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PROGRAMMABLE
CIRCUITS AND
MICROCONTROLLERS
These are lecture notes to accompany the books:
Mohammad Ali Mazidi, The 8051 Microcontroller and embedded
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systems.2006
Milan Verle, PIC Microcontrollers - Programming in C, 2009
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 Course Outline
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Introduction to Digital systems.

PIC Microcontrollers architecture.

Programming Microcontrollers C-Language

The 8051 Microcontrollers

8051 Assembly Language programming

Overview on Arduino development
environment and programming language.
 What is a Microcontroller?
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 Microcontroller Applications
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 Microcontroller Applications
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 Introduction to Digital
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To understand the software and hardware of a

microcontroller based systems, one first must
have knowledge is some basic concepts under
computer design.

Fundamentals of numbering and coding systems.

Introduction to logic gates.
 Numbering and coding systems
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The numbering system we use (human)

everyday is decimal. Computers use BINARY
system.

Decimal Base 10. (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9)

Binary  Base two. (0, 1)
 Converting form Binary to Decimal
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To convert form binary to decimal, it is important

to understand the weight concept of each digit.

Weight of number (740683)10

3 x 100 =3

8 x 101 =80

6 x 102 =600

0 x 103 =0

4 x 104 =40000

7 x 105 =700000
 Converting form Binary to Decimal
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Ex 1:

Convert (11001)2 to Decimal:

Weight: 16 8 4 2 1

Digits: 1 1 0 0 1

Sum: 16+ 8+ 0+ 0+ 1=2510
 Converting form Binary to Decimal
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Ex2:

Convert (110110.01)2 to Decimal

1 x 2-2 =0.25

0 x 2-1 =0

0 x 20 =0

1 x 21 =2

1 x 22 =4

0 x 23 =0

1 x 24 =16

1 x 25 =32
Sum= (54.25)10
 Converting form Decimal to Binary
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Ex 3:

Convert (25)10 to Binary.

Quotient Reminder

25/2 = 12 1 (LSB)

12/2= 6 0

6/2= 3 0

3/2= 1 1

½= 0 1 (MSB)
Therefore (25)10 is (11001)2
 Hexadecimal System
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Base 16, the hexadecimal system is used in a

convenient representation of binary numbers.

It is much easier for us to represent a binary
number 111100110101 as its hexadecimal
number F25H.

The Hexadecimal (Base 16) : 0-9, A, B, C, D,
E and F.
 Decimal – Binary - Hexadecimal13
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 Converting between Binary and Hex
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Ex4: Represent (100111110101)2

Solution:

1- Group each 4 bits: 1001 1111 0101

2- Replace each 4 bits with its hex equivalent:

1001 9, 1111F, 01015

Therefore (100111110101)2 =9F5H
 Convert Hex to Binary
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Ex5: Convert 3A9H to Binary

3 0011, A 1010, 91001

So (3A)16 = (001110101001)2
 Converting from decimal to hex
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Two ways:

1- Convert to binary then to hex

Convert directly to hex, by repeated division by
16 and keep tracking the reminder.
 Converting from decimal to hex
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Ex 6: Convert 4510 To Hex

First convert to binary (sum of weight method):

32 16 8 4 2 1

1 0 1 1 0 1

32+8+4+1= 4510 = 1011012

4510 = (0010 1101)2 = 2D16
 Convert from hex to decimal
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Convert by summing all weights or convert to

binary then decimal.
 Counting in bases 10,2 and 16
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 Counting in bases 10,2 and 16
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 Addition of binary
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Add the following numbers:

Binary Decimal

1101 13

1001 + 9 +

10110 22
 Addition of hex numbers
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Ex:7 Perform Hex addition : 23D9+94BE

23D9 LSD: 9+14=231017H

94BE + 1+13+11=251019H

B897 1+3+4=810 8H

MSD: 2+9=1110BH
 ASCII Code
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American Standard Code for Information

Interchange.