EMC - 1-Min-1-233-3

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES / 77
vide the volume and velocity needed to achieve required price/performance ratios.
3.14 Electronic Publishing

The term given to the preparation of publishing rnaterial using exclusively computer hardware and
software.This may be achieved by using desktop systems with relatively simple software ( so called
desktop publishing) or by using proprietary systems or more complex and precise software on typical
microcomputer workstations with standard operating systems.
The three major constituencies, directly or indirectly involved in e-publishing are consumers, publishers
and the technologyproviders, who include the hardware, software and (tele)communications vendors.
From a consumer perspective, there are two kinds of content - short term, dynamic, actionable, such
as news or stock quotes and materialthat is useful or enjoyable lor longer periods, such as reports,
studies, entertainment and literature.Their concerns are easy and cheap access, along with none to
minimal cost for short term content and ease of use for content that requires immersion. The Web,
PDAs and smart phones/pagers serve them relatively well today for the first kind of content.
This is definitely not the case for the second, long life cycle materials. The narrow band public
telephone and wireless networks we have today can't handle high volume data transmissions reli-
ably. They were not designed for it. On the other hand, ihe emerging broadband services, such as
shared use cable access and DSL are immature technologies, caught in the middle of competitive
and political battles of all kinds. lt's a total mess out there and until a stable broadband infrastructure
is created, the whole new lnternet economy, including e-publishing, will be constrained. Hence the
need to deliver rich content on CD and DVD will be with us until ubiquitous access to high speed
public networks is assured. Obviously, this is the major issue for technology companies.
And to say that it is cheap and easy to read a document of more than 50 pages from a CD is just ain't
so. We all know the routine: it takes 5 to 10 minutes to turn your computer on, put the CD in, load
plug-ins or players and find what you want on the screen. During this drawn-out process you may
even get messages about the need to update this or that piece of software.There goes another 5 to
30 minutes. You need to do a search too? Here is another challenge, due to limited or incomplete
indexing and inconsistent search methods.
So books, high quality content magazines and newspapers thrive today and will be around tomorrow.
At least until we all bathe in wireless broadband data streaming down into our e-paper, a thin sheet
display delivering news, movies, TV broadcast, the tax code (now that will be a challenge) and
everything else digital under the sun that we can afford to pay for, either with our time or our money.
Obviously, issues in the last two paragraphs are the concerns that publishers need to address,
together with technology providers. How well we'll do that will determine ihe face and shape of things
to come.
E-publishing will become prevalent in 5 to 10 years, as broadband
bloadband access becomes
becomes cheap
cheap and
universal. Once that happens, the next phase, the age of4ully immersive and interactive environ-
ments and content within these constructs will be upon us, as We'll have the local computing power
to render them in real time. The interfaces will still be 2D in ten years, so they will be pretty similar to
what we have today; beyond that, things will become really interesting, as we enter into 3D environ-
ments, be they miniaturized, individualized cr built for groups or whole cities. StarTrek Holodeck,
here we come!
Computer Assited Publishing
The combination of a computer and software that allowed users to compose complete documents
without cutting and pasting, and a printerthat could produce documents that rivaled phototypesetting
78 / ELECTRONIC COMMERCE
in quality, revolutionized the graphics and printing industry almost overnight. lt eliminated manyof ,-
the manual steps previously necessary to prepare materials for printing, and allowed for the easy
manipulation of both text and graphics when changes were necessary. Although many in the printing
industry were skqptical of the new technology at firstt it became clear there were compelling advan-
tages to using DTP systems in many situations.
,
t
CI'pr* 4
GLOBAL IIVTER]VET
4.1 Wodd Wde Web : The Simplified Access to the lnternet

The World Wide Web is a global, seamless environment in which all information (text, images, audio,
video, computational services) that is accessible from the lnternet can be accessed in a consistent
and simple way by using a standard set of naming and access conventions.The basis forthe Web is
the lnternet.The Web is built on the lnternet, and makes use of many of the mechanisms the lnternet
provides.
You can access sites all over the world. You can connect from your desktop to thousands of Web
servers simply by "clicking" on a selection (the underlined words), or by entering a specific address.
You can connect to many different types of systems - and not be aware of the differences
You can access many different types of information - text, images audio, video, computational serv-
ices - again, usually with no extra work on your part.
The lnternet is the physical aspects - computers, networks, services. lt allows us to connect to
thousands of other computers across the world. But it doesn't mean that those sys'tems users' can
look at, and understand, the information there.
The Web is an abstraction and common set of services on top of the lnternet. lt is the set of
protocols and tools that let us share information with each other.
The lnternet provides access to mail, interactive conferences, network news, and is rich with infor-
mation resources....but the lnternet can be difficult to use and understand. The World Wide Web
makes it easier to use the lnternet:
D lt provides a graphical interface (on many platforms)
O lt supports multimedia (sound, video, as well as graphics)
tr lt uses the same tools as the lnternet, but hides thelgly details that user has to go while
working through ftp,usenet or telnet
O lt is based on standards/conventions, so sharing is much easier than before allthis makes
it easier to access information and makes it easier to provide information
tr The wide and rapidly growing amount of information available.
tr The volume of information available is huge, and growing rapidly. Many of the world's major
companies, universities and research organizations are on the Web today, with many oth-
ers joining daily.
The various functions of the web are illustrated in Fig. 4.1.
0a$c Wsb Srowsei Rmetions

llrrlgaflorAtde Ssrrlcos
- 0p6lr -rH
-fttd - sattc$*
-h*rv - vlw rowar
- b*cldoffi$d -mri &,
- holllnks/bookm*lc - oPCn ei"'l
- rdord
User he$entallon 0ollons
-ffil
- colorl
-'*
- lr?lp
@
-dB
- hnr&ron/off
Pagee cen soiltaln a varlsty of

ffi thhfooilnrlrgcc
f,fii*l*t.0"
hdtmt
Fig.4.1 : Functions ol aWeb Browser
4.2 History of Web Growth

The World Wide Web (WWW) is simply another approach to offering information on a computer
system on the lnternet. lt was developed at a particle physics laboratory in Cerne, Switzerland.
The Web was initially conceived byTim Berners-Lee and others at
inlormation on many different, distributed, computers. Berners-Lee had this idea of universal reader-
ship, which is that any client should be able to read any information. Berners-Lee developed the
basis ideas, which others have since added to.
Then those involved agreed to work by a common set of principles:
O There would be no central control.TheWeb works because people work within the agreed-
to guidelines. As part of this the Web ethic is that anyone can publish, and anyone (who is
authorized) can read information.
O AllWeb servers would use the same protocols/mechanisms....
tr Http, a fast, stateless, extensible transport mechanism would be used to communicate
within the Web
O Httpd, or http daemons, would be the base Web server - receiving messages and providing
data as requested
tr URLs (Universal Resource Locator) would be used for Ditwork- wide addressing
A AllWeb browsers would use the same basic language - HyperText Markup Language HTML
tr And built into the mechanisms is support for format negotiation.
Web clients tell servers what formats they can handle, and Web viewers allow basic browsers to use
different formats.
The Web was developed with the concept of "universal readership" any participating system should
be able to read the information on any connected system using a common set of tools browsers
servers/gateways addressing schemes common protocols format negotiation.
GLOBALINTERNET /81
The lnternet is growing at a phenomenal rate (no one knows exactly how big it is, but as of May 25,
1996 lnternet Solutionl estimated there were 59,628,024 people on the lnternet, and an estimated
304,177 World Wide Web sites on the lnternet.
The World Wide Web (WWW) was originally developed in 1 990 at CERN, the European Laboratory for
particle Physics. lt is now managed by The World Wide Web Consortium, also known as the World
Wide Web lnitiative.
Leading the Web fo ifs Full

Patential...
The WWW Consortium is funded by a large number of corporate members, including AT&T, Adobe
Systems, lnc., Microsoft Corporation drnd Sun Microsystems, lnc. lts purpose is to
promote the
giowth of the Web by developing specifications and reference software that will be f reely available to
6u"ryon". The Coniortium is run by MIT with INRIA (The French National lnstitute for Research
in
computer Science) acting as European host, in collaboration with cERN.
The National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) at the University of lllinois at Urbana-
Wide
Champaign, was instrumental in the development of early graphical software utilizing the World
Web features created by CERN. NCSA focuses on improving the productivity of researchers
by
providing software for scientific modeling, analysis, and visualization. The World Wide Web was an
distributed
obvious-way to fulfill that mission. NcsA Mosaic, one of the earliest web browsers, was
f ree to the public. lt led directly to the phenomen tl
growth of the World Wide Web'
4.3 Working of lnternet Web

PROT{5ER
5otrtvARE
The World Wide Web is by far the most popular part of the lnternet. Once you spend time on the Web'
the graphical portion of the lnternet, you will begin to feel like there is no limit to what you can do.The
Web aliows rich and diverse communication by displaying text, graphics, animation, photos, sound
personal
and video. So just what is this miraculous creation? The Web physically consist's of your
computer' web browser software, a connection

to an lnternet service provider, computers called
servers that host digital data and routers and switches
to oirect tne flow of information.
The web is known as a client-server system. Your
computer is the client; the remote computer that
stores electronic files is the server. Here's how it works:
tr Let's say you want to pay a visit to the the Louvre museum
website. First you enter the
y"b orowsei 1moi" this in a whire). rhen your
#".J:::
browser :::,T:_:t;ll".y:p'll"_,Iy_?I
requests the web page from a web server rocatJin "i"rtparls. The
sends the data over the lnternet to your computer. Your web Louvr"'. .'"fi:;.
browser interprets the data and
displays it on your computer screen.
o The Louvre's website also has links to the websites of
other museums, such as the Vatican
Museum. With a click of your mouse on a link, you can
web server in Rome.
".a"ar-tn"
llial-up mnnsctifii
bo dam S...t...0...W?
D .the webtoget his feature allow
he Web to be li
en them' on the
through pages
You at that Par-
s i. cJmmo"nfy
software, such as Netscape Navigator or Microsoft
rnternet Exprorer,
does your web browser distinguis[ between weu pages
and other rires
are written in a computer ranguage cailed HTMr-,"wrricn
stands for
The lsP in turn is connected to other providers, and

eventuaily to one of the big carriers, who have
huge networks that use fiber optic cables running
at 45 mb/se"ono 6n"." Lt"rr"o to as T3s).
At the other end there is probably "r"
you made to a specific web address,
servei
and who will route it to the
does its magic, and sends you back
t
what you asked for - again using
work we just went through.
GLOBALINTERNET /83
The Web has a simple architecture. Clients (now any terminal with web browser) send messages to
Web servers, which are referred to as HTTP daemons (or HTTPD).The httpd servers are responsible
for sending the requested information to the client (also known as browsers), who are then responsi-
ble for presenting the document to the user. (See Figure 4.2).
Request
File
Give
File
Request
Print Job
Spool
and Print Job
Fig.4.2 : Messages from Webbrowser

These messages can be viewed as short bursts - the client send a request to the server, the server
sends back what was requested, and the connection is ended. This simplifies communications, but
makes it difficult to handle longer-lived transactions, as the server does not retain context informa-
tion, i.e. it does not necessarily "remembe/'the messages it has received.
Let's look at that simplified view in a little more detail. This has the same basic components, but
we've now added a new server path, which can be one that goes through a firewall, and/or which
accesses applications.
BRowsRs
"@'FJxl
rwd/ctxl4l"
VIEIVR,S
MME
Nrrscs
Mos^rc
Lvro<
MecWrs
Crr.ro
rIns,wt
. no cntr'alcon6pl ' addressing sbndard
. anyone cancdte, 'mulflIrle ammethods
anyme(autborlzed) r€ad .formatnegotiadqr
' dlentlsel*r . rqtns snd eJderdotrs
' orsident protocds . m all major platforms
Fig.4.3
A firewall is a mechanism to control access to and from Web servers. Most companies have firewalls
set up to prevent access to their internal servers from external clients.
There are many different clients (Web browser), such as Netscape or Microsoft's Explorer. The Web
client usually sends an http message, but as the diagram shows it can send any lnternet message
(e'9. ftp, file, gopher, wais). The servers can be behind a firewall, which is a way to prevent access
to a server. Servers can include gateways which allow them to "talk" to applications. These gateways
can be in any computing language, the most common being perl and TCL, but C and other languaEes
are also used. Finally, the components know how to find documents because they all use a standard
addressing scheme, or URLs.
Note that there is no central control. Anyone can create a Web server, and for the most part anyone
can read what is online. The reason it all works is because everyone is using the same set of
"standards".
4.4 Web Browsers

A web browser is the software program you use to access the World WideWeb, the graphical portion
of the lnternet. The first browser, called NCSA Mosaic, was developed at the National Center for
Supercomputing Applications in the early '90s. The easy-to-use point-and-click inter{ace helped
popularize the Web, although few then could imagine the explosive growth that would soon occur.
The World Wide Web clients-the software that enables you to access resources on the Web-are
called browser.The software that enables you to go from one resource to another by following hyperlinks
is known as a Web browser . The most popular browsers - such as *Netscape Navigator
tr lnternet Explorer,
D Mosaic
Organisations to access intranets as well.The basic capabilities of a browser are to retrieve docu-
ments from the Web , jump to links specified in the retrieved document , and save and print the
retrieved documents.
There is no standard way of viewing or navigating the Web. A variety of Web browseis exist. Most
browsers have most of the functionality, although there are some differences in levels of support and
overall performance. Most browsers are still being updated and improved, with new releases every
two or three months. Each computing platform will have a number of browsers available on them as
detailed in section a. including character cell browsers like Lynx for terminal-based users (without
the graphics support, of course).
One of the key concepts behind the Web is that the user should be able to controlthe presentation,
so most browsers provide ways to tailor the interface (e.g. size, color and type of fonts, whether
images are always shown, whether traversed links are highlighted, and so on).
lf the computer you are using cannot handle graphics, you will need,to use a nongraphical browser.This
type of browser will be able to retrieve documents that contaln graphics,but will just ignore the
graphics and display the rest of the document.The Web is capable of offering full multimedia ,but if
your computer can't deal with all the media ,you can still access the text material.Lynx is a popular
nongraphical browser.
The resource requests sent by the client to the server are in the form of Uniform Resource Locators
(URLs). URLs are strings of characters that determine which of the thousands of servers to connect
to and which resource on that server to find. After the server locates the resource specified by the
URLs, the server sends the resource (thedocument) to the client, which displays it for you to work
with, print, or save.
GLOBALINTERNET /85
The documents sent by the server to the client are written in a language called HTML, or HyperText
Markup Language. HTML is a language designs to transmit documents that can contain different
media formats in the same document: text, graphics, movies, sounds, and hypertext links to other
documents and other resources.YourWeb browser receives the HTML, allowing you to move around
in the document and follow the hypertext links to the linked-to-documents.
The Web uses a writing technology called hypertext .Traditionaltext , such as a paper document , is
linear. You begin at the beginning and finish at the end , and there is only one order in which to read
the document - the order determined by the author . Hypertext f rees the reader from the linear nature
of text.
Just as you can access Gopherspace through a Gopher server or client, you can access the Web
through something called a "Web browser." A Web browser can read documents, fetch or download
documents, access files by FTB read Usenet newsgroups, TELNET
almost everything that we have talked about in the past 22 lessons can be done using only a Web
browser!
Hypertext uses links , also called hyperlinks. You can be reading a hypertext document and come
across a link. lt is then your choice to continue in the document or follow the link . This link could go
to another part of the document or to another document entirely. lf you have many documents , all
linked to many other documents , you have a network ( or web ) of text , with no fixed beginning , no
fixed ending , and no fixed way to browse the text .
Data is moved within a network or between networks according to established rules, called protocols.
The protocol of the World Wide Web is HTTP of Hypertext Transfer Protocol.
A document (or f ile) you create that can be accessed by a Web browser is called a Web page or Web
site. The tool you use to build your Web pages HTML. When you "surf the Net" with a Web browser,
you don't want a Web page of your own, you don't have to create one in order to use and enjoy the
Web.You learn more about creating your own page later in this lesson.
Java is a programming language that can be used to add dynamics to a web page.The java program
is included in the Web page in a binary form that makes the program execute regardless of what
computer it is on. Java programs can add animation, sounds, or interactive programming to a Web
page.
Although many different browsers are available, Microsoft lnternet Explorer and Netscape Navigator
are the two most popular ones. Netscape and Microsoft have put so much money into their browsers
that the competition can't keep up. The pitched battle between the two companies to dominate the
market has lead to continual improvements to the software. Version 4.0 and later releases of either
browser are excellent choices. (By the way, both are based on NCSA Mosaic.)You can download
Explorer and Navigator for free f rom each company's website. lf you have one browser already, you
can test out the other. Also note that there are slight differenocs between the Windows and Maclntosh
versions.
You can surf to your heart's content, but it's easy to get lost in this electronic web.That's where your
browser can really help. Browsers come loaded with all sorts of handy features. Fortunately, you can
learn the basics in just a few minutes, then take the time to explore the advanced functions.
Both Explorer and Navigator have more similarities than differences, so we'll primarily cover those.
For the most up-to-date information about the browsers, and a complete tutorial, check the online
handbook under the Help menu or go to the websites'of the respective software companies.
4.5 Surfing the Net

Probably the easiest thing to do on the lnternet is to follow hyperlinks in an almost-random fashion.
This is sometimes referred to as "surf ing" the lnternet, or Net. There are only two things you need to
keep in mind. First, be adventurous. Try unusual links; go off the beaten path. Second, have pa-
tience. Net
pages and never find anything interesting. But, there's always that time when you seem to land on all
of the right sites.
You've made your first connection to your lnternet Service provider, and now you are ready to begin
surfing. The question is where do you start?
Most web browsers, when you invoke (run) them, will come up to a default webpage.That is, they will
automatically take you to a specific place on the lnternet, a place that's been pre-programmed by the
browser company or your lSP, for you.
When you are surfing the web, you can choose from millions of websites to visit.Your browser has
several ways of allowing you to do this.
The first step to insuring a more productive life on the lnformation Superhighway is picking some
resources and bookmarking them. ln order tv locate a particular resource on the lnternet you will
need to know its address. An address can be considered the location of a resource, and all items,
including you, have an address if they are on the lnternet. Just as you have an email address which
is different from everyone else, so too, can there be sites within sites, resources within resources.
Each type of resource has a slightly different format address and name, but the three most common
addresses you will have to dealwith are EMAIL, FTP and www addresses.
An email address goes to a specific person. i.e.
JainwkPubli cG anysi te . com
The FTP address usually addresses a system as a whole unit. i.e.
ftp. anysite. com
The WWW address is similar to an FTP address in as much as it reaches out to a system, but it also
specifies exactly where on the system to go. i.e.
http / / www. anysite. con,/mypage. htnl
;
While the addresses for FTP sites and Email addresses are simply called "addresses", a WWW
address is called a URL or Universal Resource Locator. For a more detailed description of the term
URL, see our glossary.
There are numerous resources on the net which everybody needs from time to time.The big problem
is knowing which resource you need. While everyone has certain specific needs, there are a few
common resources which everyone should use.
/
4.6 Searching the Web
With hundreds of millions of web pages online, you could spend a lifetime surfing the Web, following
links from one page to another. Amusing perhaps, but not very efficient if you areafter some spec1i-
information. one of the biggest complaints we hear concerns the difficulty of targeting information.
Where do you start? Searching the lnternet requires part skill, part luck and a litile biiof art. Fortu-
nately, a number of free online resources can help with the hunt.
By now you should have several sites bookmarked. So what's the next step? Simple, now its time to
GLOBALINTERNET /87
start looking for information. We have several search engines bookmarked but that's only the first
step.
What can you search for? Nearly everything! lt would be improper to state that the lnternet contains
the sum total of all human knowledge, however its getting there very quickly. Use one of your new
BookMarks and surf over to one of the search engines. Here you will be presented with a webpage,
which has a field in which you can enter terms to look for. All of these systems have a help section
or FAQ clearly marked, so if you get into trouble, you can either hit your "back" button or try the site
help file.
You begin your search by entering some sort of search criteria into an editable field on your screen,
then pressing the search button.
Searching the lnternet for some particular information can be both a frustrating experience and a
rewarding one. lts best to start with a particular search engine or directory, looking for what you
need. Remember that there is a considerable overlap between the contents of one engine and an-
other, so you willfind similar references among them.
4.7 Search Engine

A search engine is a service that indexes, organizes, and often rates and reviews Web sites. lt helps
you find the needle that one Web site you've got to see in the lnternet haystack. Different search
engines work in different ways. Some rely on pecple to maintain a catalog of Web sites or pages.
Some use software to identify key information on sites across the lnternet. Some combine both
types of service. So when you search their "holdings," you're bound to get different results.
Search engines are online utilities that quickly search thousands of Web documents for an entered
word or phrase. Although there are some subscription-based search engines, most operate off of
prolits from advertisements. lt should be noted that no single search engine has the contents to
every Web page on the lnternet. lnstead, each search engine has the contents to only the Web pages
that are manually entered into that search engine by the Web page operators. This is why you might
get different results from different search engines.
Search engines are usually accessed through Web browser software. Each search engine provides
different searching options and has its own look. Search engines also differ greatly in the number of
resources they allow you to search some search engines have both searching and browsing capabili-
ties.
Find the Web sites and newsgroups that interest you. You may find, as many people do. that it's f un
just to wanderor surffrom site to site, going wherever the links take you. But if you want to find
something specific and find it as soon as possible, you need to use a search engine. Here are the
basics of searching.
No search engine keeps track of all the content on the lnternet. Even the major search engines such
as MSN Web Search, AltaVista, lnfoseek, Lycos, an$ Snap won't give you everything. (Some stud-
ies indicate that even the top search engines find l5ss than half of what's really out there!) So try
several search engines to see which produce the most useful results forthe types of information you
usually look for. Whenever a search fails to produce the results you wanted, try another search
engrne.
4.8 Categories of Search Engines

Major search sites generally provide more than a search engine for finding Web sites. They also
allow you to look up information such as recent news stories, newsgroup postings, reference material
maps), and e-mailaddresses, street addresses,

$1*tr"*t:ffiffi,1i:i.t"and and tetephone numbers
Search tools can be categorized as

O Webcrawlers
0 Subject directories
D Web databases : lndexes
4.8.1 Web Crawlers.

A web crawler (sometimes called a spider)
is an automated search engine. when
a resource(website) to the search enginesit someone submits
sends rr"ir, oripowerful program back to
the submission which scans the site Io, ror" resources. " the site of
lf it finds additionai r".ori""., it catalogs
them as well as the original resource.The advantage
if the site is not dedicated to that specific
ort is i" you find information in a site, even
type of information.'For ""nexample, locating information.on
Airplanes in a site about NASA space activiiies.
The main Jrawoact to this type of search engine
the tendency to catalog too much information. is
A couple of examples of the best crawlers.are;
I HotBot (http://www.hotbot.com/)
:A l1!os99t (http://ultra.infoseek.com/)
Alta Vista (http://www.altavista.digital.com/)
4.8.2 SubjectDirectories.
Directories are the yellow pages o y tha
submitted to them. Here you will , but
en
he
information didn,t include all of the
for. maY ng
A couple of examples of Directories are;

YAHOO!(http://www.yahoo.com)
: Linkstar(http://www.linkstar.com/)
IA lnfoHiway (http://www.infohiway.c om/way/index.html)
subject directories are manually compiled by staff
of the directory
and by users who submit entries.
web databases are completed by soitware'" robots,"
or int"rr,g"'nt agents, that roam the web and
collect information for the databises. both approaches
products' The search engines highlighted
to selrch engines have created effective
here are currenfly popular or have historical
ever' new search engines may be worth using, interest. How_
so be watc'hiffir trem.
Directories, such as yahoo!, are
websites under
simirar categories, such as rnter s' The results of
websit
your search will be a list of
u are interested
in rocating the site for the Louvre museum,
for instance, try using
4.8.3 lndexes
information, such as biographicarinformation
about Leonardo da
go, because they search allthe contents
of a website. lndexes
iders or robots that scour the rnternet, anaryzing
dexing all of the words. -.ttion. of web
GLOBALINTEBNET /89
lndexes like AltaVista and Lycos find individual pages of a website that match your search, even if
the site itself has nothing to do with what you are looking for.You can often find unexpected gems of
information this way, but be prepared to wade through a lot ol irrelevant information too.
Search results are usually ranked in order of relevancy-the number of times the search terms you
used appear in a document, or how closely the document appears to match a concept you have
entered. This is a much more thorough way to locate what you want'
The directories may not be as up to date, but.when you are looking for specific inlormation, it's
usually easier to try a directory first. lf that fails to yield results, try one of the search engines.
1. MSN search
2. Yahoohttp://www.Yahoo.com
3. lnfoseek http://www.infoseek.com
4. Excite httP://www.excite'com
5. Lycos httP://www.lycos.com
6. AltaVista http://altavista.digital.com
7. Webcrawlerhttp://www.webcrawler.com
8. HotBot httP://www.hotbot.corh
9. Dejanews
10. Compuserve
11. Metacrawler
12. Magellan http:i/www.mckinley.com
14. OpenText lndex http://index.opentext'net
15. Snap
16. Lynx
17. Opera
18. Accufind http://nln.com
O MSN search
Using this search page, you can conduct a basic Web search or an advanced search, specifying one
or more of the following: the type of information, the language, the origin, the domain, the date
created, and the types of files contained in the Web page.
O Yahoo!
This is an all purpose search engine that provides a wide range of indexed links. This was the
premiere search engine a lew years ago, but has digressed considerably over the last 12 months.
Several links are old and no longer in existence, and it is almost impossible to get a link added to
their database. This is however, a good location to start, because they have the most comprehen-
sive system to cross-reference their lesser results with other more up to date search engine
servrces. /,
This is actually a directory rather than a search engine, meaning humans compile and categorize the
sites it searches. So you may get fewer results. But Yahoo! makes it easy to search for items by
category and to continue your search using a search engine, if you want to.
Yahoo!, the most popular hierarchical directories, is a good starting point.You can search by subject,
or like the other search engines, you can specify a search term.Yahoo! works well if you're searching
for general information on a subject, but because of the way information is indexed in Yahoo, you
probably won't get great results if you're looking for something specific or very recent.
O Yahho's People Search

Looking for an old war buddy? old class-mate? Childhood f riend?
Movie star? This is the great place
to start' You'll have to have at least a clue where the person lives, but
even if you don,t, you,ll be
amazed at what you lind.To the degree you can enter in information
about the p"r.on yor,re looking
for, you will have a greater chance of finding them. This site is owned
and operated by yahoo!.
A Yahoo's City Map
Have a party to go to, but you don't know how to gei there? This search
engine will use an incredible
amount of city map information to find exactly how to get there. You
can even find data on to and
from routes. This site is owned and operated by yahooll
O lmagesurfer
owned an operated byYahoo!, this site allows you to find images of nearly anything. you,re
lf looking
for clipart, they have your image!
O Yellow Pages <http://yp.yahoo.com/>
Looking lor a company that produces a particular product? Then this search
engine is for you. Just
like your local Yellow Pages, this book cdntains everything. Owned and
operaied by yahoo, this
service can come in handy if you're rooking for specific proJucts.
O lnfoSeek
This is an all purpose search engine that provides not only a global search
engine for any subject you
might be looking for, it also provides an online Dictionary and-th"sarrrs for quick
word look-ups. The
results are rated and adding a URL is very simple.
lnfoseek's search engine boasts an extensive catalog of sites. lnfoseek has
a directory, too, that
categorizes sits by topic using software. Some sites hive been reviewed and
are recommended.
lnfoSeek, part of the Go Network, searches by keywords, scanning the
information in its database.
With lnfoSeek, you can search a variety of data6ases, including the Web
and Usenet. lnfoSeek
gives a score to your search results and returns the,,best,'matches
to your query.
O Excite
Similar to Yahoo!, this is an all purpose search engine that is very up to date
and very easy to add a
URL to' The search results are very effective and come with a percentile
rating of how close their
results match your search words.
It is a hybrid search engine, Excite fulfills the traditional search
engine definition (it is always visiting
web. sites and cataloging them using a software program) but
alsoias a directory-a subsection of its
cataloged sites, which have been reviewed Uy peopte.
An interesting feature of Excite is its "Confidence Rating," a percentage
rating given to each of the
results it returns; a higher percentage indicates a closdr matchJo your
origiial query. ln addition,
Excite gives you the option to view more documents similar toihose
desJribed in that particular
result. Finally, Excite is available in a number of languages.
D Lycos. (tyco.bmp)
Like Excite and lnfoseek, Lycos is a search engine with a directory,
organized by subject. you can
also search the Lycos service "Top S"/oi' sites considered by its reviewJrs
to oe amoni the top five
percent of sites on the lnternet.
Lycos is a web-indexing robot. That means Lycos software robots
actually go out and travel the
GLOBALINTERNET /91
lnternet every day looking for new Web, Gopher and FTP sites. Lycos searches by keywords, as-
signing a percentage rating for relevancy of each search return. An interesting feature of this search
engine is the ability to locate pictures and sounds on the Web.
D Alta Vista
This was the premiere search engine of alltime. Created by the Digital Corporation, Yahoo! uses their
index databanks for some of their information, although it would appear that Yahoo! no longer uses
their services. Alta Vista is a very large source of information. Results vary in accuracy, but you can
usually find what you're looking for. Expect to sort through several links that don't apply, but this is
the price of a huge database.
At AltaVista, you can search for keywords or type your query in the form of a question. Other
features include Babelfish, which translates sites in several languages; Photo Finder, which searches
for images; Family Filter, which helps you limit the types of results produced by search.
AltaVista creates complete indexes of every word on every web page or Usenet newsgroup it en-
counters, allowing you to make highly targeted searches. AltaVista searches by keywords, which it
derives from the text of a web page. lt indexes millions f,web pages and articles from Usenet.
newsgroups. AltaVista updates its inlormation constantly and each page returned from the search is
given a date and time from AltaVista's most recent update.
D Webcrawler
Webcrawler has a slightly different spin than other all purpose search engines, in that it offers links
into Yellow Pages, Stock Quotes, Classified's, Weather, People Finding, and many other interesting
services. lf you don't find what you're looking for, they have a cross-reference link to Excite for more
searching. Webcrawler also provides a service that allows you to enter a profile of your favorite type
of websites to surf to. Each time you visit, you can view only the pages that you like. Webcrawler
HotBot
HotBot keyword searches of websites and newsgroups.

are ran search results
e rating. You can search for images, video and
search Mp3 files and also
O DejaNews
ch newsgroup postings. lf you're not familiar

c bulletin board. people discuss all kinds of
looking to get into a heated discussion, this
O CompuServe
compuserve is a commercial network based in US. lt uses
telephone lines and microwave for
communication' compuserve user can easily communicate
with each other, around the world. Fol-
lowing are the services offered by CompuServe
(a) Electronic Mail box for message transfer
(b) Bulletin Board Services
(.) News report alongwith report on sports and weather
(d) lnformation on computer hardware and software.
O Metacrawler.
Rathqr than keeping its own database of Web sites, Metacrawler
conducts your search simultane-
ously on several search engines, including Excite, lnfoseek,
iy"o., and yahoo! This takes a litfle
longer than using just one search engine, b-ut it's likely to yieti
a more
comprehensive set of results.
A lmage Surfer
owned an operated byYahoo!, this site allows you to find images
of nearly anything. lf you,re looking
for clipart, they have your image!
D Snap
snap is a director tory team has chosen, divided into topic areas,
and summarized' oivioeo into more specific subjects to help you
locate the type of picks are marked with a,.Best,,icon.
O Lynx
.
Lynx is a keyboard-orie.nted telt-gnly web browser that was developed
at the University of Kansas
primarily for students who used UNIX workstations. lt has
also beln rewritten to run on vrus operat-
ing systems for users of VTl OO terminals.
ll you use the UNIX shell interface and your access provider offers it, Lynx
rnay be interesting for
you since it has a succinct key- (not mouse-) driven user interface.
tntoimation including
where to download it, is available at the official Lynx server page. "utril-vn*,
Ly1x32 is just like its Unix and Dos counterparts. lt is a console application
gx/NT TCP stack. and uses the windows
GLOBALINTERNET /93
o Opera
A web browser that requires very lew resources and delivers most of what the major browsers
deliVer.
Another recent addition is NeoPlanet which is a relatively small download (1.2M). lt is actually an
add-on to lE (3.02 and above) but makes browsing much easier, especially for beginners. lt comes
preconfigured with over 1000 bookmarks organized into "channels" (NOT like Active Channels, just
an organizational metaphor). lt also includes an integrated mail client and a modem speed booster.
lnterestingly, it also allows you to change the look of the browser to something completely unlike
regularWindows.
Opera provides some advantages overthe two most popular browsers from Netscape and Microsoft.
Much smaller in size, Opera takes only a few minutes to download.The feature you notice first after
installing Opera is a menu or "hotlist" that serves as both a directory to the Web and a bookmark f ile.
O Netscape Communicator/Navigator and Microsoft lnternet Explorer
Netscape and Microsoft lnternet Explorer have pretty much the same features on all ol the operating
systems for which they are available. Netscape is locked in a features and market share race with
Microsoft lnternet Explorer, which surpassed the former in popularity in 1999, and is the default
browser in MacOS 8.5 and up.
Both products are free, and feature HTML 4.0, Java, JavaScript, Cascading Style Sheets, and
various extensions that may or may not work with other browsers. Netscape Communicator also
includes a suite of additional applications for conferencing, reading newsgroups, receiving and send-
ing email and so on (Microsoft provides this separately in Outlook Express). At this time, there are
no other browsers for the Macintosh that have quite as many features as these two market leaders,
though iCab is catching up.
O CyberDog
Apple Computer's CyberDog is based on Apple's OpenDoc technology, which is designed to allow
programs to be constructed from reusable components. Although interesting to those who want to
and up to date as the Microsoft and Netscape products. CyberDog has a small but enthusiastic user
base, and many user sites have sprung up since Apple took the official CyberDog site down.
D iCab
While still unfinished at present (09/99), iCab looks like it's going to be an excellent browser for the
Mac. lt keeps bloat down and performance up by focusing on its main task (web browsing) without
adding in a lot of bells and whistles, but it is surprisingly complete at what it does. lt is currently
stable and displays most web pages correctly, but does not yet support JavaScript. However, it
supports Java through Apple's MRJ. Available in both English and German versions, for 68K and
PPC.
o WannaBe t'
WannaBe is a small, very basic text-only browserfor PowerPC and 68k Macs. lts main advantages
are its lightning speed and low memory footprint. Still in beta stage (as of 09/99), it already works
well for those who want to check web pages very quickly.You can download either the very latest, or
a proven stable version. There is a mailing list on which announcements of new versions appear
regularly.
O Grail
Grail is a web browser written in the Python programming language. Grail supports full HTML 2.0,
including images, forms and imagemaps, and many HTML

3.2 features. lt uses asynchronous docu-
a.no savins docum-enrs, searchinj, bookmarks,
:H:llii:9:::T-"-r!,p_rlltrlg
also supports frames' client-side imagemalps, f ile upload in forms]support
nistorv, ano more. tt
for JpEG, TIFF and XBM
images, image printing, and tables
lwitnin the limitaiions of the Tk ioolkit). pages can contain applets
written in Python (instead of Java).
Here are two guidelines for picking a search engine:
tr lf you're looking for a as how to buy a personal computer, use
a search engine that t lts of higher quatity 1r.r"rry1n" type that
relies on people to ca
o lf you're looking for a rare topic, such as 19th-century Hungarian
authors, use a site that
may be less discriminate but yields more results (usually th-e type
compiteo oy a software
program), such as Excite.
There are several search engine website companies on the internet.
Each company tries to index
their information more efficiently than the next. Some sites contain
indexed information about all
topics, while other companies index only specific information, like people's
names and addresses.
At first, you might feel as if the lnternet has so much information,
and in such a disorganized mess,
that it is impossible to find what you're looking for. well, there are
what you want: Web search engines and Web guides.
Listed below are some search engines available on the web. This is in
no way intended to be a
comprehensive list. Rather, it is to provide you with the names and
URLs (addresses) of a few
reputable search engines. Feelfree to try them o t...
4.8A General5carch
Whether you want to search for information about cable cars, investments
or any other subject,
here's a round-up of some popular search engines. Remember, allweb
search tools are not alike.
Each uses a different methodology, so your results will vary. You may not
always find what you,re
looking for on the first try.
Create a folder called Search Engines under your Bookmarks or Favorites
menu. Now add these
engines to the folder so you can easily accessthem whenever you want
to do a search.
Let's say we are looking for information on a 1977 Jeep CJ-S, perhaps
a supplier of parts for that
automobile. Going to a search engine like Yahoo, you can search theiidatabase,
but the real ques-
tion becomes what keyword do you use? Yahoo allows only one keyword, or phrase
a in their ad-
vanced search optidns. Start by iooking for "CJ-S", but in alilikelihood, you
won,t find it. lt,s way too
specific. You need to exercise care in picking search terms. For example,
looking for items that
weigh a "ton" will also return references to "washir gton", ,,Alexander Hamilton,,etc.
Having not{ound anything listed under CJ-5, or perhaps finding listfngs, but of
the wrong type, widen
your search by looking for "Jeep". Here you may find several dealeis
of Jeeps, p"rr,Jp. even the
parts supplier you need. You may also find someone's Homepage where
they wriie about owning a
jeep.
As you can see, the steps to finding your desired information are:
o Start Specific, (i.e. Search for "CJ-5',.)
o Broaden your search if you don't find any reference. (i.e. search for,,Jeep,,)
D Broaden further if you still don't find anything. (i.e. search for,,Automotive';)
GLOBALINTERNET /95
4.8.5 Example of ),lultiple Serching: Cable Cars to the Stars
Let's perform an online search using three popular search engines-Yahoo!, AltaVista, and Ask Jeeves-
qo you can see how they work and how you can develop an efficient search strategy.
Here's the challenge: You are planning a trip to San Francisco and you've always wanted to ride on a
cable car. Will they be running in January? How can you find out?
The first thing to ask yourself is this:"How would I get this information in the realworld?" Perhaps you
would consult a travel guidebook. So let's start with that premise, using Yahoo! ln the search box,
type in San Francisco travel guide. Be as specific as possible to narrow the scope of the search.
Just entering "San Francisco" will result in thousands of results. By adding the additional words,
'travel guide," there's much fewer.
The search returns twelve categories, one of which, San Francisco:Travel, looks very promising. By
clicking on this category, you get a list of about 20 related websites, along with a brief description of
each one. Now you have to visit each site to see if there's any information about cable cars.
What happens if you just do a search for "cable cars?"Yahoo! returns a list of categories with only a
few related to San Francisco. So much for directories.
Now let's try using AltaVista, an index-based search engine.
Once again, enter San Francisco travel guide in the search box.The AltaVista search results in over
8 million documents that match the search terms! Life is too short to comb through all these. The
reason for this enormous list is that AltaVista turns up every document that contains the words
"San," "Francisco," "travel," and "guide."To search for documents that contain all of these terms, put
quotation marks around the terms (e.g. "San Francisco travel guide"). Doing this results in less than
50 documents, some of which look promising.
Now let's do an AltaVista search for cable cars. lf you just enter the words "cable cars," you will get
over 4,OOO documents that contain the words cable and cars. By using quotation marks around the
terms, you limit the search. Once again you have to read the descriptions and vis.it the page to see
if the information you want is available.
Ask Jeeves is a search engine that uses something called natural language query, which is a fancy
way of saying that you can ask your question in plain English. By typing in a question like "What is
the San Francisco cable car schedule?" you get a list of related choices, such as "Where can I find
a city guide for San Francisco?" and "Where can I find tourist information for San Francisco?" By
clicking on the question, you will access a website that may have the right answer.
AltaVista now uses technology developed by Ask Jeeves, so you can use Alta Vista to search by
keywords as well as by question queries.
Bear in mind that websites tend to change often. These changes are not always reflected in the
search engine databases, particularly for directories. That'slgcause a website developer often reg-
isters the information with the search engines when the sfte {irst goes online. After that, changes
don't generally get reported. For the most up-to-date report, your best bet are search engines that
use Web-indexing robots, software that constantly searches the lnternet, recording changes.
4.9 Searching Criterion

As previously mentioned, search engines work by giving you lists of Web pages that contain a word
or phrase that you enter. The phrase is entered simply as a group of words, such as, "rain snow
sleet." You do not need to enter words like, "and," or, 'the." The idea is that you can enter a word or
phrase that is related to the topic you are interested in, and all of the Web pages related to that topic
will be listed.lvVhile this might seem simple enough, there are a few things you should keep in mind
when entering a search word or phrase.
First, make sure your search phrase is specific enough. For example, if you are looking for a recipe
for apple cider, you wouldn't want to enter only the word, "apple." lnstead, you should enter some-
thing like, "apple cider ingredients." The word, "ingredients" was added because recipes usually
contain this word. That brings us to the second tip: always "anticipate" words that might'be includei
in the desired information. For example, if you were looking lor Ken Griffey, Jr.'s, batting average for
his 1995 season, you can assume that words like, "Mariners (the team.he plays on, for those of you
who aren't baseball fans)," "record," and, "RBl," would probably be included in a Web page that tilks
about Griffey's batting average, in addition to the obvious words like, "Griffey," and, "batting average."
Now, you must also remember not to get too specific. For example, if you are looking for a list ol
poisonous snakes found in South Africa, you would probably not want to include words like, "Cape
Town," or, "KalahariJ'(which is South Africa's capitol and a desert in the region, respectively)Third,
you should remember to use capitalization effectively.
Most search engines will search for all instances of the entered word (capitalized or not) if you enter
the word in lower-case letters. lf you capitalize a word, however, the search engine will usually only
look for the capitalized word, which might not be what you wanted. Thus, it is usually a good idea to
go ahead and capitalize proper nouns or initials, but it would not be a good idea to capitalize a
common word. Finally, if two or more words are usually found together, you might want to enterthem
in quotations (like "Bill Clinton"). Most search engines will search only for the words that are together
in the order that you enter them.
4.10 Advanced Search Techniques

Searching lor simple things like "Jeep" or "Washington" is very easy for most people. A problem
arises however when you need to search for something specific, but requires more than one word.
Most Search Engines and Directories provide for advanced searching, but their methods vary from
system to system. Primarily two types of advanced searches are supported, Phrase searches and
Boolean Searches. Each of these types of searches have their strengths and weaknesses. Set up a
couple of hypothetical items we want to search on and look at how we can accomplish them using
the two techniques.
4.10.t PhraseSearching
Perhaps the easiest of the advanced techniques, phrase searching allows you to search on multiple
words for one topic. For example searching on information concerning Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., You
might be inclined to search on Martin Luther King. Looking over your results in a typical Search
Engine, you would be surprised to discover that searching on Martin Luther King returned pages for
Martin Luther King, BB King, Kings in general, the Christian reformation, Martin Landau. ln other
words the Search Engine took your three words; Martin, Luther;qnd King and assumed you were
looking for web pages with references to any of t rese words in them.
lf you want a Search Engine to do a phrase search you need to inform the search engine that the
words you are looking for need to by grouped together. Sq don't search for Martin Luther King,
instead search lor "Martin Luther King". By enclosing the keywords within quotes you are basically
informing the search engine that all three words have to be present on the page and in close proxim-
ity to one another.
Some Search Engines will allow phrase searching, others will not. When in doubt, look on the main
page of the search engine for either a help file link or for their FAQ.
GLOBALINTERNET /97
4.10.2 BooleanSearching
Named after an English mathematician, Boolean searching refers to a form ol logic applied to the
search. Basically a Boolean search requires some additionalwords to be used, for example search-
ing on the words "Cance/'and "treatment".This type of search allows you to exclude websites which
may be about Cancer, the constellation, or the horoscope sign.
Booldan Searches require using certain keywords, while these keywords may vary from search
engine to search engine, the concepts are the same.
D AND - Search onTerml ANDTerm2
D OR - Search onTerml ORTerm2
D NOT - Search onTerml but NOTTerm2
Gandhi AND Lincoln - Look for webpages which contain both words "Gandhi" and "Lincoln".
Gandhi OR Lincoln - Look for webpages which contain either the word "Gandhi" OR the word "Lin-
coln", or both.
Gandhi NOT Lincoln - Look for webpages which contain the word "Washington" and do not contain the
word "Lincoln".
Some systems have the ability to group Boolean terms using parenthesis. i.e.; (Gandhi and Lincoln)
not Hitler - Look for webpages which contain the words "Washington" and "Lincoln" but do not contain
the word "Hitle/'.
Washington and not George - Look for webpages which contain the word "Washington", and do not
have the word "George" in them.
Boolean searching, given these simple, yet powerful, capabilities allows someone to quickly narrow
their searches so that the results of a search may quickly pinpoint the information they need. The
more terms you are able to add to the search specification, the finer the results you will have in the
search engines.
Because there is so much information online, you will usually want to limit
the scope of your searches. How do you do this? This is a good point to
digress a bit to talk about Boolean logic.
The English mathematician, George Boole, developed an algebra of logic,
which has become the basis for computer database searches' Boolean
logic uses words called operators to determine whether a statement is true
or false. The most common operators are AND, OB and NOT. These three
little words can be enormously helpfulwhen doing online searches. A few
examples wiil show you why.
O Cable AND car Documents with both words George Boole
O Cable OR car The greatest amount of matches; $opuments with
eitherword
tr Cable NOT car Documents about cable, but not about cable cars; a good way to limit the
search.
The exact syntax each engine uses varies, so familiarize yourself with its unique properties.
One last word of advice. The lnternet may not be the best place to f ind certain information' While it
abounds with computer-related subjects, it is not as good lor historical information. The telephone
and a sharp reference librarian may still be your best bet.
O Boolean Logic
Perhaps the most usefulfeature in defining search criteria, Boolean operators can provide you with
powerfulcontroloverthe search engine logic.The Boolean operators AND, OR, NOT (orAND NOT in
some engines), NEAR and parentheses are in many ways analogous to mathematical operators in
how they shape the execution of a compiex equation. Here's what these Boolean Operators can do
for you:
O AND
lf you are looking for a document that should contain all of your keywords you can use the
capitalized word AND between keywords and the engine will only return documents that
have both words.
Example
An attempt to write 49ers AND schedule will return list of all documents which contain both
words.
Be sure to capitalize all letters in the word AND, otherwise the search engine willtreat it as
a keyword, not as an operator.
'ftr--,
49ers d
lf the left oval represents all documents containing the word 49ers and the right oval repre-
sents all documents containing the word schedule, the intersection of those ovals, the
green area, represents all documents containing both words.You can see how this operator
can be useful in narrowing your results.
ooR
lf you want to broaden your search to find documents which contain either of the keywords
you can use the OR operator between words. This is very usef ul when searching for lerms
which have synonyms that might be used in a document instead. An exampie is children
OR kids, which would return any document which had either of the words.
lf the lelt oval represents all documents containing the word children and right oval repre-
sents all documents containing the word kids, the gleqn area represents documents which
contain either word or both words. You can see how this operator would broaden your
search and obtain more results.
O NEAR
This operator is a more specific form of the AND operator. lt ensures that the document
contains both terms and that they are located near each other. ln many lengthy docu-
ments, just using the operator AND might not provide useful results as the two keywords
might be located in very different parts of the document and might not be related to one
GLOBALINTERNET /99
another.
O NOTOTANDNOT
Using the capitalized AND NOT preceding a search term would eliminate documents which
contain that term. Why might you want to do this? lf you wanted to find information on
Dieon Sanders and did not want documents which include information relating to the Dallas
Cowboys you could use "Dieon Sanders" AND NOT cowboys'
O Parentheses
The operators AND, NEAR, OR and AND NOT are power{ul in their own right but, when used in
conjunction parentheses, they offer substantial control over the search logic executed by the engine.
parentheses are used in Boolean logic similar to the way they are used in a mathematical equation,
limiting and ordering relations between variables'
Here,s an example: if you wanted to find an Web-based lnternet tutorial you might use the search
criteria lnternet AND (iutorial OR lesson). The documents returned must contain both of the words
lnternet and tutorial oi lnternet and lesson. Essentially, the parentheses are used as they are for the
distribution property in mathematics - to dlstribute the keyword lnternetto either of the two "OR"
words inside the symbols.
The most common use of parentheses is to enclose two possible keywords separated by an OR
However,
operator and then linking those enclosed/possible keywords with other criteria using AND.
there are times and instances where the reverse arrangement might prove useful. For example, if
you were looking for ol you might want to use "gun control" oR (legislation
itrlO gunlwhich woul the words "gun control" (see phrase search) or docu-
ments containing the egislation'
you can further refine the search. Since the word law is a synonym of legislation you can even nest
and while we're at
one set of parentheses inside another to distribute gun to either legislation or law
to also distribute gun to the variation - laws'
it, truncate law with an asterisk
that each left side
Here's how it would look: "gun control" oR (gun AND (law. oR legislation)). Note
parentheses must be pairei with a right sideone somewhere in the Boolean expression or the search
engine will get confused (see how stupid they are!)'
+require and -exclude
preceding a word
Some engines offer a variation of the Boolean operators AND and NOT' A + symbol
word be present in documents. A - symbol preceding a
(with no space between) will require that the
present in returned documents. Note that all words which
t<eyword will ensure tfrai tne word is not
preceded by a + symbol even the first word. Example: +fraud
must be in the document should be ,
+election ensues that fraud is also in all the documents'
O Limited Boolean OPtions
pf,lt-.Oo*n menu choices such as:
Some engines offer limited Boolean logic with radio buttont ot
between allterms)'
Documents must include "Allterms" (equivalent to using the operator AND
Documents must include "Any terms" (equivalent to using OR between all terms)'
4.t0.5 CapitalSensitivitY
containing the capi-
lf a search keyword is capitalized the search engine will return only documents
to the country China, capital-
talized word. For example, if you were interested in docurnents relating
1OO / ELECTRONIC COMMERCE
izing the word and using an engine which supports capital sensitivity would
narrow down the number
of results returned, eliminating documents which relate to china dlshes or cookery.
Note however,
that in many instances it is better to leave keywords uncapitalized to allow the
Lngine to return
results of documents which have keywords in either form.
4.10.4 PhraseSearching
When using search terms containing more than one word in a specific order, if you
enclose the words
in quotation marks the engine will return only documents containing
all the woids and in that specific
order. Example: When searching for information on gun control, using "gun control,,will
eliminate
those documents which may contain the word gun lnd control but not in that order; possibly in
entirely different paragraphs and maybe not eve r relating to gun control.
4.10.5 Truncation
lf you were looking for information on gardening you could use it as your keyword. However, your
if
results were limited in number (though not likely with gardening) an-d you wanted to broaden your
search to get more results, you could use a root part of the word and abbreviate it with the asterisk
(garden-) so that the engine would return results of documents containing gardens, garden, gardener,
gardeners, etc.
4.10.5 Date Capability

Many search engines offer the ability to limit searches by web page creation dates. This is a very
useful tool for people who will be doing continuing research on a specific topic enabling them to limit
the results to pages created since their last search. lt is also usefuiwhen searching for-current event
topics.
Note that the implementation of this feature varies widely. Some search tools like Yahoo offer radio
buttons or pull-down menus, while AltaVista and Hotbot provide the ability to specify dates or time
frames. Also, date sensitivity is related to the web page creation date, not some historical time
frame, i.e. it would not be usefulto use an engine's date capability to search for 1907 and information
relating to the Wright brothers, since there were no web pages created in 1907 (in fact the web has
ieally only existed in its present form since 1991).
4.10.7 Restricting Searches to Specific parts of the Document

Some engines can limit searches to specific areas, the most common being: title and URL. Here,s an
example of a title search: lf you are looking for information on Alternative Medicine and believe that
there are probably whole web pages devoted to your subject which have the keywords in the tifles,
you could use the syntax: title: alternative AND medicine.
An example of URL search would be if you are looking forApple computer web pages.you could use:
url: apple which would probably return web pages create by thacomputer maker Apple (and others).
4.10.8 Restricting Searchcs to Spccific Areas of thc Web

Some engines allow you to limit your searches to "just the Web" or just "newsgroups" (see the.
Communicating section for more information on newsgroups).
4.t0.9 Restricting Searches to Specific Xedia

Hotbot and Lycos provide you with the ability to search for various types of media, including audio,
video, images, Java and VRML. Other search engines which offer a limited set of media selrching
GLOBALINTERNET /101
include AltaVista.
which search
The library at the University of California at Berkeley has an excellent chart detailing
features are offered on the more powerful search engines as well as links to
instructions detailing
how to use each specific search engine (links are located at the top of chart)'
4.10.10 Xetasearches
a query to multiple search'
Rather than search each directory or index individually, you can submit
engines by doing a metasearch'
4.1I Searching TiPs

information' lf you
1. There are many search engines and directories available for linding
cannot f ind what you need f rom one, try some others. Take the time
to read the help or tips
(e.g' - * - * ", AND NEAR
file for each one, iince each one uses iifferent symbols or words
the same time'
NoT , etc.) to n"iio* your search. lf you'd like to search everywhere at
there is a site for You - DogPile.
and What-U-Seek are
lf you think Dogpile searches too many places (Thunderstone,-GoTo'com
All Search Engines. A direct link to Mamma is
essentially worthless), check out Mamma: Mothei of
also available at the bottom of this page'
ol this page'
Yahoo!, HotBot and lnfoseek are also available near the bottom
part of the page; hit the
2. lf you try to go to a URL but get an error message or only receive
later on. lf you don't get through' the
Reload (or Refresh) button immediately or try again
exist, but then agiin it miglit' Bookmark the page and try to visit it at
page may no longer
a differnet time.
blank http://
3. lf you want to be adventurous, you can insert what you want,into.the
Geographic is at
www.-.com, hit enter, and see where you go. For example, National
http://www.nationalgeographic.com/, The ilew-York Times is
at http://www'nytimes'com/'
PBS is at http://
US News a World-neioris is at http://www.usnews.com/ . However
Harvard would be at http://
www.pbs.org/, NASA is at http://www.nasa.gov/, and
www.harvard.edu/ '
what you are looking for' Most
4. sometimes web pages are very long and it's hard to^find
on Find and type in a word. Your
browsers have a Find button at the toi of the screen. Click
-ur;*r"i*irii"r," page and highlight it wherever
vo, to that word on ihe currently drsplayed
it appears as well. (ln lnternet
gxpnrer you have tdlirSt click on the word Edit at the top of
the screen and then on Find in the pulldown menu')
the stop button and then clicking
5. lf your browser cannot connect to a page at all, try hitting
ontn"hyperlinkagain.Youwilloftenconnectimmediately.
sion button' web
6. lf your browser is taking a long time to load a web page, click.on ln9 annoying' ll
sometimes fun but often
pages olten contain exJessive graphics which are
youWanttoseethefullpage'youcanalraysclickonReloadorRe{resh.
7. lf you need some tips for chatting on the lnternet, visit the Beginner's
Guide To Chat.
8. You will get a lot of e-mail that is garbage if not outright f raud.
Check out The National Fraud
lnformation center, lnternet scambusters and clAC lnternet Hoaxes.
9. You may have an e-mail program that can do a lot of fancy colors and
hyperlinks and such.
lf the person to whom you are writing doesn't have the i"r" program
to read the e-mail,
your letter will still be readable but will look quite different and possibly
quite bizarre.
10. The middle of the night (2AM - 7AM E.S.T.) is a great time to surf the web.
Unfortunatety
it's an even greater time to sleep.
11. Several websites (e.g. - The New York Times) insist on a password even though
they are
free. You can either make a little password folder in your computer or (like
me; llways use
the same password. lf security is important (such as logging on to an lnternet Service
Provider) then by all means use a unique password
12. Almost any browser will allow you to visit more than one website at the same
time. This is
particularly useful when you are downloading a large file or graphic-heavy
webpage. lf you
are downloading a file (other than a webpage which is itseli a file or combinattn
of tiles;,
simply surf off to any page you like and keep surfing until the download is completed. you
can also open your browser program more than once. lf your computer can multitask,
simply start your browser program again while leaving the originally started browser pro-
gram open.
13. lf your browser is running much slower than usual, disconnect from your lnternet Service
Provider (lSP), wait a minute and then reconnect again. You may have been connected
through a poorly f unctioning modem or telephone line and may now get connected through
a better one.
14. Speeding Up Downloads
While text downloads quickly, images can really slow things down. There are two ways to
speed things up.
D Since text appears first, after it loads, click the STOP button. The images won't
appear, but should you want to look at an image, use the right mouse Outton to click
on the image icon, then select View lmage.
O You can view websites in text-only mode by turning off the auto-loading of images
function under the Options menu.
15. One final word of advice: Your web browser is your gateway to the lnternet. Take the time to
learn about its features. ln the long run, it will save you hours of frustration.
4.12 Downloading
Downloading means to transmit a file f rom another computer to yours. lt can be as simple as clicking
on a hyperlink on a web page, to transferring an entire application using FTp,
Many files are compressed to save space and once downloaded must be "unzipped". This requires
special software which can also be downloaded from the lnternet. Some files are self-extracting and
will download ready to use. Use PKZ|p forWindows machines and Stuffit, Stuffit Delux or DropStuff
for Macs.
GLOBALINTERNET /103
ln a Browser:When the browser displays the page forthe userto see, the page has been "downloaded."
You can highlight the information, copy it, and paste it into a word processor to use later. Or you can
save the page as HTML and later open it with the browser. [SAVE..AS...FlLE TYPE...HTML] NOTE:
lf you save the information as HTML, you will retain the formatting, but you will not save the
graphics.
Download a Graphic: There are many clip art sites on the lnternet that are there for the benefit of
anyone who finds them.To download a graphic, simply right-click on the graphic and choose save..as,
then choose C: drive or A: drive
With the WorldWideWeb, downloading files is as simple as clicking your mouse.Typically, downloading
refers to the method by which you access digital information f rom a remote computer. As it turns out,
almost everything you do on the Web is some form of a downloading. For instance, when you access
a web page, you are actually downloading the page text and all the associated graphics from a
server. Your web browser looks at the file extension (the letters following the "J'). lf it recognizes this
type of file, it will display it.
ls there a difference when you download software? Not really. The web browser looks at the file
extension, and if it doesn't recognize it, it will ask you if you want to configure a viewer (tell the
browser which software program to use to view the file). You also have an option to save the lile to
your hard drive.
Another way to download files is to click on the link to the file with your right mouse button (or hold
the mouse button down if you are using a Mac), and select Save to Disk f rom the pop-up menu. ln
some cases, you will be prompted to save the file somewhere on your hard drive or the file may
download automatically to your desktop, depending on how your browser is configured-
More often than not, you will be downloading files that have been compressed. These may be
individual files or group" of files that have been compressed into one file to save downloading time
and disk space. ttlfre iites you download have been compressed, then you generally need a sepa-
rate software utility to decompress them.
The exception are files w1h a .sea (Macintosh) or .exe (DOSMindows) extension which are self-
extracting. These files do not require a separate piece of software to run. Because many of the
files
you dowiload willtake time to be transferred to your computer, you will want to save yourself the
headache of discovering, afterthe fact, that you d wnloaded a file that won't work on your computer.
How can you tell? Readlhe Learn The Net article about file formats and extensions for more informa-
tion on file extensions and how to interpret them'
Tutorial 4.1 To find information using Gopher,
1. you must know the address for the gopher site. Here is a gopher site to help with learning
the lnternet: GoPher Site
the protocol, "gopher://". To access a gophe-r.site using the Browser, you do NOT
2. Notice,,http:l/"
type, You will type "gopher://" instead. This fs'then followed by the domain names.
3. Once the site has downloaded to your Browser, you must navigate through a series of
hierarchical menus with a list of choices. Each time you select an item on the menu, you
will be presented with another menu, until you eventually find files that can be read, copied,
printed. etc.
4.13 Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

ln a
HTTP is the protocol, designed byTim Berners-Lee as early as 1989, is really rathersimple'
nutshell, one application hosts data and "listens" for connections on TCP port 80. (Think of a .port"
like a telephone number extension.) Another application then opens a connection to the host on the
same port and initiates a dialog. The dialog is simply a request for data (by the client) and response
by the host (server). ln many ways, the protocol is much simpler than FTP or SMTp. Both of these
protocols require there to be a true dialog between client and server.The current implementation of
HTTP only requires one request and one response.
Hypertext is a method of organizing information;clicking on a word or phrase that is underlined and
colored takes you to more information. The World Wide Web is made up of files called Web pages,
which can contain text and images (and links to video, sound, programs, and other types of files).
You're reading aWeb page right now!
Push programs, programs which ask you about your interests, then forward information to you in
which they think you might be interested. PointOast is a classic example of push technology; for
example, you can request National and politics news from CNN, celebrity gossip from People maga-
zine, and stock information from the Wall Street Journal. Once you have selected your preferences,
you simply hit the Update button and the program fetches the news. News articles can even be
displayed as an attractive screen saver! PointOast is free; advertisers support its expenses.
4.14 The World Wide Web & Hypertext

The World Wide Web, commonly referred to as the Web or the WWW, is the most recent (and probably
the most revolutionary) addition to the lnternet. Simply defined, the Web is a large information re-
trieval system on the lnternet, with hundreds of inter-connected hosts (computers).The Web has two
features that make it stand apart from other parts of the lnternet: hypertext and multimedia.
Hypertext is what makes all of the documents on the Web inter-connected. Basically, hypertext can
be defined as any text that includes hyperlinks, which are words or pictures that, when clicked with
your mouse, automatically load another Web document on your Web browser. These hyperlinks are
usually called links.
You can distinguish a link from ordinary text because it is usually displayed (depen(ing on your
specif ic Web browser and its conf igurations) in a different color and is underlined.Your Web browser
displays links like this:
O Whenever you see text that looks like the link above, you will Web browser will automati-
cally load another Web document.
tr The second feature of the Web, multimedia, can be defined as the ability of a Web docu-
ment to display graphics and produce sounds. Although Web documents including sound.
files (MlDl files) are somewhat rare, most Web pages do make use ol graphic images.
4.15 What is a Url?

A URL is simply a "Web address" - the identifier for a specific place on the Web. URL stands for
Uniform Resource Locator. A URL can be viewed as a networkedSitension of the standard filename
concept: not only can you point to a file in a directory but that file and that directory can exist on any
machine on the network can be served by any of several different methods and might not even be
something as simple as a file.
URLs can also point to queries, documents stored in databases, or the results of a system commaDd.
It is possible to represent nearly any file or service on the lnternet with a URL.
URLs are given to help you find specific resources on the lnternet. The addresses provided at the
GLOBALINTERNET /105
start of this lesson were the URLs found in advertisements in a popular magazine' lf
information on the lnternet, you should cite the source of that information. lnclude the author's name
or the organization's name (if no author is given), the data of the item or the data you referenced it,the
name oflhe article, and the URL for the resource. URLs are provided in the online Discovery sec:
tions at the ends of the lessons in this book'
4.15.t URI Syntax

lnternet facilities can be accessed through
D Http a file on a World Wide Web server file
O Ftp or a file on an anonymous FTP server
D Ftp a file on an FTP server
O Gopher a file on a GoPher server
tr WAIS a file on a WAIS server
O News an Usenet newsgrouP
tr Telnet a connection to a Telnet-based service
URLs
URL is a draft standard for specifying an object on the lnternet, such as a file or newsgroup.
look like this: (file: and ftp: URLs are synonymous.)
Example
tr file://wuarch ive.wustl. edu/mirrors/msdos/g raphics/gif kit.zip
o ftp://wu arc h ive.wu stl. ed u/mi rrors
o http ://www. w3. o rg : 8O/defau lt. html
o news:alt.hypertext
tr telnet://dra.com
The URL has three Parts:
ftp
D The tool used to access the resource.Tools include telent(forTelnet-based resources),
(for Web - based
(for FTP-based resources). news for Usenet newsgroup), gopher, and http
is a
resources). For example, if a URL begins with gopher, you know that the resource
the resource. The tool
Gopher resource and you need to use; Gopher browser to access
identifier is usually followed by two slashed(//)'
O the stuff before the colon tells the browser how to access that
The first part of a URL
- -
particulai file. For example, to access ftp://wuarchive.wustl.edu/mirrors/your browser
would
Here is a list of some of
use FTp. Most of the access methods are pretty straight-forward.
first part of
the more common access methods that you ire going to see listed in the
URLs:
Method What lt Stands For
Itp FileTransfer Protocol

news lnternet News Protocol (Usenet)
gopher Gopher
telnet TELNET
http Hype rtext Transfer Protocol
file is a hypertext document (with
see a URL with "http" at the beginning of it, that means that the
only through a Web browser'
hypertext links to oti'rer documents; anO it can be accessed
The rest of a URL

- the
after the two slashes
stuff after the colon
(//) indicates a machine
is the address of that particular resource. The stuff
- name or address (remember those from MApl 1:
TELNET?). For example,
f ire : / / w.uarc,hive . wustl . edu,/nirrors /nsdos /graphics / gifki t .z ip
is the URL for an FTP file at "wuarchive.wustl.edu," and
http: / /www. w3. orglpub/WwW/MarkUp

is the URL for a hypertext document at "www.w3.org',
D The address of the computer on which the resource is located. This address uniquely
identifies the computer on which the resource is located, anywhere on the lnternet.
O The optional path name of the resource itself. The path name tells you the names of the
directories and subdirectories on the computer where the resource can be found. This
piece of information may not be present if it is not needed.
4.15 WEB Servers

The phrase "World-Wide Web" is often used to refer to the collective network of servers speaking
HTTP as well as the global body of information available using the protocol. ln a May 1996 survey
Netcraft found 193,150 servers on the Web (and who knows how many more exist behind corporate
firewalls?). A Web client (or browser) sends requests to a Web server.
Every retrievable piece of information on the Web is identified by a URL, which includes the name of
the object, where it is located, and the protocol used to get it.
Only information on a server (or your local system) is part of the Web.You need to "publish it" (i.e. put
it on a Web server) to make it accessible.
The Web server is responsible for document storage and retrieval. lt sends the document requested
(or an error message) back to the requesting client.The client interprets and presents the document.
The client is responsible for document presentation.
The language that Web clients and servers use to communicate with each other is called the Hypertext
Transfer Protocol (HTTP). AllWeb clients and servers must be able to speak HTTP in order to send
and receive hypermedia documents. Forthis reason, Web servers are often called HTTP servers, or
HTTP Deaemons (HTTPD).
There are many different Web servers, running on many platforms.
ln this example you are using a browser (Netscape, or Mosaic, or some other browser) and you,click
on a reference to WebMaster Magazine Online. The browser is able to f igure out that what you really
want (in Web terminology) is the object the Web knows as http://www.cio.com/WebMaster/
wmhome.html - the Web address (or URL)forWebMaster Magazine Online.
4.15.1 A Typical Tiansaction between Web Servers afd qients.

The browser sends your request to the right server. How it figures out what that machine is, and
where it is, is beyond this discussion, but gets us into looking at name servers and othertools which
keep track of domain names, address names, and physical locations. Let's trust that some bit of
magic occurs, and the browser can send your request off to the machine that handles requests for
www.cio.com.
ln the message it sends there is a lot of information you don't need to see, like the method to be
used, the URL, possibly parameters (used when you want to pass a search string, for example), and
GLOBALINTERNET /107
other information.
4.15.2 The ).lain Webserver: httpd (The http daemon)

When it gets to the server the Web server, also known as the httpd (which stands for http daemon)
takes over. lt knows where it stores Web objects, and it tracks down the one you asked for. lt might
pass your request olf to another process (like a search engine or an application), and wait for a reply.
when it gets what it asked for, it sends the object back to your browser.
document includes several different graphic files as well as the HTML you are reading, each of which
is a separate object), the server will send each of these objects back individually'
your browser collects together the different pieces you requested. A Web page can have references
to objects all over the iet, and may include objects that are on your local system (for example
product to you.
objecis that it cached earlier). lt pulls them all together, and presents the finished
you will need
The server actions can be more complicatecj than a simple object fetch, in which case
lnterface (CGl) is a standard for external gateway
to learn about CGI's. The Common Gateway
programs to intedace with information servers such as HTTP servers.This allows them to do trans'
actions, security, access other applications.
4.16.t Server Hardware

for any
It almost doesn't matter what hardware you use. The ideal way to select the hardware
computing task is to first ask yourself what software you need to satisfy the task. The software
you may not
should drive the hardware. ln tlie realworld, this is not always the case. Consequently,
Rather you may be asking yourself, "What hardware is
have to ask yourself what hardware to use.
available?"
purpose(s) of your
lf you do have a choice of hardware, then first articulate and enumerate the
guesstimate how many hits your server will get per
,"ru"r. Analyze who your audience is and try to
services act as a conduit lor your usual print
day. lf your."ru";, is intendgd to disseminate tisti of or
, pu'Uti""tions, then a microcomputer-based server will do just fine. lf you are planning for a depart-
mental lntranet, again, a microcomputer-based server will fit the bill.
(maybe 35 K) files'Thirty-
Consider exactly what any HTTP server is doing. lt is disseminating small
five kilobytes of cjata is tin ge computer to serve this amount
ou"1. ug"in. Furthermore, i ocomputer-based servers can han
hits per hour, if nottens of use of your microcomputer as a se
determined by what infor ou have that you would like to sh
to serve this data
resides in a microcomputer, then you will be using the same microcomputer
(unless you want to move it to another machine)'
ln short, microcomputer-based servers offer a number of distinct
advantages'
O First, the use of an operating system you are alrp?dVoverhead' familiar with; you will not have to
learn something like Unix and all of its administralive
o second, the microcomputer hardware is readily available. starting out, consider using one
of those computers in ihe back room that may be gathering
dust' On the other hand' the
be something to consider'
use of a Unix, Windows NT, or even a VMS-based server may
systems come at a
This is especiaily true if you desire to serve the rock-solid operating
cost. One is administrative support'
you will almost necessarily have to have some sort of network "guru" managing-your system' For
Unix, Windows NT, or VMS environ-
you there may be a learnini curve while you get familiar with the
1 08 / ELECTRONIC COMMERCE
ment' Another cost is distance. "out of sight, out of mind." ln

other words, if your HTTp resides on a
computer in the back room that only a few people have direct access,to,
tnen tre computer turns
into
a mystery' This is not the best way to perceive of computers
and makes them seem far away and out
of your control' At the same time, these bigger computers were designed
to run client/server appli-
cations.
TCP is a fundamental p.art of the Unix operating system, and
consequenfly there is a lot of support
for TCP networking built in. Also, there is no denying it, th"r"
bigger computers are laster. But
remember, the speed of any network connection
users are all using 28.9 modems, then it doesn,t
minicomputer. ln the end, you willprobably find y
and minicomputer-based HTTP servers in your
desktop computer as a test bed and grow from there.
4.16.4 Seryer Software

Features to look for in HTTP server software are described here. By now,
there must be more than
a hundred different HTTP servers to choose from for just about
every operating system. They range
from things promising you the Moon to dbsolutely freb applications
where you get exacly what you
pay for. Obviously you want to choose something in between.
Features
lf you are just starting out, here is a list of features you should look for
when selecting HTTp server
software:
tr Access control via lp or domain name
D Adequate technical support from the lnternet
O CGlscriptingcompatible
tr Configurable error file definitions
O Flexible log file creation
tr Security through passwords
O Supports server side includes (SSl)
More advanced features include:
tr Built-in imagemaping
A lmplements byte serving
O lmplements the pUT method
B Simple logfile analysis
tr Specialized "hooks" to the server's operating system
D Supports the Secure Socket Layer (SSL) prototot
tr Technicalsupport from the software's vendor
tr Tight integration with database applications ).
Each of the three HTTP servers outlined in the following sections support all of the
features in the
first list and a few of the features in the second. They are all free, and they are all very
stable
applications.
(1) ApacheWeb Server
Apache, a server for Unix computers, is the most popular and is considered one of the most robust
implementations. lt does not do any logfile analysis. There is no vendor so there is no formal
techni-
cal support. There is no real way to administrate the computer through a Web interface.
On the other
hand, Apache's modular approach. allows for a great deal of customization. lt includes
strong links
GLOBALINTERNET /109
for database applications. lt allows you to save your logfiles in formats you define. But most impor-
tantly, it runs on-any Unix computer, and Unix is an operating system designed for client/server and
TCP/lP applications.
According to Netcraft , Apache has been the most popular HTTP server for quite some time.This
is
understandable since it, iike the other servers described here, is "as lree as a free kitten", runs under
As
any flavor of Unix, is very extensible, and is just about as robust a server you willfind anywhere.
of version 1 .3b, Apache no* also runs under Windowsg5 and NT. lt will also be
ported to Rhapsody
(Macintosh) when that operating system becomes available this year. Consequently, Apache repre-
just
sents a good, all-around HTTP server. One that you can/will be able to take to about any
devel-
computei. Apache, based on the original NCSA httpd application, got its name from when its
patchy
opeis where trying to break httpd down into its original parts. Thus, it was "a server."
precompiled
There are two alternatives for acquiring the Apache software. One, you can download a
source
binary for your particular version of Unix or windows. or two, you can download Apache's
it offers you
code and tompile it yourself. This section outlines the second option for Unix since
greater flexibility.
(21 Quid Quo ProWeb Server
relationship
This server is extraordinarily simple to bring up and maintain. lt does not support a close
with any database applicaiions, but it is integrated with the Macintosh OS through AppleEvents'
write and save:
Unlike most other server software implementations, there are absolutely no text files
include administrative functions and has built-in
everything is done through dialog boxes. lt does
popular
imagema[ping. ln short,'euid Quo Pro support the vast majority of features of the most
Macintosh HTTP server but it is infinitely cheaper, $0'
(3) WebSife Web ServerWebSite comes with the most bells and whistles of the servers mentioned
exception of SSL'
here. lt supports allthe features in the first list as wellas the second list with the
It comes with
and Windows
server side includes, and administration features. Designed to run under WindowsgS
proliferation of the Windows
NT, this server would fit most people's needs especially considering the
platform.
the original developer,
Like Apache, began its life as a port of the NCSA httpd server. Robert Deny,
quite a number of improvements since
is now working witn o'Reilly & Associates, lnc. and has made
is painless. lt involves downloading the ar-
the original dLtribution. aiinging up a website server
Begin by acquiring the distribution
chive, in"orpr"""ing it, and ioiig il',e tiniest bit of configuration.
from the download pige at website.ora.com <httc://software.ora.com/download/>.
(4) Quid Pro Quo Web Server
based HTTP available, but
Hawk, the develoPer, has
how to bring uP this server
Be sure to download
Begin acquiring the application from its download page at www.socialeng'com.
rich versions are available for
Quid pro Quo 2.x since it is the free version. The other more feature
your www browser is configured
free 30-day trials and require a serial number to activate' lf
a self-extracting archive' Launch
correctly, then the downloaded file should uncompress and resultin
place on your hard disk'
the self-extracting archive and tell it to save the compressed file any
1 1O / ELECTRONIC COMMERCE
(5) Microsoft's PersonalWeb Server 4.0
It is possible to serve light-to-moderate loads from a desktop environment
with Microsoft,s personal
Web Server 4.0. Anyone administering a website knows how helpful access
to the Web server can
be' Experimenting with new techniques and custom server configurations is a
breeze when you,re
behind the wheel instead of working through a File Transfer Protocol (FTp)
client and subject to the
mercy of your ISP's systems administrator.
while Unix, Windows Nf, Apache and Linuxare considered the platforms of choice
for serving, it,s
hard to justify the expenditure of the first two for noncommercial or test purposes.
Linux and Apache
are f ree, but setting them up is too complex for many users, especially ihose who
work every day in
a Win 95 or 98 environment. Try running a Win 9 i or 98-based Web seru"r on your
system.
Microsoft has given everyone the chance to be a webmaster by giving seryer software
away for free.
lf you have a Win 98 CD-ROM, look under the /add-ons/pws Oirectory for the installation
files.
Familiar Microsoft wizards guide you through installation. PersonalWeb Server 4.0 lets you
begin
serving dynamic pages, Microsoft's Active Server Pages (ASPs), without having to install
the
Redmond, Wash-based company's higher-end NT 4.0 Seiver or the lnternet lnformati6n
Server (llS).
Personal Web Server 4.0's Home Page Wizard demonstrates how to set up a Guest
Book page,
which will probably be many users'first chance to put ASps into action.
Of course, Personal Web Server 4.0 also supports other Microsoft technologies such as
Microsoft
Transaction Server, Data Access Components, and Message eueue server client.
TIP:
1' Avoid using the FrontPage Personal Web Server that comes with Frontpage for serving
pages for extended periods. A memory leak prevents the Web server bundled witfr fronteag6
from being a dedicated server. Microsoft recommends using PersonalWeb Server 4.0 in-
stead.
2" A compact installation of Win 98 will not show the icon for Personal Web Server under the
Start/lnternet Explorer folder. Run Windows Setup using the Control panel/Add/Remove
Programs
3' The FTP services found in earlier versions of PersonalWeb Server are not included with
the latest release. Consider using third-party FTP server software such as WAR_ftp or FTp
Serv-U.
You'll find some restrictions on PersonalWeb Server 4.0:
A 10-user connection limit, lack of authentication, and NCSA-only log file format restricts personal
Web Server 4.0 to workgroup-type websites. PersonalWeb Server 4.0 requires allfiles published by
the server be located on the local hard drive. Also, the lnternet Explorei 4.0 browsei must be in-
stalled. The Microsoft upgrade path should be crystal clear. lf yogwant full server functionality,
upgrade to Win NT and llS 4.0.
(6) WebSiteProfessionat2.3
O'Reilly WebSite Professional 2.3 has the distinction of being the only Web server that runs under
Win 95 and 98, NT Server, and NTWorkstation. Unlike Microsoft PersonalWeb Server 4.0, WebSite
Professional 2.3 is a fully functional Web server that offers advanced support for ASps, multiple
virtual servers, authentication (website and NT-based), and server-side Java.
WebSite Professional 2.3 offers tools geared toward making administration. development, and site
GLOBALINTERNET /111
analysis abreeze not found with PersonalWeb Server 4.0.

My only grievance with WebSite Professional 2.3 is it isn't free. The $799 price tag is relatively
expensive compared with PersonalWeb Server 4.0. But it's justified by the quality of the tools and
documentation. Developers looking for ASP support on the Win 95/98 version of WebSite Profes-
sional 2.3 may be disappointed. WebSite Professional 2.3 requires llS 3.0 and NT Server to enable
ASP features.
(71 WAIS (Wide Area lnformation System)
WAIS is a database on the lnternet that contains indexes to documents that reside on the lnternet.
Using the Zg4.5O query language, text files can be searched based on keywords. lnformation
resources on the lnternet are called "sources." A directory of WAIS servers and sources is available
from Thinking Machines Corporation, Cambridge, MA, at address quake.think.com.
When you type in a word or topic, a WAIS Server scans internet libraries. lt returns a master index
providing links to all the sites related to your request. The index is weighed, identifying which links
are most closely related to the topic.
There are WAIS programs that work independently of the Web.You can reach these programs through
special gateway software available on many Web Pages, which lets you do Powerful WAIS Search
within Mosaic.
Other Servers
There are different types of servers, ranging from Plexus (written in a language called Perl), to
NCSA's HTTPD (a C-based program), to commercialservers like Netsite.
4.17 Web Guides

Another utility available on the lnternet is the Web guide. Web guides are comprehensive guides to
information available on the Web, sorted by topic. The Web pages they contain are entered into their
database by the individualWeb page owners. Some contain a vast variety of topics, while others
include topics related to a specific field, such as education or music, for example'. You can usually
browse or search the guides. Following are a few Web guides available:
Paz hllp/la2z.lYcos.com
Alberts2 httP://www.albert2.com
Points httP://Point.lycos.com
Yalrco! httP://www.Yahoo.com
4,18 Portal and Portal SPace

Portal is a new term, generally synonymous with gateway, for a World Wide Web site that is or
proposes to be a major starting site for users when they get connected to the Web or that users tend
to visit as an anchor site. ln July 1998, leading portals included Yahoo, Excite, Netscape, Lycos,
CNet, and Microsoft Network. With its own private array of sites when you dial in, America Online
(AOL) could be thought of as a portalto its own
portals to the Web for their own users. Most portals have adopted the Yahoo style of content catego-
ries with a text-intensive, faster loading page that visitors will find easy to use and to return to.
Companies with portal sites have attracted much stock market investor interest because portals are
viewed as able to command large audiences and numbers of advertising viewers.
Typical services offered by portal sites include a directory of Web sites, a facility to search for other
1 12 I ELECTRON!C COMMERCE
sites, news, weather information, e-mail, stock quotes, phone and map ihformation, and sometimes
a community forum. Excite is among the first portals to offer users the ability to create a site that is
personalized for individual interests.
The term portal space is used to mean the total number of major sites competing to be one of the
portals. ln fantasy games, science-fiction, and scme "New Age" philosophies, a portal is a gateway
to anoiher world of the past, present, or future, or to an expanded awareness. ln 3-D graphics
development, portal rendering is a technique that increases the effect of realism and speeds up
presentation.
4.l9 Web Browsers

As already explained in module 9 a browser is an application program that provides a way to look
at and interact with all the information on the World Wide Web. The word "browse/'seems to have
originated prior to the Web as a generic ierm for user interfaces that let you browse text files online.
By the time the first Web browser with a graphical user interface was invented (Mosaic, in 1992), the
term seemed to apply to Web content, too.
Technically, a Web browser is a client program that uses the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) to
make requests of Web servers throughout the lnternet on behalf of the browser user. A commercial
version of the original browser, Mosaic, is in use. Many of the user interface features in Mosaic,
however, went into the first widely-used browser, Netscape Navigator. Microsoft followed with its
lnternet Explorer. Today, these two browsers are highly competitive and the only two browsers that
the vast majority of lnternet users are aware of. Although the online services, such as America
Online, Compuserve, and Prodigy, originally had theirown browsers, virtually all now offerthe Netscape
or Microsoft browser. Lynx is a text-only browser for UNIX shell and VMS users. Another recently
offered browser is Opera.
A Weo browser contains the basic software you need in order to find, retrieve, view, and send
information over the lnlernet. This includes software that lets you:
O Send and receive electronic-mail, or e-mail, messages worldwide nearly instantaneously.
D Read messages f rom newsgroups, forums about thousands of topics in which users share
information and opinions.
tr Browse the World Wide Web (or Web) where you can find a rich variety of text, graphics,
and interactive information.
D Browsers such as Microsoft. lnternet Explorer version 5.0 include additional lnternet-
related software. For example, with lnternet Explorer 5.0, you also get:
O Windows Media server
D NetMeeting.conferencingsoftware
D ActiveX. controls
D Clrat
D ActiveMovieapplicationprogrammingintedace
tr ActiveChannelwebcast
U Subscriptions
A Dynamic HTML
D Windows Media
This allows you to see and hear iive and recorded broadcastssuch as concerts or breaking news
with synchronized audio, graphics, video, URLs, and script commands. And streaming technology
allows you to see or hear the information as it arrives instead of having to wait for the entire f ile to
download.
GLOBAL INTERNET /113
4.2O Working of Browser
Let's take a look at how web browsers work. There are
today:
three basic types of www browsers in use
O Line-mode browsers;
O Full-screen browsers (like Lynx); and
tr Graphicalbrowsers(likeNetscape)
Line-mode browsers are about as user unf riendly as you can get.
This is hard to describe, but line-
mode browsers work a little like FTP inasmuch i. you type a"command, get
some information on
your screen, type a new command, get some more information,
and so on ..^
screen that looks a little like the Gopher
reen browser works differently, but in most
creen. select a highlighted word or phrase
the right arrow cursor key), and you are
The good news a at they are all pretty simple to figure out (if you can
figure out how to oblem using a full-screen browJer). irre uao news
about full-screen isplay pictuies ... and an overwhelming majority of
the bittions of We neajity on the use of pi.tr,"" ;i;;,. graphical
images. "nJ
lf you want to see these.pictures and other graphical images (a.k.a. "hypermedia,,),
you are going to
have to use a graphicalweb browser like Netscape, Mosaic, or lnternet
Explorer.
4.20.1 l.licrosoft lnternet Exptorer version 5.0
lnternet Expiorer 5'0 is fast and saves you time on the web by automating
complex tasks - making
you more productive. Microsoft lnternet Explorer 5.0 Microsoff released
a beta version of its lnternet
browsing technology, Microsoft lnternet Explorer 5.0, on November 4, 1gg8.
Using Microsoft lntellisense technology, lnternet Explorer simplifies and
automales common brows-
ing tasks-like searching, navigating, and organizing and accessing information-and
offers users
more flexibility. Here are some examples of changei that users will see.
tr Automated features
To speed and simplify your browsing experience, lnternet Explorer 5.0
includes the following:
1. Autocomplete-Provides a drop-down list of choices that match what you're typing
2. AutoOorrect-Fixes typos as you type AutoSearch-Gives you Web search ,e., jt"
rih"n yo,
type part of a URL in the address bar requir ,d by a Web page
3. AutoDetect-Gives you visual cues about what's accessible-otttin"
4. AutoConfiguration-Locates and connects to the appropriate proxy server if you
use one to
connect to a network
5. Web accessories These are developed and distributed by major Web sites to work
in con-
junction with their sites and customize aspects of your tniernet
Explorer 5.0, such as your
toolbar and menu items. Some sites have already developed custom Explorer bars, for
instance.
The following is the list of additional lnternet-related software. For example, with
lnternet Explorer
5.0, you also get:
A NetShow server
O NetMeetingconferencingsoftware
tr ActiveX controls
C Chat
D ActiveMovieapplicationprogramminginterface
O ActiveChannelwebcast
D Subscriptions
C Dynamic HTML
0 NetShow server
This allows you to see and hear live and recorded broadcasts such as concerts or breaking news
with synchronized audio, graphics, video, URLs, and script commands.
And streaming technology allows you to see or hear the information as it arrives instead of having to
wait for the entire file to download.
O Internet Connection Wizard
The Microsoft Windows g8 operating system includes a new lnternet Connection Wizard, which
makes it easy for you to set up your very first connection to your ISP or online service provider. lt
includes a national list of lSPs and online se.rvice providers for you to choose from. The wizard
automatically sets up your system to connect you to the lnternet using the ISP you choose.
O NetMeetingConferencingSoftware
With a sound card, speakers, and a microphone, you can talk to others worldwide from lamily to
colleaguesusing NetMeeting. Add a Windows-compatible video capture card and/or camera to see
them, too.
Exchange pictures and draw diagrams on an electronic whiteboard, communicate with text-based
chat, transfer files, and share applications.
O ActiveX Controls
interactive Web sites. ActiveX Controls are the soltware components that run behind the scenes in
lnternet Explorer so that these sites come alive for you.
D Chat
This program lets you converse online in real time with one or more people. You decide how your
message is displayed text only or text with graphics. You can send and receive sounds, files, and
"hot" links of e-mail addresses, Web pages, and newsgroups. You can even "whisper" to another
person in a group chat. Use it for your next online family reunion.
O ActiveMovieApplicationProgramminglnterface
ActiveMovie allows you to experience television-quality video and CD-quality audio, while minimiz-
ing file size and download time compared to other video and audio formats. By using "progressive
downloading,"
ActiveMovie lets you start playing an audio or video clip while it's still downloading.
O Active Channel
Active Channel webcasts enable dynamic inlormation to be sent regularly to your computer. They
automatically transmit content that fits your interestseverything from Disney entertainment to stock
quotes. Use the Channel bar to select your favorite topics, and lnternet Explorer 5.0 gets the infor-
mation, so you can read it whenever you wanteven offline.
O Subscriptions
This feature delivers preferred information straight to your desktop, when you want it, in the way you
GLOBAL INTERNET /115
want itfor f ree". To subscribe to a Web site, select the site and specify when you want the information
updated and how you want to be notified, sueh as through an e-mail message. lnternet Explorer does
the rest. Then you can browse the content offline.
O Dynamic HTML
lnternet Explorer 5.0 supports this programming language, which makes enticing, unique; fun, and
fast-downloading Web pages possible.The pages download quickly because they are created using
lightweight HTML instead of heavy-duty graphics. Round trips to the server are minimized, which
means faster browser performance on your desktop computer.
4.21 Wo*ing with lnternet Explorer

With an lnternet connection and lnternet Explorer, you can find and view information about anything
on the Web. Just click the topics below to get started. You'll find more information to help you browse
the lnternet in the Help Contents.
4.21.1 Basic Setup

lf you aren't connected to the lnternet, or you want to create a new connection, click this link.
Tutorial 1 : Set up an lnternet connection
To set up an lnternet connection
tr On theTools menu in lnternet Explorer, click lnternet Options.
O Click the Connections tab, and then click Setup.
tr Follow the instructions on your screen.
4.21.2 Safety in Browsing the Web

Using Content Advisor, you can screen out objectionable content by using industry-standard ratings
that have been defined independently by the Platform for lnternet Content Selection (PICS)
committee.
Using security zones, you can set different levels of security for different areas of the Web to help
protect your computer.
Using the optional Microsoft Wallet, you can store your personal credit-card and shipping-address
information on your computer, and take advantage of secure providers when you connect to
Web sites.
4,21.3 Learning how to Browse the Web Faster and Easier

lf you learn just a few basic things about browsing the Web, such as how to use the buttons on the
lnternet Explorer toolbar, you'll find that browsing the Web is easier and faster.
To start browsing the Web, click any link on your home page, which is the page that appears when
you start lnternet Explorer. You can see whether an item on a page is a link by moving the mouse
pointer over the item. lf the pointer changes to a hand, the item is a link. A link can be a pictuie, a 3-
D image, or colored text (usually underlined).
Now you're ready to find a Web site on your own.
4.22 Using Your Web Browser

Knowing how to move around the Web with your Web browser can really make using the Web much
easier. Although the specific features might differ from browserto browser, there are a few things that
are common to virtually every Web browser.

O The Location (URL) Box
Most web browsers have a space in which your current
location, or URL, is displayed. This URL
shows you the lnternet address of the web site that yo,
ui"'.rrrenily viewing, in addition to the
specific directory and filename
of the current document.You can usually direcfly
make your browser change to the new location. edit the location and
O Toolbar
The lnternet Explorer toolbar consists of buttons that are
shortcuts for menu commands. They
make browsing faster and easier. click any button on
the toolbar below to find out its function.
0 The"Back,'and,,Forward',Buttons
once you have loaded at least two web pages, you should riotice "Back"
a button appear (or darken).
lf you click on this button, your web browsei will return you
"Forward" button (when darkened or shown)
to the last web page viewed. The
will return v", 6 tn" next web page viewed, in the case
that you have just pressed the "Back" button to view pievious p"g"..
O Refresh Button
tJpdates any web page stored in your disk cache with the
latest content. (when you return to a page
you'vevisited,yourbrows.erdisplays thefilestoredinyouroist<cacne,ratherthanthecurrentpage
on the World Wide Web. This saves download time.)
O Home Button
Returns you to your home page. you can designate any web page
as your home page.
A Search.
Displays a choice of popular lnternet search engines in the left pane. your
search results appear in
the left pane, too. when you click a link, the page appears in the right pane,
so you don,t lose sight
of your search results.
ln MS lnternet Explorer with Search Assistant, get more useful
search results by specifying before-
hand the type of information you're looking for
[such web page, company, or map)
and using a search engine geared toward ihis type. ". "n "Joi"ss,
O Favorites.
Displays a list of the sites (and, with lnternet Explorer 4.0, the
folders, files, and servers)
that you,ve
saved as Favorites. Click on any item in the lisi to jump to it.
When you add a Web page to your Favorites, select "Make available
offline,,to store the most
recently viewed version for offline use. Easily create, move, r"n"r",
or delete folders or files from
options, such as printing.
A Print.
Prints the page you're viewing.This is one way to save information from
the lnternet so that you don,t
have to reconnect to view it again.
You can even print the URL associated with each hyperlink, making
it easy to navigate to the site
later.
O Font.
Lets you display text in a larger or smaller font with lnternet Explorer
4.0.
GLOBAL INTERNET ./ 117
o Mail.
Connects you to Microsoft Outlook. Express messaging and collaboration client so you can read
electronic mail (e-mail) and newsgroup messages.
o Edit.
Opens a file in Microsoft Word word processor that contains the HTML code for the page you're
viewing so you can see and even edit it.
D "Reload" and "StoP"
Many Web browsers have a cache system.That is, they store f requently-visited documents on
your
compute/s hard drive. Sometimes, you may view a Web page that is often updated f rom your cache,
and you may not have the most recent copy. ln this case, it is a good idea to click yo_ur browser's
,,Reload" "Reload"
bution, which will re-download the newest copy of the current Web document.The
button may also be used if errors occurred in the original downloading of a document.
The "Stop" button can be used to stop the downloading of any Web page to your computer. This can
be usefui if a page is taking too long to download, or is not downloading properly. lf, after you have
stopped the download, you decide you do in fact want to download the document, you may use the
"Beload" button.
o History
List your History sites by date visited, site name, number of visits, or order you visited today. Use
the search toolto find keywords on any of the pages you visited. The Go button !f you prefer, click
Go, rather than pressing eNf gn, after you type a uniform resource locator (URL) in the address
bar.
4.23 lnternet Explorer Web browser

lnternet Explorer makes it easier to get the most from the World Wide Web, whether you are searching
for new information or browsing your favorite Web sites. And built-in lntelliSense technology can
connection
save you time completing routineWeb tasks, such automatically Cetecting your network and
status.
When you start typing a frequently used Web address in the Address bar, a list of similar
addresses
address is wrong, lnternet Explorer can search
app"uis that you can choose from. And if aWeb-page
for similai addresses to try to lind a match.
type a
Search for Web sites by clicking the Search button on the toolbar. Then in the Search bar,
your search results appear' you can vlew
word or phrase that describes what you're looking for. When
the individual web pages without losing your list of search results.
you can also search directly from the Address bar. Just type common names or words, and lnternet
for,
Explorer can automaticallyiake you to the site that most likely matches what you are searching
and list other likely sites as well.
Just use the
Go to other Web pages similar to the one you are viewing, without even doing a search.
Show Related Sites feature.
kind of Web-
Once you're on a Web page, lnternet Explorer can help you complete entries in any
based form. Start typing, ind a list of similar entries appears that you can choose from'
on the toolbar'
Browse through a list of Web pages you recently visited by clicking the History button
ln addition you can reanange or search the History list'
a wide variety of
Listen to broadcast and lnternet-only radio stations while you browse. Choose from
music and talk radio stations, and add them to your Favorites list. The radio toolbar is available in
lnternet Explorer when you installWindows Media player.
Tutorial 2: To open a Web page or folder, or to run a program
D To go to a Web page, type the lnternet address - for example, www.microsoft.com in the
Address bar, and then click the Go button.
D To run a program from the Address bar, type the program name, and then click the Go
button.
lf you know the complete path and file name, you can type them for example:
c : \MsOffice\winword\winword. exe .
a To browse through folders from the Address bar, type the drive and folder name, and then
click the Go button for example:
Tutorial 3 : To link to Web pages you recently visited
tr To return to the last page you viewed, click the Back button.
D To view a page you viewed before clibking the Back button, click the Forward button.
D To see a list of the last few pages you visited, click the small down arrow beside the Back
or Forward button.
Tutorial 4 : To link to a specific Web page
O To return to the page that appears each time you start lnternet Explorer, click the Home
button.
tr To select a Web page from your list of favorites, click the Favorites button.
A To select a Web page from the list of those you visited recently, click the History button.
The History list also displays previously viewed files and folders on your computer.
4.23,.1 What to do if a Web page isn-t working

lf a page you are trying to view is taking too long to open, click the stop button.
lf you get a message that a Web page cannot be displayed, or you want to make sure you have the
latest version of the page, click the Refresh button.
4.23.2 Setting up an lnternet connection using lnternet Connection Wizard

The lnternet Connection wizard provides you with an easy way to get connected to the lnternet.
Whether you've never explored the lnternet before or have spent many hours online, the lnternet
Connection wizard can help you set up a connection.
For new lnternet users, the lnternet Connection wizard creates an lnternet connection for you, and
then displays a list of lnternet service providers (lSPs) and information about their services.You can
sign up for a new account by clicking an ISP in the list.
lf you already have an account with an ISP and want to create an lnternet connection to your
account, the lnternet Connection wizard collects all the necessary information from you and then
creates the connection.
lf you are not already running the wizard, you can start it f rom lnternet Explorer as follows:
O On the Tools menu in the browser, click lnternet Options.
GLOBALINTERNET /119
tr Click the Connections tab, and then click Setup.

O Follow the instructions on your screen.
4.23.3 Finding the lnformation You Want

Check out the all-in-one search site accessible through Microsoft's home page. Go directly to one of
these search engines: AltaVista, lnfoseek, Lycos, Snap, Excite, Yahoo!, and Metacrawler.
D Click the Search button on the toolbar to gain access to a number of search providers.Type
a word or phrase in the Search box.
tr Type go, f ind, or ? followed by a word or phrase in the Address bar. lnternet Explorer starts
a search using its predetermined search provider.
Note : lf a Web address doesn't work, lnternet Explorer asks if you want to search for similar Web
addresses. You can change this setting so that lnternet Explorer searches automatically without
prompting. For more information, see Related Topics below.
4.23.4 Browser Tips

Take advantage of all the great features of Microsoft lnternet Explorer version 5.0. These tips will
help.
Spot the links
You can tell whether an item on a page is a link by moving the mouse pointer over the item. lf the
pointer changes to a hand, the item is a link. A link can be a picture, a three-dimensional image, or
colored text (usually underlined). Click any'link on a Web page to go to another page within that site
or another site.
Tutorial 4.2 : Display allWeb pages faster
To display Web pages faster:
1. On the View menu in the browser, click lnternet Options.
2^ Click the Advanced tab.
3. ln the Multimedia area, clear one or more of the Show pictures, Play animations, Play
videos, or Play sounds check boxes.
4. lf the Show pictures or Play videos check box is cleared, you can still display an individual
picture or animation on a Web page by right-clicking its icon and then clicking Show Pic-
ture.
S. lf the pictures on the current page are still visible after you clear the Show pictures check
box, you can hide them by clicking the View menu and then clicking Refresh.
Tutorial4.3 : Display previously viewed pages faster
To display previously viewed pages faster:
O On the View menu in the browser, click lnternet Options'
D On the General tab, click Settings.
tr To create more space to store pages temporarily, move the slider to the right'
O To prevent lnternet Explorer from updating pages in the Temporary lnternet Files folder,
click Never.
To change how page colors are displayed:
1. On the view menu in the browser, click rnt,ernet, options.

2. Change the settings as needed.
3. Display text in a different font
Tutorial 4.4:To display text in a different font:
1. On the view tn€nu in the browser, click rnternet Options.
2. On the General tab, click FontE.
3. ln the Proportional and Fixed-width Jont lists, click the fonts you want.
Tutorial 4.5 : Specify which font and color setting to always use
To specify which font and color settings to always use:
1. On the view menu in the browser, click fnternet options.
2. On the General tab, click Rccessibility.
3. Change the settings as needed.
4. Display text larger or smaller
5. To display text larger or smaller:
6. on the vieyr menu, point to Fontq, and then click the size you want.
Tutorial 4.6 : View Web pages in a different language
Some Web sites offer their content in several languages. You can add languages to your list of
languages in lnternet Explorer so that you can view these sites in your preferied l-anguage.
To view Web pages written in a different language:
1. On the View menu in the browser, click Internet options.
2. On the General tab, click rJang'uages.
3. Click Add.
4. Select the language you want to add.
5. lf you speak several languages, you can arrange them in order of priority. lf a Web site
offers multiple languages, it will supply content in the language with the highest priority.
6. Adding languages does not guarantee that you have a font that can display Web pages in
your preferred languages. You may need to download a multilanguage support pack to
display pages in this language.
7. To download multilanguage support packs, see the lnternet Explorer download page.
Tutorial 4.7 : Add a page to your Favorites
To add a page to your collection of favorite pages:
1. Go to the page you want to add to your collection of favorite pages.
2. On the Favoritee menu, clickaaa to Favorites.
3. Type a new name for the page if you want to.
4. To open one of your favorite pages, click the Favorires button on the toolbar, and then
click the page you want to open.
5. To keep track of your favorite ages, you can organize them
6. Click the Creat,e ln button in the eaa to Favorites dialog box.
Tutorial 4.8 : Adding Personal Gomputing to your Favorites
To make sure you always have access to the latest lnternet news, software updates: and tips and
tricks for using lnternet Explorer, why not add the Personal Computing site to your Favorites list now?
To add the Personal computing site to your Favorites list, follow these steps:
GLOBALINTERNET /121
1 . On the File
menu of your lnternet Explorer toolbar, point to New, ?fld click window, so you
don't lose your place in this guide.
2. Under the File menu in the new window, click open, and then type
http z / /www. microsoft ' con/ins ider / in the address box .
3. Click ox.
4. When the Personal Computing page has f inished loading, on the Favorites menut click aaa
to Favorites, and click or.
5. Close the new window.
Tutorial 4.9 : Organize your Favorites into folders
To organize your favorite pages into folders:
1. On the Favorites menu, click organize Favorites'
2. Click create New Folder, type a name for the folder, and then press ENTEB.
3. Drag the shortcuts in the list to the appropriate folders.
4. you might want to organize ydur pages by topic. For example, you could create a folder
named Art for btoring information about art exhibits and reviews.
5. lf the number of shortcuts or folders makes ragging impractical, you can use the Move
button instead.
Tutorial4.10 : Change your home page
To change your home page:
1. Go to the page you want to appear when you f irst start lnternet Explorer.
2. On the view menu, click Internet optsions.
3. Click the General tsab.
4. ln the Home page area, click use current.
5. To restore your original home page, click use Def aults'
Tutorial 4.11 : Save text and graphics f rom the Web
When you see text or graphics on a Web page that you like or want to refer to later, you can save
them on your computei's hard disk. Later, you can open the saved file and review it offline.
To save a text or source file:
1. On the toolbar, click pile, and then click save as'
2. Click save to save the file.
Tutorial 412: To save a graPhic
1. Right-click the graPhic'
2. On the shortcut menu that appears, click save Picture As'
3. Browse to the folder where you would like to save the file'
4. Click save to save the file.
lnternel
5. To open a saved file, double-click it from the folder where you've saved it. Microsoft
Explorer will start automatically, and your saved file will appear in the browser window.
Tutorial 4.13 : Add a page to your Links bar
To add a page to your Links bar:

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INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES / 77

3.14 Electronic Publishing

4.1 Wodd Wde Web : The Simplified Access to the lnternet

0a$c Wsb Srowsei Rmetions

Pagee cen soiltaln a varlsty of

Fig.4.1 : Functions ol aWeb Browser

4.2 History of Web Growth

Leading the Web fo ifs Full

4.3 Working of lnternet Web

computer' web browser software, a connection

The lsP in turn is connected to other providers, and

Fig.4.2 : Messages from Webbrowser

' orsident protocds . m all major platforms

4.4 Web Browsers

4.5 Surfing the Net

4.7 Search Engine

4.8 Categories of Search Engines

maps), and e-mailaddresses, street addresses,

Search tools can be categorized as

4.8.1 Web Crawlers.

A couple of examples of the best crawlers.are;

A couple of examples of Directories are;

O Yahho's People Search

HotBot keyword searches of websites and newsgroups.

ch newsgroup postings. lf you're not familiar

including images, forms and imagemaps, and many HTML

4.8.5 Example of ),lultiple Serching: Cable Cars to the Stars

4.9 Searching Criterion

4.10 Advanced Search Techniques

4.10.5 Date Capability

4.10.7 Restricting Searches to Specific parts of the Document

4.10.8 Restricting Searchcs to Spccific Areas of thc Web

4.t0.9 Restricting Searches to Specific Xedia

4.1I Searching TiPs

4.13 Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

4.14 The World Wide Web & Hypertext

4.15 What is a Url?

4.15.t URI Syntax

Method What lt Stands For

Itp FileTransfer Protocol

The rest of a URL

http: / /www. w3. orglpub/WwW/MarkUp

4.15 WEB Servers

4.15.1 A Typical Tiansaction between Web Servers afd qients.

4.15.2 The ).lain Webserver: httpd (The http daemon)

4.16.t Server Hardware

ment' Another cost is distance. "out of sight, out of mind." ln

4.16.4 Seryer Software

analysis abreeze not found with PersonalWeb Server 4.0.

4.17 Web Guides

4,18 Portal and Portal SPace

4.l9 Web Browsers

4.21 Wo*ing with lnternet Explorer

4.21.1 Basic Setup

4.21.2 Safety in Browsing the Web

4,21.3 Learning how to Browse the Web Faster and Easier

4.22 Using Your Web Browser

are common to virtually every Web browser.

4.23 lnternet Explorer Web browser

4.23,.1 What to do if a Web page isn-t working

4.23.2 Setting up an lnternet connection using lnternet Connection Wizard

tr Click the Connections tab, and then click Setup.

4.23.3 Finding the lnformation You Want