Criminal Justice 1st Canadian Edition by Gina - Test Bank

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Sample Test
Chapter 03
Policing

Multiple Choice Questions
1. (p. 53)Who was Sir Robert Peel?

A. Commander of the “Bobbies” in England.
B. Created the North West Mounted Police.
C. The first Canadian police officer.
D. Ontario Provincial Police Commissioner.

Learning Objective: 03-01 Describe the history of policing in Canada.
2. (p. 54)Which one of the below is NOT one of Sir Robert Peel’s

principles?
A. The test of police efficiency is the absence of crime and disorder.
B. The police are the public and the public are the police.
C. Police seek and preserve public favour by catering to public opinion.
D. The basic mission for which the police exist is to prevent crime and
disorder.

3. (p. 54)In policing today, there is approximately 1 civilian employee

(clerical, administrative, maintenance functions) for every ____ police
officers.
A. 10
B. 4
C. 2.5
D. 1.5

Learning Objective: 03-02 Identify the organization of policing in Canada.

4. (p. 55)Canada’s federal police agency is the

A. North West Mounted Police
B. Royal Canadian Mounted Police
C. Customs and Immigration Canada
D. Canadian Border Service Agency

5. (p. 55-56)Which two provinces are responsible for policing themselves?

A. Ontario and Quebec
B. Quebec and New Brunswick
C. Calgary and Ontario
D. Ontario and New Brunswick

6. (p. 56)Which is the largest municipal police service in Canada?
A. Surete de Quebec
B. Montreal Police Service
C. Royal Newfoundland Constabulary
D. Toronto Police Service

7. (p. 58)The underlying principle of Aboriginal justice was to

A. restore social order and resolve conflict
B. prevent harm and resolve conflict
C. restore social order and counsel victims
D. restore social order and punish the offender


8. (p. 58)Which agency is responsible for protecting Canada from threats

through terrorism, espionage, foreign interference, and cyber-
tampering?
A. Canadian Border Services Agency
B. Canadian Security Intelligence Service
C. The Royal Canadian Mounted Police
D. The Government of Canada

9. (p. 59)The following is NOT a federal statute.

A. The Police Services Act
B. Canada Evidence Act
C. Controlled Drug and Substance Act
D. The Constitution Act

Learning Objective: 03-03 Identify the legislation that governs police in
Canada.
10. (p. 59)The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms was

enacted in
A. 2010
B. 2005
C. 1990
D. 1982

Canada.
11. (p. 61)When is it NOT acceptable for a police officer to use his/her

discretion?
A. When making an arrest
B. When issuing a traffic ticket
C. When investigating a youthful offender
D. When investigating a domestic violence assault

Canada.

12. (p. 63)Which is NOT one of the functions of the police?

A. Crime prevention
B. Community change through legislative change
C. Law enforcement
D. Emergency response

Learning Objective: 03-04 Describe the role and function of policing.
13. (p. 65)Community policing is an approach that recognizes the

partnership and shared responsibility for crime prevention that exists
between the police and the community, and involves skills and abilities
to engage communities in ______________ problem solving.
A. emergency
B. cooperative
C. shared
D. proactive

14. (p. 66)Basic qualifications to become a police officer in Canada

include:
A. height, weight, previous criminal record
B. race and religion
C. age, fitness, moral character, driving ability, and eligibility to work in
Canada
D. post-secondary education, gender, place of origin

Learning Objective: 03-05 Explain the recruitment; selection; and training
process.
15. (p. 66)Although the minimum age for hire is 18, the RCMP reports
that the average hiring age of their recruits is
A. 19
B. 27
C. 25
D. 23

process.

16. (p. 67)The percentage of female officers in policing in Canada is

A. 11
B. 21
C. 31
D. 41

process.
17. (p. 68)Which profession is twice as likely to be killed on the job as

police officers?
A. Fast food delivery workers
B. Taxi drivers
C. Teachers
D. Train engineers

Learning Objective: 03-06 Recognize the stresses related to police work.
18. (p. 69)Oversight for police services at the municipal and regional

levels is performed by a
A. Police Advisory Board
B. Citizen Coalition
C. Accountability and Citizenship Board
D. Police Services Board

Learning Objective: 03-07 Outline types of police accountability and oversight.
19. (p. 71)In 2010, the cost of policing in Canada was approximately

A. $21.6 billion
B. $12.6 billion
C. $6.21 billion
D. $26.1 billion

Learning Objective: 03-08 Identify ways in which policing is evaluated.

20. (p. 71-72)What is the most effective way to measure police

productivity?
A. There is not one best way to measure police productivity.
B. Tabulate the number of criminal code incidents which are processed
each year.
C. Identify clearance rates which represent the number of cases solved.
D. Measuring the level of fear in the community.

21. (p. 72)Private security officers are hired to protect ___________

property.
A. public
B. valuable
C. private
D. public and private

Learning Objective: 03-09 Describe the role of private police in Canada.
22. (p. 72)According to Statistics Canada, there are _____ people

employed in the private security industry for every police officer in
Canada.
A. three
B. two
C. seven
D. four

23. (p. 72)Mandatory training in private security is a recent

development, which aims to increase the ___________________ of the
field.
A. size
B. professionalization
C. speed of response
D. liability


24. (p. 72)Comparing public police and private security personnel,

private security services represent greater _____________.
A. expertise
B. motivation
C. supervision
D. diversity

25. (p. 73)In some circumstances we can consent to being searched

by private security guards. When you understand what is being asked of
you, and you are aware of your right to refuse, it is called
A. professional practice
B. full disclosure
C. informed consent
D. duress

26. (p. 73)Private security guards have no authority to search

someone without his or her permission unless they have conducted a
___________________.
A. cursory search
B. citizen’s arrest
C. investigative detention
D. seizure of property


27. (p. 51)Russell Williams was arrested based on circumstantial

evidence called good old fashioned police work. What two key pieces of
physical evidence were identified as belonging to him?
A. Tire tracks and forensic evidence
B. DNA and fingerprints
C. DNA and tire marks
D. Boot prints and tire tracks

28. (p. 52)Policing in early Canada was handled primarily by the

military detachments stationed across Canada, until individual
communities began to identify people who agreed to be ____________.
A. Security guards
B. Shire reeves
C. Watchmen
D. Supervisors

29. (p. 53)The Royal Canadian Mounted Police have had their

headquarters in ______________ since 1920.
A. Regina
B. Aylmer
C. Toronto
D. Ottawa


30. (p. 53)As of 1873, the requirements to be hired as an RCMP

officer included being
A. Male or female
B. Between the age of 17-35
C. Able to ride a horse
D. Fully bilingual

31. (p. 54)As of 2011, there were 69,438 officers in Canada, which

gives a ratio of ____ police officers for every 100,000 people.
A. 100
B. 150
C. 201
D. 251

32. (p. 59)Provincial police officers are sworn to enforce the laws

within the province that employs them and their powers are limited to
__________.
A. the country of Canada
B. any province in Canada
C. the province that they are employed in
D. the municipality where they provide policing service

Canada.
33. (p. 59)The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is a part of

the _____________.
A. Search and Seizure legislation
B. Constitutional Amendments
C. Criminal Code of Canada
D. Constitution Act

Canada.

34. (p. 60)Section 8 of the Charter is important to understand as it

states that
A. Everyone has the right not to be arbitrarily detained or imprisoned
B. Everyone has the right to be secure against unreasonable search or
seizure
C. Everyone has the right to life, liberty, and security of the person
D. Everyone has the right to equality in the eyes of the law

Canada.
35. (p. 61)Even though section 9 of the Charter states everyone has

the right not to be arbitrarily detained or imprisoned
A. police can detain anyone at any time and do not have to justify why
B. the Charter does not have to be followed by the police
C. the courts have determined that random traffic stops are justified
D. the officer’s discretion overrides the need to abide by the Charter

Canada.
36. (p. 61)Police discretion is limited in the following situation:

A. an officer finds a youthful offender with a stolen chocolate bar in his
possession
B. an officer must ask for permission before using force on any person
C. a police officer must ask before he/she handcuffs a suspect
D. an officer is driving his police vehicle in pursuit of another vehicle

Canada.
37. (p. 62)The most visible members in their day to day work in the
criminal justice system are
A. the police
B. the Crown attorneys
C. the judges
D. the defense attorneys


38. (p. 68)Between 1961 and 2009, how many police officers were
murdered in the line of duty in Canada?
A. 33
B. 133
C. 233
D. 333

39. (p. 68)Which is NOT one of the side effects of shift work?

A. sleep deficit
B. high blood pressure
C. alcoholism
D. depression

40. (p. 69)What is the main criticism of the internal police investigative

process, the Professional Standards unit?
A. corrupt practice
B. low quality of internal investigation
C. lack of accountability to the Special Investigation Unit
D. lack of transparency when the police are investigating their own

41. (p. 71)Police services budgets across Canada have increased

steadily. Which of the following is NOT identified in the text as a reason
for this?
A. more police officers have been hired
B. the majority of the budget is spent on salaries and benefits
C. Canadians are content with the service they receive and see the cost
as acceptable
D. the cost of technology is driving up the cost for adequate policing
service provision


42. (p. 72)The clearance rate of 39 indicates that

A. 39 offenders were arrested that year
B. 39 percent of all reported offences were cleared by charge or other
form of clearance
C. 39 percent of all reported offences were never solved
D. 39 police officers made arrests

43. (p. 72)Which of the following statements does NOT apply to

private security officers?
A. they are hired to protect public property
B. they secure areas such as sports venues, shopping malls, and
businesses
C. private security can meet the specific needs of an organization
D. there has been a move towards more consistency and
professionalism within the industry lately

44. (p. 73)The powers of private security officers are

A. the same as police powers
B. dependent on their training and expertise
C. no different than those of an ordinary citizen
D. different whether they are on duty or off

45. (p. 73)The power for anyone to arrest without warrant
does NOT include
A. a person whom he/she finds committing a summary conviction
offence
B. a person whom he/she finds committing an indictable offence
C. a person who has committed a criminal offence and is escaping from
and freshly pursued by persons who have lawful authority to arrest that
person
D. a person whom he/she finds committing a robbery


46. (p. 73)Private security guards can search someone who

A. has been arrested for being suspicious
B. wants to enter a sporting event where a condition of entry is that they
consent to being searched
C. is the driver of a car, including the car itself
D. they believe is in possession of drugs

47. (p. 73)Informed consent means

A. you understand what you have been told, and know you must comply
B. you don’t feel that you can refuse, so you comply
C. you don’t understand what is being asked of you, but you agree
D. you understand what is being asked of you, and you are aware of
your right to refuse

48. (p. 73)Once a citizen’s arrest is made

A. you must take them immediately to the nearest court house
B. the Crown Attorney must be contacted
C. a police officer must be notified
D. a police officer must intervene to conclude the process

49. (p. 63)General police functions include

A. criminal investigation and behavioural profiling
B. travel information and assistance
C. criminal investigation, crime prevention, emergency response
D. emergency response and tactical deployment


50. (p. 63)An example of proactive policing is when

A. an officer stops a car following a high-speed chase
B. an officer walks through a park at dusk
C. an officer meets with a victim of sexual abuse
D. an officer interviews a suspect for a robbery


Short Answer Questions
51. (p. 55-56)List and describe the three levels of policing in Canada.
Federal: With a mandate to police approximately 75 percent of Canada’s

geography, the RCMP is the largest police service in Canada. Their services
include maintaining national databases; and special services include forensic
sciences analysis, criminal intelligence, and police training. Provincial: In
Ontario, provincial policing rests with the OPP, and in Quebec with the Sûreté
du Québec. All other provinces and territories have agreements that the
RCMP police their jurisdictions. Municipal: Municipal policing refers to
policing urban centres, areas with a dense population, throughout Canada.
Often called city or regional police. Municipalities can either form their own
police service, join a neighbouring service, or contract provincial police or
RCMP.

52. (p. 56)Which Municipal police service is the largest with 5,588

sworn police officers?
The Toronto Police Service.


53. (p. 61)What is police discretion and what are the limits to it?
Decisions on limiting police discretion are made to ensure that an individual

officer’s decisions are consistent with the goals and priorities of society
overall.

Canada.
54. (p. 62)Describe the rank structure used by police services.
Police services are organized in a “top down” bureaucratic structure with a

clear path of reporting and supervision. The rank structure is hierarchical in
nature whereby the Chief or Commissioner holds the highest rank and is the
commanding officer.

55. (p. 62)Compare the clearance rates of police crime shows versus

real life police work.
Police on television are far more successful than police in real life. One study
indicated that on television the police have a 90 percent clearance rate,
compared to real life where clearance rates are significantly lower at an
average of 39 percent.

56. (p. 65)Describe the Crime Stoppers program.
Crime Stoppers is an international organization that facilitates a partnership

between the public, the police, and the media. This proactive program
encourages the general public to assist the police anonymously to solve
crimes.


57. (p. 69)Who are the members of the Police Services Board?
The board membership consists of both politicians and civilians.

58. (p. 70)Describe the Special Investigation Unit in Ontario.
The Special Investigation Unit (SIU) is a civilian unit, established in 1990,

independent of the police. The SIU investigates circumstances involving
police and civilians that have resulted in serious injury, including sexual
assault or death.

59. (p. 71)Give one example of a public commission.
Examples of such commissions include:

Report on the Police Complaints System in Ontario (Patrick LeSage, Q.C.,
2005)
The Missing Women Commission of Inquiry (regarding the Robert William
Pickton case)
Bernardo Investigation Review (Mr. Justice Archie Campbell, 1996)
Royal Commission of Inquiry into Certain Deaths at the Hospital for Sick
Children and Related Matters (Mr. Justice Samuel Grange, 1984)

60. (p. 70)How does the media play a role in police accountability?
The media play a significant role in exposing situations that question police
accountability. We have seen a number of examples where the media have
raised questions about police conduct and raised awareness and a call for
further examination.


61. (p. 51)Russell Williams was sentenced to life imprisonment, but

he may be eligible for release at 72 years of age. Explain how this is
possible.
Life imprisonment actually means that an offender must serve 25 years in

prison, however he may then apply for parole at that time.

62. (p. 58-59)Describe the role of CSIS in relation to other law

enforcement agencies in Canada.
The intelligence gathered by CSIS complements and supports the work being
done by law enforcement agencies across Canada.

63. (p. 59)What is a Police Act and what does it do?
Each police service in Canada is governed by a Police Act, a legislative

framework within their jurisdiction that identifies rules, regulations, procedures,
and processes. Each Act also clarifies the role and function of the police.

Canada.
64. (p. 63)Policing is both proactive and reactive. Define these terms

and explain.
It is proactive when police engage in crime prevention activities intended to

reduce or eliminate crime. It is reactive when the police respond to a crime or
an emergency situation.


65. (p. 64)List the different methods of transportation used for police

patrol.
Marked or unmarked cars, foot, bike, horseback, helicopter, and boat.

66. (p. 63)Define crime prevention.
Crime prevention refers to both formal and informal actions intended to reduce
the incidence of criminal activity. The police are involved in crime prevention
programs and perform daily activities that deter crime.

67. (p. 66-67)What are the three types of training that a police officer
will have to take?
Recruit training, field training, and in-service training.

process.
68. (p. 68)What are employee assistance programs (EAP)?
The EAP includes professional guidance from psychologists and counsellors,

and can also include peer counselling, where police officers are trained to
support others.


True / False Questions
69. (p. 55-56)The RCMP provides contract policing services in

Ontario.
FALSE
The Ontario Provincial Police polices Ontario.

70. (p. 59)All police powers, whether they are statute law or common
law, are subject to the constitutional protection of the Charter.
TRUE

Canada.
71. (p. 65)Foot patrols can be engaged to support a proactive,

problem-solving strategy where community relations are improved in an
effort to prevent crime.
TRUE

Canada.
72. (p. 68)Police officers experience more stress from operational

issues than organizational issues.
FALSE


73. (p. 68)Some research has suggested that a lifetime of shift work

may contribute to the onset of health problems such as high blood
pressure, diabetes, anxiety, depression, and sleep disorders.
TRUE

74. (p. 63)When the police attend an emergency call, this is

considered proactive policing.
FALSE
Reactive policing

75. (p. 63)Police officers engage in both proactive and reactive

policing.
TRUE

76. (p. 62)The organizational structure of policing services can be
described as pseudo-military.
FALSE
Paramilitary

77. (p. 62)The Crown attorney is the most visible player within the
criminal justice system.
FALSE
Police


78. (p. 62)The clearance rate (the rate at which cases are solved) is
similar when comparing real life cases to television portrayals.
FALSE
Television shows have a much higher clearance rate.

79. (p. 59)Federal statutory legislation that governs police activity

across Canada includes the Youth Criminal Justice Act.
TRUE

Canada.

Chapter 05
Sentencing

Multiple Choice Questions
1. (p. 106)At sentencing, judges must make an effort to balance the

following EXCEPT for
A. the needs of the victim
B. the needs of the correctional system
C. the needs of society
D. the needs of the offender

Learning Objective: 05-01 Identify the sentencing principles which guide the
judiciary in Canada.
2. (p. 106)When is an accused person sentenced?

A. An accused person is sentenced before the victim impact statement
is read in court.
B. An accused person is sentenced after pleading guilty or after having
been found guilty during a trial.
C. An accused person is sentenced only after the judge considers the
recommendations of the jury.
D. An accused person is sentenced only after hearing the Crown
attorney’s opinion.

3. (p. 106)What is the maximum sentence that an accused can receive in

Canada?
A. 14 years
B. death sentence
C. life sentence
D. indefinite sentence


4. (p. 106)The sentencing options available to judges are identified in

A. the Constitution Act
B. the Sentencing Principles for the Canadian Judiciary
C. the Criminal Code of Canada
D. the Charter of Rights and Freedom

5. (p. 106)Which is NOT identified as one of the objectives for sentencing?

A. to deter the offender from committing offences
B. to deter the general public from committing offences
C. to assist in rehabilitation of offenders
D. to ensure victim safety

6. (p. 107)Rehabilitation efforts do NOT include

A. treatment programs for substance abuse
B. anger management
C. victim safety planning
D. education and training courses

7. (p. 108)The Criminal Code states that the fundamental principle of

sentencing is that,
A. A sentence must be proportionate to the gravity of the offence and
the degree of responsibility of the offender.
B. A sentence must be greater than the gravity of the offence and the
degree of responsibility of the offender.
C. A sentence must be lesser than the gravity of the offence and the
degree of responsibility of the offender.
D. A sentence must reflect the needs of society.


8. (p. 109)What is the most lenient sentence available once there has

been a finding of guilt in court?
A. Probation
B. Conditional discharge
C. Absolute discharge
D. Mandatory minimum sentence

Learning Objective: 05-02 Describe the adult sentencing options available to
the courts.
9. (p. 109)A probation order can be up to _________ year(s) long.

A. one
B. three
C. five
D. ten

the courts.
10. (p. 109-110)Probation can follow a period of incarceration as long

as the period of incarceration is less than
A. 30 days in length
B. 60 days in length
C. 1 year in length
D. 2 years in length

the courts.
11. (p. 110)A suspended sentence

A. is a final sentencing order
B. requires the accused to comply with the probation conditions for the
length of the probation order
C. cannot be revoked
D. results in a criminal record once successfully completed

the courts.

12. (p. 110)Mandatory probation conditions include the

following EXCEPT for
A. having of good behaviour
B. keeping the peace
C. appearing before the court when required to do so
D. completing a community service order

the courts.
13. (p. 112)Restitution is ordered in approximately ____ % of guilty

cases.
A. 1
B. 3
C. 15
D. 26

the courts.
14. (p. 113)A conditional sentence is also known as
A. alternative incarceration
B. house arrest
C. temporary custody
D. non-custodial intervention

the courts.
15. (p. 113)A consecutive sentence occurs when a defendant

A. has to serve all sentences at the same time
B. if sentenced to three one year terms of imprisonment the total
sentence is one-year
C. reports to the institution for evenings and weekends
D. if sentenced to three one-year terms of imprisonment and the total
sentence is three years

the courts.

16. (p. 113)Intermittent sentences are only possible for sentences of

___ days or less.
A. 365
B. 90
C. 60
D. 30

the courts.
17. (p. 113)When the offender who receives an intermittent sentence

is not in custody,
A. he or she is subject to the conditions of a probation order.
B. he or she is subject to the conditions of a conditional sentence.
C. he or she is in breach of recognizance.
D. he or she can apply for work.

the courts.
18. (p. 113)If sentenced to life imprisonment for first degree murder,

an offender can apply to the Parole Board of Canada after serving
A. 45 years
B. 35 years
C. 25 years
D. 10 years

the courts.
19. (p. 114)A dangerous offender application is launched

A. by the investigating officer upon arrest of the accused
B. by the judge during the sentencing phase of the trial
C. by the Crown attorney during the sentencing phase of the trial
D. by the Crown attorney during the trial

the courts.

20. (p. 114)Dangerous Offender designation is intended for offenders

who
A. pose a risk of re-offence
B. have not successfully completed anger management counselling
C. pose a high risk of continuing to commit violent and/or sexual
offences
D. are not remorseful

the courts.
21. (p. 116)Long-term Offender designation is intended for offenders

A. who pose a substantial risk to reoffend
B. where there is no reasonable possibility of eventual control of the risk
in the community
C. who have committed a singular act of violence
D. who have not yet been convicted of a serious offence

the courts.
22. (p. 116)Which of the following is NOT a consideration with a guilty

plea?
A. It is thought that the offender is accepting responsibility for his/her
actions.
B. A guilty plea saves time and money by not requiring a trial.
C. It prevents the victims and witnesses from emotional trauma at trial.
D. It lowers the risk of re-offense.

Learning Objective: 05-03 Identify the factors which are considered when
sentencing decisions are made.
23. (p. 116)The judge may order a pre-sentence report in order to

provide the court with more in-depth information about the defendant
A. at any point during the trial
B. after there has been a finding of guilt
C. with consent of the defence attorney
D. with consent of the Crown attorney


24. (p. 117)“Dead time” is
A. when a defendant is incarcerated for life
B. time spent in custody by an accused prior to trial
C. post-sentence custody
D. an in-custody threat

25. (p. 117)In general, the longer the criminal record of an individual

being sentenced
A. the more lenient the sentence
B. the more severe the penalty imposed
C. the less chance of Dangerous Offender status
D. the more chance of him/her being sent for counselling

26. (p. 117)Which of the following is NOT a consideration of the judge

at sentencing?
A. the severity of the offence
B. the offender’s relationship to the victim
C. the offender’s annual income
D. the offender’s attitude

27. (p. 118)An example of an aggravating factor considered at

sentencing is
A. the accused did not finish grade twelve
B. the accused was convicted of assaulting his common-law girlfriend
C. the accused has never had full-time employment
D. the accused has serious mental health problems


28. (p. 118)Which of the following is a mitigating circumstance?

A. The offence was committed against a religion that the offender
publicly denounces.
B. The offender is a full time student.
C. The victim of the offence was the offender’s child.
D. The offender does not take responsibility for his/her actions.

29. (p. 122)Sentencing disparity occurs when

A. a judge decides not to impose the minimum mandatory sentence
B. a judge sentences the offender to community service work and a
period of incarceration
C. a judge sentences similar persons who are convicted of the same
offence, to very different sentences
D. men and women receive similar sentences

Learning Objective: 05-04 Identify elements of sentencing disparity that exist
in Canada.
30. (p. 123)Canadians gauge their opinions of crime ________, which

highlight offenders who commit high profile crimes.
A. on media reports
B. on Statistics Canada reports
C. on information from town hall meetings
D. on the opinion of friends and family

in Canada.
31. (p. 123)Specific direction is given when considering sentencing an
Aboriginal offender. The Criminal Code states that
A. the number of Aboriginal persons investigated for criminal activity
should be reduced.
B. free legal counsel should be provided upon request.
C. a restorative justice conference should be allowed.
D. all available sanctions other than imprisonment that are reasonable
in the circumstances should be considered.

in Canada.

32. (p. 124)Judges have been directed when sentencing Aboriginal

offenders to take certain matters into consideration. These matters
do NOT include:
A. a history of colonialism
B. higher rates of suicide
C. lower levels of incarceration
D. higher rates of substance abuse

in Canada.
33. (p. 121)Following conviction and sentencing for one of the

designated offences listed in the Criminal Code, ________ can apply to
the court for a Sex Offender Registration Order.
A. the case manager
B. the Crown
C. the judge
D. the victim

34. (p. 121)Once a court orders registration with the Sex Offender
Registry, the offender is given notice to register in person at a
designated police agency (registration centre) within ______ after the
order is made or after he or she is released from custody.
A. 24 hours
B. 7 days
C. 15 days
D. 30 days


35. (p. 118)Examples of an offender who abused a position of

authority or trust in committing an offence are listed below EXCEPT for
A. a police officer who drives a missing person home
B. a hockey coach who sexually abused a player
C. a priest who defrauds his parishioner out of money
D. a teacher who demands sexual acts for a higher grade

36. (p. 115)One of the considerations in order to be eligible for long-

term offender status instead of dangerous offender status is that
A. there is a certainty of eventual control of the risk in the community
B. there is a reasonable possibility of eventual control of the risk in the
community
C. there is a remote possibility of eventual control of the risk in the
community
D. there is a strong probability of eventual control of the risk in the
community

the courts.
37. (p. 124)As a result of __________, the Supreme Court requires
all Canadian courts to accept the fact that there are serious unique
issues that pertain to Aboriginal people in Canada.
A. the Gladue case
B. residential schools
C. colonialism
D. lower incomes

in Canada.
38. (p. 124)There is research to date that suggests that federal

Aboriginal offenders are sentenced to __________ sentences than their
non-Aboriginal counterparts
A. shorter
B. similar
C. longer
D. identical

in Canada.

39. (p. 122)The reality is that sentences are imposed by judges, and

judges are people with ________________, all of which can have an
impact on their judgment.
A. inappropriate opinions and education
B. personal values and personal experiences
C. biases and prejudices
D. families and friends

in Canada.
40. (p. 120)Mandatory minimum sentences are controversial because
they imply that a judge will not make a decision that is acceptable.
Mandatory minimum sentences also deny a judge the opportunity to
consider an accused person’s ____________ circumstances.
A. individual
B. negative
C. complicated
D. positive

41. (p. 108)When sentencing it is important to promote a sense of

responsibility in offenders. The courts are requiring the offender to
______________ and ______________ how he or she has caused
harm to the victim and the community.
A. admit; explain
B. agree; justify
C. bargain; negotiate
D. understand; accept


42. (p. 108)Sentencing options that address reparation directly are

__________________.
A. victim impact statement and victim surcharge
B. custodial sentence and probation
C. restitution and community service
D. absolute and conditional discharge

43. (p. 108)If the penalty for an offence changes between the time
when a defendant committed an offence and the time when that person
is sentenced, he or she will be subject to the ______ penalty.
A. greater
B. lesser
C. same
D. original

44. (p. 108)The sentencing options are identified in the Criminal

Code and they may be added to or amended in order to
____________________.
A. be more punitive
B. reduce the harm to the offender
C. meet society’s needs
D. please the Law Society of Upper Canada

the courts.
45. (p. 109)Most summary conviction offences are punishable by

A. a maximum of six months in jail and a $5,000.00 fine.
B. a maximum of two years’ probation and a $5,000.00 fine.
C. a minimum of six months in jail and a $5,000.00 fine.
D. a maximum of six months in jail and a $50,000.00 fine.

the courts.

46. (p. 109)A judge may use his or her ___________ and sentence
the offender to a term less than the maximum.
A. education
B. experience
C. discretion
D. opinion

the courts.
47. (p. 112)Restitution is _____________ compensation for any loss

to the victim.
A. psychological
B. financial
C. emotional
D. quantifiable

the courts.
48. (p. 109)A conditional sentence is accompanied by a probation

order with terms and conditions. The offender is placed on probation for
a period of up to ____ years for adult offenders, and ____ years for
young offenders.
A. three; two
B. three; three
C. two; two
D. two; one

the courts.
49. (p. 113)A ____________ sentence is the most severe form of

sentencing available to a judge.
A. probationary
B. custodial
C. intermittent
D. conditional

the courts.

50. (p. 117)In pre-trial custody, the accused is not able to take

advantage of education, _______, or employment programs.
A. social time
B. yard time
C. day parole
D. treatment


Short Answer Questions
51. (p. 107)What is the risk if the public believes a sentence is too

lenient?
If the public perception is that a sentence does not fit the crime because it is
too lenient, the public will often express its disapproval, usually through the
media.

52. (p. 107)Define specific deterrence.
Sentencing an offender with a view to deterring that individual from committing

another criminal offence.

53. (p. 107)Define and describe rehabilitation.

Rehabilitation is an effort to provide the offender with new skills, abilities,
attitudes, and strengths to support the goal of remaining crime-free.


54. (p. 108)Define the principle of proportionality.
The principle of proportionality means that full consideration must be given to

the gravity of the offence and the extent to which the offender is blameworthy.

55. (p. 110)Explain what a suspended sentence is and how does it

work?
A suspended sentence requires the accused to comply with the probation

conditions for the length of the probation order. If the accused is convicted of
breaching any of the probation conditions within the probation period, then the
suspended sentence may be revoked.

the courts.
56. (p. 110)What is the victim fine surcharge?
A charge imposed on convicted offenders that benefits victim services in the

specific jurisdiction.

the courts.
57. (p. 113)What is the purpose of the conditional sentence?

A conditional sentence is intended to reduce the use of incarceration, while at
the same time ensuring that the offender is treated fairly and the public is
protected.

the courts.

58. (p. 113)What is an intermittent sentence? How does it impact the

offender?
An intermittent sentence is a sentence that has a break within it that permits

the offender to leave the institution for employment or education. This type of
a sentence is often a weekend sentence and does not interfere with
employment and may prevent offenders from committing further offences
because they do not lose their source of income and are able to maintain
family contacts. When an offender is not in custody, he or she is subject to the
conditions of a probation order.

the courts.
59. (p. 114)How many convictions must an offender have before the

Crown apply to have an offender declared a dangerous offender?
The Crown may apply to have an offender declared a dangerous offender

when a person is convicted of his or her third offence. Consent must be
received from the Attorney General in order to initiate the application. It must
be proved that the offender is at risk of re-offending, is a danger to the
community, and there is little hope of minimizing the risk the offender poses
within the community.

the courts.
60. (p. 114)When can a dangerous offender apply for parole?

A dangerous offender is placed on an indefinite sentence within the federal
correctional system. He or she may apply for parole after the first seven years
in custody, and then again every two years afterwards.

the courts.

61. (p. 116)How does a guilty plea impact sentencing?
A guilty plea often results in a reduced sentence, and the earlier in the
process that the guilty plea is made, often the greater the reduction.

62. (p. 118)What are mitigating circumstances?
Circumstances that may reduce the severity of the sentence. These could
include first-time offenders, if the offender has steady employment, if the
offender has taken responsibility for his or her involvement in the offence, has
special needs or challenges, has a good character, has a supportive family, or
is engaged in treatment since the time of the offence.

63. (p. 118)What is mandatory sentencing?
Mandatory sentencing refers to the requirement to impose a minimum

sentence on those who are convicted of specific offences.

64. (p. 124)Why is it a challenge to compare offender sentencing
outcomes?
It is a challenge to compare offenders when they present with varying lengths

of criminal records, differences in the severity of offences, and other factors
that are taken into consideration in the sentencing process.

in Canada.

65. (p. 116)When can a pre-sentence report be requested?
The court can only request a pre-sentence report after the accused is found
guilty or has entered a guilty plea.


True / False Questions
66. (p. 107)General deterrence is sentencing an offender with a view

to prevent the offender from committing the same offence.
FALSE
Sentencing an offender with a view to deterring the general public from

committing the same offence.

67. (p. 107)Reparation can include treatment programs for substance

abuse, education and training courses, anger management, and
personal counselling.
FALSE
(This is the definition for rehabilitation)

68. (p. 108)At sentencing the judge must consider only institutional

options.
FALSE
There is a wide range of sentencing options available to judges in Canada,

which includes both community and institutional options.

the courts.

69. (p. 110)Failing to comply with a probation order is an indictable

offence.
FALSE
Failing to comply with a probation order is a summary conviction offence.

the courts.
70. (p. 110)The most common sentencing option for both violent and
property crime is incarceration.
FALSE
The most common sentencing option used in Canadian courts for both violent
crime and property crime is the imposition of a probation order.

the courts.
71. (p. 110)The maximum fine that can be imposed for a summary
conviction offence is $2000.00
FALSE
$5000.00

the courts.
72. (p. 113)While under house arrest, the offender is never permitted

to leave the home.
FALSE
The offender is permitted to leave the home for specific purposes, such as
medical appointments.

the courts.

73. (p. 113)A concurrent sentence means that all sentences are

served at the same time.
TRUE

the courts.
74. (p. 114)For a Dangerous Offender application, the Crown must

receive consent from the Attorney General in order to initiate the
application.
TRUE

the courts.
75. (p. 117)The judge may consider the offender’s relationship to
his/her victim when sentencing.
TRUE

76. (p. 117)The judge only considers the current case and does not
compare that case to others when deciding the sentence.
FALSE
Courts consider sentences imposed for other similar offences, committed

under similar circumstances to ensure that there is an element of consistency
in the manner in sentencing.


77. (p. 118)A mitigating circumstance is a fact or circumstance that

increases the severity of the offence.
FALSE
Aggravating factors are facts or circumstances that increase the severity of

the offence. Mitigating circumstances are circumstances that may reduce
severity of the sentence.

78. (p. 121)The Sex Offender Registry is a database that is available

to the public.
FALSE
The Sex Offender Registry is a database that is not available to the public—it
is an investigative tool that is only available to the police across Canada.

79. (p. 116)The earlier in the process that a guilty plea is made, often
the greater the reduction in sentence.
TRUE


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1. (p. 53)Who was Sir Robert Peel?

2. (p. 54)Which one of the below is NOT one of Sir Robert Peel’s

3. (p. 54)In policing today, there is approximately 1 civilian employee

4. (p. 55)Canada’s federal police agency is the

5. (p. 55-56)Which two provinces are responsible for policing themselves?

7. (p. 58)The underlying principle of Aboriginal justice was to

8. (p. 58)Which agency is responsible for protecting Canada from threats

9. (p. 59)The following is NOT a federal statute.

10. (p. 59)The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms was

11. (p. 61)When is it NOT acceptable for a police officer to use his/her

12. (p. 63)Which is NOT one of the functions of the police?

13. (p. 65)Community policing is an approach that recognizes the

14. (p. 66)Basic qualifications to become a police officer in Canada

16. (p. 67)The percentage of female officers in policing in Canada is

17. (p. 68)Which profession is twice as likely to be killed on the job as

18. (p. 69)Oversight for police services at the municipal and regional

19. (p. 71)In 2010, the cost of policing in Canada was approximately

20. (p. 71-72)What is the most effective way to measure police

21. (p. 72)Private security officers are hired to protect ___________

22. (p. 72)According to Statistics Canada, there are _____ people

23. (p. 72)Mandatory training in private security is a recent

24. (p. 72)Comparing public police and private security personnel,

25. (p. 73)In some circumstances we can consent to being searched

26. (p. 73)Private security guards have no authority to search

27. (p. 51)Russell Williams was arrested based on circumstantial

28. (p. 52)Policing in early Canada was handled primarily by the

29. (p. 53)The Royal Canadian Mounted Police have had their

30. (p. 53)As of 1873, the requirements to be hired as an RCMP

31. (p. 54)As of 2011, there were 69,438 officers in Canada, which

32. (p. 59)Provincial police officers are sworn to enforce the laws

33. (p. 59)The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is a part of

34. (p. 60)Section 8 of the Charter is important to understand as it

35. (p. 61)Even though section 9 of the Charter states everyone has

36. (p. 61)Police discretion is limited in the following situation:

39. (p. 68)Which is NOT one of the side effects of shift work?

40. (p. 69)What is the main criticism of the internal police investigative

41. (p. 71)Police services budgets across Canada have increased

42. (p. 72)The clearance rate of 39 indicates that

43. (p. 72)Which of the following statements does NOT apply to

44. (p. 73)The powers of private security officers are

46. (p. 73)Private security guards can search someone who

47. (p. 73)Informed consent means

48. (p. 73)Once a citizen’s arrest is made

49. (p. 63)General police functions include

50. (p. 63)An example of proactive policing is when

51. (p. 55-56)List and describe the three levels of policing in Canada.

Federal: With a mandate to police approximately 75 percent of Canada’s

52. (p. 56)Which Municipal police service is the largest with 5,588

The Toronto Police Service.

Decisions on limiting police discretion are made to ensure that an individual

54. (p. 62)Describe the rank structure used by police services.

Police services are organized in a “top down” bureaucratic structure with a

55. (p. 62)Compare the clearance rates of police crime shows versus

56. (p. 65)Describe the Crime Stoppers program.

Crime Stoppers is an international organization that facilitates a partnership

57. (p. 69)Who are the members of the Police Services Board?

The board membership consists of both politicians and civilians.

58. (p. 70)Describe the Special Investigation Unit in Ontario.

The Special Investigation Unit (SIU) is a civilian unit, established in 1990,

59. (p. 71)Give one example of a public commission.