‫ﺍﻷﺯﻣﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬

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‫ﺗﺄﻟﻴﻒ‬
‫ﻓﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺁﻳﺪﻥ‬
‫‪Feriduddin AYDIN‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺪ ﺍﻷﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﱐ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﻟﹼﻒ‬
‫‪ferid@maktoob.com‬‬

‫ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟ ‪‬ﻌﺒ‪‬ﺮ ﻟﻠﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‬

‫‪Al-Ibar Publishing‬‬

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‫ﺇﺳﻄﻨﺒﻮﻝ ‪١٩٩٧ -‬‬

‫‪١‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺴﻢ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﺮﲪﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻴﻢ‬

‫ﺍﳊﻤﺪ ﷲ ﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻼﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻴ‪‬ﺪﻧﺎ ﳏﻤﺪ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺁﻟ ‪‬ﻪ‬

‫ﻭﺻﺤﺒ ‪‬ﻪ ﺃﲨﻌﲔ‪.‬‬

‫ﳘ‪‬ﻴ ‪‬ﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻐ ‪‬ﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ‪‬ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇ ﹾﻥ ﱂ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺕﺃﹼ‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ‪ :‬ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﻨ ﹶﺔ ﺫﺍ ‪‬‬
‫ﺚ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﻐ ‪‬ﺔ ‪ .‬ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ َﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴ ‪‬ﺔ ﻭﺇ ﹾﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﻗﺪ ﺧﺎﺿﻮﺍ ﻣﺜﺎ ‪‬ﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺤ ‪‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳉﺪ ﹺﻝ ﰲ ﺩﻗﺎﺋ ﹺﻖ ﻋﻠﻮ ﹺﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻐ ‪‬ﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇ ﹼﻻ ﺃ‪‬ﻧﻬﻢ ﱂ ﻳﻜﺘﺮﺛﻮﺍ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﻣ ﹺﺮ ﺃﻭ ﱂ ﻳﻨـﺘﺒﻬﻮﺍ ﻟﻪ ﺑﻜ ﱢﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﺤ ﱡﻘ ‪‬ﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎ ﹴﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻌ ﹼﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴ ‪‬ﺪ ﻗﺪ ﺣﺠﺒﻬﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓ ‪‬ﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ‬
‫ﻯ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ ﹸﺃﺧﺮ ‪‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﺷﺌﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺳﺒﺎ ﹴ‬

‫ﻫﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻧﻘﻮ ﹸﻝ ﺃ ﹼﻥ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ َﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴ ‪‬ﺔ ﱂ ‪‬ﻳ ﹾﻔ ﹶﻄ‪‬ﻨﻮﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺣﻘﻴﻘ ‪‬ﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎ ‪‬ﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ‬
‫ﱄ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﻕ ﺑﲔ ﻣﻌﺎﱐ ﺍﻟﻔﻌ ﹺﻞ ﺍﳋﺎ ﹺ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﻻ ﳚﻮﺯ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺲ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﺮ ‪‬‬
‫ﺐ( ﻭ )‪‬ﻳ ﹸﻜﻮ ﹸﻥ ﹶﻗ ‪‬ﺪ‬
‫ﺐ( ﻭ) ‪‬ﺳ‪‬ﺒ ‪‬ﻖ ﺃ ﹾﻥ ﹶﻃ ﹶﻠ ‪‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻮ ‪‬ﺩ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﻘ‪‬ﻴ ‪‬ﺪ ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ) ﹶﻃ ﹶﻠ ‪‬‬
‫ﺐ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔ ‪‬ﺔ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺔﹲ ﺑﻴ‪‬ﻨﺔﹲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺐ(‪ .‬ﻓﺈ ﹼﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺮ ‪‬‬
‫ﻕ ﺑﲔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺐ( ﻭ)ﹶﻟ ‪‬ﻮ ﹶﻻ ‪‬ﻩ ﹶﻟ ‪‬ﻤﺎ ﹶﻃ ﹶﻠ ‪‬‬
‫ﹶﻃ ﹶﻠ ‪‬‬
‫ﻕ‪ ،‬ﺇ ﹼﻻ ﺃ‪‬ﻧﻬﻢ ﱂ ﻳﺪﺧﻠﻮﺍ ﰲ ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﱂ ﳚﻌﻠﻮﺍ‬
‫ﻭﻻﺑ ‪‬ﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮﺍ ﻗﺪ ﺃﺩﺭﻛﻮﺍ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺮ ‪‬‬
‫ﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻐﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺼ‪‬ﻴ ﹺﻎ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﺑﹰﺎ ﺧﺎﺻﹰﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﺪ ‪‬ﺗﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﻛﺜ ﹴ‬
‫ﻟﻜ ﱟﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟ ‪‬‬

‫ﺐ ﺃ ﹾﻥ ﻳﻜﻮ ﹶﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻧﺎ ‪‬ﺷﺌﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪ ﹺﻡ ﻋﻠ ‪‬ﻤﻬﻢ ﹺﺑﻠﹸﻐﺎ ‪‬‬

‫ﺕ ﺃﺟﻨﺒ‪‬ﻴ ‪‬ﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺇ ﹾﺫ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻛﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻐﻠ ‪‬‬
‫ﺕ ﻻ ﻳﺘﺒﺎ ‪‬ﺩ ‪‬ﺭ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺬﻫ ﹺﻦ ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻴﹰﺎ ﻭﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟ ‪‬ﺔ ﺇ ﱠﻻ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻇﻬﻮ ﹺﺭ‬
‫ﻀ‪‬ﻴﺎ ‪‬‬
‫ﺕ ‪‬ﻭﺍﹾﻟ ‪‬ﻤ ﹾﻘ‪‬ﺘ ‪‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻔﺎﻫﻴ ﹺﻢ ﻭﺍﳊﺎﺟﺎ ‪‬‬
‫ﺕ ﺍﳊﻀﺎﺭﻳ ﹸﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴ ﹸﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﺨﻤ ﹸﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﺐ ﻳﺬ ﱢﻛ ‪‬ﺮ ‪‬ﻩ ﺃﻭ ﺿﺮﻭﺭ ‪‬ﺓ ﺗﺴﺘﺪﻋﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﺠﺰﺍ ‪‬‬
‫ﺳﺒ ﹴ‬
‫ﺕ ﳐﺘﻠﻔ ‪‬ﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗ‪‬ﺒ ‪‬ﺮ ‪‬ﻫ ‪‬ﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘ ‪‬ﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇ ﹾﺫ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴ ﹺﻞ‬
‫ﺴ ‪‬ﻬﺎ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻻ ‪‬‬
‫ﻧﻠ ِﻤ‪ ‬‬
‫ﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻔ ‪‬ﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻛﺸﻔﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎ ُﺀ ﻭﺍﳋﱪﺍ ُﺀ ﻭﻣﺎ ‪‬ﻋﹶﺜ ‪‬ﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻮﻥ ﻭﹶﺃ‪‬ﺑ ‪‬ﺪ ‪‬ﻋ ‪‬ﻬﺎ ﺃﻫ ﹸﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﹼﻭ ﹺ‬
‫ﺕ ﻭﺃﺟﻬﺰ ‪‬ﺓ ﺑﻘﺮﻳﻨ ‪‬ﺔ ﺑﺴﻴﻄ ‪‬ﺔ ﰲ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻣ ﹺﺮ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺑﲔ‬
‫ﺕ ﻭﻋﻠﻮ ﹴﻡ ﻭﺁﻻ ‪‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺎ ‪‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻵ ‪‬ﺧ ﹺﺮ ﻣﻦ ﹶﺃ ‪‬ﻣﹶﺜﺎ‪‬ﻟ ‪‬ﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺕ ﰲ ﹶﺃ ‪‬ﺣ ‪‬ﺪ ‪‬ﻫ ‪‬ﻤﺎ ﺑﻔﻀ ﹺﻞ ‪‬ﻣﺎ ﹺ‬
‫ﺴﻮﺍ ﺍﳌﻜﻨﻮﻧﺎ ‪‬‬
‫ﺤ‪‬‬‫ﺷﻴﺌﲔ ‪‬ﺍ ‪‬ﺳ‪‬ﺘ ‪‬‬

‫‪٢‬‬
‫ﻀ ﹺﻮ‪‬ﻳﺔﹲ ﲟﻔﻬﻮ ﹺﻡ ﺍﻟﺰ‪‬ﻣﺎ ‪‬ﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻌ ﹴﻞ ﺇ ﱠﻻ‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﻻﺑ ‪‬ﺪ ﻭﺃ ﹾﻥ ﻧﺆ ﱢﻛﺪ ﺑﺄ ﱠﻥ ﻟﻠﻔﻌ ﹺﻞ ﻋﻼﻗﺔﹲ ‪‬ﻋ ‪‬‬
‫ﺖ ‪‬ﻗﺴﻂﹲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭ‪‬ﻟﺤ‪‬ﺪﻭ‪‬ﺛ ‪‬ﻪ ﻭﻗﺖ‪‬؛ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻗ ‪‬‬

‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺰ‪‬ﻣﺎ ﹸﻥ ﻓﺈﻧ‪‬ﻪ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻣﻌﻘﱠﺪ ﱂ ﻳﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎ ُﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮ ﹺﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺘﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻮ‬
‫ﻧﺎﺷﺊ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﺭﺍ ‪‬ﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺔ ﺣﻮﻝ ﳏﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﺍ ﹴﺭ ‪‬ﻣ ‪‬ﻌ‪‬ﻴ ﹴﻦ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄ ﹰﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻤﺲ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﲡﺮﻱ ﰲ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﺍ ﹴﺭ ‪‬ﻣ ‪‬ﻌ‪‬ﻴ ﹴﻦ‪،‬‬
‫ﺾ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳ ‪‬ﻢ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﻌ ﹸﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‬
‫ﺨ ‪‬‬
‫ﺇﺿﺎﻓ ﹰﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﺣﻮ ﹶﻝ ﳏﻮ ﹺﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻴﺘﻤ ‪‬‬
‫ﺍﻟ ﹼﻠﻴ ﹸﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎ ‪‬ﺭ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻗﺒﺎﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺴﻊ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻡ ﳊﺼﺮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴ ﹶﻞ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻴ ‪‬ﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺐ ﺯﻣﻨﻴﺔﹲ‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺰ‪‬ﻣﺎ ﹸﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻌﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ‪‬ﻧﻪ ﺟﺪﻳﺮ‪ ‬ﺑﺎﻹﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ؛ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻠﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﺮﺍﺗ ‪‬‬
‫ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔﹲ‪ .‬ﻭﳍﺬﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﺃﴰﻞ ﺑﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺣﺼﺮﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺰ‪‬ﻣﺎ ‪‬ﻥ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﹰﺓ‪،‬‬
‫ﺿ ‪‬ﻬ ‪‬ﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮ ‪‬‬
‫ﺙ‪ .‬ﻭﺭﲟﺎ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﹶﻏ ‪‬ﺮ ‪‬‬
‫ﺻ‪‬ﻴ ﹴﻎ ﺛﻼ ‪‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﰲ ‪‬‬
‫ﻑ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻗﺘﺼﺮﻭﺍ ﰲ‬
‫ﻒ ﻟﻠﻔﻌﻞ ﳝ‪‬ﻴ ‪‬ﺰ ‪‬ﻩ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻹﺳ ﹺﻢ ﻭﺍﳊﺮ ‪‬‬
‫ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﺃﺭﺍﺩﻭﺍ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻮﺻ‪‬ﻠﻮﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻌﺮﻳ ‪‬‬
‫ﻀ ‪‬ﻬ ‪‬ﻢ‬
‫ﲰ ‪‬ﻰ ﺑﻌ ‪‬‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﶈﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻤﻪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﻭﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻹﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ ﻓﺤﺴﺐ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ‪‬‬
‫ﲑ ﻭﺍﺿﺤ ‪‬ﺔ؛ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻃﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﻟ ﹼﻠﻐ ‪‬ﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴ ‪‬ﺔ‬
‫ﺼ‪‬ﻴ ﹶﻎ ﺑﺎﻷﺯﻣﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ﹼﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺌﻠ ﹶﺔ ﻏ ‪‬‬
‫ﺍﻟ ‪‬‬
‫ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﺮ ‪‬ﺩﺩﹰﺍ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺘﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻋﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴ ﹸﺔ ﺗﻌﺒﲑﹰﺍ‬
‫ﺐ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴ ‪‬ﺔ؟‬
‫ﺼ‪‬ﻴ ﹺﻎ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴ ‪‬ﺔ ﺃﻡ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺗ ﹺ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟ ‪‬‬

‫ﻚ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺰ‪‬ﻣﺎ ‪‬ﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻻ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ‬

‫ﻧﻌﻢ ﺇ ﹼﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌ ﹶﻞ ﺑﻮﻗﻮﻋﻪ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﻨﻔ ‪‬‬
‫ﱄ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻭﻗﻮﻋﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﺎﺿﻴﹰﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻭﻗﻮﻋﻪ‬
‫ﰲ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎ‪ .‬ﺇﺫ ﺃ ﹼﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌ ﹶﻞ ﺣﺎ ﱞ‬
‫ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻣﺎ ﱂ ﻳﻘﻊ‪ .‬ﻓﻬﺬﻩ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻌ ‪‬ﺪﻯ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺼﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻴﺔ ﲝﺘﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪٣‬‬
‫ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﳓﻦ ﺑﺼﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺼ‪‬ﻴﻐ ‪‬ﺔ ﺍﻟﺰ‪‬ﻣﻨ‪‬ﻴ ‪‬ﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋ ‪‬ﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻌﻞ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺰ‪‬ﻣﻨـ‪‬ﻴ ﹸﺔ ﳍﺎ ﺩﻻﻻﺕ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﺑﺄﺣﺪ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻘﺔ؛ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﻭﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻹﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ؛ ﻛﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻝ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺑﺄﺣﺪ ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺩﺧﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﲔ ﻭﺳﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺋﻦ ﺗﺪ ﱡﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺗﺐ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻌﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ﹼﻥ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﴰﻮﻻ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺇﺫ ﻻ ﳜﻔﻰ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻟﻠ ‪‬‬
‫ﺼﻴﹺﻐ ‪‬ﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ‪‬ﺓ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺩﻻﻻﺕ‪ ‬ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔﹲ ﺑﺄﺯﻣﻨ ‪‬ﺔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔ ‪‬ﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺼﻄﺤﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻼ ﻓﺈﻥ )‪‬ﺍ‪‬ﻧ‪‬ﺘ ‪‬ﻬﻰ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻓﻌﻞﹲ ﻣﺎﺽﹴ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻔﻴﺪ ﰲ ﻛ ﱢﻞ ﻣﺜﺎ ﹴﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ‪ .‬ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻵﺗﻴ ‪‬ﺔ ﺍﳋﻤﺴ ‪‬ﺔ ﻣﻌﲎ ﳌﺮﺍﺗﺐ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺑﺮ‪ ،‬ﳜﺘﻠﻒ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﰲ ﻛ ﱢﻞ ﻭﺍﺣ ‪‬ﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﺖ ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﻫﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺤ ﹶﻘ ‪‬‬
‫ﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﹶﻟ ‪‬‬
‫ﺐ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍ ‪‬‬
‫ﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴ ‪‬ﺔ ﰲ ﺑﻘﻴ ‪‬ﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠ ‪‬ﺔ ﺑﺴﺒ ﹺ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻻ ‪‬‬
‫‪١‬ـ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﻰ‬
‫‪٢‬ـ ﻗﺪ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﻰ‬
‫‪٣‬ـ ﺇﺫ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﻰ‬
‫‪٤‬ـ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﻰ‬
‫‪٥‬ـ ﻟﻮﻻﻩ ﳌﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﻰ‬

‫ﺇ ﹼﻥ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﺒ ﹶﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴ ﹶﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺪ ﱡﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻌ ﹸﻞ )ﺍﻧﺘ ‪‬ﻬﻰ( ﰲ ﻛ ﱢﻞ ﻣﺜﺎ ﹴﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠ ‪‬ﺔ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭ ‪‬ﺓ‪،‬‬
‫ﺐ ﺍﻟﺰ‪‬ﻣﻨﻴ ‪‬ﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻓﻌﻞ )ﺍﻧﺘﻬﻰ( ﻗﺪ ‪‬ﻭ ‪‬ﺭ ‪‬ﺩ ﰲ‬
‫ﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻘ‪‬ﻴ ‪‬ﻪ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺗ ﹺ‬
‫ﲣﺘﻠ ‪‬‬
‫ﺏ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﻓﻌ ﹶﻞ )ﺍﻧﺘﻬﻰ( ـ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻛ ﱟﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬ ‪‬ﻩ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠ ‪‬ﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻏﺮ ‪‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ـ ﰲ ﲨﻠﺔ ‪" :‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﻰ ﺍﻷﺟﻞ‪ ،‬ﺇﻧﺘﻬﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻞ" ﻳﺪ ﹼﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒ ﹴﻞ ‪‬ﻣ ‪‬ﻌ ﱠﻠ ﹴﻖ ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺽ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃ‪‬ﻧﻪ ﻓﻌﻞﹲ ﻣﺎ ﹴ‬

‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻗﻴﻞ‪ :‬ﺇﳕﺎ ﱂ ‪‬ﻳ ‪‬ﺪ ‪‬ﺧ ﹾﻞ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴ ‪‬ﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻓ‪‬ﻴﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ‪‬ﻳﲔ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﺑﺎ ِﺀ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﲡﻨ‪‬ﺒﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘ‪‬ﻄﻮﻳﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺴﻬﻴ ﹰ‬
‫ﻼ ﻟﻄﻠﺒ ‪‬ﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠ ﹺﻢ ﻓﺈ ﹼﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﻋﺘﺬﺍﺭ ﻏﲑ‬
‫ﻣ‪ ‬ﹾﻘﹺﻨ ﹴﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻐﻠﺐ ﺃ‪‬ﻧﻬﻢ ﻗﺪ ﺭﻛﹼﺰﻭﺍ ‪‬ﺟ ﱠﻞ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻣﻬﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻹﺷﺘﻘﺎﻗﻴ ‪‬ﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﺑﻴ ‪‬ﺔ‬
‫ﻑ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﻭﻫﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻼﻏﻴ ‪‬ﺔ ﻓﺤﺴﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﺮﺻﻮﺍ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺛﻼﺛ ‪‬ﺔ ﺃﻫﺪﺍ ‪‬‬

‫‪٤‬‬
 ‫ﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟ ﹼﻠﺤ ﹺﻦ‪،‬‬
‫‪١‬ـ ﺍﻟﻨﻄ ‪‬ﻖ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴ ‪‬ﻢ ﺍﳋﺎﻟ ‪‬‬
‫ﻂ‪،‬‬
‫‪٢‬ـ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﹸﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻤ ﹸﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﻟﺼ ﹸﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﻠ ‪‬‬
‫‪٣‬ـ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑ ﹸﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤ ﹸﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﻟﺼ ﹸﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻄﺄ ﺍﻹﻣﻼﺋ ‪‬ﻲ ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋ ‪‬ﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﺫﻥ ﻓﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺴﺄﻟ ﹸﺔ ﻋﻼﻗ ‪‬ﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌ ﹺﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﺃﻣﺮﹰﺍ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻴﹰﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴ ‪‬ﺔ ﻷ‪‬ﻧﻬﻢ‬
‫ﺏ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭ ‪‬ﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻷ‪‬ﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻟﻠ ‪‬ﺰﻣﺎ ‪‬ﻥ ﺻﻠﺔﹲ ﻣﺒﺎ ‪‬ﺷ ‪‬ﺮﺓﹲ ‪‬ﺬ ‪‬ﻩ‬
‫ﺣﺼﺮﻭﺍ ﻣﻬ ‪‬ﻤ‪‬ﺘﻬﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺑﻮﺍ ﹺ‬
‫ﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛ ‪‬ﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﱂ ﻳﻬﺘ ‪‬ﻤﻮﺍ ‪‬ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺃﺣﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﻈ ‪‬ﻦ ‪‬ﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺑﻮﺍ ﹺ‬

‫ﺏ ﻗﺪ ﺃﻗﺒﻠﻮﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟ ﹼﻠﻐ ‪‬ﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻳ ‪‬ﺔ‬ ‫ﺏ ﺍﻷﻣ ‪‬ﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴ ‪‬ﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻏ ﹺ‬
‫ﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﺮ ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺷﺒﺎ ‪‬‬
‫ﺕ ﺭﻏﺒ‪‬ﺘ ‪‬ﻬ ‪‬ﻢ ﳍﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻮ ‪‬ﺓ‬
‫ﺇﻗﺒﺎ ﹰﻻ ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻳ ‪‬ﺪﺍ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠ ‪‬ﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﲑ ‪‬ﺓ ﻭﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩ ‪‬‬
‫ﺕ ﻃﺎﺭﺋ ‪‬ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺩﻋﺖ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭ ﹸﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴ ‪‬ﺔ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺑﻀﻊ ﺳﻨﲔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻄﻮﺭﺍ ‪‬‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ‪ .‬ﺇﺫ ﺃ ﹼﻥ ﻗﻀﻴ ﹶﺔ ﻋﻼﻗ ‪‬ﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌ ﹺﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺰ‪‬ﻣﺎﻥ ﲢﺘ ﱡﻞ ﻣﻜﺎ‪‬ﻧﺎ ﻫﺎ ‪‬ﻣﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻐﺎ ‪‬‬
‫ﺕ‬
‫ﺻ ﹰﺔ‬
‫ﺼ‪‬ﻴ ﹺﻎ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴ ‪‬ﺔ ﺧﺎ ‪‬‬
‫ﺏ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺃﺯﻣ ﹰﺔ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﹰﺓ ﰲ ﺗﺮﲨ ‪‬ﺔ ﺍﻟ ‪‬‬
‫ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴ ‪‬ﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺜﲑ‪ ‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻼ ﹺ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻠﻐ ‪‬ﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴ ‪‬ﺔ ﻭﻻ ﳚﺪﻭﻥ ﻣﺼﺪﺭﹰﺍ ﻟﻴﺴﺘﻌﻴﻨﻮﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺬﻟﻴﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﺏ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪ ‪‬ﺓ ﳍﻢ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺗﻨﺎﻭ ﹶﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟ ﹶﺔ‬
‫ﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺎ ﹺ‬
‫ﲔ ﺇﱃ ﺁﺧﺮ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﺭﺃﻳ ‪‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺘﺮﺿﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺣ ﹴ‬
‫ﻂ‪ .‬ﻓﺄﻗﻮﻝ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻴﻨﺎ ﺑﺎﷲ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ‪:‬‬
‫ﺴ‪‬‬ ‫ﳋﺼ‪‬ﻬﺎ ﺑﺄﺳﻠﻮ ﹴ‬
‫ﺏ ﺳﻬ ﹴﻞ ‪‬ﻣ‪‬ﺒ ‪‬‬ ‫ﻓﺄ ﱢ‬

‫ﲑ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻼﻗ ‪‬ﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌ ﹺﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺰ‪‬ﻣﺎﻥ ﻷﻣﺮ‪ ‬ﻫﺎ ‪‬ﻡ ﻷ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌ ﹶﻞ ﻳﻜﺜ ‪‬ﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﹸﻟ ‪‬ﻪ ﰲ‬
‫ﺇ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒ ‪‬‬
‫ﺐ‬
‫ﺤ ﹺﻮ ﻭﺗﺘﺸ ‪‬ﻌ ‪‬‬
‫ﺐ ﺍﻟ‪‬ﻨ ‪‬‬
‫ﺐ ﹸﻛ‪‬ﺘ ﹺ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﺣ ‪‬ﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻ ﹺﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛ ‪‬ﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺴﺘﻬ ﱡﻞ ‪‬ﺎ ﻏﺎﻟ ‪‬‬
‫ﻑ ﺍﻹﺳ ﹺﻢ‬
‫ﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋ ‪‬ﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻷ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌ ﹶﻞ ﻣﻘﺮﻭﻥﹲ ﺑﺰﻣﺎ ‪‬ﻥ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺎ ً‪ ،‬ﲞﻼ ‪‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻘ‪‬ﻴ ﹸﺔ ﺃﺑﻮﺍ ﹺ‬
‫ﺕ‬
‫ﺻ ﹰﺔ ﰲ ﺗﺮﲨﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮ ‪‬ﺩ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎ ‪‬‬
‫ﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃ‪‬ﻧ ‪‬ﻪ ﺗﺰﺩﺍ ‪‬ﺩ ﺃﳘ‪‬ﻴ ﹸﺔ ﻋﻼﻗ ‪‬ﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌ ﹺﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺰ‪‬ﻣﺎﻥ ﺧﺎ ‪‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳊﺮ ‪‬‬
‫ﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳ ‪‬ﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺕ ﺍﻷﺛ ﹺﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎ ‪‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳ ﹺﺮ ﻭﺃﻣﺜﺎ‪‬ﻟ ‪‬ﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ ﺫﺍ ‪‬‬

‫ﰒ ﺇ ﹼﻥ ﻟﻠﻔﻌ ﹺﻞ ﺛﻼﺛ ﹸﺔ ﻣﻌﺎ ‪‬ﻥ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻃﺒﻴﻌ ‪‬ﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻔﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍ‪‬ﺮﺩ ‪.‬ﻛـ ) ﹶﻏ ﹶﻔ ‪‬ﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭ‪‬ﻳ ‪‬ﻨ ‪‬ﻄ ‪‬ﻖ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﹶﺫ ‪‬ﻫ ‪‬ﺒ‪‬ﻨﺎ‪(.‬‬

‫‪٥‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﺎﺭﺿ ‪‬ﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻌﲎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺰ‪‬ﻳﺎﺩ ‪‬ﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺮﻭﻓﻪ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫ﺠ ‪‬ﺒ‪‬ﻨﺎ‪(.‬‬
‫)‪‬ﺍ ‪‬ﺳﺘ ‪‬ﻐ ﹶﻔ ‪‬ﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭ‪‬ﻳ ﹶﻘﺎ‪‬ﺗ ﹸﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭ‪‬ﺗ ‪‬ﻌ ‪‬‬

‫ﺿ ‪‬ﻤﹺﻨ ‪‬ﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻈﻬ ‪‬ﺮ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ‪‬ﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼ ﹺﻝ ﻋﻼﻗ‪‬ﺘ ‪‬ﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺰ‪‬ﻣﺎﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ‪‬‬

‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺰ‪‬ﻣﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺮﻳﺒﹰﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﹰﺍ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﹰﺎ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻠﺮ‪‬ﺍﻭﻱ‪ .‬ﺇﺫﻥ ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﻋﻼﻗ ﹶﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌ ﹺﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺰ‪‬ﻣﺎﻥ ﰲ ﻫﺬ ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺗﻜﺸﻒ ﻟﻨﺎ‬
‫‪‬ﺗ ‪‬ﻌ ‪‬ﺪ ‪‬ﺩ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺗﺐ ﺍﻟﺰ‪‬ﻣﻨﻴ ‪‬ﺔ ﺑﺄ‪‬ﻧ ‪‬ﻬﺎ ﺃﻛﺜ ‪‬ﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼﺛ ‪‬ﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﳜﺘﻠﻒ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟ‪‬ﺘ ‪‬ﻌ ‪‬ﺪ ‪‬ﺩ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻐ ‪‬ﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬
‫ﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻄ ﹶﺔ ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﺗﺸﺘﻤﻞ‬
‫ﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻄﻮ‪‬ﺭ ‪‬ﺓ‪ .‬ﻓﺈ ﹼﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻐﺎ ‪‬‬
‫ﺣﺴﺐ ﻃﺒﻴﻌ‪‬ﺘ ‪‬ﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻧﺴﺠﺎ ‪‬ﻣ ‪‬ﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻐﺎ ‪‬‬
‫ﺻ‪‬ﻴ ﹴﻎ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﺗﺐ‬
‫ﲔ ‪‬ﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎ ﹺﻝ ‪‬‬
‫ﺕ ﻋﻠﻤﻴ ‪‬ﺔ ﻭﻻ ﺗﺪﻋﻮ ﺣﺎﺟ ﹸﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻃﻘ ‪‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎ ‪‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰ‪‬ﻣﻨ‪‬ﻴ ‪‬ﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻂ‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺰ‪‬ﻣﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ـ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺑﻪ ـ ﻓﻴﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺇﱃ ﺑﺴﻴ ‪‬‬
‫ﺐ ﻓﺮﻉ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﻨ ﹶﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻄ ﹶﺔ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺔﹲ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﻂ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺃﺻﻞﹲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺮ ﱠﻛ ‪‬‬
‫ﺐ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﺒﺴﻴ ﹸ‬
‫ﻭﻣﺮ ﱠﻛ ﹴ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻮ ‪‬ﺩ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﺮ ﱠﻛ‪‬ﺒ ﹸﺔ ﻓﺈ‪‬ﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻘ‪‬ﻴ ‪‬ﺪﺓﹲ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﺯﻣﻨ ﹸﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻄ ﹸﺔ ﺛﻼﺛﺔﹲ ﻭﻫﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪THE PAST UNCONDITIONAL :‬‬ ‫‪١‬ـ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﳌﻄﻠ ‪‬ﻖ‬

‫ﺙ ﰲ ﺳﺎﺑ ﹴﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰ‪‬ﻣﺎﻥ ﺩﻭﳕﺎ‬
‫ﺨﹺﺒ ‪‬ﺮ ﺍﳌﺘﻜ ﱢﻠ ‪‬ﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺮ‪‬ﺍﻭﻱ ﺃ‪‬ﻧﻪ ﺣﺪ ﹶ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ‪‬ﻳ ‪‬‬
‫ﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭ ‪‬ﻣﺎ ‪‬ﻋ ﹶﻄ ﹸﻔﻮﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﹶﻻ ‪‬ﻋ ‪‬ﺮ ﹸﻓﻮﺍ( ﰲ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻋﺮ‪:‬‬
‫ﺖ ‪‬ﻣ ‪‬ﻌ‪‬ﻴ ﹴﻦ ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﻞ )ﺃ‪‬ﻧ ﹶﻄ ﹶﻘ ‪‬‬
‫ﻱ ﺗﻘﻴﻴ ‪‬ﺪ ﹶﻟ ‪‬ﻪ ﺑﻮﻗ ‪‬‬
‫ﺃ‪‬‬

‫ﺖ * ﹸﺃ‪‬ﻧﺎﺳﹰﺎ ‪‬ﺑ ‪‬ﻌ ‪‬ﺪ ‪‬ﻣﺎ ﹶﻛﺎ‪‬ﻧﻮﺍ ‪‬ﺳ ﹸﻜﻮ‪‬ﺗﺎ‬

‫ﻭﺃﻧﻄﻘﺖ ﺍﻟﺪ‪‬ﺭﺍ ‪‬ﻫ ‪‬ﻢ ‪‬ﺑ ‪‬ﻌ ‪‬ﺪ ﺻﻤ ‪‬‬
‫ـﻮ‪‬ﺗﺎ‬
‫ـ ﹴﻞ * ‪‬ﻭ ﹶﻻ ‪‬ﻋ ‪‬ﺮ ﹸﻓﻮﺍ ‪‬ﻟ ‪‬ﻤ ﹾﻜ ‪‬ﺮ ‪‬ﻣ ‪‬ﺔ ﹸﺛﺒ ُ‬
‫ﹶﻓ ‪‬ﻤﺎ ‪‬ﻋ ﹶﻄ ﹸﻔﻮﺍ ‪‬ﻋ ﹶﻠﻰ ﹶﺃ ‪‬ﺣ ‪‬ﺪ ﹺﺑﻔﹶﻀ ْ‬
‫)ﺍﻹﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻓﻌﻲ‪ ،‬ﺩﻳﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻓﻌﻲ ﺹ ‪ ، ٣٠‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﳉﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﺑﲑﺍﻭﺕ‪١٩٧٤ -‬ﻡ (‬

‫‪٦‬‬
‫ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻋ ‪‬ﺮ ﻗﺪ ﺫﻛﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎ ﹶﻝ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻴ ﹶﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛ ﹶﺔ ﺩﻭﳕﺎ ﲢﺪﻳ ‪‬ﺪ ﳍﺎ ﺑﻮﻗﺖ ‪‬ﻣ ‪‬ﻌ‪‬ﻴ ﹴﻦ‪ .‬ﺑﻞ‬
‫ﱐ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺄ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻋ ‪‬ﺮ ﻗﺎﻝ‪ " :‬ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﺎﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟ ‪‬ﻐ‪‬ﻨﻰ‪ ،‬ﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﻳﻨﻄﻖ‬
‫ﺃﻃﻠﻘﻬﺎ ﻟﺸﻤﻮﳍﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎ ﱢ‬
‫ﺖ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ‪‬ﺳ‪‬ﺒ ‪‬ﻖ" ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺗﻌﻤﻴﻢ‪ ‬ﻳﺪ ﱡﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺠ ‪‬ﺮﹶﺃ ‪‬ﺓ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﺮﻣﺎ ﹸﻥ ‪‬ﻳ ‪‬ﺮ ‪‬ﻏ ‪‬ﻤ ‪‬ﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻤ ‪‬‬
‫ﹺﺑ ‪‬‬
‫ﲑ ﳏﺪﻭﺩ ‪‬ﺓ‬
‫ﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭ ‪‬ﻣﺎ ‪‬ﻋ ﹶﻄ ﹸﻔﻮﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﹶﻻ ‪‬ﻋ ‪‬ﺮ ﹸﻓﻮﺍ( ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝﹲ ﻣﺴﺘﻐﺮﻗﺔﹲ ﰲ ﻃ ‪‬ﻲ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ‪ ،‬ﻏ ‪‬‬
‫ﺃﻥ )ﺃ‪‬ﻧ ﹶﻄ ﹶﻘ ‪‬‬
‫ﲜﺰ ٍﺀ ﻣﻨﻪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻉ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺄﰐ ﺑﻌﺪ )ﱂ(‪،‬ﻛﺬﺍﻟﻚ ﻳﺪ ﱡﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﳌﻄﻠ ﹺﻖ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌ ﹸﻞ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭ ‪‬‬
‫ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻨ‪‬ﻔ ﹺﻲ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﻞ )ﱂ ‪‬ﻳ‪‬ﻨ ﹾﻞ( ﰲ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻋﺮ‪:‬‬

‫ﺕ ﺍ َﻷ ‪‬ﻣ ﹾﻞ"‬
‫ﻉ ﱂ ‪‬ﻳ‪‬ﻨ ﹾﻞ ‪‬ﻣ ‪‬ﻨ ‪‬ﻬﺎ ﺍﹾﻟ ‪‬ﻤ‪‬ﻨﻰ * ‪‬ﻭ ‪‬ﺟ‪‬ﺒﺎ ‪‬ﻥ ‪‬ﻧﺎ ﹶﻝ ﹶﻏﺎ‪‬ﻳﺎ ‪‬‬
‫ﺠﺎ ﹴ‬
‫" ﹶﻛ ‪‬ﻢ ‪‬ﺷ ‪‬‬

‫ﺐ‬
‫ﺖ ﺑﲔ ﺻﻴﻐﱵ ﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﻠ ﹺ‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺪﻳ ﹺﺮ ﺑﺎﻹﺷﺎﺭ ‪‬ﺓ؛ ﺃ ﹼﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻘﻮﻟ ﹶﺔ ﻗﺪ ﲨﻌ ‪‬‬
‫ﺐ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺭ )ﱂ ‪‬ﻳ‪‬ﻨ ﹾﻞ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺻﻴﻐﺔ‬
‫ﺖ ﺻﻴﻐ ﹸﺔ ﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﻠ ﹺ‬
‫ﺏ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺿ ﹺﻲ ﺍﳌﻄﻠ ﹺﻖ‪ .‬ﻗﺪ ﺟﺎﺋ ‪‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻹﳚﺎ ﹺ‬
‫ﺏ‪ :‬ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻛ ﱠﻞ ﺻﻴﻐ ‪‬ﺔ ﻓﻌﻠﻴ ‪‬ﺔ‬
‫ﺖ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺎ ﹺ‬
‫ﺠ ﹺﺰ )‪‬ﻧﺎ ﹶﻝ(‪ .‬ﻓﺤﺎﺻ ﹸﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺪﺧ ﹸﻞ ﲢ ‪‬‬
‫ﺏ ﰲ ﺍﻟ ‪‬ﻌ ‪‬‬
‫ﺍﻹﳚﺎ ﹺ‬
‫ﺖ‬
‫ﻱ ﲢﺪﻳ ‪‬ﺪ ﺑﻮﻗ ‪‬‬
‫ﺙ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ‪‬ﺳ‪‬ﺒ ‪‬ﻖ ﺩﻭ ﹶﻥ ﺃ ‪‬‬
‫ﺖ ﺃﻡ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴ ﹰﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗ‪ ‬ﻨﹺﺒﺊﹸ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺪ ‪‬‬
‫ﺧﱪﻳ ﹰﺔ ﻛﺎﻧ ‪‬‬
‫‪‬ﻣ ‪‬ﻌ‪‬ﻴ ﹴﻦ ﻓﺈ‪‬ﻧﻪ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻖ‪.‬‬

‫‪THE PRESENT UNCONDITIONAL TENSE‬‬ ‫‪٢‬ـ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻖ‬

‫ﺨﹺﺒ ‪‬ﺮ ﺍﳌﺘﻜ ﱢﻠ ‪‬ﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺪﻭ‪‬ﺛ ‪‬ﻪ ﰲ ﺍﳊﹺﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻜ ﱠﻠ ‪‬ﻢ ﺩﻭﳕﺎ ﲢﺪﻳ ‪‬ﺪ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻔﻌ ﹸﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ‪‬ﻳ ‪‬‬
‫ﻚ ﹶﻻ ﺍﹾﻟ ‪‬ﻮ ‪‬ﻋﻴ ‪‬ﺪ‪ .‬ﻓـ‬
‫ﻕ ﻳﻨﺒ ﹸﺊ ‪‬ﻋ ‪‬ﻨ ‪‬‬
‫ﺖ ‪‬ﻣ ‪‬ﻌ‪‬ﻴ ﹴﻦ‪ .‬ﻛـ )‪‬ﻳ ‪‬ﻨﹺﺒ ﹸﺊ( ﰲ ﺍﹾﻟ ‪‬ﻤﹶﺜ ﹺﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﺮ ‪":‬ﺍﻟﺼﺪ ‪‬‬
‫ﺑﻮﻗ ‪‬‬
‫)‪‬ﻳ ‪‬ﻨﹺﺒ ﹸﺊ( ﻫﻨﺎ ﻓﻌﻞﹲ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ‪ ‬ﻣﻄ ﹶﻠﻖ‪ ‬ﻻ ﺣﺪﻭ ‪‬ﺩ ﻟﻮﻗﺘ ‪‬ﻪ‪ .‬ﺇﺫ ﻳ‪ ‬‬
‫ﻀ ‪‬ﺮﺏ‪ ‬ﺍﳌﺜ ﹸﻞ ‪‬ﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻘﻮﻟ ‪‬ﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺒﺎ ‪‬ﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﺖ ‪‬ﻣ ‪‬ﻌ‪‬ﻴ ﹴﻦ‪ .‬ﳚﻮﺯ‬
‫ﻱ ﻗﻴ ‪‬ﺪ ﺑﻮﻗ ‪‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻮ ‪‬ﻋ ‪‬ﺪ ﱠﺛﻢ ﻻ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺍﳊﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﺎﺳﺐ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃ ‪‬‬
‫ﻉ ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮ ﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌ ﹸﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻴﻐ ‪‬ﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﰲ ﺗﺄﻭﻳ ﹺﻞ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭ ﹺ‬
‫ﺴﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﱪ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﻈﻔﺮ ﻣﻮ ﹶﻛﻞﹲ‬ ‫ﻱ ﻣﻦ ‪‬ﻳ ‪‬‬
‫ﺼﹺﺒ ‪‬ﺮ ‪‬ﻳ ﹾﻈ ﹶﻔ ‪‬ﺮ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺍﳊﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻤ ‪‬‬ ‫ﺻ‪‬ﺒ ﹺﺮ ﹶﻇ ﹶﻔ ‪‬ﺮ" ﺃ ‪‬‬
‫" ‪‬ﻣ ‪‬ﻦ ‪‬‬

‫‪٧‬‬
‫ﻱ ﻗﻴ ‪‬ﺪ ﺑﺰﻣﺎ ‪‬ﻥ ‪‬ﻣ ‪‬ﻌ‪‬ﻴ ﹴﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺍﻥ ﰲ ﲨﻠﱵ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺼﱪ ﰲ ﻛ ﱢﻞ ﺣﺎ ﹴﻝ ﺩﻭﳕﺎ ﺃ ‪‬‬
‫ﺲ ‪‬ﺧﺎ ‪‬ﺳﺮﹰﺍ" ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﺕ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻲ‪" :‬ﻣﺎ ‪‬ﺾ ﺃﺣﺪ‪ ‬ﻏﺎﺿﺒﹰﺎ ﺇ ﱠﻻ ﻭ ‪‬ﺟ ﹶﻠ ‪‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔ ﹺﻲ ﻭﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎ ‪‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻻ ﳝﻠﻚ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﻮﺽ ﻏﻀﺒﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﲑﻩ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﳜﺴﺮ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺣﻴﻨﻪ ﻣﱴ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻕ‪.‬‬

‫***‬

‫‪THE FUTURE UNCONDITIONAL TENSE‬‬ ‫‪ ٣‬ـ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻖ‪:‬‬

‫ﻯ ﺃﺩﺍ‪‬ﺗ ﹺﻲ ﺍﻟﺰ‪‬ﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻵﰐ‪ .‬ﻭﳘﺎ )ﺍﻟﺴﲔ‬

‫ﻉ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﺘﻬ ﱡﻞ ﺑﺈﺣﺪ ‪‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻔﻌ ﹸﻞ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭ ‪‬‬
‫ﻭﺳﻮﻑ( ﻛـ) ‪‬ﺳ‪‬ﻴ ‪‬ﻌ ﹶﻠ ‪‬ﻢ( ﰲ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﱯ‪:‬‬

‫ﺴ ‪‬ﻌﻰ ﹺﺑ ‪‬ﻪ ﹶﻗ ‪‬ﺪ ‪‬ﻡ‬

‫ﺴ‪‬ﻨﺎ * ﺑﹺﺄ‪‬ﻧﻨﹺﻲ ‪‬ﺧ ‪‬ﻴ ‪‬ﺮ ‪‬ﻣ ‪‬ﻦ ‪‬ﺗ ‪‬‬
‫ﺠ ‪‬ﻠ ‪‬‬
‫ﺿ ‪‬ﻢ ‪‬ﻣ ‪‬‬
‫ﺠ ‪‬ﻤ ‪‬ﻊ ‪‬ﻣ ‪‬ﻤ ‪‬ﻦ ‪‬‬
‫‪‬ﺳ‪‬ﻴ ‪‬ﻌ ﹶﻠ ‪‬ﻢ ﺍﹾﻟ ‪‬‬
‫)ﺃﺑﻮ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﺐ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﱯ ـ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﱯ ﺹ ـ ‪ ،٣٣٢‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺑﲑﻭﺕ ـ ‪ ١٩٨٠‬ﻡ (‬

‫ﻱ" ﰲ ﻗﻮ ﹺﻝ ﺯﻫﲑ ﺑﻦ ﺃﰊ ﺳﻠﻤﻰ‪:‬‬

‫ﻑ ـ ﹺﺇ ‪‬ﺧﺎ ﹸﻝ ـ ﹶﺃ ‪‬ﺩﺭ ﹺ‬
‫ﻭ ‪‬ﻣ ﹾﺜ ﹸﻠ ‪‬ﻪ " ‪‬ﺳ ‪‬ﻮ ‪‬‬
‫ﺴﺎ ُﺀ‪.‬‬
‫ﺼ ﹴﻦ ﹶﺃ ‪‬ﻡ ﹺﻧ ‪‬‬
‫ﻱ * ﹶﺃ ﹶﻗ ‪‬ﻮﻡ‪ ‬ﺁ ﹸﻝ ‪‬ﺣ ‪‬‬
‫ﻑ ﹺﺇ ‪‬ﺧﺎ ﹸﻝ ﹶﺃ ‪‬ﺩﺭ ﹺ‬
‫ﻱ ‪‬ﻭ ‪‬ﺳ ‪‬ﻮ ‪‬‬
‫‪‬ﻭ ‪‬ﻣﺎ ﹶﺃ ‪‬ﺩﺭ ﹺ‬

‫ﺍﻷﺯﻣﻨ ﹸﺔ ﺍﹾﻟ ‪‬ﻤ ‪‬ﺮ ﱠﻛ‪‬ﺒ ﹸﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﺍ ﹸﳌ‪‬ﺘ ‪‬ﻮ ّﹶﻗ ‪‬ﻊ ﰲ ‪‬ﻛ ﹾﻠ‪‬ﺘﺎ ﺍﳌﻘﻮﻟﺘﲔ ﻏ‪‬ﻴﺮ ﳏ ‪‬ﺪ ‪‬ﺩ ﺑﺰﻣﺎ ‪‬ﻥ‪ .‬ﺇ ﱠﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟ ‪‬‬
‫ﺼ‪‬ﻴ ﹶﻎ ﻻ ﻗﻴ ‪‬ﺪ ﹶﻟ ‪‬ﻬﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻣ ‪‬ﺮ‪،‬‬
‫ﺴ‪‬ﺘ ‪‬ﻐ ‪‬ﺮ ﹶﻗﺔﹲ ﰲ ﻣﻔﻬﻮ ﹺﻡ ﺍﻟ ‪‬ﺰﻣ‪‬ﺎ ‪‬ﻥ ﺍﹾﻟ ‪‬ﻤ ﹾﻘﹺﺒ ﹺﻞ ﹺﺑ‪‬ﺘ ‪‬ﻤﺎ ‪‬ﻣ ‪‬ﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ‪‬ﻣ ﹾﻄ ﹶﻠ ﹶﻘﺔﹲ ‪‬ﻣ ‪‬‬

‫ﺴ ‪‬ﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﳌﻘﻴ‪‬ﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳊﺎﻝ‬

‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﻨ ﹸﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﹼﺒ ﹸﺔ ‪ :‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺛﻼﺛ ‪‬ﺔ ﺃﻗﺴﺎ ﹺﻡ ﺭ‪‬ﺋﻴ ‪‬‬
‫ﺻ ‪‬ﺔ ﻳﺘﻤ‪‬ﻴ ‪‬ﺰ ‪‬ﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻘﻴ‪‬ﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﳌﻘﻴ‪‬ﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻛ ﱞﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﻘﺴﻢ‪ ‬ﺇﱃ ﻓﺮﻭ ﹴ‬
‫ﻉ ﳐﺘﻠﻔ ‪‬ﺔ ﺑﻘﻴﻮ ‪‬ﺩ ﺧﺎ ‪‬‬
‫ﻀ ‪‬ﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﻬﺎ ﻳﺄﰐ ﺍﻟﻔﻌ ﹸﻞ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻴ ‪‬ﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻌ ‪‬‬

‫‪٨‬‬
‫ﺃ ‪‬ﻣﺎ ﻗﻴﻮ ‪‬ﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌ ﹺﻞ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳ ‪‬ﺪ ﻋﻼﻗ ‪‬ﺔ ﺍﻟﺰ‪‬ﻣﺎ ‪‬ﻥ ﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﺜﲑﺓﹲ؛ ﻭﻏﺎﻟ‪‬ﺒ ‪‬ﻬﺎ ﺣﺮﻭﻑ‪ :‬ﻛ ﹶﻘ ‪‬ﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﱂ‪،‬‬
‫ﺢ ‪...‬ﺇﱁ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇ ﹾﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ‪ ...‬ﻭﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝﹲ ﻧﺎﻗﺼﺔﹲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪ :‬ﻛﺎ ﹶﻥ ﻭﺻﺎ ‪‬ﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺻﺒ ‪‬‬
‫ﺚ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇ‪‬ﻳﹶﺎ ‪‬ﻙ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ‪‬ﻣ ‪‬ﺮ ﱠﻛ‪‬ﺒﺔﹲ‪ :‬ﻣﺜﻞ ) ‪‬ﺣ ‪‬ﻜ ‪‬ﻲ ﺃ‪‬ﻧ ‪‬ﻪ(‪،‬‬
‫ﺲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﻴ ﹸ‬
‫ﻭﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﺒﲑﺍﺕ‪ ‬ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔﹲ‪ :‬ﻛﺄﻣ ﹺ‬
‫ﻱ ﺃ‪‬ﻧ ‪‬ﻪ(‪ ،‬ﻭ)ﻗﻴ ﹶﻞ ﺃ‪‬ﻧ ‪‬ﻪ(‪ ،‬ﻭ)ﻗﺎﻝ(‪ ،‬ﻭ)ﺣﺪ‪‬ﺛﲏ(‪ ،‬ﻭ) ‪‬ﺳ ‪‬ﻤ ‪‬ﻌ ‪‬‬
‫ﺖ ‪‬ﻳ ﹸﻘﻮ ﹸﻝ(‪ ،‬ﻭ) ‪‬ﺳ‪‬ﺒ ‪‬ﻖ ﺃ ﹾﻥ( ﺍﱁ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭ) ‪‬ﺭ ﹺﻭ ‪‬‬
‫ﺏ ﺯﻣﻨﹰﺎ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﻀﻬﺎ ﺃﻗﺮ ‪‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﺗﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺗﺐ ﺍﻟﺰ‪‬ﻣﻨﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻌﻞ ‪‬ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﻌ ‪‬‬
‫ﻉ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎ ﹸﻝ ﺍﻟﺘ‪‬ﻜﺮﺍ ﹺﺭ ﺩﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻀ ‪‬ﻪ ﺍﻵ ‪‬ﺧ ﹺﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺃﻧﻮﺍ ﹴ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻜ ﱢﻠ ﹺﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺑﻌ ‪‬ﺪ ﺇﻟﻴ ‪‬ﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌ ‪‬‬
‫ﺖ ﹶﺃ ‪‬ﺭﺍ ‪‬ﻩ"؛ ﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﻛﻼﻡ‪ ‬ﻳﻮ ‪‬ﻫ ‪‬ﻢ ﺍﻟﺘ‪‬ﻜﺮﺍ ‪‬ﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘ‪‬ﺮﺍﺧﻲ‬
‫ﺖ‪ " :‬ﹸﻛ ‪‬ﻨ ‪‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻗﻠ ‪‬‬
‫ﲔ؛‬
‫ﺖ ﹶﺃ ‪‬ﺭﺍ ‪‬ﻩ"‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﻛﻨﺖ ﺃﺭﺍﻩ ﺣﻴﻨﹰﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺣ ﹴ‬
‫ﻑ " ﹶﻗﺪ ‪‬ﺭﹶﺃ‪‬ﻳ‪‬ﺘ ‪‬ﻪ"؛ ﺇﺫ ﻗﻮﻟﻚ‪ " :‬ﹸﻛ ‪‬ﻨ ‪‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘ‪‬ﺮ ‪‬ﺩﺩ‪ ،‬ﲞﻼ ‪‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻗﻮﻟﻚ‪ " :‬ﹶﻗ ‪‬ﺪ ‪‬ﺭﹶﺃ‪‬ﻳ‪‬ﺘ ‪‬ﻪ"‪ ،‬ﻳﺪ ﱡﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻗﺪ ﺣﺪﺙ ﻣﺮ ﹰﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﹰﺓ ﺑﺼﻮﺭ ‪‬ﺓ ﺟﺎﺯﻣ ‪‬ﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺐ ﺇ ﹾﻥ ﺷﺎﺀ ﺍﷲ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺳﻴﺄﰐ ﺷﺮﺡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﻟﻠﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﻘﻴ‪‬ﺪ ﺍﳌﻘﺘﺮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺰ‪‬ﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﹾﻟ ‪‬ﻤ ‪‬ﺮ ﱠﻛ ﹺ‬

‫***‬

‫‪THE PAST CONDITIONAL TENSE‬‬ ‫ﺃ ‪‬ﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﳌﻘ‪‬ﻴﺪ‪:‬‬

‫ﻓﻬﻮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺃﺑﻮﺍﺏ‪:‬‬

‫‪١‬ـ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳﺐ‬
‫‪٢‬ـ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﳉﺎﺯﻡ‬
‫‪٣‬ـ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺮ‪‬ﻭﺍﺋ ‪‬ﻲ‬
‫‪٤‬ـ ﺣﻜﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺮ‪‬ﻭﺍﺋ ‪‬ﻲ‬

‫***‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻷ ‪‬ﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﳌﻘ‪‬ﻴﺪ‪:‬‬

‫‪٩‬‬
 ‫‪THE PERESENT PERFECT TENSE‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳﺐ‪:‬‬

‫ﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻜ ﱢﻠ ﹺﻢ‪،‬‬

‫ﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺨﺎ ﹶﻃ‪‬ﺒﺎ ‪‬‬
‫ﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺨﺎ ﹶﻃ‪‬ﺒ ‪‬ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﹸﺨﺎ ﹶﻃ‪‬ﺒ ‪‬ﻴﻦﹺ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺨﺎ ﹶﻃﹺﺒ ‪‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺻﻴﻐ ﹸﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺎ ﹶﻃ ﹺ‬
‫ﺏ ﻣﺎ ﺣﺪﺙ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻜ ﱢﻠ ﹺﻢ ﺑﲔ‬
‫ﲔ‪ .‬ﺇ ﱠﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻗﺮ ‪‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻜ ﱢﻠ ‪‬ﻤ ‪‬‬
‫ﺤ ‪‬ﺒ‪‬ﺘ ‪‬ﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗ‪‬ﻨﺎ ‪‬ﺟ ‪‬ﻴﺘ‪ ‬ﻦ‪،‬‬
‫ﺴ‪‬‬
‫ﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗ ‪‬ﺮ‪‬ﺑﺘ‪‬ﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍ‪‬ﻧ ‪‬‬
‫ﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃ ﹾﻛ ‪‬ﺮ ‪‬ﻣ ‪‬‬
‫ﺐ ﺍﻟﺰ‪‬ﻣﻨ‪‬ﻴ ‪‬ﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺿﻲ‪ .‬ﳓﻮ‪ :‬ﻗﹸ ﹾﻠ ‪‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺗ ﹺ‬
‫ﺴ ﹾﻜﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍ ‪‬ﺳ‪‬ﺘ ‪‬ﻐ ﹶﻔ ‪‬ﺮ‪‬ﻧﺎ‪ .‬ﹸﻛ ﱡﻠ ‪‬ﻬﺎ ‪‬ﺟﺎ ﹺﺯ ‪‬ﻣﺔﹲ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﺸﺘﺮﻁ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌ ﹸﻞ‬
‫ﻭ‪‬ﺗ ‪‬ﻤ ‪‬‬
‫ﻉ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺄﰐ ﺑﻌﺪ ‪‬ﺑ ‪‬ﺪﹶﺃ‪ ،‬ﻭﹶﺃ ‪‬ﺧ ﹶﺬ‪،‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﰲ ﻛ ﱢﻞ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﻝ‪ .‬ﺑﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻌ ﹸﻞ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭ ‪‬‬
‫ﺕ؛ ﻧﻌﻢ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺢ‪ ،‬ﻭ ‪‬ﻣﺎ ‪‬ﺯﺍ ﹶﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﹶﺃ ﹶﻗ‪‬ﺒ ﹶﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﹶﺃ‪‬ﻧ ‪‬‬
‫ﺸﹶﺄ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﹶﻇ ﱠﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭ‪‬ﺑﺎ ‪‬‬ ‫ﺻ‪‬ﺒ ‪‬‬
‫ﺻﺎ ‪‬ﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﹶﺃ ‪‬‬
‫ﻭ ﹶﻃ ‪‬ﻔ ‪‬ﻖ‪ ،‬ﻭ ‪‬ﺟ ‪‬ﻌ ﹶﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭ ‪‬ﻋﺎ ‪‬ﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭ ‪‬‬
‫ﻉ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺄﰐ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻫﺬ ‪‬ﻩ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎ ﹺﻝ‪ ،‬ﻳﺪ ﱡﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌ ﹸﻞ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭ ‪‬‬
‫)ﺍﻷﻋﺮﺍﻑ‪(١٥٠/‬‬ ‫ﺠ ‪‬ﺮ ‪‬ﻩ ﹺﺇﹶﻟ ‪‬ﻴ ‪‬ﻪ"‪،‬‬
‫ﺱ ﹶﺃ ‪‬ﺧﻴ ‪‬ﻪ ‪‬ﻳ ‪‬‬
‫ﻼ ‪‬ﻃ ﹸﻔ ‪‬ﻪ"‪ ،‬ﻭ"ﹶﺃ ‪‬ﺧ ﹶﺬ ﹺﺑ ‪‬ﺮﹾﺃ ﹺ‬
‫ﻳﻔﻴ ‪‬ﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍ ‪‬ﺭ ﻭﺍﻹﻣﺘﺪﺍ ‪‬ﺩ ﳓﻮ‪" :‬ﺑ ‪‬ﺪﹶﺃ ‪‬ﻳ ﹶ‬
‫ﺠ‪‬ﻨ ‪‬ﺔ"‪ ،‬ﻭ"ﺟﻌﻞ ‪‬ﻳﻐ‪‬ﺮﹺﻳ ‪‬ﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﺼﻤﻪ"‪ ،‬ﻭ"ﻋﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻕ ﺍﹾﻟ ‪‬‬
‫ﺼﻔﹶﺎ ‪‬ﻥ ‪‬ﻋ ﹶﻠ ‪‬ﻴ ﹺﻬﻤ‪‬ﺎ ﻣ‪‬ﻦ ‪‬ﻭ ‪‬ﺭ ﹺ‬
‫ﺨ ‪‬‬
‫ﻭ" ‪‬ﻭ ﹶﻃ ‪‬ﻔﻘﹶﺎ ‪‬ﻳ ‪‬‬
‫ﻳﻨﺎﻓﺴﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ"‪ ،‬ﻭ"ﺻﺎﺭ ﻳﺸﻌﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺪﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻓﻌﻞ"‪ ،‬ﻭ"ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﻳﺴﺘﻮﺣﺶ ﻣﻨﻪ"‬
‫ﻭ"ﺃﻗﺒﻞ ‪‬ﻳ ﹶﻜ ﱢﻠ ‪‬ﻤ ‪‬ﻪ ‪‬ﺪﻭ ٍﺀ"‪ ،‬ﻭ" ﻇﻞ ﳛﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺼﺮﻓﺎﺗﻪ"‪ ،‬ﻭ"ﺃﻧﺸﺄ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ"‪ ،‬ﻭ"ﺑﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﺄﻧﺲ ﺑﻪ"‬

‫***‬
‫‪THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﳌﻘ‪‬ﻴﺪ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﳉﺎﺯﻡ‪:‬‬

‫ﺖ ‪‬ﻣ ‪‬ﻌ‪‬ﻴ ﹴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰ‪‬ﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﺙ ﰲ ﻭﻗ ‪‬‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻔﻴ ‪‬ﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻄ ‪‬ﻊ ﻭﻳﺪ ﱡﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪ ‪‬‬

‫ﺐ ﺑﻌ ‪‬ﺪ ) ﹶﻗ ‪‬ﺪ(؛ ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ‬

‫ﰐ ﺍﻟﻔﻌ ﹸﻞ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﻼ ﹺﻡ ﺍﳌﻮ ‪‬ﺟ ﹺ‬
‫ﺿﺎﹺﺑ ﹸﻄ ‪‬ﻪ‪ :‬ﻓﺄ ﹾﻥ ﻳﺄ ﹶ‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ‪‬‬
‫ﺐ ﺑﻌﺪ )ﻣﺎ( ﻭ)ﻻ( ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻴﺘﲔ ﻟﻠﺠﺰﻡ ﻭﻟﻠﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﺮ ﹰﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﹰﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎ‪‬ﻟ ﹺ‬
‫)ﺍ‪‬ﺎﺩﻟﺔ‪(١/‬‬ ‫ﳓﻮ ) ‪‬ﺳ ‪‬ﻤ ‪‬ﻊ( ﰲ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ‪ " :‬ﹶﻗ ‪‬ﺪ ‪‬ﺳ ‪‬ﻤ ‪‬ﻊ ﺍﻟ ﱠﻠ ‪‬ﻪ ﹶﻗ ‪‬ﻮ ﹶﻝ ﺍﱠﻟﺘ‪‬ﻲ ‪‬ﺗﺠ‪‬ﺎ ‪‬ﺩﻟﹸ ‪‬‬
‫ﻚ ﻓ‪‬ﻲ ‪‬ﺯ ‪‬ﻭ ﹺﺟﻬ‪‬ﺎ‪"...‬‬

‫ﺕ(‪ ،‬ﻭ) ﹶﻻ ﹶﺫ ‪‬ﻣﻨ‪‬ﺎ( ﰲ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻋﺮ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﳓﻮ) ‪‬ﻣﺎ ﹸﺃ ‪‬ﺧ ‪‬ﻤ ‪‬ﺪ ‪‬‬

‫‪١٠‬‬
 ‫ﲔ ‪‬ﻧ ﹺﺰﻳ ﹸﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟ‪‬ﻨﺎ ﹺﺯ‪‬ﻟ ‪‬‬
‫ﻕ * ‪‬ﻭ ﹶﻻ ﹶﺫ ‪‬ﻣﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﹺ‬
‫ﺕ ‪‬ﻧﺎﺭ‪ ‬ﹶﻟ‪‬ﻨﺎ ‪‬ﺩﻭ ﹶﻥ ﹶﻃﺎ ﹺﺭ ﹴ‬
‫‪‬ﻭ ‪‬ﻣﺎ ﹸﺃ ‪‬ﺧ ‪‬ﻤ ‪‬ﺪ ‪‬‬
‫)ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻮﺃﻝ ﺑﻦ ﻋﺎﺩﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﺩﻳﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﺳﺔـ ﺃﺑﻮ ﲤﺎﻡ ‪(٢٦ ،١‬‬

‫ﺕ‬
‫ﻑ ﻭﺃﺩﻭﺍ ‪‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌ ﹸﻞ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻘﺮﻭ‪‬ﻧﺎ ﺑﻘﻴ ‪‬ﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻮ ‪‬ﺩ ﺍﻟﺰ‪‬ﻣﻨﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭ ‪‬‬
‫ﺍﻹﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎ ﹺﻡ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ‪‬ﻭ ﹶﻗ ‪‬ﻊ ﺑﻌﺪ‪ :‬ﺇ ﹾﺫ‪ ،‬ﻭﹶﻟ ‪‬ﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭ ‪‬ﻣ ﹾﺬ‪ ،‬ﻭ ‪‬ﻣ ‪‬ﻨ ﹸﺬ‪ ،‬ﻭ ‪‬ﺣ‪‬ﺘﻰ؛ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺇﺫﺍ ‪‬ﻭ ﹶﻗ ‪‬ﻊ ﻗﺒﻞ‪:‬‬
‫ﻒ‪ ،‬ﻭ ‪‬ﻋ ‪‬ﻦ ﳝﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻦ ﴰﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺒﻞ‪،‬‬
‫ﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭ ‪‬ﻣ ‪‬ﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﹶﺃ ‪‬ﻣﺎ ‪‬ﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭ ‪‬ﺧ ﹾﻠ ‪‬‬
‫ﺤ ‪‬‬
‫ﻕ‪ ،‬ﻭ‪‬ﺗ ‪‬‬
‫ﰲ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﹶﻓ ‪‬ﻮ ‪‬‬
‫‪‬ﻋ ﹶﻠﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﹺ‬
‫ﻭﺑﻌﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﱃ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ )ﻟﻠﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ( ﻭﺃﻣﺲ‪.‬‬

‫***‬

‫ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﳉﺎﺯﻡ ‪‬ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻪ ﻣﻘﺮﻭﻧﹰﺎ ﺑﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺗﺴﺒﻘﻪ‪:‬‬

‫) ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺮﺓ‪(٣٠/‬‬ ‫ﺽ ‪‬ﺧﻠ‪‬ﻴ ﹶﻔ ﹰﺔ"‪.‬‬

‫ﻚ ‪‬ﻟ ﹾﻠﻤ‪‬ﻼ‪‬ﺋ ﹶﻜ ‪‬ﺔ ﹺﺇﻧ‪‬ﻲ ﺟ‪‬ﺎ ‪‬ﻋﻞﹲ ﻓ‪‬ﻲ ﺍ َﻷ ‪‬ﺭ ﹺ‬
‫* " ‪‬ﻭﹺﺇ ﹾﺫ ﻗﹶﺎ ﹶﻝ ‪‬ﺭ‪‬ﺑ ‪‬‬
‫)ﻳﻮﺳﻒ‪(٢٢/‬‬ ‫* " ‪‬ﻭﹶﻟﻤ‪‬ﺎ ‪‬ﺑ ﹶﻠ ﹶﻎ ﹶﺃﺷ‪ ‬ﺪﻩ‪ ‬ﺁ‪‬ﺗ ‪‬ﻴﻨ‪‬ﺎ ‪‬ﻩ ‪‬ﺣ ﹾﻜﻤ‪‬ﺎ ‪‬ﻭ ‪‬ﻋ ﹾﻠﻤ‪‬ﺎ"‪.‬‬
‫ﺖ ﺻﺪﺍﻗﱵ * ﻓﺄﺑﻴﺖ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻟﻘﺎﻙ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻫﺠﺮﺗﻨﺎ"‬ ‫* "ﻭﻟﻘﺪ ﻧﺴﻴﺘ‪ ‬‬
‫ﻚ ‪‬ﻣ ﹾﺬ ﻧﺴﻴ ‪‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻘﺮﻭ‪‬ﻧﺎ ﺑﻘﻴﻮ ‪‬ﺩ ﺗﺄﰐ ﺑﻌﺪﻩ‪ :‬ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻹﻧﺘﻬﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻈﹼﺮﻓﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫* "ﺩﻋﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﲑ ﺣﱴ ﺃﻗﺒﻠﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺿﺮﻳﺔ * ﺩﻭﺍﻋﻲ ﺩﻡ ﻣﻬﺮﺍﻗﻪ ﻏﲑ ﺑﺎﺭﺡ"‬

‫)ﺩﻳﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﺳﺔ ﻷﰊ ﲤﺎﻡ‪(٢٨٨-١ :‬‬

‫* "ﺟﻠﺲ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺠﺪ ﻟﻺﻋﺘﻜﺎﻑ"‬

‫)ﺍﳌﺆﻣﻨﻮﻥ‪(١٧/‬‬ ‫ﲔ"‬
‫ﺨ ﹾﻠ ﹺﻖ ﹶﻏﺎ ‪‬ﻓ ‪‬ﻠ ‪‬‬
‫* " ‪‬ﻭﹶﻟ ﹶﻘ ‪‬ﺪ ‪‬ﺧ ﹶﻠ ﹾﻘﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﹶﻓ ‪‬ﻮ ﹶﻗ ﹸﻜ ‪‬ﻢ ‪‬ﺳ ‪‬ﺒ ‪‬ﻊ ﹶﻃﺮ‪‬ﺍ‪‬ﺋ ‪‬ﻖ ‪‬ﻭﻣ‪‬ﺎ ﹸﻛﻨ‪‬ﺎ ‪‬ﻋ ‪‬ﻦ ﺍﹾﻟ ‪‬‬
‫* " ﻭﻗﻒ ﲢﺖ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺮﺓ"‬
‫* " ﻭﻗﻒ ﻋﻦ ﴰﺎﻟﻪ ﰒ ﺟﻠﺲ ﻋﻦ ﳝﻴﻨﻪ"‬
‫* " ﺳﺎﻓﺮ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻜﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻣﺔ ﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻓﺮﻳﻀﺔ ﺍﳊﺞ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﺭﺟﻊ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺷﻬﺮ‪".‬‬

‫‪١١‬‬
 ‫* " ‪‬ﺾ ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺿﻌﻒ ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﹰﺎ‪".‬‬
‫* "ﺃﻗﺒﻞ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﺒﺘﺴﻢ"‬
‫* " ﻭﺻﻞ ﺃﻣﺲ"‬

‫***‬
‫ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ‪:‬‬

‫)ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺝ‪(١٧/‬‬ ‫ﺠﻨ‪‬ﻮ ‪‬ﺩ"‬

‫ﺚ ﺍﹾﻟ ‪‬‬
‫* " ‪‬ﻫ ﹾﻞ ﹶﺃﺗ‪‬ﺎ ‪‬ﻙ ‪‬ﺣﺪ‪‬ﻳ ﹸ‬
‫)ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻞ‪(١/‬‬ ‫ﺏ ﺍﹾﻟﻔ‪‬ﻴ ﹺﻞ"‬
‫ﺻﺤ‪‬ﺎ ﹺ‬
‫ﻚ ﹺﺑﹶﺄ ‪‬‬
‫ﻒ ﹶﻓ ‪‬ﻌ ﹶﻞ ‪‬ﺭ‪‬ﺑ ‪‬‬
‫* " ﹶﺃﹶﻟ ‪‬ﻢ ‪‬ﺗﺮ‪‬ﻯ ﹶﻛ ‪‬ﻴ ‪‬‬
‫)ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﺔ‪(٦٨/‬‬ ‫ﺸ ‪‬ﺮﺑ‪‬ﻮ ﹶﻥ"‬
‫* " ﹶﺃ ﹶﻓ ‪‬ﺮﹶﺃ‪‬ﻳﺘ‪ ‬ﻢ ﺍﹾﻟﻤ‪‬ﺎ َﺀ ﺍﱠﻟﺬ‪‬ﻱ ‪‬ﺗ ‪‬‬

‫ﻉ ﻗﻄﻌﹰﺎ ﺇ ﱠﻻ‬
‫ﺙ ﺳﺎﺑ ﹺﻖ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮ ﹺ‬
‫ﺇ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌ ﹶﻞ ﺍﳌﺎﺿ ‪‬ﻲ ﺑﻜﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻘﺮﻭﻧﹰﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻴﻮ ‪‬ﺩ ﻳﺪ ﹼﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪ ‪‬‬
‫ﺕ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎ ﹺﻡ؛ ﻓﺈﻧ‪‬ﻪ ﺟﺎﺯﻡ‪ ‬ﺣﻜﻤﹰﺎ ﻻ ﺣﻘﻴﻘ ﹰﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇ ﱠﻻ ﻣﺎ ﺟﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺁﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﷲ‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﺟﺎﺀ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﺩﻭﺍ ‪‬‬
‫ﻉ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﻨﺤﺼ ‪‬ﺮ ﻣﻔﻬﻮ ‪‬ﻡ ﺍﻟﺰ‪‬ﻣﺎ ‪‬ﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑ ﹺﻖ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﳏﻤﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺎﺑ ﹺﻖ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮ ﹺ‬
‫ﻉ ﺑﻌﺪ )ﱂ( ﻭ)ﹶﻟ ‪‬ﻤﺎ( ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻴﺘﲔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻔﻴﺪﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺻﻴﻐ ‪‬ﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌ ﹺﻞ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ‪ .‬ﺑﻞ ﻳﺄﰐ ﺍﻟﻔﻌ ﹸﻞ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭ ‪‬‬
‫ﺙ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻊ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭ؛ ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ‪ " :‬ﹶﻟ ‪‬ﻢ ‪‬ﻳ ‪‬ﻠ ‪‬ﺪ‬
‫ﺤ ‪‬ﺪ ‪‬‬
‫ﻉ ﺍﹾﻟ ‪‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻄ ‪‬ﻊ ﻭﻭ‪‬ﻗﻮ ‪‬‬
‫)ﺍﻹﺧﻼﺹ‪(٣/‬‬ ‫‪‬ﻭﹶﻟ ‪‬ﻢ ﻳ‪‬ﻮﹶﻟ ‪‬ﺪ "‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻟﻠﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﳉﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺸﺎ‪‬ﺔﹲ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻋﻤﻮﻡ‪‬‬

‫ﻭﺧﺼﻮﺹ‪.‬‬

‫***‬

‫‪١٢‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﳌﻘ‪‬ﻴﺪ‪:‬‬

‫‪THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺮ‪‬ﻭﺍﺋ ‪‬ﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﲑ‬
‫ﺙ؛ ﺣﻘﻴﻘ ﹰﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺣﻜﻤﺎﹰ؛ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺯﻣ ﹴﻦ ﻏ ﹺ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ‪ ‬ﻟﻠﺤﻜﺎﻳ ‪‬ﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻣ ﹴﺮ ‪‬ﺣ ‪‬ﺪ ﹶ‬
‫ﻉ ﺑﻌﺪ ) ﹶﻛﺎ ﹶﻥ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻌﺪ‬
‫ﺐ‪ .‬ﻭﺿﺎﺑ ﹸﻄ ‪‬ﻪ‪ :‬ﺃﻥ ﻳﺄﰐ ﺍﻟﻔﻌ ﹸﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻴﻐ ‪‬ﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭ ﹺ‬
‫ﻗﺮﻳ ﹴ‬
‫)ﹶﻟ ‪‬ﻤﺎ( ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺒﻘﻬﺎ )ﻟﻮﻻ( ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻃﻴ ﹸﺔ ﻭﺑﻌﺪ )ﻝ( ﺍﳉﻮﺍﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺑﻌﺪ )ﺣﱴ( ﺇﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺳﺒﻘﺘﻬﺎ )ﻣﺎﻛﺎﻥ( ‪ .‬ﻛﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻹﳚﺎﰊ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﱯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺯﻣﺎﻥﹲ‬
‫ﻆ‬
‫ﺖ ﹶﻓﻈ‪‬ﺎ ﹶﻏﻠ‪‬ﻴ ﹶ‬
‫ﱪ ‪‬ﻣ ‪‬ﺪ ‪‬ﺓ ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ‪ " :‬ﻭﹶﻟ ‪‬ﻮ ﻛﹸ ‪‬ﻨ ‪‬‬
‫ﺙ ﺍﻟﻔﻌ ﹺﻞ ﻋ ‪‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‪ ‬ﺍﺳﺘﻐﺮﻕ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺣﺪﻭ ﹸ‬
‫ﺏ‬
‫ﺖ ‪‬ﺗ ‪‬ﺪﺭﹺﻱ ‪‬ﻣﺎ ﺍﹾﻟ ‪‬ﻜﺘ‪‬ﺎ ‪‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ‪" :‬ﻣ‪‬ﺎ ﻛﹸ ‪‬ﻨ ‪‬‬ ‫)ﺁﻝ ﻋﻤﺮﺍﻥ‪(١٥٩ ،‬‬ ‫ﻚ"‬
‫ﺐ ﹶﻻ‪‬ﻧ ﹶﻔﻀ‪‬ﻮﺍ ‪‬ﻣ ‪‬ﻦ ‪‬ﺣ ‪‬ﻮ‪‬ﻟ ‪‬‬
‫ﺍﹾﻟ ﹶﻘ ﹾﻠ ﹺ‬
‫)ﺍﻟﺸﻮﺭﻯ‪(٥٢/‬‬ ‫ﻭ‪‬ﻻ ﺍﻹﳝ‪‬ﺎ ﹸﻥ ‪‬ﻭﹶﻟ ‪‬ﻜ ‪‬ﻦ ‪‬ﺟ ‪‬ﻌ ﹾﻠﻨ‪‬ﺎ ‪‬ﻩ ﻧ‪‬ﻮﺭ‪‬ﺍ ‪‬ﻧ ‪‬ﻬﺪ‪‬ﻱ ﹺﺑ ‪‬ﻪ ‪‬ﻣ ‪‬ﻦ ‪‬ﻧﺸ‪‬ﺎ ُﺀ"‬
‫ﻭﻛﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻋﺮ‪:‬‬

‫ﺐ ﺍﹾﻟ ‪‬ﻤ‪‬ﻨﺎ ﹺﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﺕ ‪‬ﻣ ‪‬ﻦ ﺍﻟ ﱠﻠﻴ‪‬ﺎﱄ * ﹶﻟ ‪‬ﻤﺎ ‪‬ﺗ ‪‬ﺮ ‪‬ﻙ ﺍﹾﻟ ‪‬ﻘ ﹶﻄﺎ ‪‬ﻃﻴ ‪‬‬
‫ﺠﺎ ‪‬‬
‫‪‬ﻭﹶﻟ ‪‬ﻮ ﹶﻻ ﺍﹾﻟ ‪‬ﻤ ‪‬ﺰ ‪‬ﻋ ‪‬‬
‫)ﺃﺑﻮ ﳏﻤﺪ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﷲ ﲨﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﺑﻦ ﻫﺸﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻧﺼﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺪﻯ ﻭﺑﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻯ‪(١٤ ،‬‬

‫ﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻲ ﺑﲔ )ﻛﺎﻥ( ﻭﺑﲔ ﻣﺎ ‪‬ﻳ‪‬ﺘ ‪‬ﻌﺎ ﹶﻗ‪‬ﺒ ‪‬ﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻌ ﹴﻞ‪ .‬ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ ‪" :‬ﻛﹶﺎﻧ‪‬ﻮﺍ‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﺨ ﱠﻠ ﹸﻞ ﺣﺮ ‪‬‬
‫)ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺪﺓ‪(٧٩ ،‬‬ ‫ﺲ ﻣ‪‬ﺎ ﻛﹶﺎﻧ‪‬ﻮﺍ ‪‬ﻳ ﹾﻔ ‪‬ﻌﻠﹸﻮ ﹶﻥ"‬
‫ﹶﻻ ‪‬ﻳ‪‬ﺘﻨ‪‬ﺎ ‪‬ﻫ ‪‬ﻮ ﹶﻥ ‪‬ﻋ ‪‬ﻦ ﻣ‪‬ﻨ ﹶﻜ ﹴﺮ ﹶﻓ ‪‬ﻌﻠﹸﻮ ‪‬ﻩ ﹶﻟﹺﺒ ﹾﺌ ‪‬‬
‫***‬

‫‪THE PAST PERFECT TENSE‬‬ ‫ﺣﻜﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺮ‪‬ﻭﺍﺋ ‪‬ﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ‪ ‬ﻟﻠﺤﻜﺎﻳ ‪‬ﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺣﻜﺎﻳ ‪‬ﺔ ﺃﻣ ﹴﺮ ﰲ ﺯﻣﺎ ‪‬ﻥ ﺳﺎﺑ ﹴﻖ‪ .‬ﺿﺎﺑﻄﻪ‪ :‬ﺃﻥ ﻳﺄﰐ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬
‫ﻱ‪ .‬ﻭﺃ ‪‬ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺖ ﹶﻗ ‪‬ﺪ ‪‬ﺭﹶﺃ‪‬ﻳﺖ ‪‬ﺯ‪‬ﻳﺪﹰﺍ"‪ .‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﳋﱪ ‪‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ ) ﹶﻛﺎ ﹶﻥ ﹶﻗ ‪‬ﺪ( ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻚ " ﹸﻛ ‪‬ﻨ ‪‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋ ‪‬ﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ‪‬ﻧ ‪‬ﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺄﰐ )ﻗﺪ( ﺑﻌﺪ )ﻛﺎﻥ( ﺃﻭ ﻗﺒﻠﻪ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻟﻮ‬
‫‪١٣‬‬
‫ﲔ‬
‫ﲔ ﺍﻟﺼ‪‬ﻴﻐﺘ ﹺ‬
‫ﺖ ‪‬ﺯ‪‬ﻳﺪﺍﹰ؟"‪ .‬ﻓﺈ ﹼﻥ ﻫﺎﺗ ﹺ‬
‫ﺖ ﹶﻗ ‪‬ﺪ ‪‬ﺭﹶﺃ‪‬ﻳ ‪‬‬
‫ﺖ" ﺃﻭ " ‪‬ﻫ ﹾﻞ ﹸﻛ ‪‬ﻨ ‪‬‬
‫ﺖ ﹶﻗ ‪‬ﺪ ‪‬ﺭﹶﺃ‪‬ﻳ ‪‬‬
‫ﻗﻠﺖ ‪ " :‬ﻣﺎ ﹸﻛ ‪‬ﻨ ‪‬‬
‫ﺐ‬
‫ﰐ ﺍﻟﻔﻌ ﹸﻞ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴ ﹴ‬
‫ﺏ‪ :‬ﺃ ﹾﻥ ﻳﺄ ﹶ‬
‫ﲑ ‪‬ﻣﻌ‪‬ﺘﺎﺩ ‪‬ﺓ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﻢ‪ .‬ﺃﻣ‪‬ﺎ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺑﻨﺎ ِﺀ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺎ ﹺ‬
‫ﻏ‪‬‬
‫ﺖ ﺯﻳﺪﹰﺍ"‪ ،‬ﻭ"ﻣ‪‬ﺎ‬
‫ﺴ‪‬ﺒ ‪‬ﻖ ﱄ ﺃ ﹾﻥ ﺭﺃ‪‬ﻳ ‪‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺤﺪﺛﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ‪‬؛ ﻭﻫﻮ‪" :‬ﱂ ﻳﺴﺒ ‪‬ﻖ ﺃ ﹾﻥ"‪ .‬ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻚ‪" :‬ﱂ ‪‬ﻳ ‪‬‬
‫ﻚ ﺃ ﹾﻥ ﺭﺃ‪‬ﻳ‪‬ﺘﻪ‪."‬‬
‫‪‬ﺳ‪‬ﺒ ‪‬ﻖ ﱄ ﺃﻥ ﺭﺃﻳ‪‬ﺘ ‪‬ﻪ"؛ ﻭ"ﻫﻞ ﺳ‪‬ﺒ ‪‬ﻖ ﻟ ‪‬‬
‫***‬

‫‪THE PRESENT CONTIDIONAL TENSE‬‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻘﻴ‪‬ﺪ‪:‬‬

‫ﺙ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﳌﺘﻜ ﱢﻠ ‪‬ﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻣ ﹴﺮ ﻻ ﻳﺰﺍﻝ‬

‫ﻓﻬﻮ ﺑﺎﺏ‪ ‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﳊﺎ ﹸﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳ ‪‬ﻊ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﺤ ‪‬ﺪ ﹸ‬
‫ﺏ‪ :‬ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻂ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺎ ﹺ‬
‫ﺿﺎﹺﺑ ﹸ‬
‫ﺟﺎﺭﻳﹰﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﺪ ﻣﻀﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻐﲑ ‪‬ﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭ ‪‬‬
‫ﺙ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻜ ﱢﻠ ‪‬ﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﻉ ﻣﻘﺮﻭﻧﹰﺎ ﺑﻘﻴ ‪‬ﺪ ﳛ ‪‬ﺪ ‪‬ﺩ ‪‬ﻩ ﻟﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﺤ ‪‬ﺪ ﹸ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌ ﹸﻞ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭ ‪‬‬
‫ﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻜ ﱢﻠ ﹺﻢ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻤﲔ‬ ‫ﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺨﺎ ﹶﻃ‪‬ﺒ ‪‬ﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺨﺎ ﹶﻃ‪‬ﺒ ‪‬ﻴ ﹺﻦ ﻭﺍﳌﺨﺎ ﹶﻃﹺﺒ ‪‬‬
‫ﲔ ﻭﺍﳌﺨﺎ ﹶﻃ‪‬ﺒﺎ ‪‬‬ ‫ﺼ‪‬ﻴ ﹺﻎ ﺍﳌﺨﺎ ﹶﻃ ﹺ‬
‫ﹶﻛ ‪‬‬
‫ﺖ ﺗﻜﺘﺒﲔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺖ ﺗﻘﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻧ ‪‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻣﻊ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﳌﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ؛ ﳓﻮ ﺃ‪‬ﻧ ‪‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻧﺘﻤﺎ ﺗﺴﻤﻌﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻧﺘﻢ ﺗﺸﻬﺪﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃ‪‬ﻧ‪‬ﺘ ‪‬ﻦ ﺗﺼﺪﻗﻦ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻧﺎ ﺃﻧﺼﺤﻜﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﳓﻦ ﻧﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ‪ .‬ﺃ ‪‬ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺻ‪‬ﻴ ﹸﻎ ﺍﻷﻣ ﹺﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ‪‬ﻧ ‪‬ﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻖ ‪.‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫***‬

‫‪THE FTURE CONDITIONAL TENSES‬‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﳌﻘﻴ‪‬ﺪ‪:‬‬

‫ﻓﻬﻮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺃﺑﻮﺍﺏ‪:‬‬

‫‪THE FTURE BOUND TENSE‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﹼﻖ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺄﰐ ﺟﺰﺍ ًﺀ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻁ ﻭﳚﻮﺯ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ‪ ،‬ﻭ ‪‬ﻣﹶﺜﺎﹸﻟ ‪‬ﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻋﺮ‪:‬‬

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 ‫ﺖ ﺍﻟ ﱠﻠﺌ‪‬ﻴ ‪‬ﻢ ﲤﺮ‪‬ﺩﺍ‪.‬‬
‫ﺖ ﹶﺃ ﹾﻛ ‪‬ﺮ ‪‬ﻣ ‪‬‬
‫ﺖ ﺍﹾﻟ ﹶﻜ ﹺﺮ ‪‬ﱘ ‪‬ﻣ ﹶﻠ ﹾﻜ‪‬ﺘ ‪‬ﻪ * ‪‬ﻭﹺﺇ ﹾﻥ ﹶﺃ‪‬ﻧ َ‪‬‬
‫ﺖ ﹶﺃ ﹾﻛ ‪‬ﺮ ‪‬ﻣ ‪‬‬
‫ﹺﺇ ﹶﺫﺍ ﹶﺃ‪‬ﻧ ‪‬‬

‫ﺴ ‪‬ﻦ ﺍﻟ ﹼﻈ ‪‬ﻦ‬
‫ﺃﻱ ﺇ ﹾﻥ ﺗ‪ ‬ﹾﻜ ﹺﺮ ﹺﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺮ ‪‬ﱘ ‪‬ﺗ ‪‬ﻤ ‪‬ﻠ ﹾﻜ ‪‬ﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇ ﹾﻥ ﺗ‪ ‬ﹾﻜ ﹺﺮ ﹺﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﺌﻴ ‪‬ﻢ ‪‬ﻳ‪‬ﺘ ‪‬ﻤ ‪‬ﺮ ‪‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺗﻨﺒﻴﻪ‪ ‬ﳌﻦ ﻳ‪‬ﺤ ِ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻭﻻ ﻳ‪ ‬ﹶﻔ ‪‬ﺮﻕ‪ ‬ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻮﺷﻚ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻨﺎﻟﻪ ﺷ ‪‬ﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﺴﻦ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻹﻛﺮﺍﻡ‬
‫ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻁﹲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻬﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻌ ﹼﻠﻖ‪ ‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﻗﺘﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‪.‬‬

‫)ﳏﻤﺪ‪(٧/‬‬ ‫ﺖ ﹶﺃ ﹾﻗﺪ‪‬ﺍ ‪‬ﻣ ﹸﻜ ‪‬ﻢ "‬

‫ﺼ ‪‬ﺮ ﹸﻛ ‪‬ﻢ ‪‬ﻭﻳ‪‬ﹶﺜ‪‬ﺒ ‪‬‬
‫ﺼﺮ‪‬ﻭﺍ ﺍﻟ ﱠﻠ ‪‬ﻪ ﻳ‪‬ﻨ ‪‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ‪" :‬ﹺﺇ ﹾﻥ ﺗ‪‬ﻨ ‪‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﳌﻘﻴﺪ‪:‬‬

‫‪THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺮ‪‬ﻭﺍﺋ ‪‬ﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﻁ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺄﰐ ﺑﻌﺪ )‪‬ﻳ ﹸﻜﻮ ﹸﻥ ﹶﻗ ‪‬ﺪ( ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺟﺰﺍ ًﺀ ﻟﻔﻌ ﹺﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ‪‬‬
‫ﺕ ﺍﻟﻨ‪‬ﺼ ‪‬ﺮ"‬
‫ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻚ‪" :‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺳﺒ ﹾﻘ‪‬ﺘﻪ‪ ‬ﺗﻜﻮ ﹸﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺃﺣﺮ ‪‬ﺯ ‪‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﳌﻘﻴ‪‬ﺪ‪:‬‬

‫‪THE FUTURE NEGATIVE TENSE‬‬ ‫ﱯ ﺍﳉﺎﺯﻡ‪:‬‬

‫ﺴ ﹾﻠ ‪‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟ ‪‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺄﰐ ﺑﻌﺪ )ﹶﻟ ‪‬ﻦ( ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ‪" :‬ﹶﻟ ‪‬ﻦ ‪‬ﺗﻨ‪‬ﺎﻟﹸﻮﺍ ﺍﹾﻟﹺﺒ ‪‬ﺮ ‪‬ﺣﺘ‪‬ﻰ ﺗ‪ ‬ﻨ ‪‬ﻔﻘﹸﻮﺍ ‪‬ﻣﻤ‪‬ﺎ‬
‫)ﺁﻝ ﻋﻤﺮﺍﻥ‪(٩٢/‬‬ ‫ﺤﺒ‪‬ﻮ ﹶﻥ "‬
‫‪‬ﺗ ‪‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﳌﻘﻴ‪‬ﺪ‪:‬‬

‫‪THE PAST FUTURE PERFECT TENSE‬‬ ‫ﺣﻜﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺮ‪‬ﻭﺍﺋ ‪‬ﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺄﰐ ﺑﻌﺪ ) ‪‬ﻣﺎ ﹶﻛﺎ ﹶﻥ ‪‬ﻟـ‪ (..‬ﳓﻮ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ‪ ":‬ﻭﻣ‪‬ﺎ ﻛﹶﺎ ﹶﻥ ﺍﻟ ﱠﻠ ‪‬ﻪ ‪‬ﻟﻴ‪ ‬ﻌ ﱢﺬ‪‬ﺑﻬ‪ ‬ﻢ‬
‫)ﺍﻷﻧﻔﺎﻝ‪(٣٣/‬‬ ‫ﺖ ﻓ‪‬ﻴ ﹺﻬ ‪‬ﻢ ‪"...‬‬
‫‪‬ﻭﹶﺃ‪‬ﻧ ‪‬‬

‫ﻭ‪‬ﺬﺍ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺖ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺪﺭ ﺍﳌﻴﺴ‪‬ﺮ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺑﺎﷲ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﻖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺁﻳﺪﻥ‬

‫‪Feriduddin AYDIN‬‬
‫‪ /٢٦‬ﺻﻔﺮ‪ ١٤١٨/‬ﻫـ‪.‬‬

‫‪١٩٩٧/٠٧/٠١‬ﻡ‪.‬‬

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