MEDICAL ELECTRONICS 2018 Nov Dec

Jain Polytechnic, DVG Medical Electronics 2019 - 2020
MEDICAL ELECTRONICS (NOV/DEC – 2018)

PART – A
1. Explain resting potential and action potential.
2. What is ECG? Explain briefly typical ECG waveform.
3. List the effects of artifacts in ECG measurement.
4. What is pacemaker? Write the differences between internal and external
pacemakers.
5. What is meant by diathermy? Sketch the schematic of a microwave diathermy
setup.
6. Define M.C.V, M.C.H, M.C.H.C, M.P.V and RDW.
7. Define PH. Explain the working of digital PH meter.
8. List the advantages, disadvantages and applications of CT imaging.
9. Explain micro and macro shock.
PART – B
10. (a) What is electrode? Mention the types of electrodes.
(b) Explain the ECG wave form.
11. Illustrate the 10 – 20 3electrode placement for EEG with neat diagram.
12. Mention the application of ECG, EEG, EMG and ERG. (any five
applications each).
13. Explain the working of microprocessor based defibrillation with block
diagram.
14. What is laser? List different types of lasers. Mention its application in
medicine.
15. Explain the working of spectrophotometer with diagram.
16. (a) Explain the indirect method of BP measurement.
(b) Write a note on FHR measurement.
17. (a) List the properties of X – Rays.
(b) Write the advantages and disadvantages of CT imaging.
18. Explain the working of MRI with block diagram.
19. (a) Explain micro and macro shock.
(b) Write a note on E – Waste.
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SCHEME OF VALUATION
Questio Description Marks

n Allocation
Number
PART – A
1. Explanation each carry 2.5 marks. 2.5 + 2.5 = 5
2. Definition + Explanation + wave form. 1+2+2=5
3. Any 5 effects, each carry 1 marks. 2+3=5
4. Definition + Each difference carries 1 mark. 1+ 4 * 1 = 5
5. Definition + Diagram. 1+4=5
6. Each Definition carries 1 marks. 1*5=5
7. Definition + Diagram + Explanation. 1+2+2=5
8. Any 2 advantages + Any 2 disadvantages + Any 1 2+2+1=5
application.
9. Explanation each carry 2.5 marks. 2.5 + 2.5 = 5
PART – B
10.a Definition + any 4 types. 1+4=5
10.b Diagram + Explanation/Table. 2+3=5
11. Diagram + Explanation. 3 + 7 = 10
12. Any 5 application under each category,1/2 marks 2.5 * 4 = 10
each application, 2.5 marks for each category.
14. Definition + Any 4 types + Any 4 Applications. 2 + 4 + 4 = 10
16.a Explanation + Diagram. 3+2=5
16.b Explanation. 5
17.a Any 5 properties, Each Carries 1 marks. 1*5=5
17.b Any 3 Advantages + Any 2 Disadvantages. 3+2=5
18. Explanation + Diagram. 7 + 3 = 10
19.a Explanation of each type. 2.5 + 2.5 = 5
19.b Explanation. 5

MODEL ANSWER SCRIPT

PART – A
1. Explain resting potential and action potential.
Resting potential:
 The certain types of cells within the body, such as nerve and muscle cells,
have a semipermeable membrane.
 The cell membrane permits some substances (like potassium (K+) and
chloride (CL-) ions but effectively blocks the entry of other substances like
sodium (Na+) ions).
 The body fluids both inside and outside the cells are electrolytic this results
in two conditions.
1. As the sodium ions are positive, the intercellular fluid outside the cell
becomes positively charged.
2. But, few potassium, which are also positive enter the cell in an effort to
balance the electric charge. This causes a higher concentration of potassium
on the inside than on the outside.
 The typical resting potential within a cell is approximately -90mv. A cell in

the resting state is said to be polarized.
Action potential:

 When the cell is excited, then the cell membrane changes its characteristics.
The permeability of cell membrane to sodium ions (Na+) increases and it
allows some of Na+ ions to enter. The ionic flow of sodium further reduces
the barrier of membrane to sodium ions.
 At the same time, K+ ions, which were in higher concentration inside the
cell during resting state, try to move outwards, but at a slower rate.
 This potential is known as the action potential. The typical value of action
potential is +20mv.
2. What is ECG? Explain briefly typical ECG waveform.

 The reader may refer appendix B for discussion on cardio vascular system and
atomy of heart. The generation of propagation of action potential in the heart
and the cardiac cycle as also been discussed.
 The electro cardiogram (ECG) is a graphic recording or display of time variant

voltages generated by heart muscles during cardiac cycle.
 The atrial depolarization produces P wave.
 The atrial repolarization and the ventricular depolarization produces the
QRS wave.
 The ventricular repolarization produces the T wave.

OR
Time Typical time Physical Polarisation Typical
intervals in in normal activity phase amplitude
cardiac cycle heart
P – wave 0.1 – 0.15 sec Completion of Complete 0.1 to 0.3mv
atrial depolarization
contraction of atrium
P – Q interval 0.15 – 0.16 A – V node Start of
sec triggered depolarisation
of ventricle
muscle
QRS wave 0.05 – 0.1 sec Ventricular Completion of 3 to 4mv
contraction depolarisation
of ventricle
muscle and
atrium muscle
repolarisation
S – T interval 0.05 – 0.15 Ventricular
sec contraction
continues
T – Wave 0.2 sec Ventricular Repolarisation 0.1 to 0.5mv
muscles of ventricle
return to muscle
resting state
3. List the effects of artifacts in ECG measurement.

1. Loose lead artifact.
2. Wandering baseline artifact.
3. Muscle tremor artifact.
4. Electromagnetic interference (EMI).
5. CPR compression artifact.
6. Neuro modulation artifact.
7. Echo distortion artifact.
8. Arterial pulse tapping artifact.

4. What is pacemaker? Write the differences between internal and external

pacemakers.
 A pacemaker (that which sets the pace at which a phenomenon occurs) is
small battery powered device that’s placed in the chest or abdomen to help
control abnormal heart rhythms, this device uses electrical pulses to prompt
the heart to beat at a normal rate the function of pacemaker is to electrically
stimulate the heart to contract and thus to pump blood throughout the body
these devices are used to help patients with very slow heart beats.
Internal pacemaker External pacemaker

It is also called permanent pacemaker. It is also called temporary pacemaker.
Used to control long term heart Used in emergency condition to restart
rhythm. rhythm of the heart.
Includes electrodes, electronic Includes epicardial wires.
circuitry and the power supply.
Senses intrinsic cardiac electric Provide timed electrical impulse to
potential and provides electrical heart.
impulses to heart.
Placed inside body on chest/abdomen. Placed outside the body.
Open chest surgery needed. Open chest surgery not needed.
Battery can be replaced only by a Battery can be easily replaced any
minor surgery. Defect/adjustment defect/adjustment can be easily
cannot be attended. attended.
Pain and swelling arise during No pain and swelling during
placement. placement.
Cent percent safety for the pacemaker. No safety for the pacemaker.
Used for permanent heart damages. Used for temporary irregularities.
5. What is meant by diathermy? Sketch the schematic of a microwave

diathermy setup.
 Diathermy means ‘through heating’. The amount of heat that transferred to the
body in electrical diathermy increases as the frequency of current increases.

Microwave diathermy:
Microwave:
They are electromagnetic radiation with frequency range of 300 – 30000MHz
and
wavelengths varying from 10mm to 1m. They lie between short waves and IR
rays in the electromagnetic spectrum. The most used microwave frequency for
therapeutic heating is 2450MHz corresponding to a wavelength of 12.25cm.
Delay circuit: The magnetron has to warm up for 3-4 min before power is
derived from it. A delay circuit connects anode supply to the magnetron and a
lamp lights up indicating that the apparatus is ready for use after 4 minutes.
Magnetron circuit: The magnetron filament heating voltage is obtained directly
from a separate secondary winding of a transformer. The filament cathode circuit
has interference suppression filters. The anode supply to the magnetron can be
DC or AC. DC voltage is obtained by a full wave rectifier followed by a voltage
doubler circuit. A high wattage variable resistance, connected in series controls
the current applied to the anode.
Safety circuit: A fuse (500mA) is inserted in the anode supply circuit of the
magnetron, to protect the magnetron from damage due to excessive flow of
current. The considerable interference produced by the apparatus necessitates the
use of large self-inductance coils in the primary supply. Since the cores become
saturated due to the small dimensions, the coils are split up and fitted such that
there is no magnetization.
6. Define MCV, MCH, MCHC, MPV, RDW.

MCV: Mean cell volume is the ratio of packed cell volume (PCV) to the number
of red blood cell per cubic mm of the blood.
PCV
i.e. MCV =
no . of ¿
blood cells present per liter of blood ¿

MCH: The mean cell haemoglobin is the ratio of haemoglobin (Hb) count to the
red cell count. It is expressed in pictogram.
Hb concentration per liter of blood

i.e. MCH =
no . of ¿
blood cells present per liter of blood ¿
MCHC: The mean cell haemoglobin concentration is the ratio of haemoglobin

(Hb) per deciliter to the PCV. It is expressed in grams/deciliter.
Haemoglobin ( Hb ) per deciliter ( Hb per dl)

i.e. MCHC=
packed cell volume (PCV )
MPV: It is the ratio of the integrated platelet volume to the platelet count and is
expressed in femoliter.
RDW: The RDW measures the deviation of the RBC width, not the actual width
or size of the individual cell.
i.e. RDW −CV =SD of mean cell ¿ ¿ MCV ×100 ¿
Note: RDW: Red blood cell distribution

MCV: Mean cell volume. width.
MCH: Mean cell haemoglobin. RDW - CV: Red blood cell
MCHC: Mean cell haemoglobin distribution width – coefficient of
concentration. variation.
MPV: mean platelet volume. SD: standard deviation.
7. Define PH. Explain the working of digital PH meter.

 The most important indicator of chemical balance in the body is the “pH” of
the blood and other body fluids.
 In pH metry we deal exclusively with the concentration changes of
hydrogen ion in solution.
 The term ‘pH’ refers to free hydrogen ion concentration.
Working of digital pH meter:
Low voltage power supply:

 All electronic components including microcontroller require power and in
our case microcontrollers, buffer circuit, and summing amplifier uses dc
voltages of +5V and -5V.
 Therefore, a highly stable regulated dc power supply was designed using a
step down transformer, four crystal diodes, two capacitors, and two
(IC7805 and IC7905).
 The circuit diagram of the designed low voltage power supply and its
voltage regulation curves are illustrated.
Buffer amplifier:
 The buffer circuit is one kind of emitter follower and is generally used for
impedance matching.
Summing Amplifier:
 The output voltage of pH electrode is very much low.

 The amount of voltage is required to operate the operational amplifier used

in the system cannot given by the pH electrode and hence a summing
amplifier is designed to sum up and increase the voltage of pH electrode.
Microcontroller:
 A micro controller is a small computer on a single metal oxide
semiconductor integrated circuit chip.
 Microcontroller are used in automatically controlled product and devices.
Display System
 It is used to display the output in the form of digital.
 Modern day pH meters are usually providing with following features:

 Electrode holder/arm for smooth movement.
 AC/DC adaptor.
 Automatic calibration facility.
 Data storage facility and capability to record maximum and minimum
value.
 Digital display.
8. List the advantages, disadvantages and applications of CT imaging.

 Advantages of CT:
 Possible to visualize internal organs and body structures with high
resolution and high contrast.
 Provides better information with reduced radiation exposure high in
scanning rate.
 Neuro radiology.
 Brain scanning.
 Neck scanning.
 Disadvantages of CT:
 The cost is high.
 MRI is superior than CT.
 Applications of CT:
 Valuable for the detection and diagnosis of brain diseases.
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 In case of trauma, fractures of the cranium.

 Intracranial masses and fluid cavities.
 Both primary brain tumours and metastases can be identified.
9. Explain micro and macro shock.

 The physiological effect of the current depend not only on their magnitude
but also on the current pathway through the body, which is turn depends on
the location of the first and second contacts.
 Depending on how the currents are introduced into the body, there are two
particular situations:
 When both contacts are applied to the surface of the body (macro shock).
 When one contact is applied directly to the heart (micro shock).
 A micro shock can be applied by applying the current inside the body.
 In micro shock the current doesn’t have to pass through the high resistance
of the skin.
 It instead follows the arteries and passes directly through the heart.
 Hence, ventricular fibrillation can be induced with micro shock current
levels that are much smaller than the current levels needed to induced it
under macro shock conditions.
 In AC defibliator a brief (0.25 to 1 sec) burst of 60 – Hz AC with an
intensity of around 6A is applied to the chest of the patient through
appropriate electrodes.
 The application of electric shock to resynchronize the heart is sometime
called “counter or macro shock”.
PART – B
10. (a) What is electrode? Mention the types of electrodes.
 The electrodes are used to pick up the bio electric potential from the body or
converts the quantity to be measured into a usable electrical output.
OR
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 The electrodes are used for picking up the bio electric events of the body for
measuring the potentials and currents in the body.
 The bio current is carried within the body by ions and carried in the
electrodes and associated wires by electron.
 Because the electrical characteristics of the electrodes specify the type of
amplifier.
Types of electrodes:
 Mainly there are four types of electrodes are:
1. Micro electrodes.
2. Needle electrodes (skin electrodes).
3. Surface electrodes.
4. Indwelling electrodes.
10.(b) Explain the ECG wave form.
 The electro cardiogram (ECG) is a graphic recording or display of time variant

voltages generated by heart muscles during cardiac cycle.
 The atrial depolarization produces P wave.
 The atrial repolarization and the ventricular depolarization produces the
QRS wave.
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 The ventricular repolarization produces the T wave.

OR
Time Typical time Physical Polarisation Typical
intervals in in normal activity phase amplitude
cardiac cycle heart
P – wave 0.1 – 0.15 sec Completion of Complete 0.1 to 0.3mv
atrial depolarization
contraction of atrium
P – Q interval 0.15 – 0.16 A – V node Start of
sec triggered depolarisation
of ventricle
muscle
QRS wave 0.05 – 0.1 sec Ventricular Completion of 3 to 4mv
contraction depolarisation
of ventricle
muscle and
atrium muscle
repolarisation
S – T interval 0.05 – 0.15 Ventricular
sec contraction
continues
T – Wave 0.2 sec Ventricular Repolarisation 0.1 to 0.5mv
muscles of ventricle
return to muscle
resting state
11. Illustrate the 10 – 20 3electrode placement for EEG with neat diagram.
 In EEG the electrodes are placed in standard positions according to committee
of international federation of societies for EEG on the skull and this
arrangement is called 10 – 20 system. There are 21 electrode location in this
system.
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 Electrodes are named according to their positions on the skull like FP for
frontal polar, F for frontal, C for central, P for parietal, T for temporal and
O for occipital, Z denotes the middle line.
 Odd number are given to electrodes on the left side. Even numbers are
given to right side of the head.
 The reference electrode is placed on the midline forehead.
 In this system the electrodes are placed at the distance of 10% and 20%.
These distance are the measured distances along coronal, sagittal and
circumference arcs on the skull.
Procedure:
 Draw a line on the skull from nasion to the inion.
 Draw a same type of line from the left pre auricular point (ear) to the right
pre auricular point.
 The intersection of these two lines is marked as CZ.
 Mark the points at 10, 20, 20, 20, 20 and 10% of the total nasion – inion
distance. They marked as FP2, F8, CZ, PZ and 02 on the right and FP1, FZ, CZ,
PZ and 02 on the left.
 Mark points at 30, 20, 20 and 30% of the total nasion inion distance along
the midline. These points are FZ, CZ and PZ.
 mark the points at 25% along the circumferential passing through C 3
between FP1 and O1 on the left side as F3, C3, P3 and passing through C4
between FP2 and OZ on the right side as F4, C4 and P4.
 Ear electrodes A1 and A2.
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OR
 Both bipolar and monopolar techniques are used in EEG electrode systems.
In bipolar technique, the potential difference between two adjacent
electrodes is measured.
 In monopolar technique, the potential of each electrode is measured with

reference to a reference electrode attached to ear lobe or nostrils.
 In Wilson technique or average mode recording technique, the potential is
measured between one of the electrodes (exploring electrode) and the
central terminal which is formed by connecting all electrodes through high,
equal valued resistors to a common point.
 In multichannel recording technique, many channels, each having pair of
electrodes permit the simultaneous recording.
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In 10 – 20 system, the electrodes are located as follows:

1. A line is drawn on the skull from the nasion, the root of nose, to the inion.
A similar line is also drawn from the left preauricular (ear) point to the right
preauricular point. Mark the intersection of these two lines as CZ.
2. Mark points at 10, 20, 20, 20, 20 and 10% of the total nasion – inion
distance. These points are FP2, F8, T4, T6 and 02 on the right and FP1, F7, T3, T5
and 01 on the left.
3. Mark points at 30, 20, 20 and 30% of the total nasion inion distance along
the midline. These points are FZ, CZ and PZ.
4. Measure the distance between Fp1 and 01 along the circumference passing
through C3 and mark points at 25% intervals. These points give the position
of F3, C3 and P3.
 Repeat the above procedure on the right side and mark the positions of F 4,
C4 and P4.
 Note that F7, F3, FZ, F4 and F8 are equidistant along the transverse circle.
Similarly, T5, P3, PZ, P4 and T6 are equidistant. A1 and A2 are ear electrodes.
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12. Mention the application of ECG, EEG, EMG and ERG. (any five
applications each).
 Applications of ECG:
 Heart rhythm.
 Diagnose poor blood flow to the heart muscle.
 Diagnose a heart attack.
 Diagnose cardiac abnormalities such as heart chamber enlargement and
abnormal electrical conduction.
 Detection of heart arrhythmia, cardiac abnormalities.
 Portable ECG is used in telemedicine. It is used in primary health care units
where trained cardiologists are not available.
 Applications of EEG:
 Depth of coma.
 Brain disorders.
 Depth of anesthesia.
 Migraine variants.
 Epileptic seizures.
 Brain death.
 Applications of EMG:
 Neuro muscular diseases.
 Kinesiology.
 Disorders of motor control.
 To control signal for prosthetic devices.
 To sense isometric muscular activity.
 Unvoiced speech recognition.
 Applications of ERG:
 Used by opthomologistis and optometrists.
 Diagnose of various retinal diseases.
 Inherited retinal degeneration.
 Diabetic retinopathy.
 Autoimmune retinopathies such as cancer associated retinopathy.
 Retinal detachment.
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13. Explain the working of microprocessor based defibrillation with block

diagram.
 The above block diagram shows the microprocessor based defibrillator

monitor. As the patient incident varies, it has a strong effect on defibrillator
effectiveness.
 If peak current, patient incidence and delivered energy is known, the
operator can enhance defibrillator effectiveness.
 The patient impedance and delivered energy can be determined if peak
current and defibrillator parameters like capacitance, inductance are known.
 These measurements are automatically recorded in modern equipment.
 Before discharging current to patient, the operator selects the desired
energy to be delivered to 50ohms load (patient).
 Note that patient impedance lies between 50ohms and 100ohms.
 The microprocessor in defibrillator will determine the corresponding stored
energy.
 The microprocessor determines stored energy with consideration of
 Defibrillator internal resistance.
 Patient impedance.
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 Then the discharge current passes through fencing transformer placed in the
circuit. The current fencing transformer provides ground isolation for
patient circuit and also measured the discharging current through patient.
 The transformer detects the peak voltage and gives it to microprocessor for
recording. Microprocessor take discharging current and stored energy to
determine the patient’s impedance and delivered energy.
 The delivered energy is converted into a digital format by the means of A to
D converter for displaying the recording on monitor.
 The poor paddle (electrode) contact warming is activated when patient’s
impedance exceeds the 100ohm. Thus the microprocessor based
defibrillator provides the control range of energy to be delivered for patient
requirements and there is a provision for an operator to have a control over
the delivering energy, thereby increasing effectiveness.
14. What is laser? List different types of lasers. Mention its application in
medicine.
 LASER is light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation.
 Laser light is highly monochromatic energy, thereby increasing
effectiveness.
 The word laser has been derived by taking the first letters of the expression
light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation.
 It is an extension of the maser to the optical region of the electromagnetic
spectrum the laser is used as a generator of light.
Types of laser:
1. Ruby laser.
2. Nd – YAG laser.
3. Helium – neon.
4. Argon laser.
5. Krypton laser.
6. Co2 laser.
Applications of laser:
1. Neurosurgery.
2. Treatment of detached retina.
3. Gastroenterology.
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4. Coagulation in diabetic retinopathy.

5. Dermatology.
6. Ear, nose and throat surgery.
15. Explain the working of spectrophotometer with diagram.
M – mirror.
L – lamp.
S1 – entrance slit.
S2 – exit slit.
C – Cuvette, in which sample solution
whose absorbance or transmittance is
to be measured, is taken.
D – A sensitive photodetector (often a
photoelectric cell).
G – Grating.
 Light from the radiation source ‘L’ is allowed to pass by means of a lens,
through a narrow slit ‘S1’ and then by means of a mirror ‘M’, to an optical
grating ‘G’, which divides light into narrow spectral region corresponding
to different wavelengths.
 An exit slit ‘S2’, selects a narrow band of the spectrum, which is used to
measure the absorption of a sample in the cuvette ‘C’.
 The narrower the exit slit, the narrower the bandwidth of the light.
 The light of a desired wavelength emerging from the exit slit ‘S2’ is
allowed to pass through the cuvette ‘C’, contact with a galvanometer ‘G’.
 The intensity of light which is measured by the deflection in the
galvanometer, is recorded.
 The cuvette C, is now replaced by another cuvette containing pure solvent
and the same light is allowed to pass through it and then to photoelectric
cell ‘D’.
 The intensity of light is again measured by the deflection in the
galvanometer, as before.
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 Let Io be the intensity of light which passes through the solution.

 Let It be the intensity of the same light, after it passes through the solvent.
Io
 Then, the transmittance ‘T’ is given byT = I t
1
 And the absorbance ‘A’ is given by A=log
T
16. (a) Explain the indirect method of BP measurement.

 The indirect method of blood pressure measurement will make use of a
sphygmomanometer and a stethoscope.
 The sphygmomanometer consists of an inflatable pressure cuff and a
mercury manometer to measure the pressure in the cuff consists of a rubber
bladder and will have a fabric covering that can be wrapped around the
upper arm.
 The cuff can be fixed with the help of hooks provided. The cuff is usually
inflated slowly through a valve.
 The stethoscope carries the sound energy to the ear of the physician via a
column of air.
 Thus this sphygmomanometer and stethoscope arrangement is used to
obtain an average atrial pressure.
 Here the cuff is placed over the subject’s upper arm containing the artery.
 Initially the pressure in the cuff is raised to a level well above systolic
pressure so that the blood flow is completely terminated.
 Now the pressure in the cuff is released at a known rate.
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16.(b) Write a note on FHR measurement.

 Electronic fetal heart rate monitor (FHR) monitoring is commonly used to
assess fetal well-being during pregnancy.
 A normal FHR usually ranges from 120 to 160 beats per minute in the utero
period.
 It is measurable sonographically from around 6 weeks and the normal range
varies during gestation, increasing to around 170 bpm at 10 weeks and
decreasing from then to around 130 bpm at term.
 Evolution during gestation/pregnancy.
 All through the myocardium begins to contract rhythmically by 3 weeks
after conception it is first visible on sonography around 6 weeks of
gestation.
 The FHR is then usually around 100 to 120 bpm.
 FHR then increases progressively over the subsequent 2 – 3 weeks
becoming:
 110 bpm by 5 – 6 weeks.
 170 bpm by 9 – 10 weeks.
 This is followed by a decrease in FHR becoming an average:
 150 bpm by 14 weeks.
 140 bpm by 20 weeks.
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 130 bpm by term.

 All thought in healthy fetus the heart is usually regular, heart beat variation
of approximately 5 to 15 beats per minute is acceptable.
17. (a) List the properties of X – Rays.

 They are electromagnetic radiation of the same nature of light, but they are
of smaller wavelength than visible light. They cannot be reflected or
refracted by ordinary methods.
 They are not deflected by a magnetic or electric field, hence they are not
charged particles and differ from cathode rays.
 They affect photographic plates and can be used to find defects in metal
plates and can cure ulcers.
 They ionize a gas and also eject electrons from certain metals on which
they fall.
 When X – Rays are incident on matter, they give rise to complex
phenomenon known as secondary radiation. Which consists of three
different types of rays.
 Scattered X – Ray.
 Corpuscular rays.
 Characteristic or homogenous X – Rays.
17.(b) Write the advantages and disadvantages of CT imaging.

 Advantages of CT:
 Possible to visualize internal organs and body structures with high
resolution and high contrast.
 Provides better information with reduced radiation exposure high in
scanning rate.
 Neuro radiology.
 Brain scanning.
 Neck scanning.
 Disadvantages of CT:
 The cost is high.
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 MRI is superior than CT.
18. Explain the working of MRI with block diagram.

 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) works on the following principle:
 when a patient is placed in an external magnetic field protons of hydrogen
atoms of the body undergo magnetization.
 Due to magnetization these protons align and process about external
magnetic field.
 Now a RF pulse at resonance frequency is transmitted into patient under
controlled and prescribed condition.
 Due to resonance condition the individual proto responds by emitting a RF
signal.
 This is called magnetic resonance.
 These emitted RF signals by the protons during their return from higher
nuclear energy state to ground states are picked up by the receiver coil.
 These NMR signals are processed by computer using Fourier transforming
techniques to produce an image.
 As proton is spinning a nuclear magnetic is associated with it. When
hydrogen is placed in a large external magnetic field its axis of rotation will
be about the magnetic field normal and unexcited spin states have different
energies.
 Now apply RF radiation with an energy exactly equal to the energy
between two nuclear energy states one can achieve population inversion by
raising the nuclei from lower energy state to higher energy state.
19. (a) Explain micro and macro shock.
CHANDAN.G. K 25-04-2020 24 | P a g e
 The physiological effect of the current depend not only on their magnitude
but also on the current pathway through the body, which is turn depends on
the location of the first and second contacts.
 Depending on how the currents are introduced into the body, there are two
particular situations:
 When both contacts are applied to the surface of the body (macro shock).
 When one contact is applied directly to the heart (micro shock).
 A micro shock can be applied by applying the current inside the body.
 In micro shock the current doesn’t have to pass through the high resistance
of the skin.
 It instead follows the arteries and passes directly through the heart.
 Hence, ventricular fibrillation can be induced with micro shock current
levels that are much smaller than the current levels needed to induced it
under macro shock conditions.
 In AC defibliator a brief (0.25 to 1 sec) burst of 60 – Hz AC with an
intensity of around 6A is applied to the chest of the patient through
appropriate electrodes.
 The application of electric shock to resynchronize the heart is sometime
called “counter or macro shock”.
19.(b) Write a note on E – Waste.

 Electronic waste (E – waste or E scrap) is the term used to describe
discarded electric or electric device that cannot be used for intended
purpose.
 E waste refers to electronic discarded components such as CRT’s and
computers, office electronic equipment, entertainment electronic device,
mobile phones, TV and refrigerators, etc..
 E waste also includes contaminates such as lead, cadminium, berilium or
brominated flame retardants.
Causes of E waste:
 Rapid change in technology.
 Changes in media.
CHANDAN.G. K 25-04-2020 25 | P a g e
 Falling prices.
 Planned obsolescence.
E waste treatment and disposal method:
 Landfilling.
 Incineration.
 Recycling of E waste.
 Reuse.
CHANDAN.G. K 25-04-2020 26 | P a g e

MEDICAL ELECTRONICS 2018 Nov Dec

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Jain Polytechnic, DVG Medical Electronics 2019 - 2020

MEDICAL ELECTRONICS (NOV/DEC – 2018)

CHANDAN.G. K 25-04-2020 1|Page

Questio Description Marks

CHANDAN.G. K 25-04-2020 2|Page

MODEL ANSWER SCRIPT

 The typical resting potential within a cell is approximately -90mv. A cell in

CHANDAN.G. K 25-04-2020 3|Page

2. What is ECG? Explain briefly typical ECG waveform.

 The electro cardiogram (ECG) is a graphic recording or display of time variant

CHANDAN.G. K 25-04-2020 4|Page

3. List the effects of artifacts in ECG measurement.

CHANDAN.G. K 25-04-2020 5|Page

4. What is pacemaker? Write the differences between internal and external

Internal pacemaker External pacemaker

5. What is meant by diathermy? Sketch the schematic of a microwave

CHANDAN.G. K 25-04-2020 6|Page

6. Define MCV, MCH, MCHC, MPV, RDW.

CHANDAN.G. K 25-04-2020 7|Page

Hb concentration per liter of blood

MCHC: The mean cell haemoglobin concentration is the ratio of haemoglobin

Haemoglobin ( Hb ) per deciliter ( Hb per dl)

i.e. RDW −CV =SD of mean cell ¿ ¿ MCV ×100 ¿

Note: RDW: Red blood cell distribution

7. Define PH. Explain the working of digital PH meter.

CHANDAN.G. K 25-04-2020 8|Page

Low voltage power supply:

CHANDAN.G. K 25-04-2020 9|Page

 The amount of voltage is required to operate the operational amplifier used

 Modern day pH meters are usually providing with following features:

8. List the advantages, disadvantages and applications of CT imaging.

 In case of trauma, fractures of the cranium.

9. Explain micro and macro shock.

10.(b) Explain the ECG wave form.

 The electro cardiogram (ECG) is a graphic recording or display of time variant

 The ventricular repolarization produces the T wave.

 In monopolar technique, the potential of each electrode is measured with

In 10 – 20 system, the electrodes are located as follows:

13. Explain the working of microprocessor based defibrillation with block

 The above block diagram shows the microprocessor based defibrillator

4. Coagulation in diabetic retinopathy.

15. Explain the working of spectrophotometer with diagram.

 Let Io be the intensity of light which passes through the solution.

16. (a) Explain the indirect method of BP measurement.

16.(b) Write a note on FHR measurement.

 130 bpm by term.

17. (a) List the properties of X – Rays.

17.(b) Write the advantages and disadvantages of CT imaging.

 MRI is superior than CT.

18. Explain the working of MRI with block diagram.

19. (a) Explain micro and macro shock.

19.(b) Write a note on E – Waste.

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