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Emergency power is supplied to systems which are intended for essential life protection in case of main power fails.
The emergency power is switched on immediately after the main power failure and switched off when the backup
power is ready to take the service.
In an emergency situation like in a fire the main power supply most probably will fail. Therefore normal lighting
system will not have the power. Therefore emergency lights should be supplied to give minimum light level required
for people to escape from the building. The directional sign boards (Arrows and Exit sign boards) also need the
power supply for directing the people to show the escape roots.
Distribution Boards & Wiring: The emergency lighting system should be wired using fire rated cables. There should
be separate distribution boards and sub distribution boards (which has fire rated enclosures) for the emergency
power supply.
In case of a multistoried building, the emergency voice alarm system plays an important role in a situation like a
fire. Un-necessary panicking of people inside the building will cause uncontrollable situations which leads to more
damage than the fire can do in case of a small incident. Therefore voice alarm system is used to inform people about
the situation and guide them for comfortable escaping. Sometimes the emergency voice alarm system is integrated
with the fire detection system and the BMS system. The emergency voice alarm system should have the power from
the emergency power supply and the wiring should be using fire rated cables.
Note that the emergency voice alarm system and the public address system are two different systems in large scale
building.
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EE8236 – ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS IN BUILDINGS
Computers are rarely powered using a central UPS system. Instead computers are powered using small individual
UPS. This is a good practice considering the factors like reliability, cost effectiveness, space requirement, separate
wiring requirements etc.
UPS units are divided into categories based on which of the above problems they address, and some manufacturers
categorize their products in accordance with the number of power-related problems they address.
Note: Now the hybrid type UPS (Combination of both the above technologies) are available.
Fig: 2.11.1 - Offline / standby UPS. Typical protection time: 0–20 minutes.
Capacity expansion: Usually not available
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EE8236 – ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS IN BUILDINGS
Fig: 2.11.2 - Line-interactive UPS. Typical protection time: 5–30 minutes. Capacity expansion: Several hours
1. Standby generator which connects to the full load: Within seconds of a utility outage an automatic transfer
switch senses the power loss, commands the generator to start and then transfers the electrical load to the
generator. The standby generator begins supplying power to the circuits. After utility power returns, the
automatic transfer switch transfers the electrical load back to the utility and signals the standby generator to
shut off. (For Small shops, houses and small buildings)
2. Standby generator which connects to a partial load: The control panel senses the main power failure and
commands the backup generators to start and connect to some parts of full load (Partial loads). In case of
multistoried large scale buildings the total load cannot be supplied by backup generators. Therefore the
most essential loads of a building are supplied by backup generators. (Ex. Emergency lighting system,
several lifts, fire systems, communication equipment, ventilation system, in some cases heating systems
etc.)
Calculation of Required Capacity of a Generator
The kW rating of a generator should be calculated considering the following factors.
Full load ratings of the connected equipment
Additional starting wattage of connected equipment
Overloading possibility of generator
Applied diversity on connected equipment
The following table gives the required wattages for typical equipment in a building.
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