The Infinitive / -ing form / g/-ed adjectives The to infinitive is used: Th -ing form is used: * to express purpose. He went fo university * as a noun. Walking is good exercise. | © after certain verbs (admit, anticipate, to become a lawyer. (in order to become) «after certain verbs such as agree, appear, decide, expect, hope, plan, promise, refuse, etc. He refused to pay the bil «after certain adjectives which describe feelinga/emotions (happy, glad, sorry, etc.). She was happy to win the prize, ‘after would like / would love / would prefer, etc. to express a specific Preference. J would like to see the manager, * after certain nouns. What a surprise to see him there! * after too / enough. He's too young to have his own car. He's clever enough to do the crossword. He's got enough money to live on. © with it + be + adjective (+ of + noun / pronoun). It was generous of him to offer £1,000 © with so + adjective + as. Would you be 80 kind as to help me move the sofa? © with only to express an unsatisfactory result, ‘She came in only to find Bob had let «© after be + the first/second, etc. / next / last / best, etc. He was the last to come to work. in the expression for + noun / pronoun + to infinitive. For him to be so rude was unforaivable. «in the expressions to tell you the truth, to begin with, to be honest, etc. To be honest, ! dn’ lke him. Note: if two infinitives are joined by and oF of, the to of the second infinitive ‘can be omitted. | want to call Mr Jones and fax or post him a letter. The infinitive without to Is used: appreciate, avoid, consider, continue, delay, deny, discuss, enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy, finish, forgive, go (for activities), imagine, involve, keep (= continue), mention, mind, miss, object to, postpone. practise. prevent. ‘quit, recall, recollect, report, resent, resist, risk, ‘save, stand, suggest, tolerate, understand, etc.). They discussed selling the company. “Let's go jogging!” "No, I'd rather go sailing.” after dislike, enjoy, hate, lke, love, prefer to ‘express general preference. She likes painting. {in general) Note: like + to infinitive = itis considered a good idea ‘ike to wash my hair every day. after I'm busy, it's no use, i's (no) good, it's (not) worth, what's the use of, can't help, there's no point (in), can't stand, have difficulty {in), in addition to, as well as, have trouble, have a hard/difficult time. He can't stand being treated ike a slave. He had difficulty finding his way back. after spend / waste (time, money, ete.). He spends his free time digging (in) the garden, after prepositions. He /eft the shop without paying, 0 he was accused of stealing. after look forward to, be / get used to, be / get accustomed to, object to, admit (to), etc. 1'm looking forward to hearing from you soon. after hear, listen, notice, see, watch to express an incomplete action, Le. somebody saw or heard only a part of the action. ! saw Tim doing his homework. (| saw part of the action in progress. didn't wait until he had finished.) BUT hear, listen, see, watch + infinitive without to express a complete action, i.e, something that somebody saw or heard from beginning to end. / saw Tim do his homework. it took him an hour. (( saw the whole action from beginning to end.) * after most modal verbs (can, must, will, etc.). You can leave now if you want. after had better / would rather. Id rather not go out tonight. 'd better stay at home. after make / let / see / hear /feel + object. They made him pay for the damage. BUT in the passive be made / be heard / be seen + to infinitive. He was made to pay for the damage. ‘* know and help are followed by a to infinitive or an infinitive without to. Ive never known him (to) be so mean. Could you help me (to) fix the car? BUT in the passive be known, be helped + to infinitive. She was known to have worked as a teacher.The Infinitive / -ing form / -ing/-ed adjectives Verbs taking to infinitive or -ing form with a change in meaning © forget + to infinitive (= forget to do sth) 'm sorry, forgot to lock the car. forget + -ing form (= forget a past event) We'll never forget visiting Paris. ‘© remember + to infinitive (= remember to do sth) Remember to read the instructions. remember 1 -ing form (= rccall a past cvont) {Idon't remember meeting Al before. ‘© mean + to infinitive (= intend to) He means 10 move fo Newcast. mean + -ing form (= involve) Working harder means getting more money. * go on + to infinitive (= finish doing sth and, start doing sth else) After finishing her BA, she went on to get a master’s degree. {go on + -ing form (= continue) ‘She went on watching TV. * regret + to infinitive (= be sorry to do sth) | regret to tell you that you have failed. regret + -ing form (= have second thoughts ‘about sth already done) He rearets telling lies when he was young, © would prefer + to infinitive (specific preference) 'd prefer to have an early night tonight prefer + -ing form (in general) I preter reading 2 hook to watching TV Prefer + to infinitive + (rather) than + infinitive without to | prefer to read a book (rather) than watch TV. # try + to infinitive (= do one's best; attempt) ‘She tried hard to cope with her new job. try + -ing form (= do sth as an experiment) Try adding some more sauce to your pasta. © want + to infinitive (= wish) want to find a better job. want 1 -ing form (~ ath nocd to be done) Your dress wants cleaning, © stop + to infinitive (= pause temporarily) ‘He stopped to buy some mik on nis way nome. stop + -ing form (= finish) ‘Stop talking to each other, please! * be sorry + to infinitive (= regret) 'm sorry to hear he has been injured. be sorry for + -ing form (= apologise for an eatlier action) 'm sorry for misunderstandingihaving ‘misunderstood what you said. © hate + to infinitive (= feel sorry that you have to ask, interrupt, et.) {hate to interrupt, but | must talk to you. hate + «ing form (= fee! sory for what one is doing) | hate making you fee! uncomfortable. «be afraid + to infinitive (= the subject feels anxious about doing sth) 1'm afraid to drive over the old bridge. he atraid of + ing fem (= the silbject is afaic that whatis described by the ing form may happen) She is afraid of breaking her legit she jumps over the wall @ Putthe verbs in brackets into the infinitive or -ing form. {pick up) his dry cleaning on the way home. (eat) so much chocolate, you'll make yoursetil. (phone) John at the office it he's not at home (finish) the test, but there just wasn't enough time. (become) a company director. (play) oven after the lights had gone out (show) her school report to her parents (lose) my way in the forest. What do you mean (G0) with aul that money? 10. Playing a musical instrument well means (practise) for years. 11 Lregret (tell) you that your appointment has been cancelled. 12. She regrets (spend) so much money on her new dress. 48 Do you remember (Fide) a bicycle for the first time? 44 Remombor (po2t) the letters on your way homo. 4° oh 1. Tom stopped to. pick.up. 2 you don't stop 3 Ty 4 [tried my best 5 He was promoted in 1990 and went on 6 The band went on 7 Jane was afraid 8 I'matraid of 9