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Thermodynamics Formulas PDF
Thermodynamics Formulas PDF
Ideal gas equation: pV = nRT , n : number of moles Work done by the gas:
V2
van der Waals equation: p + Va2 (V − b) = nRT
Z
∆W = p∆V, W = pdV
V
Thermal expansion: L = L0 (1 + α∆T ), 1
A = A0 (1 + β∆T ), V = V0 (1 + γ∆T ), γ = 2β = 3α V2
Wisothermal = nRT ln
V1
F ∆l
Thermal stress of a material: A =Y l Wisobaric = p(V2 − V1 )
p1 V1 − p2 V2
Wadiabatic =
γ−1
2 Kinetic Theory of Gases
Wisochoric = 0
General: M = mNA , k = R/NA
n
T1
Maxwell distribution of speed: Q1
Efficiency of the heat engine: W
Q2
vp v̄ vrms v T2
q q
RMS speed: vrms = 3kT
= 3RT work done by the engine Q1 − Q2
m M η= =
heat supplied to it Q1
q q
Average speed: v̄ = 8kT
= 8RT Q2 T2
πm πM ηcarnot = 1 − =1−
Q1 T1
q
2kT
Most probable speed: vp = m T1
Q1
Pressure: p = 13 ρvrms
2 Coeff. of performance of refrigerator: W
Q2
Equipartition of energy: K = 12 kT for each degree of T2
Q2 Q2
freedom. Thus, K = f2 kT for molecule having f de- COP = W = Q1 −Q2
grees of freedoms. Rf
∆Q ∆Q
Entropy: ∆S = T , Sf − Si = i T
f
Internal energy of n moles of an ideal gas is U = 2 nRT .
Q Tf
Const. T : ∆S = T, Varying T : ∆S = ms ln Ti