palgrave macmillan law masters

intellectual property law

tina hart
Principal Lecturer in Law at the University of Huddersfield

linda fazzani
Formerly Consultant at the law firm Berwin Leighton Paisner LLP

simon clark
Head of Intellectual Property at the law firm Berwin Leighton Paisner LLP

fifth edition

Series editor: Marise Cremona

Professor ofEuropean Law
European University Institute
Florence, Italy

palgrave
macmillan
 Contents

Preface xin

Acknowledgements xv

TableofCases xv,//

Table of Statutes xxxiii

Table of Statutory Instruments xxxv

Table of European and International Legislation xxxvi

1 Introduction 1
1.1 The subject matter 1
1.2 The protection provided 2
1.3 Justification 3
1.4 Sources of law 4
Summary 5
Useful Websites 6

Patents and confidential Information 7

2 Patents 9
2.1 What is a patent? 9
2.2 Historical background 9
2.3 Why are patents granted? 10
2.4 The patent System 11
2.5 The international patent System 12
2.6 The future of patents 14
Hot Topic: The future for patents: still no Community patent! 14
Summary 15
Exercises 15
Further Reading and References 16

3 Patentability: excluded matters 17

3.1 Introduction 17
3.2 Exclusions from patentability 17
Hot Topics: 23
(1) The patenting of Computer Software: the UK Court of Appeal
versus the European Patent Office 23
(2) Developments in biotechnology 23
Summary 24
Exercises 25
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Further Reading and References 25

4 Patentability: novelty and inventive Step 26

4.1 Novelty and publication 26
4.2 Novelty and earlier application 28
4.3 Novelty and use 30
4.4 Inventive step 33
4.5 Industrial application 39
Hot Topic: The need for consistency in the interpretation of the
European Patent Convention 40
Summary 40
Exercises 41
Further Reading and References 41

5 Ownership 42
5.1 Introduction 42
5.2 Who can apply? 42
5.3 The inventor 43
5.4 Employee patents 44
5.5 Employee compensation 46
5.6 Dealing in patents 47
Summary 49
Exercises 49
Further Reading and References 49

6 Protecting the patent 50

6.1 Introduction 50
6.2 Acts of infringement 50
6.3 The significance of the Claims 51
6.4 Interpretation of the Claims 51
6.5 Has there been infringement? 53
55
6.6 Defences
6.7 Remedies 57
6.8 Criminal offences 57
6.9 Groundless threats of infringement 58
Summary 59
Exercises 60

7 Breach of confidence 61
7.1 Introduction 61
7.2 Historical background 62
7.3 The basic requirements 62
7.4 The necessary quality of confidence 63
7.5 The Obligation of confidence 66
7.6 Unauthorised use of the information 69
7.7 Defences 71
7.8 Remedies 72
Hot Topics: 73
(1) Public interest and morality 73
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(2) Public interest and the Human Rights Act 1998 73

(3) Public interest, the Human Rights Act 1998 and celebrities'
right in their own images 74
Summary 74
Case Notes 75
Further Reading and References 75

Trade marks and passing off 77

8 Trade marks 79
8.1 Introduction 79
8.2 What is a trade mark? 79
8.3 Possible functions of trade marks 80
8.4 Historical background 81
8.5 Background to the Trade Marks Act 1994 82
8.6 Conclusion 84
Summary 84

9 Registration of trade marks 85

9.1 Introduction 85
9.2 The application process 85
9.3 What is a registrable trade mark? 86
9.4 Conditions for registration 92
9.5 Absolute grounds for refusal 93
9.6 Relative grounds for refusal 99
9.7 Maintaining registration 101
9.8 Special marks 104
Hot Topic: Signs of the times: developments in the wake of the
Trade Marks Act 1994 104
Summary 105
Case Notes 105
Further Reading and References 106

10 Protection of trade marks 107

10.1 Rights of the trade mark owner 107
10.2 When is the trade mark infringed? 107
10.3 Comparative advertising 114
10.4 Remedies 118
10.5 Exceptions and defences 118
10.6 Groundless threats 119
10.7 Criminal offences 120
10.8 Dealings in trade marks 120
Hot Topic: What is comparative advertising? 121
Summary 122
Case Notes 122
Further Reading and References 123

11 Passing off 124

11.1 Introduction 124
Contents

11.2 The difference between trade mark infringement and passing off 124
11.3 Historical background 125
11.4 The requirements of a passing off action 126
11.5 The claimant's goodwill 126
11.6 Misrepresentation 128
11.7 Damage 132
11.8 Domain names 133
11.9 Injurious falsehood 134
11.10 Remedies 135
Hot Topic: Character merchandising 136
Summary 139
Exercises 140
Further Reading and References 140

12 Trade marks - international provisions 141

12.1 Introduction 141
12.2 Paris Convention 141
12.3 Madrid Agreement 142
12.4 Madrid Protocol 143
12.5 Community Trade Mark System (CTM) 144
Summary 147
Exercises 147

^ Copyright and designs 149

13 Copyright 151
13.1 What is Copyright? 151
13.2 How does Copyright arise? 151
13.3 Qualifying person 152
13.4 Historical background 152
13.5 The need for change? 154
Hot Topic: Creative Commons 155
Summary 156
Exercises 156

14 Subsistence(i) 157
14.1 The subject matter protected 157
14.2 Literary works 157
14.3 Dramatic works 160
14.4 Musical works 160
14.5 Artistic works 161
Hot Topic: Copyright protection for three-dimensional designs 165
Summary 166
Exercise 166
Further Reading and References 166

15 Subsistence (2) 167

15.1 Sound recordings 167
15.2 Films 167
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15.3 Broadcasts 168

15.4 Published editions 168
Hot Topic: Copyright duration: to be extended? 169
Summary 170
Exercise 170

16 Infringement 171
16.1 Introduction 171
16.2 Direct and indirect infringement 171
16.3 Primary infringement 173
16.4 Facsimile copies 174
16.5 Copying of Computer programs 175
16.6 Issuing copies, Performances in public and communicating to the
public 176
16.7 Adaptation 177
16.8 Secondary infringement 179
16.9 Knowledge 180
16.10 Copy protection devices, electronic rights management
information and decoders 180
16.11 Infringing copy 183
16.12 Remedies 183
16.13 Criminal offences 186
Summary 187
Exercises 188

17 Defences 189
17.1 Introduction 189
17.2 Acts permitted by licence 189
17.3 Permitted acts 191
17.4 Public interest defence and the Human Rights Act 1998 202
17.5 Competition or Euro defence 202
17.6 Proposed new exceptions to Copyright infringement (the
Gowers Review) 203
Hot Topic: The interface between Copyright and design right 204
Summary 206
Exercise 206

18 Ownership and duration of Copyright, moral rights and artist's resale right 207
18.1 Ownership of Copyright 207
18.2 Employees 207
18.3 Moral rights 210
18.4 Paternity nght 210
18.5 Integrity right 211
18.6 False attribution 211
18.7 Rights of privacy in photographs and films 211
18.8 Dealings in Copyright and moral nghts 212
18.9 Duration of Copyright 212
1R 10 Di iratinn of moral riahts 214
Contents

18.11 Artist's resale right 214

Summary 215
Exercises 216

19 Database rights 217

19.1 Introduction 217
19.2 Subsistence and duration 218
19.3 Infringement, defences and remedies 219
Summary 223
Exercises 223

20 Performance rights 224

20.1 Introduction 224
20.2 Performers and persons having recording rights 225
20.3 Nature of Performance and recording rights 226
20.4 Moral rights 227
20.5 Defences and exceptions 228
20.6 Criminal offences 229
20.7 Remedies and penalties 230
Hot Topic: Performance rights - performers' property rights 231
Summary 232
Exercise 232

21 United Kingdom unregistered design right 233

21.1 Introduction 233
21.2 What design right protects 233
21.3 Criteria for the subsistence of design right 237
21.4 How design right arises 237
21.5 Who owns design right? 238
21.6 Duration of design right 239
21.7 Infringement 239
21.8 Remedies for infringement 241
21.9 Who can enforce design right? 245
21.10 Relationship with other rights 246
21.11 Groundless threats 246
Summary 247
Exercise 248
Further Reading and References 248

22 Unregistered Community design right 249

22.1 Introduction 249
22.2 What the unregistered Community design right protects 249
22.3 Criteria for the subsistence of unregistered Community design right 249
22.4 Complex products 250
22.5 Making available to the public 250
22.6 Exclusions from unregistered Community design right protection 251
22.7 How unregistered Community design right arises 252
22.8 Who owns unregistered Community design right? 252
22.9 Duration of unregistered Community design right 252
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22.10 Infringement 253

22.11 Place where the acts of infringement take place 253
22.12 Limitations on the enforcement of therightsconferred by a
Community design 253
22.13 Remedies for infringement 254
22.14 Licences of right 255
22.15 Dealing with the unregistered Community design right 255
22.16 Relationship with other rights 255
22.17 Groundless threats 255
Hot topic: Novelty 256
Summary 256
Exercises 257

23 United Kingdom and Community registered designs 258

23.1 Introduction 258
23.2 The UK registered design 259
23.3 The registered Community design 259
23.4 What are the criteria for registration? 260
23.5 What does the registered design cover and for how long? 260
23.6 What protection does the registered design give? 260
23.7 Who has the right to register a design? 261
23.8 Dealing with registered Community designs 261
23.9 Dealing with UK registered designs 261
23.10 Remedies and limitations on enforcement of registered designs 262
23.11 Who can enforce a registered design? 263
23.12 Groundless threats 263
23.13 Deferment of publication of a registered Community design
application 264
23.14 Cancellation procedure 264
23.15 International provisions 264
23.16 Criminal offences in relation to UK registered designs 265
23.17 Parallel actions under national and Community registered design
laws 265
Hot Topics:
(1) Registered designs: criteria for registration higher
Standard than infringement 266
(2) No innocence defence in Community designs 266
Summary 267
Exercise 267
Further Reading and References 268

Competition 269
24 Intellectual property and competition law 271
24.1 Introduction 271
24.2 EC law and intellectual property 272
24.3 UK competition law and intellectual property 272
24.4 Intellectual property andfreemovement of goods 273
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24.5 Licensing and Article 81 278

24.6 Block Exemption Regulations 279
24.7 Copyright licensing 280
24.8 Trade mark licensing 282
24.9 Patent licensing 283
24.10 Article 82 284
Hot Topic: The EU pharmaceutical sector inquiry 287
Summary 289
Exercises 289

Intellectual property and the Internet 291

25 The Internet 293
25.1 Introduction 293
25.2 Copyright and the Internet 293
25.3 Liability of intermediaries 294
25.4 Implied licences 295
25.5 Linking 296
25.6 Trade marks and the Internet 297
25.7 Infringement and jurisdiction 297
25.8 Domain names and cyber-squatting 298
25.9 Metatags and advertising keywords 300
25.10 Patents and the Internet 301
25.11 Confidential Information and the Internet 302
Summary 303
Exercise 303
Useful Websites 303

Further Reading and Websites 304

Index 306