Concepts of Genetics 3Rd Edition by Robert - Test Bank

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Sample Test
Concepts of Genetics, 3e (Brooker)
Chapter 3 Mendelian Inheritance

1) The use of crosses between different strains of pea plants was not the first
attempt to explain heredity. The theory of pangenesis was first proposed by
________.
1. A) Aristotle
2. B) Galen
3. C) Mendel
4. D) Hippocrates
5. E) None of these choices are correct.

Answer: D
Section: 03.01
Topic: Mendel’s Study of Pea Plants
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 03.01.02 Outline the steps that Mendel followed to make
crosses between different strains of pea plants
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

2) Mendel’s data from single-factor crosses did not support a blending
mechanism of inheritance. Which of the following is correct regarding the
blending theory of inheritance?
1. A) It theorized that hereditary traits blended from one generation to the

next.
2. B) It was possible for the blending to change the trait from one
generation to the next.
3. C) It was supported by early research of tobacco plants by Joseph
Kölreuter.
4. D) It was the prevailing theory of inheritance prior to Mendel.
5. E) All of these choices are correct.

Answer: E
Section: 03.02
Topic: Law of Segregation
Bloom’s: 4. Analyze
Learning Outcome: 03.02.01 Analyze Mendel’s experiments involving single-
factor crosses.

3) Mendel’s work was rediscovered in 1900 by which of the following
individual(s)?
1. A) Carl Correns
2. B) Erich von Tschermak
3. C) Hugh de Vries
4. D) All of these choices are correct.

Answer: D
Section: 03.01

4) Mendel’s work on inheritance had an immediate influence on the scientific
community and theories of inheritance.

Answer: FALSE
Section: 03.01

5) Which of the following characteristics made the pea plant Pisum sativum an
ideal organism for Mendel’s studies?
1. A) It has the ability to self-fertilize.

2. B) It was possible to cross-fertilize one plant with another.
3. C) It has easily identifiable traits.

Answer: D
Section: 03.01
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 03.01.01 Describe the characteristics of pea plants that
make them a suitable organism to study genetically.

6) The anthers represent the ________ portion of the plant; the ovules
represent the ________ portion of the plant.
1. A) female; male
2. B) male; female
3. C) female; female
4. D) male; male

Answer: B
Section: 03.01

7) Differences in plant characteristics such as flower color or height are called
variants or traits.

Answer: TRUE
Section: 03.01
Learning Outcome: 03.01.03 List the seven characteristics of pea plants that
Mendel chose to study.

8) Which of the following traits were studied by Mendel? Check all that apply.
1. A) flower color
2. B) seed color
3. C) pod color
4. D) pollen color
5. E) plant height

Answer: A, B, C, E
Section: 03.01

9) When studying a genetic cross, the second generation following the initial
cross is identified by which of the following?
1. A) P generation
2. B) F1generation
3. C) F2generation
4. D) F3generation
5. E) P3generation

Answer: C
Section: 03.02
factor crosses.

10) A true-breeding line of green pod pea plants is crossed with a true-
breeding line of yellow pod plants. All of their offspring have green pods. From
this information, it can be stated that the green color is ________ to the yellow
color.
1. A) recessive
2. B) dominant
3. C) subservient
4. D) blended

Answer: B
Section: 03.02
Bloom’s: 3. Apply
factor crosses.

11) What theory did Mendel’s work with monohybrid crosses support?
1. A) blending theory of inheritance

2. B) particulate theory of inheritance
3. C) chromosomal theory of inheritance
4. D) pangenesis

Answer: B
Section: 03.02
factor crosses.

12) What resulted from Mendel’s work with single-factor crosses?
1. A) law of segregation
2. B) law of independent assortment
3. C) theory of natural selection
4. D) law of biological evolution

Answer: A
Section: 03.02
factor crosses.

13) When Mendel crossed two plants that were heterozygous for a single trait,
what was the phenotypic ratio of their offspring?
1. A) 1:2:1
2. B) 9:3:3:1
3. C) 3:1
4. D) 7:4
5. E) Varied depending on the trait

Answer: C
Section: 03.02
factor crosses.

14) When Mendel crossed two plants that were heterozygous for a single trait,
what was the genotypic ratio of their offspring?
1. A) 1:2:1
2. B) 9:3:3:1
3. C) 3:1
4. D) 1:1
5. E) Varied depending on the trait

Answer: A
Section: 03.02
factor crosses.

15) An individual who has two identical alleles for a trait is said to be
________.
1. A) homozygous
2. B) heterozygous
3. C) isozygous
4. D) a variant

Answer: A
Section: 03.02
Learning Outcome: 03.02.02 State Mendel’s law of segregation, and explain
how it is related to gamete formation and fertilization.

16) The genetic composition of an individual is called its ________.
1. A) phenotype
2. B) genotype
3. C) hybrid
4. D) dominance

Answer: B
Section: 03.02

17) The observable characteristics of an organism are called its ________.
1. A) phenotype
2. B) genotype
3. C) dominance
4. D) genes

Answer: A
Section: 03.02

18) An individual who has two different alleles for a trait is called ________.
1. A) haploid
2. B) homozygous
3. C) heterozygous
4. D) isozygous
5. E) true-breeding

Answer: C
Section: 03.02

19) In a Punnett square diagram, the outside of the box represents the
________.
1. A) diploid offspring
2. B) haploid offspring
3. C) diploid gametes
4. D) haploid gametes

Answer: D
Section: 03.02
Learning Outcome: 03.02.03 Predict the outcome of a single-factor cross or
self-fertilization experiment using a Punnett square.

20) Mendel’s work with two-factor crosses led directly to which of the
following?
1. A) chromosomal theory of inheritance

2. B) particulate theory of inheritance
3. C) law of segregation
4. D) law of independent assortment
5. E) theory of biological evolution

Answer: D
Section: 03.03
Topic: Law of Independent Assortment
Learning Outcome: 03.03.01 Analyze Mendel’s experiments involving two-
factor crosses.

21) In a two-factor cross using Mendelian inheritance, if both parents are
heterozygous for both traits, what will be the phenotypic ratio of their
offspring?
1. A) 3:1
2. B) 1:2:1
3. C) 1:1
4. D) 9:3:3:1

Answer: D
Section: 03.03
factor crosses.

22) If a Punnett square is used to visualize a three-factor cross, how many
boxes would be inside of the square?
1. A) 3
2. B) 8
3. C) 48
4. D) 64
5. E) can’t be determined

Answer: D
Explanation: The number of boxes inside the Punnett square is the number of
unique female gametes multiplied by the number of unique male gametes
(columns times rows). With a two-factor cross, the number of unique gametes
is 2 x 2 = 4. (AB, Ab, aB, and ab.) Thus, there are 4 x 4 = 16 boxes inside the
square. For a three-factor cross, the number of unique gametes is 2 x 2 x 2 =
8. (ABC, ABc, AbC, Abc, aBC, aBc, aBC, and abc.) Thus, there are 8 x 8 = 64
boxes inside the square.
Section: 03.03
Bloom’s: 3. Apply
Learning Outcome: 03.03.03 Predict the outcome of two-factor crosses using
a Punnett square.

23) In humans, patterns of inheritance are often studied using which of the
following?
1. A) two-factor crosses
2. B) production of true-breeding lines
3. C) pedigree analysis
4. D) self-fertilization

Answer: C
Section: 03.05
Topic: Studying Inheritance Patterns in Humans
Learning Outcome: 03.05.01 Describe the features of a pedigree.

24) The chance that a future event will occur is called ________.
1. A) probability
2. B) goodness of fit
3. C) degrees of freedom
4. D) random selection

Answer: A
Section: 03.06
Topic: Probability and Statistics
Learning Outcome: 03.06.01 Define probability.

25) A coin is flipped 100 times, with a result of 53 heads and 47 tails. The
deviation between the observed numbers and the expected 50-50 results is
called ________.
1. A) probability
2. B) degrees of freedom
3. C) goodness of fit
4. D) random sampling error
5. E) standard error

Answer: D
Section: 03.06
Learning Outcome: 03.06.01 Define probability.

26) Which of the following would be used to determine the probability of three
independent events in order?
1. A) sum rule
2. B) product rule
3. C) chi square test
4. D) binomial expansion
5. E) random sampling error

Answer: B
Section: 03.06
Bloom’s: 3. Apply
Learning Outcome: 03.06.02 Predict the outcome of crosses using the
product rule and binomial expansion equation.

27) A couple would like to know what the probability is that out of five children,
three will be girls. This is solved using which of the following?
1. A) sum rule
2. B) product rule
3. C) chi square test
4. D) binomial expansion
5. E) random sampling error

Answer: D
Section: 03.06
Bloom’s: 3. Apply

28) Recall that in pea plants, purple flower color is dominant and white is
recessive. If two heterozygous plants are crossed, what is the probability that
the first two offspring will have purple flowers?
1. A) 1/2
2. B) 1/4
3. C) 6/4
4. D) 9/16
5. E) 1/16

Answer: D
Section: 03.06
Bloom’s: 3. Apply

29) The chi square test is used to prove that a hypothesis is correct.

Answer: FALSE
Explanation: The chi square test is used to determine goodness of fit
between the observed data and the data that are predicted from a hypothesis.
If the observed and predicted data are very similar, we can conclude that the
hypothesis is consistent with the observed outcome. In this case, it is
reasonable to accept the hypothesis. However, it should be emphasized that
this does not prove a hypothesis is correct. Statistical methods can never
prove that a hypothesis is correct. They can provide insight about whether or
not the observed data seem reasonably consistent with the hypothesis.
Alternative hypotheses, perhaps even ones that the experimenter has failed to
realize, may also be consistent with the data.
Section: 03.06
Learning Outcome: 03.06.03 Evaluate the validity of a hypothesis using a chi
square test.

30) In a genetic cross, there are n classes of data. What would the degrees of
freedom be for a chi square test on this data?
1. A) n
2. B) n + 1
3. C) n – 1
4. D) 2n + 1
5. E) x(n) where x equals the number of individuals in the cross

Answer: C
Section: 03.06
square test.

31) The likelihood that the variation of observed data from expectations is due
to random chance is called the ________.
1. A) P value
2. B) goodness of fit
3. C) degrees of freedom
4. D) empirical approach

Answer: A
Section: 03.06
square test.

32) In the biological sciences, the hypothesis is usually rejected if the P value
is ________.
1. A) greater than 1
2. B) less than 0.30
3. C) less than 0.95
4. D) less than 0.05
5. E) less than 1

Answer: D
Section: 03.06
square test.

33) Mendel’s data and the study of chromosomes and meiosis did not support
the idea of ________, which is the belief that seeds are produced by all parts
of the body and transmitted to the next generation.
1. A) the chromosome theory of inheritance

2. B) pangenesis
3. C) the blending theory of inheritance
4. D) the law of segregation
5. E) the law of independent assortment

Answer: B
Section: 03.04
Topic: Chromosome Theory of Inheritance
Learning Outcome: 03.04.01 List the key tenets of the chromosome theory of
inheritance.

34) If two individuals with different distinct characteristics are mated, their
offspring is called a ________.
1. A) strain
2. B) true-breeding line
3. C) gamete
4. D) cross
5. E) hybrid

Answer: E
Section: 03.01

35) If over several generations a character does not vary in a group of
organisms, that group can be called a ________.
1. A) heterozygote
2. B) hybrid
3. C) true-breeding line
4. D) variant
5. E) cross-fertilized line

Answer: C
Section: 03.01

36) A cross in which a researcher investigates the patterns of inheritance of a
single trait is called a ________.
1. A) monohybrid cross
2. B) multi-factor cross
3. C) two-factor cross
4. D) cross-fertilization
5. E) self-fertilization

Answer: A
Section: 03.02
factor crosses.

37) A specific version of a gene is called a(n) ________.
1. A) trait
2. B) character
3. C) gamete
4. D) allele
5. E) variant

Answer: D
Section: 03.02

38) The ________ refers to the genetic composition of an individual.
1. A) character
2. B) genotype
3. C) phenotype
4. D) dominant trait
5. E) recessive trait

Answer: B
Section: 03.02

39) The ________ refers to the observable characteristics of an individual.
1. A) character
2. B) genotype
3. C) phenotype
4. D) dominant trait
5. E) recessive trait

Answer: C
Section: 03.02

40) In a genetic cross, the ________ represent offspring with genetic
combinations that were not found in the parental lines.
1. A) P generation
2. B) nonrecombinants
3. C) parentals
4. D) nonparentals

Answer: D
Section: 03.03
factor crosses.

41) The study of family trees in humans is called a ________ analysis.
1. A) pedigree
2. B) monohybrid
3. C) factorial
4. D) statistical
5. E) probability

Answer: A
Section: 03.05
Learning Outcome: 03.05.01 Describe the features of a pedigree.

42) Statistical analysis determines the ________ between observed data and
what was expected from the original hypothesis.
1. A) testcross
2. B) degrees of freedom
3. C) P values
4. D) complete hypothesis
5. E) goodness of fit

Answer: E
Section: 03.06
square test.

43) Mendel’s law of independent assortment states that ________ randomly
assort their ________ during the formation of haploid cells.
1. A) genes; alleles
2. B) alleles; versions
3. C) cells; mitochondria
4. D) genes; nucleotides

Answer: A
Explanation: The law of independent assortment states that genes randomly
assort their alleles during the formation of haploid cells. In other words, the
allele of one gene does not affect the distribution of alleles of a separate gene.
Section: 03.03
Learning Outcome: 03.03.02 State Mendel’s law of independent assortment.

44) Which situation below would violate the law of independent assortment, as
understood by Mendel?
1. A) A plant breeder is able to create a true-breeding line that combines

the alleles for white flowers and wrinkled peas.
2. B) A mutant gene can prevent pod formation altogether, thus preventing
expression of the round or wrinkled pea alleles.
3. C) A gene for petal color does not affect the expression of a gene for
petal number.
4. D) A gene for leaf shape is linked to a gene for petal number nearby on
the same chromosome, so their alleles usually segregate together.
5. E) Combining certain alleles of different genes results in a plant that
grows poorly.

Answer: D
Explanation: The law of independent assortment states that two different
genes randomly assort their alleles during the formation of haploid cells. Two
genes that lie near each other on a chromosome are said to be linked, since
their alleles will tend to segregate together. Mendel did not know about this
phenomenon, as genetic linkage was not discovered until after the
rediscovery of Mendel’s laws.
Section: 03.03
Bloom’s: 5. Evaluate
Learning Outcome: 03.03.02 State Mendel’s law of independent assortment.

45) Choose all statements that constitute key tenets of the chromosome
theory of inheritance.
1. A) Chromosomes are copies of the genetic material that are used to

make proteins and are then destroyed.
2. B) Chromosomes contain the genetic material.
3. C) Chromosomes are contributed by the maternal parent only.
4. D) Chromosomes are replicated and transmitted during inheritance and
during development.
5. E) Most cells are diploid, with two copies of each chromosome.
6. F) Gametes contain two copies of each chromosome so there is a
backup copy if one is damaged.
7. G) During gamete formation, chromosomes segregate independently.
8. H) Each parent contributes one complete set of chromosomes.
9. J) Certain chromosomes are linked together, so that genes that work
together are transmitted together.

Answer: B, D, E, G, H
Explanation: The chromosomes theory of inheritance states:

1. Chromosomes contain the genetic material that is transmitted from

parent to offspring and from cell to cell.
2. Chromosomes are replicated and passed along, generation after

generation, from parent to offspring. They are also passed from cell to
cell during the development of a multicellular organism. Each type of
chromosome retains its individuality during cell division and gamete
formation.
3. The nuclei of most eukaryotic cells contain chromosomes that are found
in homologous pairs—they are diploid. One member of each pair is
inherited from the mother, the other from the father. At meiosis, one of
the two members of each pair segregates into one daughter nucleus,
and the homolog segregates into the other daughter nucleus. Gametes
contain one set of chromosomes—they are haploid.
4. During the formation of haploid cells, different types of (nonhomologous)

chromosomes segregate independently of each other.
5. Each parent contributes one set of chromosomes to its offspring. The

maternal and paternal sets of homologous chromosomes are
functionally equivalent; each set carries a full complement of genes.
The chromosomes theory of inheritance states:



formation.





formation.





formation.






formation.


Section: 03.04
Learning Outcome: 03.04.01 List the key tenets of the chromosome theory of
inheritance.

46) What aspect of meiosis best explains Mendel’s law of segregation?
1. A) selective removal of genetic information to create haploid gametes

2. B) separation of homologous chromosomes during Meiosis I
3. C) random alignment of different bivalents during Meiosis I
4. D) transmission of genes together when they lie nearby on the same
chromosome
5. E) separation of identical alleles during Meiosis II

Answer: B
Explanation: The separation of homologs during Meiosis I accounts for
Mendel’s observation that two copies of a gene segregate (or separate) from
each other during transmission from parent to offspring.
Section: 03.04
Learning Outcome: 03.04.02 Explain the relationship between meiosis and
Mendel’s laws of inheritance.

47) What aspect of meiosis best explains Mendel’s law of independent
assortment?
1. A) selective removal of genetic information to create haploid gametes

2. B) separation of homologous chromosomes during Meiosis I
3. C) random alignment of different bivalents during Meiosis I
4. D) transmission of genes together when they lie nearby on the same
chromosome
5. E) separation of identical alleles during Meiosis II

Answer: C
Explanation: The random alignment of bivalents (pairs of duplicated
chromosomes) with respect to each other during Meiosis I accounts for
Mendel’s observation that two different genes randomly assort their alleles
during the formation of haploid cells. The movement of the allele for seed
color will not affect the movement of the allele for seed shape on another
chromosome, because the pairs of homologs line up independently from each
other.
Section: 03.04
Learning Outcome: 03.04.02 Explain the relationship between meiosis and
Mendel’s laws of inheritance.

48) Small, closed communities of people that intermarry within the group are
likely to see a higher occurrence of disease from
1. A) recessive alleles.
2. B) dominant alleles.
3. C) malnutrition.
4. D) environmental factors.

Answer: A
Explanation: In small closed communities, marriage is likely to occur between
people who share genetic background. This increases the likelihood of
bringing together two copies of a recessive disease allele, allowing expression
of the disease trait.
Section: 03.05
Learning Outcome: 03.05.02 Analyze a pedigree to determine if a trait or
disease is dominant or recessive.

49) In a certain family pedigree, you observe that 7 of a couple’s 12 children
display a disease trait. In the subsequent generation, some of the children of
affected individuals have the disease, but none of the children of two
unaffected parents do. You conclude that the disease is caused by a
________ allele.
1. A) recessive
2. B) dominant
3. C) redundant
4. D) wild-type

Answer: B
Explanation: Dominant alleles are expressed even when paired with another
wild-type allele. Therefore they are expressed in every generation in
individuals that received the disease allele. Only children of affected
individuals can receive the disease allele, because unaffected individuals
must lack the disease allele completely.
Section: 03.05
Learning Outcome: 03.05.02 Analyze a pedigree to determine if a trait or
disease is dominant or recessive.

Concepts of Genetics, 3e (Brooker)
Chapter 5 Extensions of Mendelian Inheritance

1) Genes that are not required for survival, but are likely to be beneficial to the
organism, are called ________.
1. A) essential genes
2. B) lethal alleles
3. C) semilethal alleles
4. D) nonessential genes
5. E) conditional lethal alleles

Answer: D
Explanation: Are these genes harmful or essential?
Section: 05.06
Topic: Lethal Alleles
Learning Outcome: 05.06.01 Describe the different types of lethal alleles.

2) Alleles that cause death in a certain temperature range are examples of
________.
5. E) conditional lethal alleles

Answer: E
Explanation: A phenotype that manifests its effects under certain conditions.
Section: 05.06

3) Huntington disease in humans is an example of ________.
5. E) sex linked allele

Answer: B
Explanation:
Section: 05.06

4) A heterozygote possesses a phenotype that is intermediate between the
homozygous dominant and homozygous recessive phenotypes. This is most
likely an example of ________.
1. A) lethal alleles
2. B) incomplete dominance
3. C) gene dosage
4. D) sex-influenced inheritance

Answer: B
Explanation: See table 5.1.
Section: 05.04
Topic: Incomplete Dominance, Overdominance, and Codominance
Learning Outcome: 05.04.02 Explain the underlying molecular mechanisms
of incomplete dominance, overdominance, and codominance.

5) In four-o’clock plants, red flower color is dominant to white flower color.
However, heterozygous plants have a pink color. If a pink-flowered plant is
crossed with a white-flowered plant, what will be the phenotypic ratios of their
offspring?
1. A) ¼ red, ½ pink, ¼ white

2. B) all pink
3. C) all white
4. D) ½ pink, ½ white
5. E) ½ red, ½ pink

Answer: D
Explanation: Half the offspring will inherit the recessive allele from both
parents and the other half will be heterozygous.
Section: 05.04
Bloom’s: 3. Apply
Learning Outcome: 05.04.01 Predict the outcome of crosses involving
incomplete dominance, overdominance, and codominance.

6) The coat characteristics of Siamese cats and Himalayan rabbits, where
proteins in the extremities function differently than in other parts of the body, is
an example of ________.
1. A) incomplete dominance
2. B) multiple allele systems
4. D) temperature-sensitive allele

Answer: D
Explanation: Different parts of the body might be at different temperatures.
Section: 05.03
Topic: Environmental Effects on Gene Expression
Learning Outcome: 05.03.01 Discuss the role of the environment with regard
to an individual’s traits.

7) In rabbits, full coat color (C) is the dominant trait. A second allele, chinchilla
(cch), is recessive to full coat color. Himalayan coat color (ch) is recessive to
chinchilla and full coat colors, and albino (c) is recessive to all coat colors. If
two chinchilla rabbits mate, what coat color is not possible in their offspring?
1. A) full coat color

2. B) chinchilla coat color
3. C) himalayan coat color
4. D) albino coat color
5. E) All coat colors are possible.

Answer: A
Explanation: Two recessive phenotype parents cannot have dominant allele
progeny.
Section: 05.01
Topic: Overview of Simple Inheritance Patterns
Learning Outcome: 05.01.01 Compare and contrast the different types of
Mendelian inheritance patterns involving single genes.

8) In human blood groups, the fact that an individual can have an AB blood
type is an example of ________.
1. A) incomplete dominance
2. B) incomplete penetrance
3. C) sex-influenced trait
4. D) temperature-sensitive conditional allele
5. E) codominance

Answer: E
Explanation: Alleles that make functional gene products can be codominant.
Recessive alleles often fail to make a product; hence, loss-of-function.
Section: 05.04

9) An individual with type A blood and an individual with type B blood mate
and have offspring. What blood type is not possible in their offspring?
1. A) type O blood
2. B) type A blood
3. C) type B blood
4. D) type AB blood
5. E) All blood types are possible.

Answer: E
Explanation: A dominant phenotype can be homozygous or heterozygous.
Section: 05.04
Learning Outcome: 05.04.01 Predict the outcome of crosses involving
incomplete dominance, overdominance, and codominance.

10) At the molecular level, type A and type B blood differ in which of the
following characteristics?
1. A) the antigens present on the surface of the red blood cells

2. B) the type of sugar found in each type
3. C) the antibodies that are generated against the other type of blood

Answer: D
Explanation: Think about the phenotype and the consequences when used in
blood transfusions.
Section: 05.04

11) For a certain trait, a heterozygous individual has a selective advantage
over a homozygous dominant or homozygous recessive individual. This is
called ________.
1. A) codiminance
3. C) overdominance
4. D) incomplete penetrance
5. E) multiple allele systems

Answer: C
Explanation: Sometimes the heterozygote is more fit depending on
conditions.
Section: 05.04

12) Sickle-cell anemia in humans is an example of ________.
1. A) codominance
2. B) incomplete penetrance
3. C) heterozygote advantage
4. D) multiple allele systems

Answer: C
Explanation: Homozygous dominant individuals are more susceptible to
malaria and homozygous sickle cell can be lethal, therefore the heterozygous
genotype is advantageous.
Section: 05.04

13) At the molecular level, which of the following best explains heterozygous
advantage and overdominance?
1. A) A heterozygous individual can produce more varieties of homodimer

proteins.
2. B) The alleles produce two different proteins with slightly different
functions.
3. C) The proteins produced by the alleles may provide a broader range of
environmental tolerance, such as temperature ranges.
4. D) Infectious organisms may recognize only a specific functional
protein.
5. E) All of the answers are possibilities.

Answer: E
Explanation: Heterozygote advantage can be caused by a number of factors.
Section: 05.04

14) Polydactyly in humans is an example of ________.
1. A) simple Mendelian inheritance

3. C) incomplete penetrance
4. D) codominance
5. E) gene dosage

Answer: C
Explanation: Think range of phenotype; having an allele does not always
mean manifestation.
Section: 05.02
Topic: Dominant and Recessive Alleles
Learning Outcome: 05.02.03 Describe how traits can exhibit incomplete
penetrance and vary in their expressivity.

15) If a geneticist describes a trait as being 70% penetrant, what would that
mean?
1. A) The expression of the trait varies by individual.

2. B) It is lethal in 30% of the individuals who have the trait.
3. C) Only 70% of the individuals who have a particular genotype express
the trait.
4. D) The trait is present in 70% of the population.

Answer: C
Explanation: Remember penetrance is based on a percentage of
phenotype/allele.
Section: 05.02
Topic: Dominant and Recessive Alleles
Learning Outcome: 05.02.03 Describe how traits can exhibit incomplete
penetrance and vary in their expressivity.

16) The phenylketonuria phenotype in humans is an example of ________.
1. A) incomplete penetrance
2. B) codominance
3. C) an environmental-influenced trait
4. D) incomplete dominance

Answer: C
Explanation: Remember expression of a phenotype could be environment
dependent.
Section: 05.03
Topic: Environmental Effects on Gene Expression
Learning Outcome: 05.03.01 Discuss the role of the environment with regard
to an individual’s traits.

17) If an allele is dominant in one sex and recessive in another, it is an
example of ________.
1. A) sex-limited inheritance
2. B) sex-influenced inheritance
3. C) incomplete dominance
4. D) simple Mendelian inheritance

Answer: B
Explanation: Remember genes can interact, and sometimes allelic
relationships change.
Section: 05.05
Topic: Sex-Influenced and Sex-Limited Inheritance
Learning Outcome: 05.05.01 Compare and contrast sex-influenced
inheritance and sex-limited inheritance.
18) New research indicates that male-pattern baldness is a sex-linked trait in
humans because of mutations of an androgen receptor gene on the X
chromosome.

Answer: TRUE
Explanation: Recent research shows a mutated androgen receptor gene
present on the X chromosome contributes to male-pattern baldness.
Section: 05.05
Topic: Sex-Influenced and Sex-Limited Inheritance
Learning Outcome: 05.05.01 Compare and contrast sex-influenced
inheritance and sex-limited inheritance.

19) A paralog ________.
1. A) is found for every gene in mammals

2. B) is only found on the X but not the Y chromosome
3. C) can explain the lack of phenotype for a gene knockout
4. D) cannot be mutated
5. E) has the same DNA sequence as the original duplicated gene

Answer: C
Explanation: Remember gene redundancy can be caused by previous gene
duplication.
Section: 05.08
Topic: Gene Interaction
Learning Outcome: 05.08.02 Compare and contrast epistasis,
complementation, modifying genes, and gene redundancy.

20) The interaction of two genes to produce a phenotype was first described
by ________.
1. A) Morgan and Bridges

2. B) Mendel
3. C) Darwin
4. D) Bateson and Punnett

Answer: D
Explanation: Review section 5.8, “Gene Interaction.”
Section: 05.08
Learning Outcome: 05.08.01 Define gene interaction.

21) Epistasis is ________.
1. A) another term for overdominance

2. B) when one gene can mask the expression of a second gene
3. C) a trait that is only expressed in one sex of the species
4. D) when two dominant alleles can be expressed in the same individual

Answer: B
Explanation: Remember the phenotype of one gene can effect the products
of a different gene.
Section: 05.08

22) In a dihybrid cross of two heterozygous individuals, you expect a 9:3:3:1
phenotypic ratio in the offspring, but observe a ratio of 9:7. What is the most
likely explanation?
1. A) codominace
2. B) a sex-limited trait
3. C) simple Mendelian inheritance
4. D) incomplete penetrance
5. E) epistatic interactions of the two genes

Answer: E
Explanation: Remember that phenotype can be the result of biochemical
pathways requiring 2 or more functional gene products.
Section: 05.08
Bloom’s: 3. Apply
Learning Outcome: 05.08.03 Predict the outcome of crosses that exhibit
epistasis, complementation, and gene redundancy.

23) Which of the following is not correct concerning epistatic interactions?
1. A) They are often associated with enzymatic pathways.

2. B) They produce variations in the expected 9:3:3:1 ratio of a dihybrid
cross.
3. C) They can result when a gene at one locus masks the expression of a
gene at a different locus.
4. D) They always result in a 9:7 ratio of a dihybrid cross.
5. E) They are due to gene interactions.

Answer: D
Explanation: Numerous ratios are possible depending on the pathways.
Section: 05.08

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1. A) It theorized that hereditary traits blended from one generation to the

1. A) It has the ability to self-fertilize.

1. A) blending theory of inheritance

1. A) chromosomal theory of inheritance

1. A) the chromosome theory of inheritance

1. A) A plant breeder is able to create a true-breeding line that combines

1. A) Chromosomes are copies of the genetic material that are used to

1. Chromosomes contain the genetic material that is transmitted from

2. Chromosomes are replicated and passed along, generation after

4. During the formation of haploid cells, different types of (nonhomologous)

5. Each parent contributes one set of chromosomes to its offspring. The

The chromosomes theory of inheritance states:

1. Chromosomes contain the genetic material that is transmitted from

2. Chromosomes are replicated and passed along, generation after

4. During the formation of haploid cells, different types of (nonhomologous)

5. Each parent contributes one set of chromosomes to its offspring. The

The chromosomes theory of inheritance states:

1. Chromosomes contain the genetic material that is transmitted from

4. During the formation of haploid cells, different types of (nonhomologous)

5. Each parent contributes one set of chromosomes to its offspring. The

The chromosomes theory of inheritance states:

1. Chromosomes contain the genetic material that is transmitted from

2. Chromosomes are replicated and passed along, generation after

4. During the formation of haploid cells, different types of (nonhomologous)

5. Each parent contributes one set of chromosomes to its offspring. The

The chromosomes theory of inheritance states:

1. Chromosomes contain the genetic material that is transmitted from

2. Chromosomes are replicated and passed along, generation after

4. During the formation of haploid cells, different types of (nonhomologous)

5. Each parent contributes one set of chromosomes to its offspring. The

1. A) selective removal of genetic information to create haploid gametes

1. A) selective removal of genetic information to create haploid gametes

1. A) ¼ red, ½ pink, ¼ white

1. A) full coat color

1. A) the antigens present on the surface of the red blood cells

1. A) A heterozygous individual can produce more varieties of homodimer

1. A) simple Mendelian inheritance

1. A) The expression of the trait varies by individual.

1. A) is found for every gene in mammals

1. A) Morgan and Bridges

1. A) another term for overdominance

1. A) They are often associated with enzymatic pathways.

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