APPLIED ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES:

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND SYSTEMS Allowable Stress Design

ARCH 631
• historical method
DR. ANNE NICHOLS
FALL 2013 • a.k.a.
working stress,
lecture
stress design
four • stresses stay in
ELASTIC range

design methods
& beams Forum, Pompeii

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Allowable Stress Design Limit State Design

• codes • stresses go to limit (strain outside
– wood elastic range)
• National Design Specification www.thfrc.gov • loads may be factored
• Manual of Timber Construction (glulam)
• resistance or capacity reduced by a
– masonry
factor
• Masonry Specification Joint Code
– steel • based on material behavior
• Steel Joist Institute • “state of the art”
• American Institute of Steel Construction www.thfrc.gov

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Limit State Design Reinforced Concrete Design
• codes • ultimate strength design
– wood •  factor applied to capacity
• National Design Specification – different for flexure, shear, bearing....
– masonry
• factors applied to loads (ASCE 7)
• Masonry Specification Joint Code
– may be different for combinations
– concrete
• American Concrete Institute 𝑈 = 1.2𝐷 + 1.6𝐿
• Precast & Prestressed Concrete 𝑈 = 1.2𝐷 + 1.0𝑊 + 1.0𝐿
– steel ⋮
• American Institute of Steel Construction – can use alternate values & factors (older codes)
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Reinforced Concrete Design Reinforced Concrete Design

• want steel to yield first
– ductile failure
– underreinforced
• find flexure capacity or resistance from
– ultimate stresses in steel
– “uniform stress block” in concrete

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Steel Design Plastic Design
• load and resistance factor design • bending & beams
• like concrete, but capacity related to material • all of material
Ru  Rn nominal strength sees ultimate
load factors
load types resistance factor stress
• Ru combinations, ex:
• refers primarily
– 1.4D
– 1.2D + 1.6L
to steel behavior
• compression 𝑐 = 0.85 • statically
• capacity 𝑃𝑛 = 𝐴𝑔 𝐹𝑐𝑟 indeterminate
systems
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Elastic vs. Plastic Behavior Internal Moments - ALL at yield

• Hooke’s law valid • all parts reach yield
f = E • plastic hinge forms
• ultimate moment
• yield point is end of
elastic range for a • Atension = Acompression
ductile material
f

fy = 50ksi

• continued strain E M ult or M p  bc 2 f y  3 M y

with no more load 1

2
y = 0.001724

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Plastic Hinge Development Plastic Hinge Examples
• stability can be effected

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Plastic Section Modulus Beams

• shape factor, k • transverse loading
M
k p
• sees:
My
= 3/2 for a rectangle – bending
– shear
 1.1 for an I kZ – deflection
S
– torsion
• plastic modulus, Z – bearing
M
Z 
p
• cross section shape
fy
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Beams Beams
• maximum stress distribution • deflections
• principal stresses
d2y M( x )
– resultant of shear and bending stress  curvature 
dx 2 EI

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Beams Beams
• design: • bending stresses
– bending stress not exceeding allowable or dominate
limit stress

Mc M • shear stresses exist

Fall  f b  S req' d  horizontally with shear
I Fall
• no shear stresses
with pure bending

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Beams Beams
• V & M drawings help determine Mmax • prismatic (constant cross section)
– maximum stress  maximum moment
V + V  (  w )dx • non-prismatic
– S varies +
-

M  ( V )dx
M +
M +
L
– inflection points where slope of M=0 L

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Beam Design Beam Design

1. Know Fall for the material or 4*. Include self weight for Mmax
fu for LRFD – and repeat 3 & 4 if necessary

2. Draw V & M, finding Mmax h 5. Consider lateral stability

Unbraced roof trusses

b
3. Calculate Sreq’d were blown down in
1999 at this project in
bh 2 Moscow, Idaho.
4. Determine section size S Photo: Ken Carper
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Beam Design Beam Design
5. Consider lateral stability (cont) 6. Evaluate shear stresses - horizontal
• lateral buckling caused by compressive • W and rectangles 3V V
forces at top couples with insufficient  max  
2 A Aweb
rigidity
• can occur at
low stress levels
• stiffen or brace

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Beam Design Beam Design

6. Evaluate shear stresses (cont) 7. Provide adequate bearing area at
• thin walled – open or closed supports P
fp 
A
VQ VQ
 ave  q 8. Evaluate torsion
Ib I • cross section
T
T
Tρ
τ
T + J
L
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Beam Design Beam Design
8. Torsion (cont) 8. Torsion (cont) T
• round-ish • open long sections τ max 
1 ab 2
Tρ 3
τ
J
J  12 πc 4
• rectangular
T
τ max 
c1ab 2
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Beam Design Deflection Limits

9. Evaluate deflections • based on service condition, severity
• ymax & location Use LL only DL+LL
Roof beams:
Industrial L/180 L/120
Commercial
plaster ceiling L/240 L/180
no plaster L/360 L/240
Floor beams:
Ordinary Usage L/360 L/240
Roof or floor (damageable elements) L/480
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Continuous Beams Continuous Beams
• statically indeterminate • loading pattern affects
• reduced moments than simple beam – moments & deflection

max

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Continuous Beams Continuous Beams

• unload end span • unload middle span

 max  max

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Beam Materials Tools – Multiframe
• timber • in computer lab
• glu-lam wood
• concrete
• steel
• reinforced masonry

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Tools – Multiframe Tools – Multiframe

• frame window • to run analysis choose
– define beam members – Analyze menu
– select points, assign supports • Linear
– select members, • plot
assign section – choose options
• load window – double click (all)
– select point or member, • results
add point or distributed – choose
loads options
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