2.

EXAMPLES:

1.5 V
4.5 V

4.5 V
1.5V

Opened : E= 1.5 V ;Closed: V= 1.35 V;I= 0.3 A;r=?

Ir= E- V
r = (E- V)/ I= (1.5-1.35) / 0.3 = 0.5 Ω
E r

3
I
a) Ir= E- V
V=E- Ir = 3-(0.4)(0.5) = 2.8 V
b) V= IR
R= V/ I = 2.8/0.4 = 7Ω

Ir= E- V
E= V+ Ir = 2.4+(0.3)(2) = 3V

a) V= E- Ir = 12- (0.5)(1.2) = 11.4 V

b) R = V/ I = 11.4/ 0.5 = 22.8 Ω

I r= E- V
r= E- V / I = (7.5 – 6.2) / 0.65 =2Ω