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Metabolism

Metabolism
DIRECTIONS (Questions 1 through 36): Each of the numbered items or incomplete
statements in this section is followed by answers or by completions of the statement. Select
the ONE lettered answer of completion that is BEST in each case.

1- Most of the energy released from catabolic reactions of organic molecules:

a) Is stored in the form of ATP.
b) Is used by the kidney to do osmotic work.
c) Appears as thermal energy.
d) Is used for building macromolecules.

2- About the energy balance:

a) In normal adults, the energy intake is greater than the energy output.
b) During growth, the energy intake is equal to the energy output.
c) With a negative energy balance, there is loss of the body weight.
d) In obesity, there is increased protein content of the body.

3- The physical heat value of:

a) Food is measured by the respirometer.
b) Carbohydrate is equal to its physiological heat value.
c) Protein is 9.3 Kcal/gm.
d) Fat is 5.3 Kcal/gm.

4- The physical heat value:

a) of 1 gram of protein is less than the physiological heat value for the same amount of
protein.
b) of 1 gram of protein is more than the physiological heat value for 1 gram of fat.
c) is measured using body calorimeter.
d) of 1 gram of fat equals the physiological heat value for the same amount of fat.

5- Respiratory Quotient (RQ):

a) Is below one in lipogenesis.
b) Is one in brain tissues.
c) Is below one in metabolic acidosis.
d) Is one in diabetes mellitus.

6- Concerning Respiratory Quotient (RQ), all the following is true EXCEPT:

a) Determines the energy equivalent of one liter of oxygen.
b) Increases in the postexercise period.
c) For a patient with severe untreated diabetes mellitus equals 0.7.
d) Is more for carbohydrate than for fat.

7- The energy equivalent of oxygen is:

a) The amount of heat (Kcal) produced when one litre of O2 is consumed.

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b) Used for estimation of the metabolic rate by direct calorimetry.

c) About 5 Kcal/L in case of fats and 4.7 Kcal/L in case of carbohydrates.
d) About 4.8 Kcal/L in case of proteins and 4.6 Kcal/L in the post-absorptive state.

8- A respiratory quotient above one occurs in all the following cases EXCEPT:
a) Hyperventilation.
b) Muscular exercise.
c) Fevers and acidosis.
d) Gluconeogenesis using fat as a substrate to be converted into glucose.

9- The excess R.Q.:

a) Is the R.Q. determined during sleep.
b) Indicates the fuel used during a certain exercise.
c) Determination requires estimation of the O2 consumption and CO2 production during the
recovery period only.
d) Is about 1 in a prolonged exercise and 0.7 in short exercise.

10- Metabolic rate is increased by all of the following EXCEPT:

a) Exposure to hot weather.
b) Climbing a stair.
c) Food intake.
d) Hyperthermia of the body.

11- Basal metabolic rate:

a) Is measured per Kg body weight.
b) Is low in infant due to his low metabolic rate.
c) Is low in people eating high protein diet.
d) Is high in patient with diabetes insipidus.

12- The basal metabolic rate:

a) Is maximal at puberty.
b) Represents the energy expenditure needed for the activity of vital organs.
c) Is more in infant than in adult.
d) Is measured in standing resting person.

13- The metabolism of 100 gm protein inside the body would produce:
a) 530 Kcal.
b) 930 Kcal.
c) 4100 Kcal.
d) 410 Kcal.

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14- About BMR, all the following is true EXCEPT:

a) It is expressed in Kcal/square meter/hour.
b) Normally, it is about 40 Kcal in young adult males.
c) It represents the energy expenditure needed for activity of the vital organs.
d) It is measured immediately after breakfast at an atmospheric temp. about 10oC.

15- Concerning B.M.R., all the following is true EXCEPT:

a) It is normally about 40 Kcal/hour/m2  15% in young males.
b) The body surface area can be calculated from the DuBois chart.
c) It is decreased in myxedema & shock and increased in hyperparathyroidism.
d) It increases in old age and after prolonged starvation.

16- About the specific dynamic action (SDA), all the following is true EXCEPT:
a) It is an increase in the metabolic rate after food intake.
b) The SDA of proteins is about 30% and is due mainly to its metabolism in the liver.
c) It is generally due to the work done during digestion and absorption of food.
d) Normally, it is about 6% for carbohydrates and 4% for fats.

17- Specific dynamic action:

a) Is the power of food to inhibit the metabolic rate.
b) Disappears in a hepatectomised animal.
c) Represents a waste heat in case of exposure to cold weather.
d) Of carbohydrate is more than that of protein.

18- The specific dynamic action of food:

a) Is the decrease in metabolic rate that results from ingestion of food.
b) Is due to energy expended in digestion and absorption.
c) Results in 30% of the energy value of ingested protein.
d) Results in 20% of the energy value of ingested carbohydrates.

19- About oxygen debt, all the following is true EXCEPT:

a) It occurs due to an inadequate supply of O2 to the muscles during exercise.
b) It is paid during the postexercise recovery period.
c) It is used for oxidation of lactic acid and resynthesis of ATP & CP.
d) Its amount is not related to the amount of work done during the exercise.

20- On exposure to cold:

a) The muscle tone increases and shivering may occur.
b) There is excessive secretion of catecholamines.
c) Ingestion of protein food is preferred due to its high SDA.
d) All of the above occurs.

21- About the sweat glands:

a) They are 5 types.
b) The apocrine glands are responsible for temperature regulation.
c) The eccrine glands secrete a hypertonic solution.
d) The secretion of the eccrine glands can be blocked by atropine.

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22- Heat loss mechanisms are initiated by :

a) Posterior hypothalamus.
b) Preoptic area of hypothalamus.
c) Thalamus.
d) Mamillary bodies.

23- A nude person is sitting on a chair. The heat transfer between the body and the chair is
due to:
a) Radiation.
b) Conduction.
c) Convection.
d) Evaporation.

24- Mechanism of heat loss when the surrounding temperature is higher than the body
temperature is :
a) Radiation.
b) Conduction.
c) Convection.
d) Evaporation.

25- When the body temperature is higher than normal, following mechanisms are initiated,
EXCEPT:
a) Vasocanstriction of skin vessels.
b) Sweating.
c) Seeking cool surrounding .
d) Decreased appetite.

26- Thermogenesis occurs by all of the following, EXCEPT:

a) Contraction of skeletal muscles.
b) Food intake.
c) Shivering.
d) Vasoconstriction of skin vessels.

27- Evaporation of 1 litre of water causes approximate heat loss of :

a) 200 cal.
b) 100 cal.
c) 580 cal.
d) 1000 cal.

28- When core temperature falls below the hypothalamic set point temperature, there
occurs:
a) Sweating.
b) Decrease in BMR.
c) Vasodilation of skin vessels.
d) Vasoconstriction of skin vessels.

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29- Shivering is initiated by stimulation of:

a) Anterior hypothalamus.
b) Posterior hypothalamus.
c) Paraventricular nucleus.
d) Peroptic area.

30- About the endogenous pyrogens, all the following is true EXCEPT:
a) It is a protein produced by monocytes and macrophages that causes fever.
b) It resets by the hypothalamic thermostat to a higher set point than normal.
c) It acts by increasing the local release of histamine in the hypothalamus.
d) It increases the heat production mechanisms specially by inducing shivering.

31- During infection, fever is caused by:

a) Interleukin I.
b) Serotonin.
c) Substance P.
d) Endorphins.

32- Pathogenesis of fever involves:

a) Cells of the reticulo-endothelial system.
b) Cytokines.
c) Preoptic area of hypothalamus.
d) All of the above.

33- Aspirin decrease body temperture when given during fever by:
a) Decreasing heat production.
b) Inhibiting interleukin I production.
c) Inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.
d) Decreasing release of pyrogen.

34- About obesity, all the following is true, EXCEPT:

a) It is the commonest nutritional disorder.
b) It is produced by deposition of excess protein in the body.
c) It occurs as a result of +ve energy balance often due to hyperphagia.
d) Psychogenic, genetic and hypothalamic abnormalities may be causative factors.

35- Concerning the appetite, all the following is true EXCEPT:

a) It is affected by certain hypothalamic areas.
b) Is it completely lost after gastrectomy.
c) It increases as the blood glucose level falls.
d) It increases on exposure to cold climate.

36- What is false that during starvation:

a) The blood glucose level remains constant at the fasting level.
b) The plasma protein concentration decreases.
c) The amount of the alkali reserve is decreased.
d) The blood volume remains constant.

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Answer Key
1- C
2- C
3- B
4- D
5- B
6- B
7- A
8- D
9- B
10- A
11- D
12- B
13- D
14- D
15- D
16- C
17- B
18- C
19- D
20- D
21- D
22- B
23- B
24- D
25- A
26- D
27- C
28- D
29- B
30- C
31- A
32- D
33- C
34- B
35- B
36- D

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