○
○
A P B
fnse aqe-bn-eqsS IS-¶p-t]m-
BZywbn¯s¶
bn \nc­p
¶v Xpey AI-
e -
¯ nÂ

○
Ipw.

○
AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯p-I. _nµp-¡Ä
P

○
○
AB C, D
AXn-\m AB bpsS ew_-

○
○
k-a-`mPn hc-bv¡m³, Cu

○
○
{XntIm-W-§-fp-sS-

○
A C P D B A P B
C\n e¯
AI- - bnnÂÂ\n¶AS-
C pw bbnm-fÂ-s¸-\nSp-¶¯pwpIXpey
Q
D
sbÃmw apI-fnse aqe-
IÄ tbmPn¸n¨v AB bnte¡v \o«n-bm aXn.
Q Hcp hc hc-bv¡m³ c­p _nµp-¡Ä t]mtc?
At¸mÄ ew_-k-a-`mPn hc-bv¡m³ C¯cw c­p
○
○
○

{XntIm-W-§Ä aXn. {XntIm-W-§Ä apgp-h-\mbn hc-

○

○
○

bv¡-W-sa-¶p-an-Ã.
○

○
○

○
○

○
○

○
○

A C P D B

AXn
'CQD
\
- ka-]mÀi-F¶z-{Xn-hctIm-Wbv-a¡m-Wv ew_-
m tÃm. A B
am-Wav.m-b-Xn-\F¶
`mK- CD
QP

m hc F¶AB F¶ hc-bpsS
hc bv¡v
CD
Ah-bpsS apI-fnse aqe-IÄ AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯n-bmepw
aXn; AXm-b-Xv, A bn \n¶pw B bn \n¶pw Xpey
ew_-amWv. QP AB
AI-e-¯n c­p _nµp-¡Ä.
Q Nph-«n-tebv¡v \o«n hc-bv¡-W-sa-¦nÂ, C§-s\bpw
Bhmw:
○
○
○

○
○

○
○

○
○

○
○

○
○

○
○

○
○

A B
○

A C P B
D

28 `mKw þ 1
 ¢mkv þ 8
Hcp tImWnsâ ka-`mPn hc-bv¡m\pw Ct¸mÄ I­ XXzw D]-tbm-
Kn-¡mw.
BZyw Cu tIm¬ DÄs¸-Sp¶ Hcp ka-]mÀiz-{Xn-tImWw hc-
bv¡Ww.
A A

P ]pdta \ns¶mcp ew_w

Hcp hc-bnse _nµp-hn \n¶v tIm¼kv D]-
tbm-Kn¨v ew_w hc-bv¡mw. hc-bn-e-Ãm¯
_nµp-hnÂ\n¶v hc-bn-te¡v ew_w hc-bv¡p-
¶-sX-§s\? P
B C B Q C

C\n 'PBQ bnse PQ F¶ hi-¯nsâ ew_-k-a-`mPn

hc-¨m aXn-b-tÃm.
ChnsS Hcp kuI-cy-ap-­v. \ap¡p hc-bvt¡­ ew_-
k-a-`mPn B bn¡qSn IS-¶p-t]m-Ip-a-tÃm. (F´p-
sIm­v?) At¸mÄ Cu ka-`m-Pn-bnse Hcp _nµp IqSn
AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯n-bm aXn.
A bn AS-bm-fs- ¸-Sp-¯n-bm aXn-bt- Ãm.
P
A B
AXn\v P apI-fn-es¯ aqe-bmbpw, Xmgs¯
hiw AB bnepw BI-¯-¡-h®w Hcp ka-
]mÀiz-{Xn-tImWw hc-bv¡W - w. AXn\v P bnÂ
\n¶v Htc AI-e-¯n c­v _nµp-¡Ä AB
P tI{µ- a mbn Hcp hr¯w hc¨v AB sb
Q, R F¶o _nµp-¡-fn JÞn-¡p-I.
P
○
○
○

○
○

○
○

○
○

○
○

B Q C
○
○

A Q R B

C\n QR sâ ew_-k-a-`mPn hc-¨m aXn.-

P
(1) 6.5 skân-ao-äÀ \of-apÅ Hcp hc hc¨v AXn\v
○

ew_-k-a-`mPn hc-bv¡p-I.
○
○

○
○

(2) hi-§-fp-sS-sbÃmw \ofw 3.75 skân-ao-äÀ Bb Hcp

○

○
○

ka-N-Xpcw hc-bv¡p-I.
○
○

○
○

R
○

(3) 75o Af-hpÅ Hcp tIm¬ hc¨v AXnsâ ka-`mPn

○

Q
○
○

hc-bv¡p-I.
○

○
○

○
○

(4) Bcw 2.25 skân-ao-äÀ Bb Hcp hr¯w hc-bv¡pI.

○
○

○
○

S
(5) AB = 6 skân-ao-äÀ, ‘A = 22 12 °, ‘B = 67 12 ° F¶o
Af-hp-Ifn 'ABC hc-bv¡p-I.
29
Œ Xpey {XntIm-W§
- Ä 29
KWnXw
(6) Hcp {XntImWw hc-¨v, AXnsâ hi-§-fp-sS-sbÃmw ew_-k-a-`m-
Pn-IÄ hc-bv¡p-I. Ch-sbÃmw apdn¨p IS-¡p-¶Xv Htc _nµp-hn-
emtWm?

(7) Hcp {XntImWw hc-¨v, AXnsâ tImWp-I-fp-sS-sbÃmw ka-`m-Pn-

IÄ hc-bv¡p-I. Ch-sbÃmw apdn¨p IS-¡p-¶Xv Hcp _nµp-hn-
emtWm?

(8) Hcp NXpÀ`p-P-¯nsâ c­p tPmSn FXnÀh-i-§fpw Xpey-am-sW-

¦nÂ, AsXmcp kmam-´-cn-I-am-sW¶p sXfn-bn-¡p-I.

(9) ABCD F¶ kmam-´-cnI¯n AP = CQ BWv.

Ibdpw
IW¡pw D Q C
{]mNo\ Pym-an-Xn-bpsS

{]mam-Wn-I -{- K-Ù-amb

Fe-saâ vkns\¡pdn¨v

tI«n-«p-­-tÃm. CXnÂ

hc-Ifpw hr¯-§fpw D]-tbm-Kn¨v

A P B
hc-bv¡m-hp¶ cq]-§Ä

am{Xta bp¢n-Uv ]cn-K-Wn-¡p

PBQD F¶ NXpÀ`pPw, kmam-´-cn-I-am-sW¶p
-¶p-Åp. asämcp coXn-bn¸-d-ªmÂ

\of-§-sfm¶pw AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯m¯
sXfn-bn-¡p-I.

hfhnÃm¯ Hcp hSnbpw (straight- (10) Hcp kmam-´-cn-I-¯nsâ hi-§-sfÃmw Xpey-

edge) tIm¼kpw sIm­v hc-bv¡m-
am-sW-¦nÂ, AXnsâ Hmtcm hnIÀWhpw atä
hp¶ cq]-§Ä am{Xw.
hnIÀW- ¯ nsâ ew_- k - a - ` m- P n- b m- s W¶v
F´p-sIm-­m-Wn-§-s\?
sXfn-bn-¡p-I.
]­pIme¯v \of-a-f-¡m\pw,

h-c-bv¡m-\p-saÃmw NctSm Ibtdm (11) Nn{X-¯n O hr¯-tI-{µhpw AB Hcp hymk-

BWv D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cp-¶Xv. IbÀ D]-
hp-am-Wv. C hr¯-¯nse _nµp-hm-Wv.
tbmKn¨v hc-bv¡m-hp-¶Xv hcbpw h«-

hp-amWv. c­p Ipän-IÄ¡n-S-bnÂ

IbÀ hen¨p sI«n-bm hc-bm-bn.

C
Hcp Ipän Cf¡n atä Ipänbv¡p

Npäpw Id-¡n-bm h«-hpw.

hnhn[ cq]-§Ä hc-bv¡m-\pÅ 50o

A B
D]I-c-W-§Ä \nÀan-¡m³
O
Ign-bp¶ C¶v C¯cw

\nÀanXn-IÄ¡v

Ncn-{X-]-chpw

ssk²m-´n-I-hp-amb

{]m[m-\-y-ta-bp-Åp.
i) ‘CAB IW-¡m-¡p-I.
ii) ‘COB bpsS Afhv atä-sX-¦nepw kwJy-
bmbn Cu Nn{Xw amän hc-bv¡pI. B Nn{X-
¯n ‘CAB IW-¡m-¡pI.

30 `mKw þ 1
 ¢mkv ˛ 8

(12) Nn{X-Øn¬ O hrØ-tI-{μhpw AB Hcp hymk-hp-am-Wv.

C hrØ-Ønse _nμp-hm-Wv.

50o
A B
O

i) ∠ACB IW-°m-°p-I.
ii) ∠COB bpsS Afhv at‰-sX-¶nepw kwJy-bmbn Cu Nn{Xw
am‰n hc-bv°pI. B Nn{X-Øn¬ ∠ACB IW-°m-°pI.

GXp hrØ-Øn-sebpw Hcp hymk-Øns‚ c≠-‰ß - ƒ,

hrØ-Ønse as‰mcp _nμphpambn tbmPn-∏n-®m-ep-≠m-
Ip∂ tIm¨ F¥mWv?

(13) Hcp tIm¨ 50 o bpw Hcp hiw 7 sk‚ n- a o- ‰ - d p- a mb F{X

hyXykvX ka-]m¿iz-{Xn-tIm-W-߃ hcbv°mw?
o
1
(14) AB = 7 sk‚n-ao-‰¿, ∠A = 67 , ∠B = 15o Bb {XntImWw
2
tIm¨am-]n\n D]-tbm-Kn-°msX hc-bv°p-I.

Hcp NXp¿`p-PØ
- ns‚ \mep hi-ßfpw as‰mcp NXp¿`p-PØ- ns‚
\mep hi-߃°v Xpey-am-sW-¶n¬, c≠p NXp¿`p-Pß
- f - n-sebpw
tImWp-Ifpw Xpey-am-I-W-sa-∂pt≠m?
Nn{X-߃ hc®v ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I. NpX¿`p-P-ß-fnse \mep hi-
߃°v ]pd-sa, at‰-sX-¶nepw \of-߃ Xpey-am-sW-¶n¬
tImWp-Iƒ Xpey-am-Iptam?

31
n Xpey {XntIm-Wß
- ƒ 31
KWnXw

Xncnªp--t\m-¡pt¼mÄ-
F\n¡v So¨-dpsS C\nbpw
]T-\t- \-Ǥ
- Ä Ignbpw klm-bt- ¯msS sa¨-s¸-tS
Ignbpw ­
- X
- p­v
$ c­p {XntIm-W-§-fnse Nne Af-hp-IÄ
Xpey-am-sW-¦nÂ, aä-f-hp-Ifpw Xpey-am-
Ip¶ hnhn[ kml-Ncy§Ä hni-Zo-I-cn-
¡p-¶p.
$ {XntIm-W-§sf Ipdn-¨pÅ C¯cw XXz-
§-fnÂ\n¶v aäp Nne Pymao-Xnb XXz-§Ä
cq]o-I-cn-¡p-¶p.
$ hc-bpsS ew_-k-a-`mPnbpw tImWnsâ ka-
`m-Pnbpw hcbv¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ hnhn[ amÀK-
§Ä hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-¶p.
$ hc-bnse _nµp-hnÂ\n¶v ew_w hcbv¡p
hm\pw hcbv¡v ]pd-¯pÅ _nµphn \n¶v
hc-bn-te¡v ew_w hc-bv¡m-\p-apÅ amÀK-
§Ä hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-¶p.

32 `mKw þ 1
JT 219-3/Maths-8(M)
KWnXw

Iq«epw Ipd-bv¡epw
kpld ]W-s¸«n Xpd¶v F®n-t\m-¡p-I-bm-Wv. " F{X cq]-bp­v?' ,
D½ tNmZn-¨p. " Ggp cq] -IqSn X¶m XnI¨pw A¼Xp cq]-bmIpw'',
kpld B{Klw ]d-ªp.
kpldbpsS ]W-s¸-«n-bn F{X cq]-bp­v?
7 cq] Iq«n-bm 50 cq]-bm-Ipw. At¸mÄ s]«n-bn-ep-ÅXv 50 s\¡mÄ
7 Ipdhv: 50  7 = 43.
D®n hnjp-ss¡-\o«w In«n-b-XnÂ\n¶v F«p- cq-]-sb-Sp¯v Hcp t]\
hm§n. \m¸-¯n-c­p cq] an¨-ap-­v. F{X cq]-bmWv ssI-\o«w
In«n-bXv?
8 cq] Ipd-ª-t¸m-gmWv 42 cq]-bm-b-Xv. At¸mÄ ssI\o«w In«n-b-
Xv, 42 s\¡mÄ 8 IqSp-XÂ: 42 + 8 = 50.

(1) " Bdv amÀ¡v IqSn In«n-bn-cp-s¶-¦nÂ, IW¡p ]co-£bv¡v \qdp

amÀ¡pw Btbs\,' cmPsâ k¦Sw. cmP\v F{X amÀ¡mWv
In«n-bXv?
(2) ]pkvXIw hm§m³ enÊn¡v A½ 60 cq] sImSp-¯p. ]pkvXIw
hm§n, an¨w h¶ 13 cq] enÊn Xncn-t¨Â]n-¨p. F{X cq]-
bv¡mWv ]pkvXIw hm§n-bXv?
(3) tKm]m- e ³ Hcp Ipe ]gw hm§n. tISp- h ¶ 7 F®w
amän-¡-gn-ª-t¸mÄ 46 F®-ap-­v. Ipe-bn F{X ]gw D­m-bn-
cp¶p?
(4) hnae 163 cq]bv¡v km[-\-§Ä hm§n. 217 cq] an¨-ap-­v.
F{X cq]-bmWv ssIbnep-­m-bn-cp-¶Xv?
(5) Hcp kwJy-tbmSv 254 Iq«n-b-t¸mÄ 452 Bbn. kwJy GXmWv?
(6) Hcp kwJy-bn \n¶v 198 Ipd-¨-t¸mÄ 163 Bbn. kwJy
GXmWv?
KpW-\hpw lc-Whpw
Hcp \nt£] ]²-Xn-bn Bdp hÀjw sIm­v \nt£-]-¯pI c­p
aS-§m-Ipw. Ah-km\w ]Xn-\m-bncw cq] In«m³ Ct¸mÄ F{X cq]
\nt£-]n-¡Ww?
\nt£-]-¯p-I-bpsS c­p aS-§mWv 10000; At¸mÄ \nt£-]-¯pI
10000 sâ ]Ip-Xn, 5000.

34 `mKw þ 1
 ¢mkv þ 8
]¨-¡dn¡¨-h-S-¯nse em`w \mep-t]À Xpey-ambn ]¦p-h-¨-t¸mÄ
tPmkn\v Bbn-c-¯n Aªqdv cq] In«n. BsI em`w F{X cq]-
bmWv?
em`-¯nsâ 14 `mK-amWv 1500 ; At¸mÄ BsI em`w 1500 sâ 4
aS§v: 1500 u 4 = 6000.

(1) Hcp Øm]-\-¯nse amt\-PcpsS i¼fw ]yqWnsâ i¼-f-

¯nsâ A©n-c«nbmWv. amt\-PÀ¡v amkw 40000 cq]-bmWv
In«p-¶-Xv. ]yqWn\v amkw F{X cq] In«pw?
(2) Hcp hnt\m-Z-bm-{Xbv¡p t]mb-hÀ sNe-hmb 5200 cq], Xpey-
ambn hoXn-¨p. Hmtcm-cp-¯cpw 1300 cq] sImSp-¯p. F{X
t]cmWv kwL-¯n-ep-­m-bn-cp-¶Xv?
(3) Hcp kwJysb 12 sIm­v KpWn-¨-t¸mÄ 756 In«n. GXp kwJy-
sb-bmWv KpWn-¨Xv?
(4) Hcp kwJysb 21 sIm­v lcn-¨-t¸mÄ 756 In«n. GXp kwJy-
sb-bmWv lcn-¨Xv?
]e-hn-[-amäw
Cu IW¡v t\m¡q:
c­p t\m«p-]p-kvX-I-hpw, aq¶v cq] hne-bpÅ Hcp t]\bpw
hm§n-b-t¸mÄ 23 cq] sNe-hm-bn. Hcp t\m«p-]p-kvX-I-¯nsâ
hne F{XbmWv?
C§s\ Btem-Nn-¡mw. 3 cq]-bpsS t]\bpw IqSn hm§n-b-t¸m-
gmWv 23 cq]-bm-b-Xv. t]\ hm§n-bn-Ãm-bn-cps¶-¦ntem?
20 cq]sb BIp-am-bn-cp-¶p-Åp.
Cu 20 cq] c­p ]pkvX-I-§-fpsS hne-bm-W-tÃm. At¸mÄ Hcp
]pkvX-I-¯nsâ hne 10 cq]. C\n Xncn-¨p-t\m-¡n-bmtem? 10 cq]
hne-bpÅ c­p ]pkvX-I-§Ä¡v 20 cq], t]\bv¡v 3 cq]; BsI
23 cq].
Cu IW¡v t\m¡q:
Hcp kwJy-bpsS aq¶v a-S-§n-t\mSv c­p Iq«n-b-t¸mÄ 50 Bbn.
kwJy GXmWv?

35
 ka-hm-Iy§
- Ä 35
KWnXw

Adnbms¯mcp kwJysb BZyw 3 sIm­p KpWn-¨v, ]ns¶ 2 Iq«n-

b-t¸mÄ 50 Bbn.
u3 +2
? ? 50
Xncn¨v, XpS-§nb kwJy In«m³ Fs´Ãmw sN¿Ww?
hn]-co-X{- Inb Ah-km\w 2 Iq«n-b-t¸m-gm-WtÃm 50 BbXv; At¸mÄ
Hcp kwJ-y-tbmSv 2 Iq«nb XpI Adn-
AXn\p ap¼v 50  2 = 48 Bbn-cp-¶p.
bm-sa-¦n kwJy I­p-]n-Sn-¡m³ 2 u3 +2
Ipd-bv¡Ww. kwJ-y-bn \n¶v 2 Ipd-
? 48 50
¨-XmWv Adn-bm-hp-¶s- X-¦ntem? kwJy
Xncn¨p In-«m³ 2 Iq«Ww. CXp-t]mse 2
kwJ-y-bpsS 2 sIm­pÅ KpW-\^ - e
- -
C\n 48 Â \n¶v, XpS-§nb kwJy-bn-se-¯p-¶-sX-
¯n \n¶v kwJy In«m³ 2 sIm­v
lcn-¡p-I-bpw, 2 sIm­pÅ lc-W-^- §s\?
e-¯n \n¶v kwJy In«m³ 2 sIm­v 3 sIm­p KpWn-¨-t¸m-gmWv 48 Bb-Xv. At¸mÄ XpS-
KpWn-¡p-I-bp-am-WtÃm sNt¿-­-Xv. §nb kwJy 48 y 3 = 16.
`mc- X ob KWn- X - i m- k v { X- Ú - \ mb
`mkvI-cm-Nm-c-y³ At±-l-¯nsâ eoem- u3 +2
hXn F¶ IrXn-bn CXv NÀ¨ sN¿p- 16 48 50
¶p- ­ v . hn]- c o- X - { In- b m- c oXn F¶v
At±lw hnfn-¡p¶ Cu amÀKw ]d- y3 2
ªn-cn-¡p-¶Xv C§-s\-bm-Wv. Ct¸mÄ sNbvX IW¡v C§s\ amän-bmtem?
^e-a-dn-bm-sa-¦n kwJy Is­-¯m³ lc- Hcp kwJy-bpsS aq¶p-a-S-§nÂ\n¶v c­p Ipd-¨-
Ws¯ KpW-\a- m-¡p-I, KpW-\s¯ lc-W-
am- ¡ p- I , hÀK- a q- e s¯ hÀK- a m- ¡ p- I , t¸mÄ 40 Bbn. kwJy GXmWv?
\yq\kwJysb A[nk - w-Jy- b
- m-¡p-I, A[nk
- w- ChnsS Ah-km\w 2 Ipd-bv¡p-¶-Xn-\p-ap¼v kwJy
J-ys- b \yq-\k
- w-Jy- b
- m-¡p-I. 40 + 2 = 42;
CXv, 3 sIm­p KpWn-¨-t¸mÄ In«n-b-XmWv; At¸mÄ
AXn\pw ap¼v 42 y 3 = 14. AXm-b-Xv, XpS-§nb
kwJy 14.
u3 2
14 42 40
y3 +2
asämcp IW¡v t\m¡q:
Hcp kwJy-tbmSv AXnsâ \men-sem¶v Iq«n-b-t¸mÄ 30 In«n.
kwJy GXmWv?

36 `mKw þ 1
 ¢mkv þ 8

Hcp kwJy-tbmSv AXnsâ \men-sem¶v Iq«p-t¼mÄ kwJy-bpsS 5

4

aS-§m-WtÃm In«p-¶-Xv. AXm-b-Xv, kwJy-bpsS 5

4
aS-§mWv 30.

4
At¸mÄ kwJy 30 sâ 5 `mK-am-Wv.
4
AXm-b-Xv, 30 u 5 = 24

(1) A\n-Xbpw Iq«p-Imcpw t]\ hm§n. A©p t]\ H¶n¨p hm§n-

b-t¸mÄ BsI hnebnÂ\n¶v aq¶p cq] Ipdhp In«n. AhÀ¡v
32 cq]-bmWv sNe-hm-b-Xv. Hmtcm-¶mbn hm§n-bn-cp-s¶-¦nÂ,
F{X cq] hoXw sImSp-¡-W-am-bn-cp¶p?
(2) Hcp NXp-c-¯nsâ Npä-fhv 25 aoä-dpw, Hcp hiw 5
GXm­v _n.kn. aqhm-bn-c-t¯m-S-Sp¯
{]mNo\ KWnXw

aoä-dp-am-Wv. atä hiw F{X aoä-dmWv?

(3) Nph-sS-bpÅ IW-¡p-I-fn-se-Ãmw, Hcp kwJy-bnÂ
Nne {Inb-IÄ sNbvX-Xnsâ ^ew ]d-ªn-cn-¡p-
¶p. Hmtcm-¶nepw kwJy I­p-]n-Sn-¡p-I.
i) c­v aS-§n-t\mSv aq¶v Iq«n-b-t¸mÄ 101.
ii) aq¶v aS-§n-t\mSv c­v Iq«n-b-t¸mÄ 101.
iii) c­v aS-§nÂ\n¶v aq¶v Ipd-¨-t¸mÄ 101.
iv) aq¶v aS-§n \n¶v c­v Ipd-¨-t¸mÄ 101.
(4) Hcp kwJy-tbmSv AXnsâ ]IpXn Iq«n-b-t¸mÄ
111 In«n. kwJy F{XbmWv?
(5) ]g-sbmcp IW¡v : ]£n-¡q-«-t¯mSv Ip«n tNmZn-
¨p. ""\n§-sf{X t]À?''. Hcp ]£n ]dªp:
"" R§fpw R§-tfm-fhpw
R§-fn ]Ip-Xnbpw
AXn¸-Ip-Xnbpw
H¶pw tNÀ¶m \qdmIpw''.
F{X ]£n-I-fp-­m-bn-cp¶p?
]£n-¡W- ¡- nÂ, Ah-km\w ]d-bp¶ XpI 100
\p ]Icw atä-sXms¡ kwJy-If- mhmw?
Ime-¯p-Xs¶ CuPn-]väp-ImÀ ]e-Xcw
Imc-y-§Ä FgpXn kq£n-¨n-cp-¶p.
]ss¸-dkv F¶p t]cpÅ sNSn-bpsS
X­p-IÄ D]-tbm-Kn-¨p-­m-¡nbn-cp¶
Xmfp-I-fn-emWv A¡m-e¯v Fgp-Xn-bn-
cp-¶-Xv. C¯cw At\Iw tcJ-IÄ
]pcm-h-kvXp-K-th-j-IÀ Is­-¯n-bn-«p-
­v. A¯cw tcJ-IÄ¡pw ]ss¸-dkv
F¶p -X-s¶-bmWv ]d-bp-¶-Xv.
C¯cw Hcp ]ss¸-d-kn KWnX
{]iv\§fpw Ah sN¿m-\pÅ amÀK-
§-fp-amWv NÀ¨ sN¿p-¶-Xv. GXm­v
_n.-kn. 1650 Â Fgp-X-s¸-«-XmWv
CsX¶v IW-¡m-¡n-bn-«p-­v. CXnsâ
XpS-¡¯- n¯s¶ CsX-gp-Xnb BÄ
Xsâ t]cv Blvtamkv F¶m-sW¶pw
Ccp-¶qdv hÀj-t¯mfw ]g-¡-apÅ Hcp
tcJ-bnÂ\n¶pw ]IÀ¯n-sb-gp-Xp-I-bm-
sW¶pw ]d-bp-¶p-­v. {_n«ojv ayq-kn-
b-¯n kq£n-¨n-«pÅ Cu tcJsb
Blvtamkv ]ss¸-dkv F¶mWv hnfn-
¡p-¶-Xv. (CXv Is­-Sp-¯Xv Ae-Ivkm-
­À dn³Uv F¶ Kth-jI- \- m-bX- n-\mÂ
dn³Uv ]ss¸dkv F¶pw ]d-bm-dp­v);
kwJ-y-I-sfbpw cq]§sfbpw Ipdn-
¨pÅ {]iv\-§-fmWv CXn NÀ¨
sN¿p-¶Xv.
37
 ka-hm-Iy§
- Ä 37
KWnXw

_oP-K-Wn-X-coXn
Ct¸mÄ sNbvX IW-¡p-I-fp-sS-sbÃmw s]mXp-kz-`mhw F´mWv?
GtXm Hcp kwJy-bn Nne {Inb-I-sfÃmw sNbvX-t¸mÄ In«p¶
^ew GXp kwJy-bm-sW¶v ]d-ªn-«p-­v. XpS-§n-bXv GXp kwJy-
bn \n-¶m-sW¶p I­p-]n-Sn-¡-Ww.
F§-s\-bmWv I­p-]n-Sn-¨Xv? sNbvX {Inb-I-fp-sS-sbÃmw hn]-co-
X{Inb-IÄ, Ah-km\w sNbvXXv BZyw F¶ {Ia-¯n sN¿pI.
DZm-l-c-W-ambn Cu IW¡p t\m¡q:
djoZ 4 Intem{Kmw sh­-¡bpw 10 cq]bv¡v aÃn-
]g-bc - oXn bn-e, Idn-th-¸ne apX-em-b-hbpw hm§n-b-t¸mÄ 130
Blv t amkv ]ss¸d-
{]iv\w CXm-Wv. k nse Hcp cq]- bm-bn. Hcp Intem{Kmw sh­-¡-bpsS hne
F´mWv?
Hcp kwJ-tNÀ¶mÂ
sem¶pw ybpw AXnsâ
]Xn -\ -© \m-m-Iepw.n- BZyw CXv IW-¡nsâ `mj-bn Fgp-Xmw.
kwJy GXmWv? Hcp kwJysb 4 sIm­v KpWn¨v 10 Iq«n-b-
CXnsâ D¯cw I­p-
coXn C§-s\-bm-Wv. ] n- S n- ¡ p¶ t¸mÄ 130 In«n. kwJy GXmWv?
F§-s\-bmWv XpS-§nb kwJy I­p-]n-Sn-¡p-¶Xv?
4 F¶ kwJ-y-tbmSv AXnsâ \men- Ah-km\w Iq«nb 10 BZyw Ipd-bv¡pI; BZyw
sem¶p Iq«n-bm In«p-¶Xv 5 BWv. KpWn¨ 4 sIm­v ]n¶oSv lcn-¡p-I. AXm-bXv,
\ap¡p th­Xv 15 BWtÃm. AXv
5 sâ aq¶p- a - S - § mWv . At¸mÄ
(130  10) y 4 = 120 y 4 = 30
- nsâ D¯cw 4 sâ aq¶p-a-S-
{]iv\¯ A§s\ Hcp Intem{Kmw sh­-¡-bpsS hne 30 cq]-
§mb 12 BWv. bm-sW¶p ImWmw.
Cu bpàn ChnsS icn-bm-Ip-¶Xv C\n Cu IW¡p t\m¡pI:
F´p-sIm-­m-sW¶v a\-Ên-emtbm? ]¯p aoäÀ \of-apÅ I¼n hf-¨v, Hcp NXp-c-ap-
CXv FÃm IW- ¡ nepw icn- b m- ­m-¡-Ww. hoXn-tb-¡mÄ Hcp aoäÀ IqSp-XÂ
Iptam? \ofw thWw. \ofhpw hoXnbpw F{X-bm-IWw?
BZyw {]iv\s¯ kwJy-IÄ am{X-ap-]-tbm-Kn¨p ]dbmw.
NXp-c-¯nsâ Npä-f-hv, \ofhpw hoXnbpw Iq«n-b-Xnsâ c­p
aS-§m-W-tÃm. ChnsS \ofw hoXn-sb-¡mÄ 1 IqSp-X-em-Wv.
At¸mÄ \ofhpw hoXnbpw Iq«p-I-sb-¶mÂ, hoXn-bpw, hoXn-
tbmSv 1 Iq«n-bXpw X½n Iq«pI F¶m-Ipw. At¸mÄ {]iv\w
CXmWv:
Hcp kwJy-bp-tS-bpw, AXn-t\mSv 1 Iq«n-b-Xn-tâbpw XpI-bpsS
2 aS§v 10 BWv; kwJy GXmWv?
Ah-km-\-sa-Sp¯ c­p aS§v Hgn-hm-¡n-bm C§s\ ]dbmw:
Hcp kwJy-bp-tSbpw, AXn-t\mSv 1 Iq«n-b-Xn-tâbpw XpI 5;
kwJy GXmWv?
38 `mKw þ 1
 ¢mkv þ 8
GXp kwJy-b-mbm-epw, AXpw AXn-t\mSv H¶p Iq«n-bXpw X½nÂ
Iq«p-¶X- v, AXnsâ c­p-aS- §- n-t\mSv H¶p Iq«p-¶X- n\p Xpey-am-sW¶v
Ggmw ¢mkn I­Xv HmÀa-bpt­m? (amdp¶ kwJy-Ifpw amdm¯
_Ô-§fpw F¶ ]mT-¯nse kwJym-_Ô - Ä F¶ `mKw)
- §
C¡mcyw _oP-K-Wn-X-¯n-se-gp-Xp-¶-XmWv kuI-cy-sa¶pw I­p:
x GXp kwJy Bbmepw, x + (x + 1) = 2x + 1.
Ct¸mÄ Btem-Nn-¡p¶ IW-¡n C¡mcyw D]-tbm-Kn¡mw: Cu
IW-¡nse kwJy x Fs¶-Sp-¯mÂ, Cu {]iv\w C§-s\-bm-Ipw.
2x + 1 = 5 BsW-¦n x F{X-bmWv?
F´m-Wn-Xnsâ AÀYw?
Hcp kwJy-bpsS 2 aS-§n-t\mSv 1 Iq«n-b-t¸mÄ 5;
kwJy GXmWv? Iq«epw Ipd-bv¡epw
hn]-co-X-{In-b-I-fn-eqsS kwJy I­p-]n-Sn-¡m-atÃm: Hcp kwJytbmSv asämcp kwJy Iq«n-b
tijw Iq«nb kwJy Ipd- ¨ mÂ
(5  1) y 2 = 2
BZys¯ kwJ-y-Xs¶ In«pw. CXv _oP-
At¸mÄ NXp-c-¯nsâ hoXn 2 aoä-dpw, \ofw 3 aoä-dp-am- K-WnX`mj-bn C§s\ Fgp-Xmw.
sW¶p In«pw. x, a GXv kw-Jy-Ifm-bmepw
C§-s\-bpÅ IW-¡p-IÄ, BZyw apXÂ Xs¶ _oP- (x + a) a = x

K-WnXw D]-tbm-Kn¨v sN¿p-¶-XmWv Nnet¸mÄ CXp- Xs¶ asämcp hn[- ¯ nepw

kuI-cyw. Cu IW¡p t\m¡q: FgpXmw.
Hcp Itk-cbv¡pw taibv¡pw IqSn 4500 cq]-bmWv x + a = b BsW-¦n x = b  a

hne. taibv¡v Itk-c-tb-¡mÄ 1000 cq] IqSp-X-
emWv. Hmtcm-¶n-sâbpw hne-sb-´mWv?
ChnsS Itk-c-bpsS hne x cq] Fs¶-Sp¯v sNbvXp
t\m¡mw.
tai-bpsS hne 1000 cq] IqSp-X-em-b-Xn-\mÂ, AXnsâ
hne x + 1000 cq]. At¸mÄ {]iv\-¯nsâ _oP-K-Wn-
X-cq]w F´mWv?
Hcp kwJ-y-tbmSv asämcp kwJy Iq«n-¡n-
«nb XpI-bpw, Iq«nb kwJ-ybpw Adn-bm-
sa-¦nÂ, GXp kwJy-tbm-Sm-Wv Iq«n-b-
sX¶v I­p-]n-Sn-¡p¶ coXn-bpsS _oP-
K-Wn-X-cq]-am-Wn-Xv.
CXp-t]mse
x  a = b BsW-¦n x = b + a

x + (x + 1000) = 4500 BsW-¦nÂ, x F{X-bmWv?

F¶Xpw icn-bm-Wv. Hcp kwJ-y-bnÂ
\n¶v asämcp kwJy Ipd- ¨ m In«p-
CXn x + (x + 1000) F¶-Xns\ F§s\ amän-sb- ¶Xpw, Ipd-¨Xv GXp kwJ-y-bm-sW¶pw
gpXmw? Adn- b m- s a- ¦ nÂ, GXp kwJy- b nÂ
\n¶mWv Ipd-¨s- X¶v I­p-]n-Sn-¡m-\pÅ
x + (x + 1000) = 2x + 1000 coXnbpsS _oP-K-WnXcq]-am-Wn-Xv.
At¸mÄ {]iv\w C§-s\-bmIpw:
2x + 1000 = 4500 BsW-¦nÂ, x G{X-bmWv?
F´m-Wn-Xnsâ AÀYw?
39
 ka-hm-Iy§
- Ä 39
KWnXw
Hcp kwJy-bpsS 2 aS-§n-t\mSv 1000 Iq«n-b-t¸mÄ 4500; kwJy
GXmWv?
CXp t\cs¯ sNbvX IW-¡p- X-s¶-btÃ? kwJy-IÄ amdn F¶-
tÃ-bpÅp?
hn]-co-X-{In-b-I-fn-eqsS kwJy I­p-]n-Sn-¡mw. Ahbpw _oP-K-Wn-
X-¯n Fgp-Xn-bmtem?
kwJy-bpsS c­p aS§v 4500  1000 = 3500 F¶mWv BZyw In«p-
¶Xv; AXm-bXv
KpW-\hpw 2x = 4500  1000 = 3500
lc-Whpw At¸mÄ kwJy 3500 y 2 = 1750 F¶p I­p-]n-Sn-¡mw.
Hcp kwJ-y-sb asämcp
kwJy sIm­v KpWn-¨m-epÅ _oP-K-Wn-X¯n Fgp-Xn-bmÂ
^e-¯nÂ\n¶v BZys¯ kwJy x = 3500 y 2 = 1750
In«m³, KpWn¨ kwJysIm­v
lcn-¨m aXn. CXp-t]mse C\n XpS-§nb {]iv\-¯n-te¡v aS-§n-s¨-¶v, Itk-
lc-W-^-e-¯n-Â \n¶v c-bpsS hne 1750 cq], tai-bpsS hne 2750 cq]
kwJy In«m³, lcn¨ F¶p ]dbmw.
kwJ-y-sIm­v KpWn-¨m aXn.
_o-P-K-WnX `mj-bn Hcp IW-¡p- IqSn t\m¡mw:
b \qdp cq] NnÃ-d-bm-¡n-b-t¸mÄ Ccp-]-Xn-
ax = b (a z 0) BsW-¦n x =
x
a sâbpw ]¯n-sâbpw t\m«p-I-fmWv In«n-b-Xv.
= b BsW-¦n x = ab BsI Ggp t\m«p-IÄ. Hmtcm¶pw F{X
a
Fs¶Ãmw FgpXmw. KpW-\- hoXw?
^-e-¯n \n¶pw lc-W-^-e-¯n - Ccp-]-Xp-cq-] t\m-«p-IÄ x F®w Fs¶-Sp¡mw;
\n¶pw Hcp kwJ-ysb hos­-Sp-¡m³ At¸mÄ ]¯p-cq-] t\m-«p-I-fpsS F®w 7  x.
D]-tbmKn¡p¶ hn]-coX{Inbm
coXn-bpsS _o-P-K-WnX x Ccp-]-Xp-cq-] -t\m-«p-I-sf-¶m 20x cq].
cq]-§-fm-Wn-h.
7  x ]¯p-cq-] t\m-«p-I-sf-¶m 10 u(7  x) cq].
BsI 20x + 10 u (7  x) cq]; CXv 100 cq]-bm-
sW¶p ]d-ªn-«p-­tÃm.
At¸mÄ {]iv\w _oP-K-Wn-X-`m-j-bn C§-s\-bmIpw:
20x + 10 (7  x) = 100 BsW-¦nÂ, x F{X-bmWv?
CXn 20x + 10 (7  x) s\ AÂ]w sNdp-Xm¡mw:
20x + 10 (7  x) = 20x + 70  10x = 10x + 70
CXp-]-tbm-Kn-¨v, {]iv\hpw amän-sb-gpXmw:
10x + 70 = 100 BsW-¦nÂ, x F{XbmWv?

40 `mKw þ 1
 ¢mkv þ 8
xF¶ kwJy-bpsS 10 aS-§n-t\mSv 70 Iq«n-b-t¸mÄ 100 In«n, F¶m-
WtÃm CXnsâ AÀYw; At¸mÄ x F¶ kwJy In«m³ 100 Â
\n¶v 70 Ipd-¨v, 10 sIm­p lcn-¡-Ww. _oP-K-Wn-X-¯n Fgp-Xn-
bmÂ
x = (100  70) y 10 = 30 y 10 = 3
AXm-b-Xv, XpS-§nb {]iv\-¯nsâ D¯cw 3 Ccp-]-Xp-cq-]m-t\m-«p-
IÄ, 4 ]¯p-cq-]m-t\m-«p-IÄ.
AÂJzmcnkvan
(1 ) 80 aoäÀ Npä-f-hpÅ Hcp NXp-c-¯nsâ \ofw, hoXn-bpsS c­p
aS-§nt- \-¡mÄ Hcp aoäÀ IqSp-XemWv. AXnsâ hoXnbpw \ofhpw
F{X-bmWv?
(2 ) Hcp hc-bnse Hcp _nµp-hn \n¶v asämcp hc
hc-bv¡W - w. Ccp-hi- ¯
- p-ap-­m-Ip¶ tImWp-If- n t]cv h¶ hgn
H¶v, atä-Xns\¡mÄ 50° IqSp-X-em-bn-cn-¡-Ww. Ad_v IrXn- I - f psS ]cn- ` m- j - I - f n-
sNdnb tIm¬ F{X-bm-IWw? eqsSbmWv \thm-°m-\-Ime bqtdm-¸nÂ
(3 ) Hcp ]pkvX-I-¯nsâ hne, Hcp t]\-bpsS hne- _oP-K-WnXw {]N-cn-¨-Xv. Ch-bnÂ
sb-¡mÄ 4 cq] IqSp-X-em-Wv. Hcp s]³kn-ensâ {][m\w KWn- X - i
apl-½Zv AÂJzmcnkvan F¶
m- kv{X-Úsâ IrXn-I-fm-Wv.
hne, Cu t]\-bpsS hne-tb-¡mÄ 2 cq] Ipd-hp-
am-Wv. HcmÄ 5 ]pkvX-I-hpw 2 t]\bpw 3 F.Un. F«mw \qäm- ­ n- e mWv
s]³knepw hm§n. BsI 74 cq]-bm-bn. Hmtcm- AÂJzmcnkvbm¯ kwJ-
an Pohn-¨n-cp-¶-Xv. Adn-
y - I sf kqNn- ¸ n- ¡ m³
¶n-sâbpw hne F{XbmWv? hkv X p F¶ÀYw hcp¶ Ad- _ v
(4 ) i) ASp-¯S - p¯ aq¶p F®Âkw-Jy-If- psS XpI hm¡mWv Ct±lw D]-tbmKn¨ncn¡- p-¶Xv.
36 BWv. kwJy-IÄ GsXm-s¡-bmWv? Hcp kwJy-bn \n¶v 2 Ipd-¨-t¸mÄ 5
ii) ASp-¯-Sp¯ aq¶p Cc-«-kw-Jy-IfpsS XpI In«n F¶-Xn \n¶v kwJy -I-­p-]n-Sn-
36 BWv. kwJy-IÄ GsXm-s¡-bmWv? ¡m³ 5 Dw 2 Dw Iq«p-I-bm-WtÃm sN¿p-
iii) ASp-¯-Sp¯ aq¶p Hä-kw-Jy-I-fpsS XpI 36
¶-Xv-. C¯cw {Inb-Isf AÂP-_À
F¶ Ad_v hm¡p-sIm-­mWv AÂJzm-
BIptam? ImcWw? cnkvan kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. " Iq«n-t¨À¡pI''
iv) ASp-¯-Sp¯ aq¶p Hä-kw-Jy-I-fpsS XpI 33 Asæn ""]qÀh-Øn-Xn-bn-em-¡pI''
BWv. kwJy-IÄ GsXm-s¡-bmWv? F¶m-Wv Cu hm¡nsâ AÀYw. _oP-K-
v) ASp-¯S - p¯ aq¶p F®Âkw-Jy-If- psS XpI t]cp Wn-X-¯n\v Cw¥o-jn algebra F¶
h¶Xv Cu Ad_v hm¡nÂ
33 BWv. kwJy-IÄ GsXm-s¡-bmWv? \n¶mWv.
(5 ) i) Ie-­-dn \mep kwJy-I-fpÅ Hcp ka-N- Nn«bmb Nph-Sp-If- ne- qsS Hcp {]iv\w ]cn-
Xpcw AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯n, AXnse kwJy-I- l-«- dcp-nI-¡- fp¶nÂ)]²-Xn¡algorithm
v (hn-ti-jn¨p I¼yq-
F¶p
sfÃmw Iq«n-b-t¸mÄ 80 In«n. kwJy-IÄ t]cp­v.AÂJ-zm-cnkvan F¶ hm¡nÂ
FsXm-s¡-bmWv? \n¶mWv CXp-­m-bXv.
41
 ka-hm-Iy§
- Ä 41
KWnXw
ii) Ie-­-dn H³]Xp kwJy-I-fpÅ Hcp ka-N-Xpcw AS-bm-f-
s¸-Sp-¯n, AXnse kwJy-I-sfÃmw Iq«n-b-t¸mÄ 90 In«n.
kwJy-IÄ GsXm-s¡-bmWv?
hyXykvX {]iv\-§Ä
Cu IW-¡p-t\m¡q:
Hcp kwJy-bpsS aq¶p aS-§n-t\mSv ]¯p Iq«n-b-t¸mÄ kwJy-
bpsS A©p aS-§m-bn. kwJy GXmWv?
ChnsS hn]-co-X-{In-b-I-fn-eqsS kwJy I­p-]n-Sn-¡m³ Ign-bn-ÃtÃm:
]t£, C§s\ Btem-Nn¡mw: GXp kwJy-bp-sSbpw aq¶p aS-§ns\
A©v a-S-§m-¡m³ Iqt«-­-Xv, kwJy-bpsS c­p aS-§m-Wv (Ggmw-
¢m-knse amdp¶ kwJy-Ifpw amdm¯ _Ô-§fpw F¶ ]mT-¯nÂ,
kwJym-_Ô
- §
- Ä F¶ `mKw).

IW-¡n ]d-ªn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv, Iq«n-bXv ]¯v F¶mWv; At¸mÄ,

kwJy-bpsS c­p aS§v ]¯v, AXn-\m kwJy A©v F¶p IW-
¡p-Iq-«mw.

CXp _oP-K-Wn-X-¯n ]d-ªmtem?

XpS-§nb kwJy x Fs¶-Sp-¯mÂ, {]iv\-¯n ]d-ªn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv,

3x + 10 = 5x
3x s\ 5x B¡m³ Iqt«-­Xv 2x BsW-¶-dnbmw; AXm-b-Xv,

x GXp kwJy-bmbmepw, 3x + 2x = 5x.

ka-hm-Iy-§Ä \½psS IW-¡n 3x s\ 5x B¡m³ Iq«n-bXv 10 BWv.

2x + 3 = 3x + 2Fs¶-gp-Xp-¶-Xnsâ At¸mÄ 2x = 10; AXn-\m x = 5.

AÀYw F´mWv? IW-¡v AÂ]w amän C§-s\-bm-¡n-bmtem?

x F¶ kwJy-bpsS 2 aS-§n-t\mSv
3 Iq«n-bmepw, 3 aS-§n-t\mSv 2 Iq«n-
Hcp kwJy-bpsS 13 aS-§n-t\mSv 36 Iq«n-b-t¸mÄ

bmepw Htc kwJy In«pw. C§s\ kwJy-bpsS 31 aS-§m-bn. kwJy GXmWv?

kwJyIfpsS XpeyXsb kqNn¸n 13 31

¡p¶ _oP- K - W nXhmIy- § sf
Hcp kwJy-bpsS aS-§ns\ aS-§m-¡m³ kwJy-

s]mXpsh ka-hm-Iy-§Ä (equations) bpsS F{X aS§v Iq«Ww?

F¶mWv ]d-bp-¶-Xv. 31  13 = 18 aS-§v, AtÃ?

Iq«n-bXv 36 F¶mWv ]d-ªn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. At¸mÄ

kwJy-bpsS 18 aS§v 36; kwJy, 2.
_oP-K-Wn-X-¯n ]d-ªmtem? kwJy x Fs¶-Sp-
¯m {]iv\hpw AXp ]cn-l-cn¨ coXnbpw tNÀ¯v
C§-s\-sb-gpXmw:

42 `mKw þ 1
 ¢mkv þ 8
13x + 36 = 31x
H³]-Xnsâ Ifn
31x  13x = 18x
9 Â Ah-km-\n-¡p¶ GsX-¦nepw c­-
18x = 36 ¡- k wJy FSp- ¯ v , A¡- § - f psS
x = 2 XpIbpw KpW-\-^-ehpw Iq«n- t\m-¡q.
C\n Cu IW¡p t\m¡q: DZm-l-c-W-ambn 29 FSp-¯m A¡-§-
fpsS XpI 2 + 9 = 11.
Hcp kwJy-bpsS 3 aS-§n-t\mSv 12 Iq«n-b-Xv, kwJy- KpW-\^ - ew 2 u 9 = 18.
bpsS 5 aS-§n-t\mSv 2 Iq«n-b-Xn-\v Xpey-am-Wv. kwJy Ch X½n Iq«n-bm 18 + 11 = 29.
GXmWv? 9 Â Ah-km-\n-¡p¶ FÃm kwJy-
kwJy x Fs¶Sp-¯v, ]d-ªn-cn-¡p¶ Imcyw C§s\ IÄ¡pw CXv icn-bm-Iptam?
FgpXmw: kwJy 10x + 9 Fs¶-Sp¯p t\m¡q.
3x + 12 = 5x + 2 9 AÃm¯ atä-sX-¦nepw A¡-§f - nÂ
3x t\mSv 2x Iq«n-bm 5x BIpw. Ah-km-\n-¡p¶ c­-¡-kw-Jy-IÄ¡v
5x + 2 B¡-W-sa-¦nÂ, 2 Dw IqSn Iq«t­? AXm-bXv,
Cu khn-ti-j-X-bpt­m?
10x + y = x + y + xy F¶-XnÂ\n¶v y I­p-
3x + (2x + 2) = 5x + 2
]n-Sn-¡mtam?
X¶n- « pÅ IW- ¡ - \ p- k - c n- ¨ v , Iq«nb kwJy 12
BW-tÃm. At¸mÄ,
2x + 2 = 12
C\n hn]-co-X-{In-b-IÄ sNbvXv x I­p-]n-Sn¡mw.
x = (12  2) y 2 = 5
aäp Nne IW-¡p-IÄ t\m¡mw:
A¸p-hnsâ A½-bpsS {]mbw, A¸p-hnsâ {]mb-¯nsâ
H³]Xp aS-§m-Wv. H³]Xp hÀjw Ign-bp-t¼mÄ, CXv aq¶p
aS-§mbn amdpw. Ch-cpsS Ct¸m-gs¯ {]mbw F{X-bmWv?
A¸p-hnsâ Ct¸m-gs¯ {]mbw x Fs¶-Sp¯p XpS-§mw. At¸mÄ
X¶n-«pÅ hnh-c-a-\p-k-cn-¨v, A½-bpsS Ct¸m-gs¯ {]mbw 9x.
9 hÀjw Ign-ªmtem?
A¸p-hnsâ {]mbw x + 9
A½bpsS {]mbw 9x + 9
]d-ªn-«pÅ IW-¡-\p-k-cn-¨v, CXv A¸p-hnsâ {]mb-¯nsâ 3 aS-
§mWv; AXm-bXv 3 (x + 9) = 3x + 27
C\n IW-¡n ]dª Imcyw _oP-K-Wn-X-¯n C§-s\-sb-gp-
Xmw:
3x + 27 = 9x + 9
3x s\ 9x + 9 B¡m³ Fs´Ãmw Iq«Ww?
43
 ka-hm-Iy§
- Ä 43
KWnXw
_oP-K-Wn-X-¯n ]d-ªmÂ
(9x + 9)  3x = 6x + 9
Cu IW-¡n Iq«n-bXv 27.
At¸mÄ
6x + 9 = 27
CXn \n¶v 6x = 27  9 = 18 F¶pw, XpSÀ¶v x = 18 y 6 = 3 F¶pw
ImWm-a-tÃm. AXm-b-Xv, A¸p-hnsâ {]mbw 3, A½-bpsS {]mbw
3 u 9 = 27.

(1) imkv{X-{]-ZÀi-\-¯n-\v, Ip«n-IÄ¡v 10 cq]-bpw, apXnÀ¶-hÀ¡v

25 cq]-bp-amWv Sn¡äv \nc¡v. 50 t]À¡v Sn¡äv sImSp¯p Ign-
ª-t¸mÄ 740 cq] In«n. CXn F{X Ip«n-I-fp-­m-bn-cp¶p?
(2) Hcp ¢mknse B¬Ip-«n-I-fp-sSbpw s]¬Ip-«n-I-fp-sSbpw F®w
]g-¦W
- ¡v Xpey-am-Wv. F«v B¬Ip-«n-IÄ am{Xw hcm-Xn-cp¶ Hcp Znh-kw,
Hcp Ipf-¯n Cu ¢mknse s]¬Ip-«n-I-fpsS F®w B¬Ip-«n-I-fpsS F®-
Xma-c-¸q-¡Ä hncnªp ¯nsâ c­p aS-§m-bn-cp-¶p. B¬Ip-«n-I-fp-sSbpw s]¬Ip-«n-I-
\n¡p¶p. ]d-s¶-¯nb fp-sSbpw F®w F{X-bmWv?
Infn-¡q-«w, £oW-a-I- (3) AP-b\v hnP-b-t\-¡mÄ ]¯p hbkv IqSp-X-em-Wv. ASp¯
äm³ ]q¡-fn-en-cp-¶p. Hcp hÀjw AP-bsâ {]mbw, hnP-bsâ {]mb-¯nsâ c­p aS-§m-
Xma-c-bn Hcp Infn
Ipw. Ct¸mÄ Ch-cpsS {]mb-sa-{X-bmWv?
(4) Hcp kwJy-bpsS A©v aS§v B kwJy-sb-¡mÄ 4 IqSp-X-emb
hoXw Ccp-¶-t¸mÄ Hcp
Infn¡v CS-an-Ãm-Xm-bn.
Hcp Xma-c-bn Ccp-In-fn- asämcp kwJy-bpsS aq¶v aS-§n\v Xpey-am-sW-¦n kwJy GXv?
I-fmbn tNÀ¶n-cp-¶- (5) Hcp kl-I-c-W-kw-L-¯n kv{XoI-fpsS F®-¯nsâ aq¶v aS-
t¸mÄ, Hcp Xmac §mWv ]pcp-j-·m-cpsS F®w. 29 kv{XoIfpw 16 ]pcp-j-·mcpw
_m¡n-bmbn. IqSn kwL-¯n tNÀ¶-t¸mÄ ]pcp-j-·m-cpsS F®w kv{XoI-
Xma-c-sb{X?
fpsS F®-¯nsâ c­v aS-§mbn. kwL-¯n BZyw F{X
Infn-sb{X?
kv{XoI-fp-­m-bn-cp¶p?

Xncnªp--t\m-¡p-t¼mÄ
F\n¡v So¨-dpsS C\nbpw
]T-\-t\-«-§Ä Ignbpw klm-b-t¯msS sa¨-s¸-tS
Ignbpw -­-Xp­v
$ efn-X-amb kwJym-{]-iv\-§Ä hn]-co-X-{In-
b-I-fn-epsS ]cn-l-cn-¡p-¶p.
$ hn]-co-X-{In-b-I-fn-eqsS t\cn«v ]cn-l-cn-
¡m³ Ign-bm¯ {]iv\-§-fn Bh-iy-a-
\p-k-cn¨v _oP-K-WnXw D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p.

44 `mKw þ 1
KWnXw
cq]-§Ä
Nn{Xw t\m¡q.

Ip¯p-IÄ tbmPn¸n¨v ]e Xcw cq]-§Ä.

aq¶p Ip¯p-IÄ tbmPn-¸n¨v {XntImWw.
NXpÀ`p-Ptam?
C\n A©p Ip¯p-IÄ tbmPn-¸n¨v hc¨Xv t\m¡q.
F{X aqeIÄ? F{X hi-§Ä?

hnNn{X _lp-`p-P§
- Ä
Cu Nn{X-§Ä t\m¡q.

Chbpw t\Àh-c-IÄ am{Xw D]-tbm- Bdv aqebpÅ cq]w hc-bv¡p-I.

Kn¨mWv hc-¨n-cn-¡p¶-Xv. AXn-\mÂ
Ch-tbbpw _lp-`p-P-§-fmbn Nne-
t¸mÄ ]cn- K - W n- ¡ m- d p­v . F¶mÂ
\½psS ]mT-¯nÂ, ioÀj-§Ä AI-
t¯¡p Ipgn-ªn-cn-¡p-¶tXm, hi-
§Ä ]c-kv]cw apdn¨p IS-¡p-¶tXm
Bb C¯cw cq]-§sf _lp-`p-P-§-
fpsS Iq«-¯n DÄs¸-Sp-¯p-¶n-Ã. \mw
s]mXp-hmbn ]d-bm-\p-t±-in-¡p¶ ]e
XXz-§fpw Chbv¡v _m[-I-am-Im-¯-
XmWv Imc-Ww.
F{X hi-§Ä?
A©v hi-§fpw A©v aqe-Ifpw DÅ cq]-§sf ]©-
`-pPw F¶v ]d-bpw. Bdv hi-§fpw Bdv aqe-Ifpw DÅ
cq]-§-fpsS t]cmWv jUv`pPw (A©mw ¢mknse IW-
¡p-]p-kvX-I-¯nÂ, hc-IÄ tNcp-t¼mÄ F¶ ]mT-
¯nse _lp-`p-P-§Ä F¶ `mKw). C§s\ aqt¶m
AXn-e-[n-Itam hi-§-fpÅ cq]¯nsâ s]mXp-hmb
t]cmWv _lp-`p-Pw (polygon).

46 `mKw þ 1
 ¢mkv þ 8
tImWp-I-fpsS XpI
Hcp {XntIm-W-¯nse aq¶v tImWp-Ifpw Iq«n-bm 180o In«p-sa¶v
Ggmw ¢mkn I­-tÃm.

CXp-t]mse FÃm NXpÀ`p-P-¯nepw tImWp-I-fpsS XpI

H¶pXs¶bmtWm?

Hcp NXpÀ`pPw hc¨v AXnsâ Hcp hnIÀWw hc¨v t\m¡q.

NXpÀ`pPw Ct¸mÄ c­v {XntIm-W-§-fmbn. hnIÀWw c­v aqe-bn-

tebpw tImWp-Isf c­v `mK-am¡p¶p; Hcp `mKw Hcp {XntIm-W-
¯nepw adp-`mKw atä {XntIm-W-¯n-epw. At¸mÄ NXpÀ`p-P-¯nse
tImWp-IÄ c­p {XntIm-W-¯n-sebpw tImWp-I-fm-bn. AXn-\mÂ
NXpÀ`p-P-¯nse \mep tImWp-I-fp-sS XpI, c­v {XntIm-W¯n-
sebpw tImWp-I-fpsS XpI -X-s¶-bm-W-tÃm.

AXmbXv, 2 u180o = 360o.

GXp NXpÀ`p-P-¯nepw CXp-t]mse tImWp-I-fpsS XpI 360o Xs¶-

bm-sW¶v ImWmw.

C\n ]©-`p-P-am-bmtem?

H¶n-S-hn« c­p aqe-IÄ tbmPn-¸n¨v Hcp NXpÀ`p-Phpw Hcp {XntIm-

W-hp-ambn `mKn-¡mw.

Cu NXpÀ`p-P-¯n-sâbpw {XntIm-W-¯n-sâbpw tImWp-I-fpsS XpI-

bm-Wv, ]©-`p-P-¯nse tImWp-I-fpsS XpI.

47
Ž _lp-`pP§Ä 47
KWnXw
AXm-bXv,
360o + 180o = 540o

asämcp hn[-¯n ]d-ªmÂ, ]©-`p-P-¯ns\ aq¶v {XntIm-W-§-

fmbn `mKn¡mw; Ah-bpsS tImWp-I-fp-sS-sbÃmw XpI-bm-Wv, ]©-
`p-P-¯nse tImWp-I-fpsS XpI.
_nµp-hn\p Npäpw
Cu Nn{Xw t\m¡q:

C\n F«v hi-apÅ _lp-`pPw (AjvS-`p-Pw) Bbmtem?

6 5

7 4
Hcp _nµp-hn¯s¶ Iptd tImWp-
IÄ AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. Ch-
bpsS XpI-sb-´mWv? 8 3
Ch-bpsS hi-§-sfÃmw Htc \of-¯n-em-
¡n-bmÂ, Nph-sS- Im-Wp-¶-Xp-t]mse 1
Hcp hr¯w hc-bv¡mw. 2
F{X {XntIm-W-§-fmbn `mKn¡mw? 1þmw aqesb 3, 4,
5, 6, 7 F¶o A©v aqe-I-fp-ambn tbmPn-¸n¡mw:
6 5

7 4

At¸mÄ Cu tImWp- I Ä IrXy-

ambnt¨À¯p-h¨v Hcp ]qÀW-hr-¯-ap-
­m¡mw; AYhm Hcp hr¯s¯ apdn¨v
In«p- ¶ - h - b mWv Cu tImWp- I Ä.
At¸mÄ, Un{Kn F¶ Af-hnsâ \nÀh-
N-\-a-\p-k-cn-¨v, Ah-bpsS XpI 0q
BWv.
Ct¸mÄ I­ Imcyw, C§s\ Npcp-¡n-
¸-dbmw:
Hcp _nµp-hn\p Npäp-apÅ tImWp-If- psS
XpI 0q BWv.
8 3
1 2
A©v hc-IÄ, Bdv {XntIm-W-§Ä.
tImWp-I-fpsS XpI 6 u 180° = 1080°
12 hi-§-fpÅ _lp-`p-P-am-bmtem?
Nn{Xw hc-bv¡msX Btem-Nn-¡mw. Hcp aqe-bn \n¶v
XpS-§n-bmÂ,

48 `mKw þ 1
 ¢mkv þ 8
AXnsâ sXm«-¸p-d¯pw C¸p-d-¯p-apÅ aqe-I-sfm-gn-¨v, aäp 9 aqe-I-fp-
ambpw tbmPn-¸n-¨v hc-bv¡mw. 9 hc-IÄ, 10 {XntIm-W-§Ä;
tImWp-I-fpsS XpI 10 u180 = 1800
o o

C¡mcyw _oP-K-Wn-X-ap-]-tbm-Kn¨v ]d-bmw. n aqe-IÄ (hi-§-fpw)

DÅ _lp-`p-P-¯nÂ, Hcp aqe FSp¯p Ign-ªmÂ, _m¡n n  1
aqeI-fp-­v. Ch-bn BZy-sa-Sp¯ aqe-bpsS sXm«n-cp-h-i-¯p-apÅ
aqe- I - s fm- g n¨v asäÃm aqe- I - f p- a mbn tbmPn- ¸ n- ¨ m BsI
(n  1)  2 = n  3 hc-IÄ.

Hmtcm hc hc-bv¡p-t¼mgpw Hcp ]pXnb {XntIm-W-hpw, an¨-samcp

_lp-`p-Phpw; Ah-km-\s¯ hc hc-bv¡p-t¼mÄ, Hcp {XntIm-W-
hpw, an¨-samcp {XntIm-W-hpw. BsI (n  3)  1 = n  2 {XntImW-
§Ä, tImWp-I-fpsS XpI (n  2) u 180°
hi-§-fpÅ _lp-`p-P-¯nsâ tImWp-I-fpsS XpI
BWv.
n
(n - 2) ´ 180o

C\n Hcp tNmZyw.

GsX-¦nepw Hcp _lp-`pP¯nsâ tImWp-I-fpsS XpI thsdmcp hn`P\w
2700 BIptam?
o Hcp _lp-`p-P-¯nsâ DÅnse Hcp _nµp-
hn \n¶v ioÀj-§-fn-te¡v hc-IÄ
GsXmcp _lp-`p-P-¯n-sâbpw tImWp-I-fpsS XpI hc¨pw AXns\ {XntIm-W-§-fmbn `mKn-
180 bpsS KpWn-X-am-WtÃm?
o ¡mw.
At¸mÄ 2700 F¶Xv 180 sâ KpWn-X-amtWm F¶v
]cn-tim-[n-¨m aXn. AXn\v 2700 s\ 180 sIm­v lcn-
¨p-t\m¡-Ww. O

2700 y 180 = 15
n hi-§f - pÅ _lp-`p-P¯
- ns\ C§s\
AXmb-Xv, 2700 = 180 u 15 `mKn- ¨ mÂ, n {XntIm- W - § Ä Xs¶
In«p- a - t Ãm. Ch- b psS tImWp- I fpsS
\½psS s]mXp-X-Xz-a-\p-k-cn-¨v, 15 + 2 = 17 hi-§-fpÅ XpI n u 180q.
_lp`p-P-¯nsâ tImWp-I-fpsS XpI 2700° BW-tÃm. Cu tImWp-I-fnÂ, FÃm {XntIm-W-§-
fp-sSbpw O bnse tImWp-I-sfm-gn-¨v, aäp-
Å- h - b psS XpI, _lp- ` p- P - ¯ nsâ
tImWp- I - f psS XpI- X- s ¶- b mW.v
(1) 52hi-§-fpÅ Hcp _lp-`p-P-¯nsâ tImWp-I-fpsS O bnse tImWp- I - f psS XpI 360q
XpI-sb{XbmWv? BsW¶v t\cs¯ I­-tÃm. At¸mÄ
(2) Hcp _lp-`p-P-¯nsâ tImWp-I-fpsS XpI 8100 . o _lp-`p-P-¯nsâ tImWp-I-fpsS XpI.
AXn\v F{X hi-§fp­v? (n u180q) (2 u180q) (n 2) u180q

49
Ž _lp-`pP§Ä 49
KWnXw
(3) GsX-¦nepw Hcp _lp-`p-P-¯nsâ tImWp-I-fpsS XpI 1600°
BIptam? 900° BIptam?
(4) 20 hi-§-fpÅ Hcp _lp-`p-P-¯nsâ tImWp-I-sfÃmw Xpey-am-
Wv. Hmtcm tImWpw F{X Un{Kn-bmWv?
(5) Hcp _lp-`p-P¯
- nsâ tImWp-If- psS XpI 1980 . hi-§f- psS F®w
o

H¶p IqSp-X-emb _lp-`p-P-¯nsâ tImWp-I-fpsS XpI F{X-

bmWv? hi-§-fpsS F®w H¶v Ipd-hm-bmtem?
]pdw-tIm-Wp-IÄ
Hcp {XntImWw hc¨v GsX-¦nepw Hcp hiw Hcp `mK-t¯¡v \o«n
hc-bv¡p-I. At¸mÄ {XntIm-W-¯nsâ ]pd¯v Hcp ]pXnb tIm¬
In«n-bntÃ?
A

B C D
Cu tImWns\ {XntIm-W¯ - nsâ Hcp ]pdw-tIm¬, AsÃ-¦n _mly-
tIm¬ (external angle) F¶mWv ]d-bp-¶-Xv.
C F¶ aqe-bn¯s¶ {XntIm-W-¯nsâ Hcp tImWpw D­-tÃm.
CXn-s\ C bnse AI-t¡m¬ AsÃ-¦n B´-c-tIm¬ (interior
angle) F¶p ]d-bmw.

‘ACD F¶ ]pdw-tIm-Wn\v ‘ACB F¶ tImWp-ambn F´mWv

_Ôw? Ch Hcp tcJo-b-tPmSn Bb-Xn-\mÂ, ‘ACD = 180°  ‘ACB.
C\n AC F¶ hiw \o«n-bm C bn¯s¶ asämcp ]pdw-tIm¬
‘BCE In«pw. A

B D
C

50 `mKw þ 1
 ¢mkv þ 8
Cu c­v ]pdw-tIm-Wp-IÄ X½n-se-s´-¦nepw _Ô-apt­m? AE bpw
BD bpw apdn¨p IS-¡p-t¼mÄ D­m-Ip¶ Hcp tPmSn FXnÀtIm-Wp-
IfmWv Ch. AXn-\m ‘ACD = ‘BCE.
AXm-b-Xv, Hcp ioÀj-¯nse c­v ]pdwtImWp-Ifpw Xpey-am-Wv.
At¸mÄ Hcp aqe-bnse ]pdw-tIm-Wp-IfpsS Af-hp-Is- f-¡pdn¨v am{Xw
]d-bp-t¼mÄ Ch-bn GXm-sW-¶ {]iv\-an-Ã.
{XntIm-W-¯nsâ aq¶v aqe-I-fnepw ]pdw-tIm-Wp-IÄ hc-bv¡mw.
C

A
B

CXp-t]mse NXpÀ`p-P-¯n-sâbpw ]©-`p-P¯nsâbpw Hmtcm aqe-

bnepw ]pdw-tIm-Wp-IÄ hc-bv¡mw.

Hmtcm aqe-bnepw AIt¡mWpw ]pdw-tImWpw tcJo-b-tPm-Sn-btÃ?

(1) Hcp {XntIm-W-¯nsâ c­p tImWp-IÄ 40 , 60 . AXnsâ FÃm

o o

]pdw-tIm-Wp-I-fp-sSbpw Af-hp-IÄ I­p-]n-Sn-¡p-I.

(2) Nn{X-¯nse FÃm tImWp-Ifpw I­p-]n-Sn-¡pI.

105o
35o

51
Ž _lp-`pP§Ä 51
KWnXw
(3) Nn{X-¯nse NXpÀ`p-P-¯nsâ FÃm ]pdw-tIm-Wp-I-fpw I­p-]n-
Sn-¡p-I.

130o 70o

60o

(4) NphsS sImSp¯ Nn{X-§-fnse FÃm tImWp-I-fpw I­p-]n-Sn-

¡p-I.
70o
100o

145o
75o
115
o

85o

80o
95o
(5) GsXmcp {XntIm-W-¯nepw Hcp aqebnse ]pdw-tIm¬, aäv c­v
aqe-I-fnse AIt¡mWp-I-fpsS XpIbv¡v Xpey-amsW¶v sXfn-
bn¡pI.
amdm-¯ XpI
GXp _lp-`p-P¯ - nepw AI-t¡m-Wp-
I-fpsS XpI IW-¡m-¡m³ hi-§- C

fpsS F®w Adn-ªm aXn.

]pdw- t Im- W p- I - f psS XpItbm?
{XntIm-W-¯n \n¶p XpS§-mw.
Nn{X-¯nse ]pdwtImWp-IsfÃmw A 65o 35o
B
I­p-]n-Sn¡mtam?
52 `mKw þ 1
 ¢mkv þ 8
A bnse ]pdwtIm¬, 180  65 = 115 o o o

CuÀ¡n¡-W¡v
B bnteXv 180  35 = 145
o o o
CuÀ¡n¡- j - W - § - f p- ] - t bm- K n¨v ,
C bnse AIt¡m¬ 180  (65 + 35 ) = 180  100o
NphsS Im-Wp-¶-Xp-t]mse Hcp {XntIm-
W-ap-­m-¡n, tImWp-IÄ hc-¨-S-bm-f-s¸-
o o o o

= 80o Sp-¯pI.
C bnse ]pdw-tIm¬ 180 o
 80o = 100o

]pdwtIm-Wp-I-fpsS XpI
115o + 145o + 100o = 360o

FÃm {XntIm-W§fnepw
]pdw-tIm-Wp-I-fpsS XpI CXn\p apI- f nÂ
C
360 Xs¶bmtWm? Cu
o
aäp aq¶p CuÀ¡n-
Nn{Xw t\m¡q. ep- I Ä t\cs¯
h¨-Xn\p kam-´-c-
ambn h¨v, AÂ]w
A IqSn sNdnb
B {XntIm- W - a p- ­ m-
- nse A F¶ aqebnse AIt¡mWpw ]pdw- ¡p-I.
{XntIm-W¯
tImWpw Iq«n-bm 180 In«p-a-tÃm. CXp-t]mse B Ct¸mgpw tImWp-IÄ amdn-bn-«n-Ã-tÃm.
o

bnepw C bnepw 180 In«pw. At¸mÄ aq¶p aqe-Ifn- AÂ]w IqSn sNdp-Xm-¡n-bmtem?
o

sebpw AIt¡m-Wpw ]pdwtImWpw FÃmw Iq«n-bmÂ

3 u 180o = 540o

CXn {XntIm-W-¯nse aq¶v tImWp-I-fpsS XpI

180 .
o Ah-km\w {XntIm-Wta CÃm-Xm-bmtem?
At¸mÄ ]pdw- t Im- W p- I Ä am{Xw Iq«n- b mÂ
540  180 = 360 .
o o o

GXp {XntIm-W-¯nepw ]pdw-tIm-Wp-IfpsS XpI 360 . o

NXpÀ`p-P-am-bmtem? Hmtcm aqebnsebpw Cu Nn{X-¯nÂ, AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cn-

¡p¶ tImWp-I-fpsS XpI-sb-´mWv?
AIt¡mWn-sâbpw ]pdwtIm-Wn- D At¸mÄ BZy-Nn-{X-¯n-setbm?
sâbpw XpI 180 BWv . \mev o C
ioÀj-§-fn-epw-IqSn
4 u 180o = 720o

CXnÂ\n¶v NXpÀ`p- P - ¯ nsâ

tImWp-If- psS XpI 360 Ipd-¨m o
B
720 - 360 = 360 .
o o o A

53
Ž _lp-`pP§Ä 53
KWnXw
NXpÀ`pP¯nsâbpw ]pdw-tIm-Wp-I-fp-sS XpI 360 Xs¶. o

]©-`p-P-¯nepw jUv`p-P-¯nepw CXpt]mse IW-¡m¡n t\m¡q.

s]mXp-hmbn n hi-apÅ _lp-`p-P-s¯¡p-dn¨v Btem-
Npcp-§n-¨p-cp§n Nn-¡mw. BsI n aqe-IÄ. Hmtcm aqebn-epw Hcp
tImWp- I Ä amdmsX {XntIm- W s¯
]pdwtImWpw _lp-`p-P-¯nse tImWpw tNÀ¶v Hcp
Npcp-¡n-b-Xp-t]m-se, GXp _lp-`p-P- tcJo-b-tPm-Sn; BsI n tcJo-b-tPmSnIÄ. Cu tImWp-
¯n-s\bpw Npcp-¡mw. Cu Nn{X-§Ä I-fp-sS-sbÃmw XpI n u 180 . CXn AIt¡mWp-I-
o

t\m¡q. fpsS XpI (n  2) u 180 . At¸mÄ ]pdwtIm-Wp-I-fpsS

o

XpI
= n u 180o  (n  2) u 180o
= 2 u 180o
= 360o
AXm-b-Xv,
GXv _lp-`p-P¯
- n-epw ]pdwtIm-Wp-If- p-sS XpI
360 BWv.
o

(1) 18 hi-§-fpÅ Hcp _lp-`p-P-¯nsâ tImWp-

IsfÃmw Xpey- a mWv . Hmtcm ]pdwtImWpw
F{XbmWv?
(2) PQRS F¶ NXpÀ`p-P-¯n PQ, RS F¶o hi-§Ä
kam-´-c-am-Wv. NXpÀ`p-P-¯nsâ FÃm tImWp-Ifpw
]pdw-tIm-Wp-Ifpw I­p-]n-Sn-¡p-I.

R
S
HSp-hn _lp-`pPw Xs¶ CÃm-Xmbn
Hcp _nµp- am-{X-am-Ip-t¼mtgm? 110o

50o
Q
P

_lp-`p-P-¯nsâ _mly-tIm-Wp-I-fpsS (3) Hcp NXpÀ`p-Pw hc-¨v, GsX-¦nepw c­p aqe-I-fnse

XpItbm? ]pdw-tIm-WpI-Ä AS-bm-fs- ¸-Sp-¯p-I. Ch-bpsS XpI-
bpw, aäp c­p aqe-I-fnse AI-t¡m-Wp-I-fpsS
XpIbpw X½nses´¦nepw _Ô-apt­m?

54 `mKw þ 1
 ¢mkv þ 8
(4) tImWp-I-sfÃmw Xpey-amb Hcp _lp-`p-P-¯nsâ
Hcp _mly-tIm¬, _lp-`p-P¯
- nsâ Hcp AI-t¡m-
Wnsâ c­v aS-§mWv.
i) AXnse Hmtcm tImWpw F{X Un{Kn-bmWv? BI- ¯ ¡
- h
- n[ w ssÉUÀ \n
min = 0.01, max = 2, increment = 0.01

Bcw Bbn HcpIp¯p-

hr¯wI-fhc¨v
a Àan -
¡
AXn p-
I Â.
ii) AXn\v F{X hi-§-fp­v?
(5) Hcp _lp-`p-P¯
- nsâ ]pdw-tIm-Wp-If
- psS XpI AI-
At©m
Ip¯p-
a
Btdm
ItbmPn
Ä Nn{X- n- S
¯p-I.nÂ(rayImWp- p- I . Cu
¶-Xp-
t¡m-Wp-If- psS XpI-bpsS c­v aS-§m-Wv. B _lp-
`p-P-¯n\v F{X hi-§Ä D­v? ]pdw tImWp-I-
t]mse
Kn¡mw) -
¸ n-
¡ tool D]-tbm-

fpsS XpI, AI-t¡m-Wp-I-fpsS XpI-bpsS ]Ip-Xn-

bm-sW-¦ntem? XpI-IÄ Xpey-am-sW-¦ntem?
ka-_-lp-`p-P-§Ä
Hcp {XntIm-W-¯nse tImWp-I-sfÃmw Xpey-am-sW-
¦n Hmtcm tImWpw F{X-bmWv?
tImWp-I-sfÃmw Xpey-am-b-Xn-\m {XntIm-W-¯nsâ
hi-§-fpsS \ofhpw Xpey-amWv. (Xpey {XntIm-W§
- Ä
F¶ ]mT¯n ka-]mÀiz-{Xn-tIm-W-§Ä F¶ `mKw) C\n hr¯w ad¨pWp-IhbvÄ ¡AS-mw.bm-fAngle
adn-¨v, Hcp {XntIm-W-¯nse hi-§-sfÃmw Xpey-am- ¯p-I. a F¶ kwJy amän t\m¡q.-s¸-Sp-
FSp¯v ]pdw-
t Im-
bmtem? tImWp-I-fpw Xpey-am-Wv. C¯cw {XntIm-W-
§-fm-WtÃm ka-`p-P-{Xn-tIm-W-§Ä.
Hcp NXpÀ`p-P-¯nsâ tImWp-I-sfÃmw Xpey-am-sW-¦n hi-§-fpsS
\ofhpw Xpey-am-IWsa-¶pt­m?
NXpc¯nse tImWp-I-sfÃmw Xpey-am-Wv. hi-§Ä Xpey-am-IW-
sa-¶n-Ã. hi§-fpsS \ofhpw Xpey-am-bm ka-N-Xp-c-am-bn.

adn¨v, Hcp NXpÀ`p-P-¯nsâ hi-§-sfÃmw Xpey-am-bm tImWp-

IÄ Xpey-am-I-W-sa-¶pt­m?
hi-§Ä Xpey-amb kmam-´-
cnI¯nsâ tImWp-IÄ Xpey-
amI-W-sa-¶n-ÃtÃm?

tImWp-Ifpw Xpey-ambm ka-N-Xpcw Xs¶.

55
Ž _lp-`pP§Ä 55
KWnXw

hr¯hpw ka-_l
- p-`p-P§
- fpw AXm-b-Xv, hi-§Ä Xpeyhpw tImWp-IÄ Xpey-hp-amb
hr¯-¯n-\p-Ån ka-]-©-`p-P-hpw, ka- NXpÀ`p-P-amWv ka-N-Xp-cw.
j-Uv`p-Phpw hc-¨Xv HmÀa-bpt­m?
hr¯- t I- { µ- ¯ nÂ,
72q
Hcp ]©-`p-P-¯nsâ tImWp-I-sfÃmw Xpey-am-sW-¦nÂ
tImWp- I Ä Hmtcm tImWpw F{X-bmWv?
hc-¨mÂ, ka-]-©-`pPw hc-bv¡mw.
]©-`p-P-¯nsâ tImWp-I-fpsS XpI 3 u 180 = 540
o o

BW-tÃm.
AXn-\m Hcp tImWnsâ
Afhv = 108 F¶v
o
540 o
108
o

In«pw. At¸mÄ tImWp-IÄ

5

Xpey-amb ]©-`pPw hc- 108 o

108 o

bv ¡ m³ Hmtcm ioÀj-
CXp-t]mse ka-j-Uv`pPw hc-bv¡m³ ¯nepw 108 tIm¬ hc-¯-
tImWp-IÄ F{X-bmbn FSp-¡Ww? ka
o
108
o
108
¡-hn[w hc-¨m aXnb- t- Ãm.
o

AjvS-`p-P-¯nt\m?
Pyman-Xn-s¸-«n-bnse a«-§Ä D]-tbm-Kn¨v, CXn hi-§-sfÃmw Xpey-am-I-W-sa-¶pt­m?
hr¯s¯ ]e- ]e coXn-bn ka-`m-K-
§-fm-¡ma-tÃm. tImWp-IÄ- Xpeyhpw hi-
a«-§Ä D]-tbm-Kn¨v GsXÃmw ka_-lp- §-Ä Xpey-hpamb ]©-
`p-P-§Ä hcbv¡mw? `pPhpw hc- b v ¡ mw.
24 hi- § - f pÅ ka_lp- ` pPw C¯cw ]©-`p-P-`p-amWv
hc-bv¡m³ Ign-bptam? ka-]-©-`p-Pw.
CXp-t]mse tImWp-Ifpw hi-§fpw Xpey-
amb jUv ` pPw (k- a - j - U v ` p- P w) hc-
bv¡matÃm?
hi-§Ä Xpeyhpw tImWp-IÄ Xpeyhpamb _lp-`p-P-§sf ka-_-
lp-`p-P-§Ä (regular polygons) F¶mWv ]d-bp-¶Xv.
Cu Nn{Xw t\m¡q.
D

E C
Regular Polygon FSp¯v
c­p _nµp-¡-
fn ¢n¡v sN¿p-I. aqe-I-fpsS F®w
(hi-§-fpsS F®w) \ÂIn OK sImSp-
¡p-I.
A B

56 `mKw þ 1
 ¢mkv þ 8
ABCDE Hcp ka-]-©-`p-P-am-Wv. D F¶ aqe-bnse aq¶p tNÀ¯v hbv¡mw
tImWp-Ifpw IW-¡m-¡mtam? Nn{X-¯n 6 Xpey- k-a-`pP{XntIm-W-
ka-]-©-`p-P-am-bXn-\mÂ, tImWp-I-sfÃmw 108 o: §Ä Hcp _nµp-hn\v Npäp-ambn tNÀ¯v
h¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xv t\m¡q.
D

E 108o 108o C

CXp-t]mse aäv GsXÃmw Xpey-amb

A B ka-_-lp-`p-P-§Ä Hcp _nµp-hn\v Npäpw
C§s\ tNÀ¯p hbv¡mw.
'AED bpw 'BCD bpw ka-]mÀiz {XntIm-W-§-fmWv.
(F´p-sIm­v?) At¸mÄ Ah-bpsS aäp c­p tImWp- Hcp _nµp-hn\v Npäp-apÅ tIm¬ 360
BW-tÃm. Xpey-amb ka-_-lp-`p-P-§Ä
o

Ifpw IW-¡m-¡m-atÃm. (F§s\?) Hcp _nµp- h n\v Npäpw tNÀ¯p

D
hbv¡m³, _lp-`p-P¯ - nsâ tImWnsâ
Afhv 360 sâ LSIw Bbn-cn-¡-Ww.
36o 36o Nn{Xw t\m¡q.
E 108o 108o C

36o 36o

A B
D F¶ aqe-bnse aq¶p tImWp-Ifpw Iq«n-bm 108o ;
At¸mÄ C\n an¨-apÅ tImtWm? C\n GsX- ¦ nepw ka- _ - l p- ` p- P - § -
‘ADB = 108 (36 + 36 ) = 36 .
o o o o fpt­m?
D ka-_lp`p-P-§-f-sÃ-¦ntem?
36o 36o
36o
E C

A B

A§-s\, AD, BD F¶o hc-IÄ ]©-`p-P-¯nse D F¶ aqe-bnse

tImWns\ aq¶p ka-`m-K§-fm-¡p¶p F¶p ImWmw.
57
Ž _lp-`pP§Ä 57
KWnXw
C\n Cu Nn{X-¯n¯-s¶, AB bv¡v kam-´-c-ambn D bneqsS Hcp
hc hc¨p t\m¡q.
D
SliderFSp¯v AXn Integer ¢n¡v
sNbv X m n F¶v In«pw. ( Integer 36 o
36
F¶m ]qÀW-kwJy F¶ÀYw) min
o
36 o

= 3, max = 8 Fs¶- S p- ¡ p- I . n F¶
E C
kwJy 8 Fs¶Sp-¡p-t¼mÄ 8 hi-apÅ
ka-_-lp-`pPw e`n-¡pw. Reflect about
Line FSp¯v _lp-`p-P¯
- n-\p-Ånepw Hcp
hi¯nepw ¢n¡v sN¿p-I. C§s\
Hmtcm hi¯nepw sNbvXm NphsS A B
sImSp-¯n-cn-¡p¶ Nn{Xw In«pw. Ct¸mÄ D bnep-­mb c­p ]pXnb tImWp-Ifpw 36 o

Xs¶-btÃ? F´p-sIm­v?
asämcp tNmZyw:
Hcp ka-_-lp-`p-P-¯nsâ Hcp tIm¬ 144 BWv. o

AXn-s\{X hi-§-fp­v?
Hmtcm tImWpw 144 .
o

At¸mÄ, Hmtcm ]pdw-tImWpw 36 . o

]pdw-tIm-Wp-I-fpsS XpI 360 Bb-Xn-\m hi-§f- psS

o

n F¶ kwJy 6 Â Ipd-bp-t¼mÄ Nn{X-

¯n\v F´v {]tXy-I-X-bmWv? 6 Â IqSp- F®w 36 = 10
o
360

t¼mtgm? 6 BIp-t¼mtgm?
o

AXm-b-Xv, Cu ka-_-lp-`p-P-¯n\v 10 hi§fp-­v.

(1) hi-§Ä Xpeyhpw tImWp-IÄ hyXy-kvXhpamb Hcp jUv`pPw

hc-bv¡p-I.
(2) tImWp-IÄ FÃmw Xpeyhpw hi-§Ä hyXy-kvX-hp-amb Hcp
jUv`pPw hc-bv¡pI.
(3) 15 hi-§-fpÅ Hcp ka-_-lp-`p-P-¯nsâ Hmtcm tImWpw F{X-
Un{Kn-bmWv? ]pdw-tImtWm?
(4) Hcp ka-_-lp-`p-P-¯nsâ Hcp tIm¬ 168 . AXn\v F{X hi-§-
o

fp­v?
(5) ]pdw-tImWpI-sfÃmw 6 Bb ka-_-lp-`pPw hc-bv¡mtam?
o

7 Bbmtem?
o

58 `mKw þ 1
 ¢mkv þ 8
P
(6) Nn{X-¯n Hcp ka-]-©-`p-Phpw Hcp
ka-j-Uv`p-Phpw tNÀ¯p h¨n-cn-¡p- Q
¶p. ‘PQR F{X Un{Kn-bmWv? R

(7) Nn{X-¯n ka-N-Xp-chpw, ka-]-©-`p-Phpw, ka-j-Uv`p-Phpw

tNÀ¯p hc-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xv t\m¡q. ‘BAC F{X Un{Kn-bmWv?

B
C

tIm¼kv
a«-§-tfm, tIm¬am-]n-\ntbm D]-tbm-
A Kn¨p tImWp-IÄ Af-¡m-sX, tIm¼kv
D]-tbm-Kn¨pw ka-_-lp-`p-P-§Ä hc-
bv¡mw. C§s\ ka-`p-P-{Xn-tIm-W-hpw,
ka-N-Xp-c-hpw, ka-j-Uv`p-Phpw hc-bv¡p-
¶Xv ]e ¢mkp- I - f n- e mbn I­n- « p-
(8) Nn{X-¯n ABCDEF Hcp kajUv`p-P-am-Wv. CXnse ­tÃm.
H¶n-S-hn« aqe-IÄ tbmPn-¸n-¨m In«p¶ {XntImWw tIm¼kv D]-tbm-Kn¨v ka-]-©-`pPw hc-
bv¡m³ ]e amÀK-§-fp-ap-­v. efn-X-amb
ka-`p-P-{Xn-tIm-W-amsW¶v sXfn-bn-¡p-I. Hcp amÀKw.
E D w w w. c u t - t h e - k n o t . o rg / p y t h a g o r a s /
PentagonConstruction
F¶ sh_vt]Pn-ep­v. tIm¼kpw
C kvsIbnepw am{Xw D]-tbm-Kn¨v 17 hi-
F
§-fpÅ ka-_-lp-
`pPw hc-bv¡m-sa-¶v,
{]kn² KWn-X-im-
A B kv{X-Ú-\mb Kukv
At±-l-¯nsâ
(9) Nn{X-¯n ABCDEF Hcp ka-j-Uv`p-P-amWv. ACDF
]s¯m¼Xmw hb-
Hcp NXp-c-am-sW¶v sXfn-bn-¡p-I. kn sXfn-bn-¨p.
F E CXn-s\-¡p-dn-¨pÅ
IqSp-X hnh-c-§Ä
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heptadecagon
A D F¶ sh_vt]Pn-ep-­v.

B C
59
Ž _lp-`pP§Ä 59
KWnXw

Xncnªp--t\m-¡p-t¼mÄ
F\n¡v So¨-dpsS C\nbpw
]T-\-t\-«-§Ä Ignbpw klm-b-t¯msS sa¨-s¸-tS
Ignbpw -­-Xp­v
$ _lp-`p-P¯
- nse tImWp-If
- psS XpI ImWp-
¶-Xn-\pÅ hnhn[ amÀK-§Ä hni-Zo-I-cn-
¡p-¶p.
$ _lp-`p-P-¯nse ]pdw-tIm-Wp-I-fpw AI-
t¡m-Wp-I-fpw X½n-epÅ _Ôw hni-Zo-I-
cn-¡p¶p
$ ]pdw-tIm-Wp-If
- psS XpI I­p-]n-Sn-¡m-\pÅ
amÀKw hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-¶p.
$ _lp-`p-P-§-fn \n¶v ka-_-lp-`p-P-§sf
Xncn-¨-dn-bp-¶p.
$ tImW-fhv D]-tbm-Kn¨v ka-_-lp-`p-P-§-
fpsS hi-§-fpsS F®w Is­-¯p-¶p.

60 `mKw þ 1
KWnXw

XpI-I-fpsS KpW\w
Hcp NXp-c-¯nsâ \ofw 12 skânao-
äÀ, hoXn 7 skân-ao-äÀ. ]c-¸-fhv 7
F{X-bmWv?

12
\ofw 3 skânaoäÀ Iq«n NXpcw AÂ]w hep-Xm¡n.

12 3
]c-¸-fhv F{X IqSn?
BZys¯ ]c-¸-fhv 84. hep-Xm-¡n-b-t¸mÄ ]c-¸-fhv 15 u 7 = 105.
IqSn-bXv 105  84 = 21 F¶n-§s\ IW-¡m-¡mw.
KpW-\-^-e-§Ä shtÆsd IW-¡m-¡m-sXbpw CXp sN¿mw.
(12 + 3) u 7 = (12 u 7) + (3 u 7) = (12 u 7) + 21
IqSn-bXv 21 BsW¶v CXn \n¶v ImWm-atÃm.

7 7 21 7

kÀh-ka- h- mIyw
2x + 3 = 3x + 2 F¶ 12 12 3
ka-hm-Iyw, x F¶ C\n BZys¯ NXp-c-¯nÂ, \ofw 3 skânao-äÀ Iq«p-¶-Xn\p ]I-cw,
kwJy 1 Bbn FSp-¯m hoXn-bmWv 2 skânao-äÀ Iq«n-b-sX-¦ntem?
am{X-amWv icn-bm-Ip-I. 12
2 24
x + (x + 1) = 2x + 1
F¶ ka-hm-Iytam?
x Bbn GXv kwJy
FSp-¯mepw icn-bm-Ipw. 7 7
FÃm kwJy-IÄ¡pw
icn-bm-Ip¶
ka-hmIs¯ 12 12
kÀh-k-a-hmIyw
(identity) F¶mWv Ct¸mÄ sNbvX-Xp-t]mse, ]c-¸-fhv F{X IqSn-sb¶p IW-¡m¡mw:
]d-bp-¶-Xv. 12 u (7 + 2) = (12 u 7) + (12 u 2) = (12 u 7) + 24
At¸mÄ, IqSn-bXv 24.

62 `mKw þ 1
 ¢mkv þ 8
C\n \ofw 3 skânaoä-dpw, hoXn 2 skânaoädpw Iq«n-bmtem?
2 24

7 7 21

12 12 3
t\cs¯ I­-Xp-t]mse, \ofw Iq«n-b-t¸mÄ ]c-¸-fhv IqSn-bXv 21;
hoXn Iq«n- b - t ¸mÄ, ]c- ¸ - f hv IqSn- b Xv 24; BsI IqSn- b Xv
21 + 24 = 45 F¶p IW-¡m-¡mw.
-]s£ NXpcambn-ÃtÃm. AXn\v aqe-bn Hcp sNdp-N-Xpcw IqSn
thWw.
12 3
2 24 6 2

7 7 21 7

12 12 3

henb NXp-c-am-Ipt-¼mÄ ]c-¸-fhv IqSn-bXv 21 + 24 + 6 = 51

CXv asämcp Xc-¯n ]d-bmw. BZys¯ NXp-c-¯nsâ ]c-¸-fhv
12 u 7 Dw, Ct¸m-gs¯ NXp-c-¯nsâ ]c-¸-fhv 15 u 9 Dw BW-tÃm.
BZys¯ KpW- \ - ^ - e - ¯ n \n¶v c­m- a s¯ KpW- \ - ^ - e -
¯nse¯m³ Fs´-Ãm-amWv Iq«n-bXv?
15 u 9 = (12 u7) + 24 + 21 + 6
Iq«n-b-sXÃmw KpW\§fmbn Fgp-Xn-bmtem?
15 u 9 = (12 u7) + (12 u2) + (3 u7) + (3 u2)
AXm-bXv
(12 + 3) u(7 + 2) = (12 u7) + (12 u2) + (3 u7) + (3 u2)
ChnsS sNbvXXv F´mWv?
12 u7 s\ 15 u9 B¡m³,
$ 15 u9 s\ (12 + 3) u(7 + 2) F¶v ]ncn-s¨-gpXn.
$ 12 sIm­v 7 s\bpw 2 s\bpw KpWn¨p;
63
 kÀh-ka
- h
- m-Iy-§Ä 63
KWnXw
$ 3 sI­v 7 s\bpw 2 s\bpw KpWn-¨p.
$ AsXÃmw Iq«n.
CXp-t]mse 13 u15 s\ 14 u16 B¡m³ F´v Iq«-Ws
- a¶p t\m¡mw.
14 u 16 = (13 + 1) u (15 + 1)
= (13 u15) + (13 u1) + (1 u15) + (1 u1)
AXm-b-Xv, Iqt«-­Xv 13 + 15 + 1 = 29.
c­p IW-¡nepw Hcp XpIsb asämcp XpI-sIm­v KpWn-¡p-I-bm-
WtÃm sNbvX-Xv. CXn\pÅ s]mXp-hmb coXn F´mWv?
A[nkw-Jy-I-fpsS XpIsb XpI sIm­p KpWn-¡m³,
BZys¯ XpI-bnse Hmtcm kwJy-tbbpw c­m-as¯ XpI-
bnse Hmtcm kwJy-sIm­pw KpWn¨v, Iq«Ww.
CXp-]-tbm-Kn-¨v, 26 u74 sNbvXpt\m¡mw.
26 u74 = (20 + 6) u(70 + 4)

= (20 u 70) + (20 u 4) + (6 u 70) + (6 u 4)

= 1400 + 80 + 420 + 24
KpW-\{- Inb
km[m-c-W-co-Xn-bn IW-¡m-¡p-
24 u 36
= 1924

¶-sX-§s\? 103 u 205 Bbmtem?

24 u
36 103 u 205 = (100 + 3) (200 + 5)
144
= (100 u 200) + (100 u 5) + (3 u 200) + (3 u 5)
720
864 = 20000 + 500 + 600 + 15
CXnse Hmtcm hcn-bn-sebpw KpW-\-^-
e-§Ä In«n-bXv F§-s\-bmWv? = 21115

C\n XpI-I-fpsS KpW-\-s¯-¡p-dn¨p ]dª Imcyw

24 u _oP-K-Wn-X-¯n Fgp-Xmw.
36
144 o6 u(4 + 20) = 24 + 120 BZys¯ XpI x + y F¶pw, c­m-as¯ XpI u + v
720 o30 u(4 + 20) = 120 + 600 F¶pw FSp¡mw, Ch-bpsSKpW-\^ - ew I­p-]n-Sn-¡m³,
864 xu, xv, yu, yv Ch- s bÃmw Iq«- W w. At¸mÄ
apI-fn-se-gp-Xnb s]mXp-XXzw C§-s\-bm-Ipw.

x, y, u, v F¶ GXp \mev A[n-kw-Jy-I-sf-Sp-¯mepw

(x + y) (u + v) = xu + xv + yu + yv

64 `mKw þ 1
 ¢mkv þ 8
Hcp IW¡p IqSn:
1 1 § 1· § 1·
6 u8 = ¨6  ¸ u ¨ 8  3 ¸
2 3 © 2¹ © ¹

§ ·1 §1 · §1 1 ·
= 6 u 8  ¨ 6 u 3 ¸  ¨ u 8¸  ¨ u ¸
© ¹ ©2 ¹ ©2 3 ¹

1
= 48 + 2 + 4 + 6

1
= 54 6
asämcp IW¡v t\m¡mw. Ie-­-dnse kwJy-I-fpsS XpI-Isf¡pdn-
¨pÅ Nne ck-I-c-amb Imcy-§Ä Ggmw ¢mkn I­n-«p­v.
(amdp¶ kwJy-Ifpw amdm¯ _Ô§-fpw F¶ ]mT-¯nse, Ie-
­À IW-¡v, asämcp Ie-­À IW¡v F¶o `mK-§Ä). C\n Ah-
bpsS KpW-\-^e--§sf¡pdn-¨pÅ Hcp IW¡v t\m¡mw.
Ie-­-dnse GsX-¦nepw Hcp amk-sa-Sp¯v, Hcp ka-N-Xp-c-¯nÂ
hcp¶ \mep kwJy-IÄ AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯p-I.
RmbÀ Xn¦Ä sNmÆ _p[³ hymgw shÅn i\n
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8 9 10 11
12 13 14 15 16 17 18
19 20 21 22 23 24 25
26 27 28 29 30 31

tImtWmSptIm¬ hcp¶ kwJy-IÄ KpWn¨p t\m¡q.

14 u 6 = 84
13 u 7 = 91
Ch-bpsS hyXymkw
91  84 = 7
CXp-t]mse ka-N-Xp-c-¯n-\p-Ån hcp¶ aäp \mep kwJyIÄ
FSp¯p t\m¡q.
22 u 30 = 660
23 u 29 = 667
667 660 = 7

65
 kÀh-ka- h- m-Iy§
- Ä 65
KWnXw
hyXymkw Ft¸mgpw 7 Xs¶-bm-Im³ Imc-W-sa-´-mWv?
_oP-K-WnXw D]-tbm-Kn¨p t\m¡mw:-
kaNXp- c - ¯ nse BZys¯ kwJy x Fs¶- S p- ¯ mÂ, \mep
kwJyIÄ C§s\ Fgp-Xmw.
x x+1
x+7 x+8
(Ggmw ¢mkn amdp¶ kwJy-Ifpw amdm¯ _Ô-§fpw F¶ ]mT-
¯nse Ie-­À IW¡v F¶ `mK¯v CXp I­-Xm-WtÃm.)
tImtWm-Sp-tIm¬ hcp¶ kwJy-IÄ KpWn-¨mtem?
x (x + 8) = x2 + 8x

(x + 1) (x + 7) F¶ KpW-\s¯ F§s\ ]ncn-s¨-gpXmw?

(x + 1) (x + 7) = x2 + 7x + x + 7 = x2 + 8x + 7

c­p KpW-\-^-e-§fpw t\m¡q; hyXymkw 7 AtÃ?

CXn x Bbn GXp A[n-kw-Jybpw FSp-¡m-atÃm; AXm-b-Xv, Ie-
­-dnsâ GXp `mK¯pw CXp icnbm-Wv.
thsdmcp IW-¡v. NphsS ImWn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xp-t]mse Hcp KpW-\-¸-
«nI D­m-¡p-I:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27

4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54

7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63

8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 72

9 18 27 36 45 54 63 72 81

66 `mKw þ 1
 ¢mkv þ 8
Ie-­-dn sNbvX-Xp-t]mse ka-N-Xp-c-¯n-\p-Ån hcp¶ \mep
kwJy-IÄ AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯p-I.
12 15
16 20
tImtWmSptIm¬ KpWn-¡p-¶-Xn\p ]Icw Iq«n t\m¡q.
12 + 20 = 32
16 + 15 = 31
atä-sX-¦nepw \mev kwJy-IÄ C§s\ FSp-¯mtem?
35 40
42 48
35 + 48 = 83
40 + 42 = 82
Ft¸mgpw hyXymkw 1 Xs¶ BIp-¶Xv F´p-sIm-­mWv?
]«n-I-bn Hcp hcn-bnse kwJyIsfÃmw Htc kwJybpsS KpWn-
X-§-fm-W-tÃm. s]mXpsh Hcp hcn-bnse kwJyI-Ä C§-s\-bmWv;
x 2x 3x 4x 5x 6x 7x 8x 9x
ASp¯ hcn-bnse kwJy-Ifpw IqSn t\m¡mw.
x 2x 3x 4x 5x 6x 7x 8x 9x

x + 1 2 (x + 1) 3 (x + 1) 4 (x + 1) 5 (x + 1) 6 (x + 1) 7 (x + 1) 8 (x + 1) 9 (x + 1)

BZy-sa-gp-Xnb hcn-bnse Hcp kwJy yx Fs¶Sp-¡mw. Cu hcn-

bnse ASp¯ kwJy x sâ ASp¯ KpWn-X-am-WtÃm; AXm-bXv,
(y + 1) x.
ASp¯ hcn-bnÂ, yx \p Nph-«n hcp¶ kwJy F´mWv?
AXv x + 1 sâ KpWn-X-amWv; GXp KpWnXw?
Cu hcn-bn AXn-\-Sp¯ kwJytbm?
At¸mÄ \mep kwJyI-fpsS ka-N-Xp-c-¯nsâ s]mXp-hmb cq]w
C§-s\-bm-Wv.
yx (y + 1) x

y (x + 1) (y + 1) (x + 1)

67
 kÀh-ka
- h
- m-Iy-§Ä 67
KWnXw
Ch-bnÂ
(y + 1) x = yx + x
y (x + 1) = yx + y
Ch-bpsS XpI
(y + 1) x + y (x + 1) = 2yx + y + x
aäp c­p KpWn- X - § fn yx s\ H¶pw sN¿m- \ nÃ;
(y + 1) (x + 1) F¶-Xns\ hnkvX-cn-s¨-gp-Xn-bmtem?
(y + 1) (x + 1) = yx + y + x + 1
c­m-as¯ tPmSn KpWn-X-§-fpsS XpI
yx + (y + 1) (x + 1) = 2yx + y + x + 1
At¸mÄ tImtWm-Sp-tIm-WpÅ Hcp XpI 2yx + x + y;atä XpI
2yx + y + x + 1; Ch-bpsS hy-Xymkw 1
Cu IW¡v sN¿p-¶X - n-\n-Sb
- nÂ,
(y + 1) (x + 1) = yx + y + x + 1 F¶p I­-tÃm.
CXv Hcp s]mXp-XX - z-ambn km[m-cW `mj-bn F§s\
]dbmw? CXp-]-tbm-Kn¨v Nne KpW-\-§Ä a\-¡-W-
¡mbn sN¿m³ Ign-bptam?
Cu XXz-¯nÂ, 1 \p ]Icw 2 FSp-¯mtem?

(1) NphsS ImWn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xv -t]mse kwJy-IÄ Fgp-XpI.

1 2 3 4 5

6 7 8 9 10

11 12 13 14 15

16 17 18 19 20

21 22 23 24 25

i) Ie-­-dn sNbvX-Xp-t]mse \mep kwJy-I-fpÅ Hcp ka-

N-Xpcw AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯n, tImtWm-Sp-tIm¬ KpWn¨v
hyXymkw I­p-]n-Sn-¡p-I. GXp ka-N-Xp-c-¯nsebpw \mep
kwJy-Is-f-Sp-¯m Htc hyXym-k-amtWm In«p-¶Xv?
ii) CXv F´p-sIm-­m-sW¶v _oP-K-WnXw D]-tbm-Kn¨p hni-
Zo-I-cn-¡p-I.
68 `mKw þ 1
 ¢mkv þ 8
iii) \mep kwJy-I-fpÅ ka-N-Xp-c-¯n\p ]I-cw, H³]Xp kwJy-
I-fpÅ Hcp ka-N-Xp-c-sa-Sp-¯v, \mep aqe-I-fn-ep-apÅ kwJy-
IÄ am{Xw AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯p-I.

8 9 10

13 14 15

18 19 20

tImtWmSptIm¬ KpW-\-^-e-§-fpsS hyXymkw F´mWv? _oP-

K-Wn-Xw D]-tbm-Kn¨v hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-I.

(2) t\cs¯ I­ KpW-\-¸-«n-I-bn-Â, \mev kwJyI-fpÅ ka-N-

Xp-c¯
- n\p ]I-cw, H³]Xv kwJy-If
- pÅ Hcp ka-NX
- p-cs
- a-Sp¯v,
\mep aqe-I-fn-ep-apÅ kwJy-IÄ am{Xw AS-bm-fs¸-Sp-¯pI:

6 8 10
9 12 15
12 16 20

i) tImtWmSp tIm¬ XpI-I-fpsS hyXymkw F´mWv?

ii) C§-s\-bpÅ ka-N-Xp-c-§-fn-seÃmw hyXymkw Htc kwJy

Xs¶ In«p-¶Xv F´p-sIm-­m-sW-¶v _oP-K-WnXw D]-tbm-
Kn¨v hniZoI-cn-¡p-I.

iii) ]Xn-\mdv kwJy-I-fpsS ka-N-Xp-c-sa-Sp-¯mtem?

(3) Nph-sS-bpÅ {Inb-IÄ t\m¡pI:

1 u 4 = (2 u 3)  2
2 u 5 = (3 u 4)  2
3 u 6 = (4 u 5)  2
4 u 7 = (5 u 6)  2
i) Cu {Ia-¯n ASp¯ c­p hcn-I-fnse {Inb-IÄ Fgp-Xp-I.

ii) ASp-¯-Sp¯ \mev F®ÂkwJy-I-fn BZy-s¯bpw Ah-

km-\-s¯bpw kwJy-I-fpsS KpW-\-^ehpw, \Sp-hnse c­p
kwJy-I-fpsS KpW-\-^-ehpw X½n-epÅ _Ô-sa-´mWv?

iii) Cu s]mXp-XXzw _oP-K-Wn-X-¯n-se-gp-Xn, ImcWw hni-Zo-

I-cn-¡p-I.

69
 kÀh-ka- h- m-Iy§
- Ä 69
KWnXw
(4) 46 u 28 F¶ KpW-\-^ew I­p-]n-Sn-¡m-\pÅ Hcp coXn NphsS
ImWn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p.
4 u2=8 8 u 100 800

(4 u 8) + (6 u 2) = 44 44 u 10 440

6 u8 48
46 u 28 1288
i) aäp Nne c­-¡-kw-Jy-I-fn Cu coXn ]cntim[n-¡p-I.
ii) CXv icn-bm-Im-\pŠImc-Ww, _oP-K-WnX coXn-bn hni-Zo-
I-cn-¡p-I. (c­¡ kwJy-I-sf-sbÃmw 10m + n F¶ _oP-K-
Wn-X-cq-]-¯n Fgp-Xm-sa¶v Ggmw ¢mkn kwJy-Ifpw
_oP-K-Wn-Xhpw F¶ ]mT-¯nse c­-¡-kw-Jy-IÄ F¶
`mK¯v I­Xv HmÀ¡p-I)
XpI-bpsS hÀKw
512 F{X-bmWv?
KpWn¨p t\m¡msX IW-¡m-¡m³ Hcp amÀKw Ggmw ¢mkn I­n-
«p-­-tÃm. (hÀKhpw hÀK-aq-ehpw F¶ ]mT-¯nse ASp¯ hÀKw
F¶ `mKw)
AX-\p-k-cn-¨v 50 t\mSv 50 Dw, ]ns¶ 51 Dw Iq«n-bm aXn. AXm-
2

bXv,
512 = 502 + 50 + 51 = 2601
CXp icn-bm-Ip-¶Xv F´p-sIm-­mWv?
AX-dn-bm³, 51 s\ ]ncn-s¨-gp-Xmw.
2

512 = 51 u 51 = (50 + 1) (50 + 1)

CXns\ \mep KpW-\-^-e-§-fpsS XpI-bmbn Fgp-Xm-a-tÃm.
(50 + 1) (50 + 1) = (50 u 50) + (50 u 1) + (1 u 50) + (1 u 1)
= 2500 + 50 + 50 + 1
= 2500 + 50 + 51
CXp-t]mse GXv hÀK-s¯bpw ]ncn-s¨-gp-Xmw.
C¡mcyw _oP-KWnX¯n Fgp-Xp-¶-sX-§s\?
x  \n¶v (x + 1) In«m³, x t\mSv x Dw, ASp¯ kwJy-bmb
2 2 2

x + 1 Dw Iq«-Ww. CXv F´p-sIm­v icn-bm-Ip¶p F¶-dn-bm³

t\cs¯ I­ KpW-\-XXzw D]-tbm-Kn-¡mw.
70 `mKw þ 1
 ¢mkv þ 8
(x + 1)2 = (x + 1) (x + 1)
= (x u x) + (x u 1) + (1 u x) + (1 u 1)
= x2 + x + (x + 1)
x + (x + 1) = 2x + 1 BW-tÃm; At¸mÄ
(x + 1)2 = x2 + 2x + 1
CXp-]-tbm-Kn¨v
612 = (60 + 1)2 = 602 + (2 u 60) + 1 = 3600 + 120 + 1 = 3721
F¶p IW-¡m-¡p-Ibpw sN¿mw.
C\n I­p-]n-Sn-¡-W-sa¶v Icp-Xp-I. CXns\
752 (74 + 1)2 Fs¶-
gpXn sN¿m³ XpS-§n-bm 74 I­p-]n-Sn-t¡­n-h-cpw.
2

(70 + 5) Fs¶-gp-Xn-bmtem?
2

C§s\ ]ncn-s¨-gp-Xmw. c­p kwJy-I-fpsS

75 2 = (70 + 5) (70 + 5)
KpW-\-^-e-¯nsâ hÀKhpw,
hÀK-§-fpsS KpW-\-^-ehpw
= 702 + (70 u 5) + (5 u 70) + 52 Xpey-am-sW¶v Ggmw
= 4900 + 350 + 350 + 25 ¢mkn I­p.
= 5625
c­p kwJy-I-fpsS XpI-bpsS
1032 Bbmtem? hÀKhpw, hÀK-§-fpsS XpIbpw
1032 = (100 + 3) (100 + 3) Xpey-amtWm?
= 10000 + 300 + 300 + 9
= 10609
CXn-seÃmw I­ Imcyw s]mXp-hmbn Fgp-Xmw.
c­v A[n-kw-Jy-If
- psS XpI-bpsS hÀKw, kwJy-If
- psS hÀK-
§-fp-sSbpw KpW-\-^-e-¯nsâ c­p aS-§n-sâbpw XpI-
bm-W.v
DZm-l-c-W-ambn y xy y2
2
§ 1·
2
§ 1· § 1· §1·
2
1 1
¨10 ¸ = ¨10  ¸ = 102 + ¨ 2 u 10 u 2 ¸ + ¨ ¸ = 100 + 10 + = 110 4
© 2¹ © 2¹ © ¹ ©2¹ 4

CXv _oP-K-Wn-X-`m-j-bn C§s\ FgpXmw: x x2 yx

x, y F¶ GXp c­v A[n-kw-Jy-Is

- f-Sp-¯mepw
(x + y) = x + y + 2xy
2 2 2
y
x
(1) Nph-sS-bpÅ kwJy-I-fpsS hÀK-§Ä a\-¡-W-¡mbn I­p-]n-
Sn-¡p-I.
1
(i) 52 (ii) 105 (iii) 20 2 (iv) 10.2
71
 kÀh-ka- h- m-Iy§
- Ä 71
KWnXw
]qÀW-hÀK-§-fpsS Nne {Ia-§Ä F§s\ In«p-¶p-sh¶v Cu
XXz-ap-]-tbm-Kn¨p a\-kn-em-¡mw. DZm-l-c-W-ambn, Cu {Inb-IÄ
t\m¡q:
1u3 = 3 = 22  1
2u4 = 8 = 32  1
3 u 5 = 15 = 42  1
Cu {Ia-¯nse ASp¯ Iptd {Inb-IÄ Fgp-Xn-t\m-¡p. CXp-t]mse
XpS-cp-¶pt­m?
H¶n-S-hn« GXp c­v F®Âkw-Jy-I-fp-sSbpw KpW-\-^-ew,
hn« kwJy-bpsS hÀK-¯n\v H¶p Ipd-hm-bn-cn-¡ptam?
_oP- K - W nXw D]- t bm- K n¨p t\m¡mw. H¶n- S - h n« kwJy- I sf
x, x + 2 Fs¶-Sp-¡mw. Ah-bpsS KpW-\-^-ew.

x (x + 2) = x 2 + 2x

ChnsS hn« kwJy x + 1. AXnsâ hÀK-¯n \n¶v 1 Ipd-¨mtem?

(x + 1)2  1 = (x 2 + 2x + 1)  1 = x2 + 2x

At¸mÄ
x (x + 2) = (x + 1)2  1

CXn x Bbn 1, 2, 3, .... F¶n-§s\ FSp-¯mÂ, apIfnsegp-Xnb

{Iaw In«p-atÃm.
asämcp IW¡p t\m¡mw:
3 = 22  12

5 = 32  22

7 = 42  32

H¶ns\¡mÄ henb HäkwJy-I-sf-sbÃmw C§s\ ASp-¯-Sp¯

F®ÂkwJy-I-fpsS hÀKhyXymk-ambn Fgp-Xm³ Ign-bptam?
H¶n-s\-¡mÄ henb GXv HäkwJy-tbbpw 2x + 1 F¶ cq]-¯nÂ
Fgp-Xm-sa¶v Ggmw ¢mkn I­tÃm. (kwJy-Ifpw _oP-K-Wn-Xhpw
F¶ ]mT-¯nse s]mXp-cq-]-§Ä F¶ `mKw).
CXns\ ASp-¯-Sp¯ c­p hÀK-§-fpsS hyXym-k-ambn F§s\
FgpXmw?

72 `mKw þ 1
 ¢mkv þ 8
x2F¶ kwJy-bn \n¶v (x + 1 ) 2 F¶ kwJy- b n- s e- ¯ m³,
2x + 1 F¶ kwJy-bm-W-tÃm Iqt«-­Xv.

At¸mÄ 2x + 1 In«m³ (x + 1)2  \n¶v x2 Ipd-¨m aXn. AXm-b-Xv

2x + 1 = (x + 1)2 - - x2
CXn x Bbn 1, 2, 3, ... F¶n-§s\ FSp-¡p-t¼mÄ,
2x + 1 Bbn H¶n-s\-¡mÄ henb FÃm HäkwJy-Ifpw In«pw;
x, x + 1 Bbn ASp¯Sp¯ FÃm F®Â kwJy-Ifpw In«pw.

C§s\, H¶n-s\-¡mÄ henb GXv HäkwJy-sb-bpw,

76 sâ Ifn
ASp- ¯ - S p¯ ]qÀW- h ÀK- § - f psS hyXymkambn 762 = 5776
FgpXmw F¶p ImWmw. 1762 = 30976
hÀK§-fpsS s]mXp-hmb Nne kz`m-h-§Ä hni-Zo-I- 2762 = 76176
cn-¡m\pw Xp-I-bpsS hÀK-XXzw D]-tbm-Kn-¡mw. 76 Â Ah-km-\n-¡p¶ thsdbpw kwJy-
DZm-lc
- W
- a
- m-bn, HäkwJy-If
- p-sS-sbÃmw hÀK-§fpw Hä
I-fpsS hÀKw Is­¯n t\m¡q.
kwJy-IÄ Xs¶. F´p {]tXy-I-X-bmWv ImWp-¶Xv?
CsX-´p-sIm-­mWv?
F´p-sIm-­m-WnXv?
HäkwJy-I-fp-sS-sbÃmw hÀKw (2x + 1)2 F¶ cq]-¯n-
76 Â Ah- k m- \ n- ¡ p¶ GXv kwJy-

em-W-tÃm.
tbbpw 100x + 76 F¶ cq]-¯n-se-gp-Xmw.
(100x + 76)2 = 10000x2 + 15200x + 5776.
(2x + 1)2 = (2x)2 + (2 u 2x u 1) + 12 = 4x2 + 4x + 1
x GXv kwJybmbmepw 10000x sâbpw 2

15200x sâbpw XpI- b n H¶n- s âbpw

CXnÂ

4x2 + 4x = 4(x2 + x) = 4x (x + 1)
]¯n-sâbpw Øm\¯v ]qPy-am-bn-cn-¡p-
Fs¶-gp-Xmw. At¸mÄ
a-tÃm. Ch-bpsS XpI-tbmSv 5776 Iq«p-
(2x + 1)2 = 4x (x + 1) + 1
t¼mÄ Ah-km-\s¯ c­¡w 76 Bbn-
CXn 4x (x + 1) F¶ kwJy 4 sâ KpWn-X-amWv;
1
cn-¡pw.
76 \v ]Icw atä-sX-¦nepw c­-¡-kw-Jy-
AXn-\m Cc«kwJy-bmWv; AXn-t\mSv Iq«n-bXv
HäkwJy-bm-Wv.

ChnsS asämcp Imcyw IqSn In«n.

IÄ¡v Cu {]tXy-I-X-bpt­m?
4x (x + 1) + 1 s\ 4 sIm­p lcn-¨m injvSw 1 BW-tÃm. CXnÂ
\n¶v GXv HäkwJy-bpsS hÀK-¯n-s\bpw 4 sIm­p lcn-¨mÂ
injvSw 1 BsW¶p ImWmw.

Aev]w IqSn Btem-Nn-¡mw.

x, x + 1 Ch ASp-¯Sp¯ F®ÂkwJy-I-fm-b-Xn-\m Ahbn-sem¶v

Cc« kwJy-bm-Wv. AtX-Xm-bmepw, x (x + 1) Cc«kwJy-bmWv;
AXn-\m 4x (x + 1) F¶ kwJy 8 sâ KpWn-X-am-Wv.

At¸mÄ GXv HäkwJy-bpsS hÀK-¯n-s\bpw 8 sIm­v lcn-¨mÂ

injvSw 1 In«pw F¶pw ImWmw.

73
 kÀh-ka- h- m-Iy§
- Ä 73
KWnXw

1 1 1
(1) 1 2 , 2 2 , 3 2 , ... F¶n-§-s\bpÅ kwJy-I-fpsS hÀK-§Ä I­p

]nSn-¡m³ s]mXp-hmb GsX-¦nepw coXn-bpt­m? AXv _oP-K-

WnXw D]-tbm-Kn¨v hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-I.

(2) 372 I­p]nSn-¡m-\pÅ Hcp coXn-bmWv NphsS ImWn-¨n-cn-¡p-

¶Xv:

32 = 9 9 u 100 900
2 u (3 u 7) = 42 42 u 10 420
7 2
49
372 1369
i
) aäp Nne c­-¡-kw-Jy-I-fn Cu coXn ]co-£n-¡pI

ii ) CXv icnbmIm-\pŠImcWw, _oP-K-Wn-X-co-Xn-bn hni-

Zo-I-cn-¡p-I.

iii 5) Â Ah-km-\n-¡p¶ kwJy-IfpsS hÀKw IW-¡m-¡m-

\pÅ Ffp-¸-hgn I­p]nSn-¡p-I.

(3) Cu {Inb-IÄ t\m¡q:

12 + (4 u 2) = 32
22 + (4 u 3) = 42
32 + (4 u 4) = 52
i
) XpSÀ¶pÅ c­v {Inb-IÄ IqSn Fgp-XpI

ii ) CXn \n¶p In«p¶ s]mXp-XXzw F´mWv? _oP-K-Wn-

X-ap-]-tbm-Kn¨v hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-I.

(4) 3 sâ KpWn-X-a-Ãm¯ GXv F®Âkw-Jy-bp-sSbpw hÀKs¯

3 sIm­v lcn-¨m injvSw 1 BsW¶v _oP-K-WnXw D]-

tbm-Kn¨v hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-I.

(5) 3  Ah-km-\n-¡p¶ kwJy-I-fpsSsbÃmw hÀK-§Ä Ah-

km-\n-¡p-¶Xv 9 Â Bbn-cn¡pw F¶v kaÀYn-¡p-I.

5 Â Ah-km-\n-¡p¶ kwJy-Ifm-bmtem?

4 Â Ah-km-\n-¡p¶ kwJy-Itfm?

hyXymkKpW\w
Nne KpW-\-{In-b-IÄ XpI-Ifmbn ]ncn-s¨-gpXn IW-¡m-¡m-\pÅ
amÀKw I­-tÃm. DZm-l-c-W-ambn
302 u 205 = (300 + 2) u(200 + 5) = 60000 + 1500 + 400 + 10 = 61910
C\n 298 u 195 IW-¡m-¡-W-sa-¦ntem?
74 `mKw þ 1
 ¢mkv þ 8
298 u 195 = (300  2) u (200  5) - -

F¶p ]ncn-s¨-gp-Xmw. CXv BZys¯ IW-¡n-se-t¸mse \mev KpW-

\^e-§-fmbn ]ncn-s¨-gp-Xp-¶-sX-§s\?

BZyw

298 u 195 = (300  2) u 195

F¶p am{Xw Fgp-Xmw. CXp ]ncn-s¨-gp-Xm-atÃm:

(300  2) u 195 = (300 u 195)  (2 u 195)

C\n 195 = 200  5 Fs¶-gpXn Cu c­v KpW-\-§-sfbpw ]ncn-s¨-

gpXmw:

300 u 195 = 300 u (200  5) = 60000  1500 = 58500 \ofw Ipd-¨mÂ

2 u 195 = 2 u (200  5) = 400  10 = 390 12 skân-ao-äÀ \ofhpw 7 skân-ao-
äÀ hoXn-bp-apÅ NXp-c¯
- nsâ \ofw
3 skân-ao-äÀ Ipd¨v sNdnb NXp-c-
CsXÃmw tNÀ¯p hmbn-¨mÂ

298 u 195 = (300  2) u 195 am-¡n-bmtem?

= (300 u 195)  (2 u 195)
7
= 58500  390
58500 Â \ n ¶ v 390 I p d - b v ¡ m - \ p Å F f p - ¸ - h - g n ,
12
400 Ipd¨v 10 Iq«-em-Wv.

7
A X m b X v ,

58500  390 = 58500  400 + 10 = 58 110 9 3

]c-¸-fhv F{X Ipdªp? ChnsS
( G g m w ¢ m k n s e amdp¶ kwJy- I fpw amdm¯ sNbvX {Inb F´m-Wv.
_Ô§fpw Ipd-bv¡p-¶Xv Ipd-ªmÂ
(12  3) u 7 = (12 u 7)  (3 u 7)
F¶ ]mT-¯nse

F¶ `mKw)

CXp-t]mse 397 s\ 199 sIm­v KpWn-¡p-¶Xv sNbvXp t\m¡mw.

397 u 199 = (400  3) u 199

= (400 u 199)  (3 u 199)
400 u 199 = 400 u(200  1)
= (400 u 200) (400 u 1)
= 80000  400
= 79600
3 u 199 = 3 u(200  1)
= 600  3
= 597
FÃmw tNÀ¯p hmbn-¨m-tem?

75
 kÀh-ka
- h
- m-Iy-§Ä 75
KWnXw
hyXym-k-Kp-W\w Pyman-Xn-bneqsS 397 u 199 = 79600  597
Hcp NXp-c¯nsâ c­p hi-§fpw Ipd¨v 597 Ipd-bv¡p-¶-Xn-t\-¡mÄ Ffp¸w 600 Ipd¨v 3 Iq«p-¶-
NXpcw sNdp-Xm-¡nb Nn{Xw t\m¡q. Xm-Wv.
At¸mÄ 397 u 199 = 79600  600 + 3 = 79003
v

ChnsS sNbvX {Inb-I-sfÃmw H¶n¨v FgpXn t\m¡mw.

u  v

(x  y) (u  v) 397 u 199 = 80000  400  600 + 3

Aev]w IqSn hnkvX-cn¨v Fgp-Xn-bmÂ,
x  y y 397 u 199 = (400 u 200) (400 u 1)  (3 u 200) + (3 u 1)
Cu Nn{X§Ä t\m¡q.
x
CXp-t]mse
398 u 197 = (400  2) u (200  3)
xv
v

= (400 u 200)  (400 u 3) (2 u 200) + (2 u 3)

= 80000  1200  400 + 6
u  v

(x  y) ( u  v)
= 78400 + 6
= 78406
x  y y
y CsXmcp s]mXp-X-Xz-ambn km[m-cW `mj-bn ]d-bm³
hnj-a-amWv. _oP-K-Wn-X-¯n-em-bmtem?
Bb GXv A[nkwJy-I-sf-Sp-¯mepw
v

x > y, u > v
uy u (x - y) (u - v) = xu - xv - yu + yv
u  v

(x  y) ( u  v)
CXp-]t- bm-Kn¨v, c­v kwJy-If- psS hyXym-k¯
- nsâ hÀKw
IW-¡m-¡m-\pÅ s]mXp-hmb coXnbpw I­p ]nSn¡mw:
x  y y
(x  y)2 = (x  y) u (x  y)
apI-fnepw he-Xp-h-i-¯p-apÅ c­p NXp-
c-§fpw Ipd-¨mÂ, apI-fnse aqe-bn-epÅ = (x u x)  (x u y)  (y u x) + (y u y)
NXpcw c­p XhW Ipd-ªp-t]m-Ipw.
y = x2  xy  yx + y2
= x2  xy  xy + y2
yv
v

CXn BZyw x F¶ kwJy-bn \n¶v xy F¶ kwJy

2

u Ipd-bv¡-Ww; XpSÀ¶v Hcn-¡Â¡qSn AXp-Xs¶ Ipd-bv¡-

u  v

(x  y) ( u  v) Ww. C§s\ H¶n\p tijw asäm-¶mbn Ipd-bv¡p-¶-

Xn\p ]Icw, xy + xy = 2xy F¶ XpI Ipd-¨m aXn-b-
x  y y tÃm. (Ggmw ¢mknse amdp¶ kwJy-Ifpw amdm¯
AXv icn- b m- ¡ m³, Cu NXpcw Hcp _Ô§fpw F¶ ]mT-¯nÂ, Iq«epw Ipd-bv¡epw F¶
XhW Iq«-Ww. AXm-bXv, `mKw).
(x  y) ( u  v) = xu  xv  yu + yv

76 `mKw þ 1
 ¢mkv þ 8
AXm-bXv,
x2  xy  xy = x2  (xy + xy) = x2  2xy
C\n t\cs¯ \nÀ¯nb Øe¯p \n¶v XpScmw:
(x  y) = x  xy  xy + y = x  2xy + y
2 2 2 2 2

CXp Hcp s]mXpXXzambn Fgp-Xn-hbv¡mw:

x >y Bb GXv A[nk- w-Jy-Is- f-Sp-¯mepw
(x - y)2 = x2 + y2 - 2xy

C¡mcyw km[m-c-W-`m-j-bnepw ]dbmw:

c­v A[nk- w-Jy-If- psS hyXym-k¯
- nsâ hÀKw, Ah-bpsS
hÀK-§f- psS XpI-bn \n¶v KpW-\^- e- ¯
- nsâ c­v aS§v
Ipd-¨X- m-W.v
DZm-l-c-W-ambn
992 = (100  1)2 = 1002 - (2 u 100 u 1) + 12

= 10000  200 + 1 = 9800 + 1 = 9801

C\n Cu IW-¡p-IÄ t\m¡q:

2 (22 + 12) = 10 = 32 + 12

2 (32 + 22) = 26 = 52 + 12

2 (52 + 12) = 52 = 62 + 42

2 (42 + 62) = 104 = 102 + 22

Ipsd F®ÂkwJy-I-fpsS tPmSn-sb-Sp¯v hÀK-§-fpsS XpI I­p

]nSn-¡p-I; AXnsâ c­v aS-§ns\ Hcp tPmSn ]qÀW-hÀK-§-fpsS
XpI-bmbn Fgp-Xm³ Ign-bp-¶pt­m?
XpS- § p¶ tPmSnbpw Ah- k m- \ - s a- g p- X p¶ tPmSnbpw X½nÂ
F´mWp _Ôw?
BZy-sa-Sp¯ tPmSn-bpsS XpIbpw hyXym-khpw I­p ]nSn¨p
t\m¡q.
CXnsâ Imc-W-sa-´mWv?

77
 kÀh-ka
- h
- m-Iy-§Ä 77
KWnXw
_oP-K-WnXw D]-tbm-Kn-¡mw. XpS§p¶ tPmSn x, y Fs¶-Sp-¡mw.
At¸mÄ XpI-bpsS hÀKw
ss]YmKdkv {Xb-§Ä
aq¶v F®Â kwJ- y - I - f n cs­- ® -
¯nsâ hÀK- § - f psS XpI aq¶m
at¯Xnsâ hÀK-¯n\v Xpe-y-am-bmÂ,
Cu aq¶v kwJ-y-Isf Hcp ss]Ym-K-d-kv
{Xbw F¶mWv ]d-bpI F¶v Ggmw
¢mkn I­tÃm
DZm-l-c-W-ambn
3 +4 =5
2 2 2
Bb-Xn-\m 3, 4, 5 F¶ aq¶p kwJy-
IÄ Hcp ss]Y- m K- d kv {Xb- a m- W v .
GXm­v _n.kn. c­m- b n- c - ¯ nse
_m_n- t em- W n- b - b n \n¶pÅ Hcp
Ifna¬]-e-I-bn C¯cw {Xb-§-fpsS
Hcp ]«nI Xs¶ sImSp-¯n-«p-­v.
C¯cw FÃm {Xb- § fpw I­p- ] n- S n-
¡m³ Hcp amÀK-ap-­v. m, n F¶ GsX-
¦nepw c­v F®Âkw-J-y-IsfSp¡p-I.
Nph-sS ]-d-ªn-«pÅXp t]mse x, y, z
F¶ kwJ-y-IÄ IW-¡m-¡p-I.
x = m2  n2
y = 2mn
z = m2 + n2
Ct¸mÄ
x +y =z
2
BsW¶v ImWm³ hnj-aa- nÃ.
2 2
x2 + y2 = (m2  n2)2 + (2mn)2
= m4 +n4  2m2n2 + 4m2n2
= m4 +n4 + 2m2n2
= (m2 + n2)2
= z2
GXm­v _n.kn. aq¶mw \qäm- ­ nÂ
¯s¶ {Koknse KWn- X - i m- k v { X-
ÚÀ¡v Cu coXn Adn-bm-am-bn-cp-¶p.
78 `mKw þ 1
(x + y) = x + y + 2xy
2 2 2
tPmSn-bnse henb kwJy x Fs¶-Sp-¯mÂ, hyXym-k-
¯nsâ hÀKw
(x  y) = x + y  2xy2 2 2
Ch X½n Iq«n-bmtem? x , y c­p XhW hcpw; 2xy
2 2
Iq«p-I-bpw, Ipd-bv¡p-Ibpw sNbvXXp sIm­v CÃm-Xm-
Ipw. AXm-bXv
(x + y)2 + (x  y)2 = 2 (x2 + y2)
CXp Xncn¨v 2 (x + y ) = (x + y) + (x  y) Fs¶-gp-Xn-
2 2 2 2
bmÂ, XpS-§nb IW-¡p-IÄ¡v Imc-W-am-bn.
c­v kwJy-I-fpsS XpI-bp-sSbpw hyXym-k-¯n-sâbpw
hÀKw Iq«n-bmÂ, kwJy-I-fpsS Xs¶ hÀK-§Ä Iq«p-
¶-Xnsâ c­v aS§v In«p-sa¶v I­p.
XpI-bpsS hÀK-¯n \n¶v, hyXym-k-¯nsâ hÀKw
Ipd-¨mtem?
(x + y)2  (x  y)2 = (x2 + y2 + 2xy )  (x2 + y2  2xy)
AXm-bXv, x + y , 2xy F¶o kwJy-IfpsS XpI-bnÂ
2 2
\n¶v, Ah-bpsS hyXymkw Ipd-bv¡W
- w. AXv 2xy F¶
kwJy-bpsS c­p aS-§m-W-tÃm. (Ggmw ¢mknse
amdp¶ kwJy-Ifpw amdm¯ _Ô-§fpw F¶ ]mT-
¯nÂ, XpIbpw hyXym-khpw F¶ `mKw). AXm-b-Xv,
(x + y)2  (x  y)2 = 2 u 2xy = 4xy
CXv Xncn-s¨-gp-Xn-bmÂ,
4xy = (x + y)2  (x  y)2
DZm-l-c-W-ambn
8 = 4u2u1 = 32  12
12 = 4 u 3 u 1 = 42  22
16 = 4 u 4 u 1 = 52  32
20 = 4 u 5 u 1 = 62  42
C§s\ 8 apX-epÅ 4 sâ KpWn-X-§-sf-sbÃmw c­p
]qÀW-hÀK-§-fpsS hyXym-k-ambn Fgp-Xmw.
 ¢mkv þ 8
(1) Nph-sS-bpÅ kwJy-I-fpsS hÀKw I­p ]nSn-¡p-I.
3
i) 49 ii) 98 iii) 74 iv) 9.25

(2) Cu IW-¡p-IÄ t\m¡pI:

2 2
§1· § · 1 1
¨ ¸ + ¨1 ¸ = 2 2 2 = 2 u 12
©2¹ ©
2 ¹
2 2
§ 1· § 1· 1
¨1 ¸ + ¨2 ¸ = 8 2 8 = 2 u 22
© 2¹ © 2¹
2 2
§ 1· § · 1 1
¨2 ¸ + ¨3 ¸ = 18 2 18 = 2 u 32
© 2¹ ©
2 ¹

Ch-bnse s]mXp-XXzw _oP-K-WnXw D]-tbm-Kn¨v hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-I.

(3) Nne F®ÂkwJy-Isf c­p ]qÀW-hÀK-§-fpsS hyXym-k-
ambn c­pXc-¯n Fgp-Xmw. DZm-l-c-W-ambn
24 = 7 - 5 = 5  1 2 2 2 2

32 = 9 - 7 = 6  2 2 2 2 2

40 = 112 92 = 72  32
i) 24 apX-epÅ 8 sâ KpWn-X-§-sf-sbÃmw C§s\ c­p Xc-
¯n Fgp-Xp¶ coXn, _oP-K-Wn-X-¯n-eqsS hni-Zo-I-cn-
¡p-I.
ii) 48 apX-epÅ 16 sâ KpWnX§sf F{X Xc-¯n ]qÀW-
hÀK-§-fpsS hyXym-k-ambn FgpXmw?
XpIbpw hyXym-khpw
kwJy-Isf XpI-I-fmbpw, hyXym-k-§-fmbpw ]ncn-s¨-gpXn KpW-\-
^-e-§Ä I­p-h-tÃm. DZm-l-c-W-am-bn,
203 u 302 = (200 + 3) u(300 +2) = 60000 + 400 + 900 + 6 = 61306
197 u 298 = (200  3) u(300  2) = 60000  400  900 + 6 = 58706
Fs¶Ãmw IW-¡p-Iq-«mw.
203 u 298 s\ F§s\ ]ncn-s¨-gp-Xp-¶-XmWv kuIcyw?
203 u 298 = (200 + 3) u (300  2)
CXp IW-¡m-¡m³ ap¼p sNbvX-Xp-t]m-se, BZyw 203 s\ am{Xw
]ncn-s¨-gp-Xmw.
203 u 298 = (200 + 3) u 298 = (200 u 298) + (3 u 298)
C\n 298 s\ ]ncn-s¨-gpXn, Cu c­p KpW-\-§fpw shtÆsd sN¿mw.
200 u 298 = 200 u(300  2) = 60000  400 = 59600
3 u 298 = 3 u(300  2) = 900  6 = 894
79
 kÀh-ka- h- m-Iy§
- Ä 79
KWnXw
FÃm {Inb-Ifpw tNÀs¯-gp-Xn-bmÂ
203 u 298 = (200 + 3) u 298
= (200 u 298) + (3 u 298)
= 59600 + 894
= 60494
s]mXp-hmb coXn a\-Ên-em-¡m³ sNbvX {Inb-I-sfÃmw H¶n-s¨-
gpXmw:
203 u 298 = 60000  400 + 900  6
hnkvX-cn-s¨gpXnbmÂ
(200 + 3) u (300  2) = (200 u 300)  (200 u 2) + (3 u 300)  (3 u 2)
CXp-t]mse
105 u 197 = (100 + 5) u(200  3)
= (100 u 200)  (100 u 3) + (5 u 200)  (5 u 3)
= 20000  300 + 1000  15
= 20000 + 700  15
= 20685
Cu IW-¡p-Iq-«-ensâ _oP-K-Wn-X-cq]w C§-s\-sb-gpXmw:
x, y, u, v F¶ A[n-kw-JyI-fn u > v BsW-¦nÂ
-

(x + y) (u - v) = xu - xv + yu - yv

CXp-]-tbm-Kn-¨v, c­p kwJy-I-fpsS XpIbpw hyXym-khpw X½nÂ

KpWn-¡m-\pÅ s]mXp-hmb coXnbpw I­p]nSn¡mw:
(x + y) (x  y) = (x u x)  (x u y) + (y u x)  (y u y)
= x2  xy + yx  y2
= x2  y2
x>y Bb GXv A[nk- w-Jy-Is- fSp-¯mepw
(x + y) (x - y) = x2 - y2
km[mcW `mj-bn ]d-ªmtem?
c­v A[nk- w-Jy-If- psS XpI-bp-sSbpw hyXym-k¯- ns- âbpw
KpW-\^- e- w, Ah-bpsS hÀK-§f- psS hyXym-k¯ - n\p Xpey-
am-W.v
80 `mKw þ 1
 ¢mkv þ 8
DZm-l-c-W-ambn
205 u 195 = (200 + 5) u(200  5) = 2002  52 = 40000  25 = 39975
2
1 1 § 1· § 1· §1· §1· 3
92 u82 = ¨ 9  2 ¸ u ¨ 9  2 ¸ = 92  ¨ ¸ = 81  ¨ 4 ¸ = 80 4
© ¹ © ¹ ©2¹ © ¹

Cu XXzw Xncn¨pw D]-tbm-Kn-¡mw.

c­v A[n-kw-Jy-If- psS hÀK-§f
- psS hyXym-kw, Ah-bpsS
XpI-bp-sSbpw hyXym-k¯ - nsâbpw KpW-\^
- e- ¯
- n\p Xpey-
am-W.v
DZm-l-c-W-ambn hÀK-§f- psS hyXymkw
1682  1622 = (168 + 162) u(168  162) = 330 u 6 = 1980 x
Nne F®ÂkwJy-Isf ]qÀW-hÀK-§fpsS hyXym-k-ambn Fgp-
Xm-sa-¶p I­-tÃm. A§s\ Fgp-Xm³ Cu XXzw D]-tbm-Kn-¡mw. x x2
DZm-l-c-W-am-bn, 45 t\m¡p-I. x2  y2 = 45 BIp¶ c­p kwJy-IÄ
x, y I­p]nSn-¡-Ww. CXv
45 = (x + y) (x  y)
y2 y
Fs¶-gp-Xmw. At¸mÄ (x + y), (x  y) Ch 45 sâ LS-I-§-fm-I-Ww. x x2
45 s\ AXnsâ c­v LS-I-§fpsS KpW-\-ambn ]e-X-c-¯n Fgp-
Xm-a-tÃm.
45 = 45 u 1
xy
45 = 15 u 3 y
45 = 9 u 5
○

x x 2
x2  y 2
○

Fs¶Ãmw Fgp-Xmw. CXn 45, 1 F¶o LS-I-§Ä FSp-¯v

○
○
○

x + y = 45
xy = 1 xy
Fs¶-gp-Xn t\m¡mw. XpIbpw hyXym-khpw Adn-ªm kwJy- ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

IÄ I­p-]n-Sn-¡m-\pÅ amÀKw Ggmw ¢mkn I­n-«p-­t- Ãm (amdp¶

(x  y) (x  y)
x+y

kwJy-Ifpw amdm¯ _Ô-§fpw F¶ ]mT-¯nse XpIbpw hyXym-

khpw F¶ `mKw).
At¸mÄ 45, 1 F¶o kwJy-I-fpsS XpI-bmWv x; hyXym-k-¯nsâ
]Ip-Xn-bmWv y
x = 23 y = 22

81
 kÀh-ka- h- m-Iy§
- Ä 81
KWnXw
At¸mÄ
asämcp coXn 45 = 232  222
CXp-t]mse 45 = 15 u 3 F¶v FSp¯pt\m¡mw. x Dw y bpw CÃmsX
Btem-Nn¨p IqsS?
x x2 15 , 3 Ch- b psS XpI- b psS ]IpXn 9 ; hyXym- k - ¯ nsâ
]IpXn 6.
At¸mÄ
45 = 92  62
y y
C\n 45 = FSp-¯mtem?
2
9u5
x
x xy2
2
2
45 = 72  22
GXv F®ÂkwJy-sbbpw C§s\ c­p hÀK-§-fpsS hyXym-k-
ambn Fgp-Xm³ Ign-bptam?
xy DZm-l-c-W-ambn 10 FSp-¡mw. 10 = 10 u 1.
y
x2
LS-I-§-fpsS XpI-bpsS ]Ip-Xn-sb-Sp-¯m 5 12 ; hyXym-k-¯nsâ
x
]Ip-Xn-sb-Sp-¯m 4 12 ; At¸mÄ
xy
2 2
§ · § 1 · 1
10 = ¨ 5 ¸  ¨ 4 ¸
© 2¹ © 2¹

x F¶p thW-sa-¦n FgpXmw; ]t£ F®Âkw-Jy-I-fpsS hÀK-§-

f-Ã-tÃm; AXm-b-Xv, ]qÀW-hÀK-§-f-Ã.
10 = 5 u 2 Fs¶-Sp-¯mtem?
y
GXp-Xcw F®Âkw-Jy-IsfbmWv c­p ]qÀW-hÀK-§f- psS
xy hyXym-ka- mbn Fgp-Xm³ Ign-bm-¯Xv?
c­p kwJy-If- psS KpW-\^ - e- s¯ hÀK§fpsS hyXym-ka- mbn Fgp-
(x  y) (x  y)
○

Xp-¶Xv Nne-t¸mÄ IW-¡p-Iq-«Â Ffp-¸-am-¡pw.

○
xy

○
○

DZm-l-c-W-ambn 26.5 u 23.5 t\m¡p-I. CXns\ c­p hÀK-§-fpsS

○
○
○

hyXym-k-ambn Fgp-Xm³ Ign-bptam?

XpI 26.5 Dw, hyXymkw 23.5 Dw BIp¶ c­p kwJy-IÄ
I­p-]n-Sn-¨mÂt¸mtc?
AXn\v 26.5, 23.5 F¶nh-bpsS XpI-bpsS ]Ip-Xnbpw hyXym-k¯
- nsâ
]Ip-Xnbpw FSp-¯m aXn.
AXm-bXv 25 Dw 1.5 Dw. At¸mÄ
26.5 = 25 + 1.5 23.5 = 25  1.5

82 `mKw þ 1
 ¢mkv þ 8
CXp-]-tbm-Kn¨v
26.5 u 23.5 = (25 + 1.5) (25  1.5) = 252  1.52 = 625  2.25 = 622.75

(1) Nph-sS-bpÅ {Inb-IÄ a\-¡-W-¡mbn sN¿p-I.

2 2
§ 1· § 1·
i) a) 682  322 b) ¨3 ¸  ¨ 2 ¸ c) 3.62  1.42
© 2¹ © 2¹

1 2
ii) a) 201 u 199 b) 2 3 u1 3 c) 10.7 u 9.3

(2) Cu {Inb-IÄ t\m¡q

2 2
§ 1· §1·
¨1 ¸  ¨ ¸ = 2
© 2¹ ©2¹
2 2
§ 1· § 1·
¨ 2 ¸  ¨1 ¸ = 4
© 2¹ © 2¹
2 2
§ 1· § 1·
¨3 ¸  ¨ 2 ¸ = 6
© 2¹ © 2¹

Ch- b nse s]mXp- h mb coXn _oP- K - W nXw D]- t bm- K n¨v

hni-Zo-I-c-¡p-I.
(3) Nph-sS-bpÅ Hmtcm tPmSn KpW-\-¯nepw GXn-emWv henb
kwJy In«p-¶-sX¶v KpWn¨p t\m¡msX I­p]nSn-¡p-I.
i) 25 u 75, 26 u 74

ii) 76 u 24, 74 u 26

iv) 10.6 u 9.4, 10.4 u 9.6

(4) Nph-sS-s¡m-Sp-¯n-cn-¡p¶ hyXym-k-§Ä I­p]nSn-¡p-I.

i) (125 u 75)  (126 u 74)

ii) (124 u 76)  (126 u 74)

iii) (224 u 176)  (226 u 174)

iv) (10.3 u 9.7)  (10.7 u 9.3)

v) (11.3 u 10.7)  (11.7 u 10.3)

83
 kÀh-ka- h- m-Iy§
- Ä 83
KWnXw

Htc XpI-bpÅ Ipsd tPmSn kwJy-Is - f-Sp¯v KpW-\^ - ew

IW-¡m-¡pI. hyXymkw amdp-¶X - \- p-kc - n¨v, KpW-\^- ew
F§-s\-bmWv amdp-¶Xv? Gähpw henb KpW-\^ - ew I­p-
]n-Sn-¡m-\pÅ Ffp-¸h
- gn F´mWv?

(1) Ie-­-dn Hcp ka-N-Xp-c-¯n hcp¶ \mev kwJy-IÄ AS-bm-

f-s¸-Sp-¯p-I.
4 5
11 12

tImtWmSp-tIm¬ hcp¶ kwJym-tPm-Sn-I-fpsS hÀK-§Ä Iq«pI; Cu

XpI-I-fpsS hyXymkw IW-¡m-¡pI;
42 + 122 = 160 112 + 52 = 146 160  146 = 14
i) CXp-t]mse aäp \mev kwJy-IÄ AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp¯n Cu IW-
¡p-IÄ sN¿p-I.

ii) FÃm ka-N-Xp-c¯nepw hyXymkw 14 In«p-¶-Xnsâ Imc-

Ww, _oP-K-Wn-X-ap-]-tbm-Kn¨v hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-I.

(2) Ie-­-dn H³]Xv kwJy-I-fpÅ Hcp ka-N-Xp-c-sa-Sp-¯v, \mev

aqe-I-fn-ep-apÅ kwJy-IÄ am{Xw AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯pI:

3 4 5

10 11 12

17 18 19

tImtWm-Sp-tIm¬ hcp¶ kwJym-tPm-Sn-I-fpsS hÀK-§Ä Iq«pI; Cu

XpI-I-fpsS hyXymkw IW-¡m-¡pI:

32 + 192 = 370 172 + 52 = 314 370  314 = 56

i) H³]Xv kwJy-I-fpÅ aäp ka-N-Xp-c-§-sf-Sp¯v CXp-t]mse

sN¿p-I.

84 `mKw þ 1
 ¢mkv þ 8
(ii) FÃm ka-N-Xp-c-¯nepw hyXymkw 56 In«p-¶-Xnsâ Imc-Ww,
_oP-K-Wn-X-ap-]-tbm-Kn¨v hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-I. (ka-N-Xp-c-¯nsâ
\Sp-hnse kwJy x Fs¶-Sp-¡p-¶-XmWv kuIcyw þ Ggmw
¢mknse amdp¶ kwJy-Ifpw amdm¯ _Ô-§fpw F¶ ]mT-
¯nÂ, asämcp Ie-­À IW¡v F¶ `mKw t\m¡p-I)

(3) Ie-­-dn H³]Xv kwJy-I-fpÅ Hcp ka-N-Xp-c-sa-Sp-¯v, \mev

aqe-I-fn-ep-apÅ kwJy-IÄ am{Xw AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯p-I.

3 4 5

10 11 12

17 18 19

tImtWmSptIm¬ hcp¶ kwJym-tPm-Sn-IÄ KpWn-¡pI; Cu KpW-

\-^-e-§-fpsS hyXymkw IW-¡m-¡pI:

3 u 19 = 57 17 u 5 = 85 85  57 = 28

i) H³]Xv kwJy-I-fpÅ aäp ka-N-Xp-c-§-sf-Sp¯v CXp-t]mse

sN¿p-I.

ii) FÃm ka-N-Xp-c-¯nepw hyXymkw 28 In«p-¶-Xnsâ Imc-Ww,

_oP-K-Wn-X-ap-]-tbm-Kn¨v hni-Zo-I-cn¡pI. (\Sp-hnse kwJy
x Fs¶-Sp-¡p-¶-XmWv kuI-cyw)

85
 kÀh-ka
- h
- m-Iy-§Ä 85
KWnXw

Xncnªp--t\m-¡p-t¼mÄ
F\n¡v So¨-dpsS C\nbpw
]T-\-t\-«-§Ä Ignbpw klm-b-t¯msS sa¨-s¸-tS
Ignbpw -­-Xp­v
$ c­v A[n-kw-Jy-I-fpsS XpIsb XpI-
sIm­v KpWn-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ amÀKw hni-
Zo-I-cn-¡p-¶p.
$ c­v A[n-kw-Jy-I-fpsS XpI-bpsS hÀKw
ImWp¶ coXn Pyman-Xo-b-ambpw _oP-K-Wn-
X-co-Xn-bnepw hyJym-\n-¡m³ Ign-bp-¶p.
$ c­p A[n-kw-Jy-I-fpsS hyXym-k-¯nsâ
hÀKw ImWp¶ coXn Pyman-Xo-b-ambpw
_oP-KW - n-XcoXn-bnepw hyJym-\n-¡m³ Ign-
bp-¶p.
$ hÀK-kw-Jy-I-fpsS {]tXy-I-X-IÄ _oP-K-
WnXw D]tbmKn¨v hyJym-\n-¡p-¶p.
$ ]qÀW-hÀK-§-fpsS hyXym-k-ambn Fgp-
Xm³ Ign-bp¶ kwJy-I-fpsS {]tXy-IX
hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-¶p.
$ Htc XpI-bpÅ kwJym-tPm-Sn-If
- n Gähpw
IqSnb KpW-\-^-e-apÅ kwJym-tPm-Sn-Isf
Is­-¯p-¶p.
$ kwJym-_-Ô-§sf _oP-K-WnXw D]-tbm-
Kn¨v s]mXp-hmbn ]d-bp-¶p.

86 `mKw þ 1
KWnXw

]en-ibv¡pw ]eni
c­p _m¦p-I-fpsS ]ckyw t\m¡q.

10% ]eni
24 amkw-sIm­v 1 e£w cq]
1.20 e£w cq]-bmIpw.

10% ]eni
24 amkw -sIm­v 1 e£w-cq]
1.21 e£w cq]-bmIpw.

c­v _m¦nepw Htc ]en-i-\n-c-¡m-Wv. Htc XpI, Htc Imet¯¡v

\nt£-]n-¨mÂ, In«p¶ XpIbv¡v hyXymkw hcp-¶-sX-´p-sIm­v?
]eni IW-¡m-¡p-¶Xv ]e-hn-[-am-Wv. ]eni IW-¡m-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ
Hcp coXn Ggmw-¢m-kn ]Tn-¨-tXmÀa-bp­tÃm?
DZm-l-c-W-ambn 1000 cq] 2 hÀj-t¯¡v \nt£-]n-¡p-¶p. hmÀjnI
]en-i-\n-c¡v 10%.
Hmtcm hÀjhpw F{X cq] ]eni In«pw?
asämcp IW¡v t\m¡mw.
10% hmÀjn-I- \nc-¡n ]eni IW-¡m-¡p¶ Hcp _m¦n A\p-
hpw a\phpw 15000 cq]- hoXw \nt£-]n-¨p. Hcp hÀjw -I-gn-ª-
t¸mÄ apXepw ]en-ibpw A\p ]n³h-en-¨p. ]n³h-en¨ XpI apgp-
h³ A¶p-Xs¶ ho­pw \nt£-]n-¨p. ho­pw Hcp- hÀjw Ign-ª-
t¸mÄ c­p-t]cpw XpI ]n³h-en-¨p. BÀ¡mWv IqSp-XÂ ]Ww In«n-
bXv? F{X IqSp-XÂ?
2 hÀj-t¯-¡pÅ ]en-i-bm-Wv a\p-hn\v In«p-¶-Xv; AXm-b-Xv,
10
15000 u u 2 = 3000
100
At¸mÄ c­p- hÀjw Ignªv a\p-hn\v BsI F{X cq] In«pw?
15000 + 3000 = 18000 cq].

A\p-hnsâ Imcytam?
Hcp hÀjw Ign-ª-t¸mÄ F{X ]eni In«n?

88 `mKw þ 1
 ¢mkv þ 8
10
15000 u = 1500
100
At¸mÄ F{X cq]-bmWv ]n³h-en-¨Xv?
15000 + 1500 = 16500 cq]
Cu XpI-bmWv ho­pw \nt£-]n-¨-Xv.
At¸mÄ c­v -hÀjw Ignªv F{X ]eni In«pw?
10
16500 u 100 = 1650

BsI F{X cq]-bmbn?

16500 + 1650 = 18150 cq]
A\p-hn\v F{X IqSp-XÂ In«n?
H¶mw- hÀjw ]en-i-bmbn e`n¨ 1500 cq]-bpsS ]eni- b- m-Wv A[nIw
In«n-b-Xv.
]e \nt£-]-]-²-Xn-I-fnepw C§s\ Hmtcm sImÃhpw (XpI ]n³h-
en¨v ho­pw \nt£-]n-¡m-sX-X-s¶) ]eni apX-en-t\m-Sp-Iq-«n,
ASp¯ sImÃ-t¯-¡pÅ ]eni IW-¡m-¡m-dp-­v.
AXm-b-Xv, Cu coXn-bn ]en-ibv¡pw ]eni In«p-¶p.
C¯-c-¯n Hmtcm Ime-b-f-hnepw apX amdn-s¡m-­n-cn-¡p-¶p;
e`n-¡p¶ ]en-ibpw amdp-¶p. Cu coXn-bn IW-¡m-¡p¶ ]en-
isb Iq«p-]-eni (compound interest) F¶p ]d-bp-¶p. apX-en amä-
an-ÃmsX Hmtcm hÀjhpw In«p¶ ]en-isb km[m-c-W-]-eni (simple
interest) F¶p ]d-bp-¶p.
c­m-as¯ _m¦n \nt£-]n-¨m IqSp-X In«p-¶-Xv F´p-sIm-
­m-sW¶v a\-kn-em-bntÃ?
5% hmÀjnI \n-c-¡n Iq«p-]-eni IW-¡m-¡p¶ _m¦nÂ
kptajv 10000 cq] \nt£-]n-¨p. 2 hÀjw Ign-bp-t¼mÄ
AbmÄ¡v F{X cq] In«pw?
H¶mw- hÀjs¯ apXÂ = 10000 cq]
H¶mw- hÀjs¯ ]eni =- 10000 u 5
100
= 500
c­mw- hÀjs¯ apXÂ = 10000 + 500
= 10500

89

 ]W-hn-\n-abw 89
KWnXw
5
c­mw -hÀjs¯ ]eni = 10500 u 100
= 525
c­v- hÀjw Ign-bp-t¼mÄ kpta-jn\v In«p¶ XpI
= 10500 + 525
= 11025 cq]

(1) 8% hmÀjnI \nc-¡n Iq«p-]-eni IW-¡m-¡p¶ _m¦nÂ

kµo]v 25000 cq] \nt£-]n-¨p. c­v -hÀjw Ign-bp-t¼mÄ F{X
cq] XncnsI In«pw?
(2) 12% hmÀjnI -\n-c-¡n Iq«p-]-eni IW-¡m-¡p¶ _m¦nÂ
\n¶v tXmakv 15000 cq] IS-sa-Sp-¯p. 2 hÀjw Ign-ª-t¸mÄ
10000 cq] Xncn-¨-S-¨p. aq¶mw- hÀjm-h-km\w ISw- XoÀ¡m³
F{X cq] Xncn¨S-¡Ww?
(3) 5% hmÀjn-I- -\n-c-¡n Hcp XpIbv¡v 2 hÀj-t¯¡v km[m-c-
W-]-en-i-bmbn 200 cq] e`n-¨p. AtX XpIbv¡v AtX \nc-
¡n 2 hÀj-t¯¡v e`n-¡p¶ Iq«p-]-eni F{XbmWv?
asämcp coXn
5% hmÀjnI \nc-¡n Iq«p-]-eni IW-¡m-¡n-bmÂ, 10000 cq]
2 hÀjw-sIm­v 11025 cq]-bm-Ip-sa¶v I­-tÃm. CXp I­p-]n-Sn¨
5
coXn H¶p-IqSn t\m¡p-I. BZys¯ hÀjw 10000 cq]-bpsS 100
`mK-am-Wv ]en-i. C§s\ In«p¶ 500 cq], 10000 cq]-bp-ambn Iq«n-
5
¡n-«p¶ 10500 cq]-bpsS 100
`mK-am-Wv c­mw-hÀjs¯ ]en-i.
Cu 525 cq], 10500 cq]-bp-ambn Iq«n In«p¶ XpI-bmb 11025 cq]-
bmWv c­v hÀj-¯n-\p-tijw In«p-¶Xv.
Hcp hÀjw IqSn \nt£]w XpSÀ¶mtem?
aq¶v hÀjw Ignªv F{X cq] In«p-sa¶v IW-¡m-¡m³ 11025 cq]-
5
bpsS 100
`mKw AXn-t\mSp Iq«-Ww.
5
C§s\ Hmtcm hÀjw Ign-bp-t¼m-gpw, At¸m-gpÅ XpI-bpsS 100
`mKw AXn-t\mSp Iq«-Ww. _oP-K-WnXw D]-tbm-Kn¨v ]d-ªmÂ
5
x F¶ XpI-bpsS `mKw x t\mSp Iq«-Ww.
100

90 `mKw þ 1
 ¢mkv þ 8
5 § 5 ·
x + x = ¨1  ¸ x
100 © 100 ¹
Fs¶-gp-Xm-a-tÃm. 5At¸mÄ Hmtcm hÀjhpw 1005 `mKw Iq«pI F¶-
Xn-\p]-I-cw 1 + 100 sIm­v KpWn-¨m aXn. AXm-bXv,
Hcp hÀjw Ignªv In«p-¶Xv 10000 1  §
¨
©
5 ·
¸
100 ¹

hÀjw Ignªv In«p-¶Xv 10000

2
§ 5 ·
2 ¨1  ¸
© 100 ¹

hÀjw Ignªv In«p-¶Xv 10000

3
§ 5 ·
3 ¨1  ¸
© 100 ¹

F¶n-§s\ XpS-cmw. _oP-K-Wn-Xap-]-tbm-Kn¨v ]d-ªm-Â, n hÀj-

§Ä¡p-tijw In«p-¶Xv 10000 1 
n
§ 5 ·
¨ .
© 100 ¹

\nt£-]n¡p¶ XpItbm ]eni\nct¡m amdn-bmepw CtX coXn-

bn Ah-km\w In«p¶ XpI IW-¡m-¡mw.

s]mXpsh ]d-ªmÂ

p cq] r % hmÀjnI \nc-¡n Iq«p-]-eni IW-¡m-¡p¶

\nt£] ]²- X n- b nÂ, n hÀjw Ign- ª v In«p- ¶ Xv
n
§ r ·
p ¨© 1  ¸
100 ¹
cq]-bm-Wv.
C\n Cu IW¡v t\m¡q.

9% hmÀjnI \nc- ¡ n Iq«p- ] - e ni IW- ¡ m- ¡ p¶ _m¦nÂ

\m³kn 15000 cq] \nt£-]n-¨p. 2 hÀjw Ign-bp-t¼mÄ F{X

cq]-bmIpw?

Ct¸mÄ I­-X-\p-k-cn-¨v, CXp t\cn«p IW-¡m-¡m-a-tÃm.

2 2 109 u 109 = (100 + 9)2

§ 9 · § 100  9 ·
15000 ¨1  ¸ = 15000 ¨© ¸ = 10000 + 1800 + 81
© 100 ¹ 100 ¹
= 11881
§ ·
2
1.09 =
2
1.1881
= 15000 u ¨ 109 ¸ = 15000 u (1.09)2
100 © ¹

= 15000 u 1.1881
= 17821.5 = 17821 cq] 50 ss]k.

]W-an-S-]m-Sp-I-fn 50 ss]k apX 1 cq] hsc DÅ-hsb 1 cq]-

bmbn IW-¡m-¡p-I-bmWv ]Xn-hv. 50 ss]k-tb-¡mÄ Ipd-hm-bh

IW-¡n-se-Sp-¡p-I-bp-an-Ã.

At¸mÄ \m³-kn¡v 2 hÀjw Ign-bp-t¼mÄ 17822 cq] In«pw.

91

 ]W-hn\- na- bw 91
KWnXw

(1) 6% - h m À j n I \ n c - ¡ n  I q « p - ] - e n i I W - ¡ m - ¡ p ¶ _ m ¦ n Â

A\kv 20000 cq] \nt£-]n-¨p. 3 hÀj-¯n\v tijw A\-kn\v

e`n-¡p¶ XpI F{X?

(2) 10% -hmÀjnI \nc-¡n Iq«p-]-eni IW-¡m-¡p¶ _m¦nÂ

Znb 8000 cq] \nt£-]n-¨p. 2 hÀjw Ign-ª-t¸mÄ 5000 cq]

] n ³ h - e n - ¨ p . h o ­ p w H c p h À j w I g n - ª m  Z n b b p s S I W -

¡n F{X cq] D­mIpw?

(3) 11% -h
- mÀjnI \nc-¡n Iq«p-]-eni IW-¡m-¡p¶ _m¦nÂ

\n¶pw hcp¬ 25000 cq] IS-sa-Sp-¯p. 2 hÀjw Ign-ª-t¸mÄ

hcp¬ 10000 cq] Xncn-¨-S-¨p. ho­pw Hcp hÀjw IgnªmÂ

ISw XoÀ¡m³ F{X cq] IqSn AS-bv¡-Ww?

Imew amdp¶p
Hmtcm hÀjw Ign-bp-t¼mgpw ]eni apX-en-t\mSv Iq«p-¶-Xp-t]mse

Hmtcm 6 amkw Ignb

- pt
- ¼mgpw ]eni apXe
- nt
- \mS
- pI
- qSn Iq«p¶ coXnbpw

\ne-hn-ep-­v. C¯-c-¯n Iq«p]eni IW-¡m-¡p¶ k{¼-Zm-bs¯

AÀ[-hmÀjn-I coXn F¶mWv ]d-bp-¶-Xv.

A À [ - h m À j n - I - a m b n I q « p - ] - e n i I W - ¡ m - ¡ p ¶ _ m ¦ n  A ¼ n f n

12000 cq] \nt£-]n-¨p. 8% BWv hmÀjnI ]eni\nc-¡v. Hcp hÀjw

Ign-bp-t¼mÄ A¼n-fn¡v F{X cq] In«pw?

A À [ - h m À j n - I - a m b n ] e n i I W - ¡ m - ¡ p - ¶ - X n - \ m  h À j - ¯ n  2
XhW ]eni I­p-]n-Sn-¡-Ww. Hcp hÀj-t¯¡v 8% ]en-i-bm-b-Xn-

\m 6 amk-t¯¡v 4% BWv ]en-i.

4
6 = 12000 u
100
BZys¯ amks¯ ]eni

= 480 cq]

CXv 12000 t\mSv Iq«n-bm-Wv, ASp¯ 6 amk-t¯-¡pÅ ]eni IW-

¡m-¡p-¶-Xv.

12000 + 480 = 12480

4
6 = 12480 u
100
ASp¯ amks¯ ]eni

= 499.20 cq] = 499 cq] 20 ss]k.

92 `mKw þ 1
 ¢mkv þ 8

C\n Cu IW-¡n 1 12 hÀjw Ign-bp-t¼mÄ A¼n-fn¡v F{X cq]

In«psa¶mWv ImtW-­-sX-¦ntem?
Hmtcm 6 amkhpw 4
100
`mKw Iq«Ww; AXm-bXv 4
1 + 100 sIm­v
KpWn-¡-Ww. At¸mÄ 1 12 hÀjw Ign-bp-t¼mÄ In«p-¶-Xv.
3
§ 4 ·3 § 104 ·
12000 u ¨©1  ¸¹ = 12000 u ¨ ¸ = 12000 u(1.04)3
100 © 100 ¹
F¶v t\cn«v IW-¡m-¡mw.
CXv Im¡p-te-äÀ D]-tbm-Kn¨v sNbvXm 13498.368 F¶p In«pw.
At¸mÄ In«p¶ XpI 13498 cq].
CXp-t]mse ]e Ime-§-fnte¡pÅ XpI IW-¡m-¡mw.
Hmtcm aq¶p amkhpw Iq«p-]-eni IW-¡m-¡p¶ ]²-Xn-I-fp-ap-­v.
CXn\v ]mZ-hmÀjn-I-ambn ]eni IW-¡m-¡pI F¶mWv ]d-bp-¶Xv.
]mZ-hmÀjn-I-ambn ]eni IW-¡m-¡p-¶, _m¦n-emWv A¼nfn ]Ww
\nt£-]n-¨-sX-¦ntem?
Hmtcm aq¶v amkhpw 2% ]eni In«pw.
Hcp hÀj-¯n-\p-tijw A¼n-fn¡v In«p¶ XpI
= 12000 u1.02)
4 4
§ 2 · § 102 ·
12000 u 1 ¨ = 12000 u
¸ ¨ ¸
4
© 100 ¹ © 100 ¹
Im¡p-te-äÀ D]-tbm-Kn¨v IW-¡m¡n t\m¡q.
(1) 5000 cq] AÀ[-hmÀjn-I-ambn Iq«p-]-eni IW-¡m-¡p¶
_m¦n Acp¬ \nt£-]n-¨p. 5000 cq] ]mZ-hmÀjn-I-ambn Iq«p-
]-eni IW-¡m-¡p¶ _m¦n taml³ \nt£-]n-¨p. c­v
_m¦pw 6% hmÀjnI -\n-c-¡mWv \ÂIp-¶-Xv. Hcp hÀjw
Ignªv c­p-t]cpw ]Ww ]n³h-en-¨p. taml-\v Acp-Wn-t\-
¡mÄ F{X cq] IqSp-XÂ In«n?
(2) ]mZ-hmÀjn-I-ambn Iq«p-]-eni IW-¡m-¡p¶ _m¦n \n¶v
HcmÄ 16000 cq] IS-sa-Sp-¯p. hmÀjnI-\n-c¡v 10% BWv.
9 amkw Ign-bp-t¼mÄ ISw XoÀ¡m³ F{X cq] Xncn-¨-S-¡Ww?

93

 ]W-hn\- na- bw 93
KWnXw

(3) Hcp [\-Im-cy-Øm-]-\-¯n a\p 15000 cq] \nt£-]n-¡p-¶p.

Hmtcm 3 amk¯nepw ]eni IW-¡m¡n apX-en-t\mSv Iq«p-¶p.
hmÀjnI ]en-i-\n-c¡v 8%. Hcp hÀjw Ign-bp-t¼mÄ AbmÄ¡v
F{X cq] Xncn¨p In«pw?
(4) tPm¬ 2500 cq] P\p-hcn 1þmw XobXn Hcp kl-I-c-W-_m-
¦n \nt£-]n-¡p-¶p. _m¦v AÀ[-hmÀjn-I-am-bmWv Iq«p-]-eni
IW-¡m-¡p-¶-Xv. hmÀjnI -\n-c¡v 6% BWv. Pqembv 1þmw
XobXn 2500 cq] tPm¬ ho­pw \nt£-]n-¡p-¶p. hÀjm-h-
km\w tPmWnsâ IW-¡n F{X cq] D­m-bn-cn¡pw?
(5) Hmtcm \mep amk-t¯bv¡pw Iq«p-]-eni IW-¡m-¡p¶ Hcp
[\-Im-cy-Øm-]-\-¯n dwe¯v 30,000 cq] \nt£-]n-¡p-¶p.
hmÀjnI -\n-c¡v 9%. Hcp hÀjw Ign-bp-t¼mÄ dwe¯n\v Xncn¨v
In«p¶ XpI-sb-{X-bmWv?
IqSnbpw Ipdªpw
Nne km[-\-§-fpsS \nÀamWw hÀjw-tXmdpw Hcp \nÝn-X-\nc¡nÂ
IqSm-dp-­v. AXp-t]mse Nne km[-\-§-fpsS hnebpw hÀjw-tXmdpw
\nÝnX \nc-¡n IqSp-Itbm Ipd-bp-Itbm sN¿m-dp­v. C¯c¯nÂ
\nÀan-¡-s¸-Sm-hp¶ hkvXp-¡-fpsS F®hpw hne-bp-sams¡ IW-
¡m-¡p-¶-Xn\v Iq«p-]-eni IW-¡m-¡p¶ coXn- Xs¶ D]-tbm-Kn-
¡mw.
an¡ Bfp-Ifpw samss_Ât^m¬ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶h
- c- m-Wt- Ãm. AXp-
ambn _Ô-s¸« Hcp IW¡v t\m¡mw.
Hcp samss_Ât^m¬ I¼\n DÂ]m-Z-\-¯nsâ 20% hmÀjn-
I-ambn hÀ[n-¸n-¡p-¶p-sh-¶mWv IW-¡v. 2014 þÂ GI-tZiw
7 tImSn samss_ t^m¬ \nÀan-¨n-cp-¶p-sh-¦n 2018 þÂ
F{X samss_Ât^mWp-IÄ DÂ]m-Zn-¸n-¡psa-¶mWv {]Xo-
£n-¡p-¶Xv?
hmÀjn-I-ambn 20% hÀ[\-hmWv e£y-an-Sp-¶-Xv.
Iq«p-]-en-i-b-S¡w apXÂ I­p-]n-Sn¨ coXn t\m¡mw.

94 `mKw þ 1
 ¢mkv þ 8

2014þÂ \nÀan¨ t^mWp-I-fpsS F®w = 7 tImSn

4
§ ·
2018þÂ \nÀan-¡p¶ t^mWp-I-fpsS F®w = 70000000 ¨1  20 ¸
100© ¹
Im¡p-te-äÀ D]-tbm-Kn¨v sNbvXp t\m¡q.

(1) Hmtcm hÀjhpw 15% hoXw Cþ-thÌv hÀ[n-¨p-sIm-­n-cn-¡p¶p

F¶mWv ]T-\-dn-t¸mÀ«v. 2014þ GI-tZiw 9 tImSn S¬ Cþ-
thÌv Ds­-¶mWv IW-¡m-¡n-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. F¦n 2020 BIp-
t¼m-tg¡pw F{X S¬ Cþ-thÌv D­m-Im³ km[y-X-bp­v?

(2) Hcp Sn.hn. I¼\n Hcp {]tXy-I-bn\w Sn.hn.-bpsS hne hÀj-

t´mdpw 5% hoXw Ipd-bv¡p-¶p. Sn.hn. bpsS Ct¸m-g¯ hne
8000 cq]bmsW-¦n 2 hÀjw Ign-bp-t¼mÄ hne F´m-bn-
cn¡pw?

(3) \½psS tZio-ba

- r-Ka
- m-WtÃm ISp-h. Hmtcm hÀjw Ign-bp-t´mdpw
Ch-bpsS F®-¯n Ipdhv h¶p-sIm-­n-cn-¡p-¶p. hmÀjn-I-
ambn 3% hoXw Ipd-ªp-sIm-­n-cn-¡p-¶p-sh-¶mWv IW-¡v.
2011þse ISph kwc-£W AtXm-dn-än-bpsS sk³k-kv {]-Imcw
`mc-X-¯n 1700 ISp-h-I-fp-­v. C§s\ XpSÀ¶m 2016 BIp-
t¼mÄ F{X ISp-h-IÄ D­mIpw?-

95

 ]W-hn\- na- bw 95
KWnXw

Xncnªp--t\m-¡p-t¼mÄ
F\n¡v So¨-dpsS C\nbpw
]T-\-t\-«-§Ä Ignbpw klm-b-t¯msS sa¨-s¸-tS
Ignbpw -­-Xp­v
$ ]en-ibv¡v IqSn ]eni IW-¡m¡n Iq«p-
]-eni ImWp¶ coXn hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-¶p.
$ AÀ[- h mÀjn- I - a mbpw ]mZ- h mÀjn- I -
ambpw aäv Ime-b-f-hnepw Iq«p-]-eni
IW-¡m-¡p¶ coXn hi-Zo-I-cn-¡p-¶p.
$ Iq«p-]-eni coXn-bn aäv {]mtbm-KnI
{]iv\-§Ä¡v ]cn-lmcw ImWp-¶p.

96 `mKw þ 1