BS sites: aieadhe s Ss Issued by : Electrical Systems & Equipment, LARSEN & TOUBRO, Powai Campus, Mumbai 400 072 ‘When one hears the term "Substation Automation”, generally an image of a highly complex system with numerous blinking LEDs anda large monitor flashing is what comes to mind, In the late 90s, the concept of automation was largely "Centralised", meaning a central cubicle housing a PLC system and associated VO modules were located at a specific location andall equipments being controlled were hardwired to this central cubicle(s). This kind of system gave rise to the image described above. However, in the early 2000s, the paradigm shifted to "Decentralised" wherein the basic control remained with a centrally located PLC CPU system but Remote PLC I/O stations located close to the actual point of control/application within the plant were present and these were connected to Shibu Jolly Manager, Relay & Integrated Solutions the central PLC system via a deterministic communication link. The advantage - lesser hardwiring as compared to the Centralized system. Faster response time, easier integration, easier extendibility of the existing system, lower system costs all drive the need for evolution of products at a rapid pace. Since systems constantly evolve and the different components in the system are also upgraded and changed, the need for recent and relevant information keeps increasing. This has given rise to "Distributed Intelligence", which is fast becoming the standard and preferred type of automation. This issue of Current Trends introduces the world of distributed intelligence.Before understanding distributed intelligence, a few concepts in industrial networking are needed communication and In the process plant e.g. Oil and Gas, Steel, Alumina refineries, Dairy products, Cement etc., automation is done by either a Distributed Control System (DCS) or a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) system. Today the demarcation between a PLC system and a DCS system is getting blurred as both have equivalent, functionality. DCS/PLC is the master or centralised controller for the process. Its main functions could be: > Data acquisition related to the status of all pumps, valves, actuators, sensors, flow meters, level switches, gas analysers, vibration meters and any other instrumentation signals required for the process conveyors, compressors, v Data acquisition from all the electrical equipment associated with the pumps, conveyers, valves, fans ete v Control ofall the equipment > Logic formation as per process philosophy and control of logic The DCSIPLC requires continuous polling of data at defined intervals because the process logic defined in the DCS is formed with a chain of analog and digital data being processed from various equipments. This polling process can be sequential, with some time grading function and fail safe functionalities. It requires the system to work on a prioritylinterrupt based communication system so that in case of an ‘emergency, control commands can be executed with top priority and feedback can be obtained quickly. In order to achieve priority for commands/interrupt, the data polled has to be absolutely minimum and in small packets. Consequentially, the main features of the data acquisition system will be: Continuous polling vv Data packets should be available in small size v Master/slave principle v Interrupt driven communication system Faster polling of IEDs in switchgear vv Flexibility in future addition of equipment > Reliable communication system/protocol > Deterministic nature > True Interoperability Since DCS mainly functions on taking signals from field devices, the associated protocol/communication system is commonly referred to as field bus. Globally accepted and trusted protocols/field bus for DCS are Modbus RTU or Modbus TCPIIP, Profibus-DP, Devicenet and Controlnet. In recent times we have also seen a few tenders having IEC 60870-5-104 and pc. Fig- | Typical OPC interfaces In conjunction with the process control system, an Electrical Control System (ECS) - which mainly takes care of power distribution, protection and control, is also present in the plant. ECS assumes different flavors based on the customer requirements - it can either cater to Power Management/Energy Management or Integrated Protection and Control ‘or any further specialized applications related to power.In ECS or utilities (generation / transmission / distribution), automation requirements are different. For a switchyard or electrical substation, there is no requirement of defining any process. Instead, the status of electrical equipment and also the data from the IEDs associated with them are required at the SCADA. The essential features of the communication system for SCADA would be: > Data availability-continuous polling driven or event v Ability to communicate large amounts of data v Disturbance analysis Data logging Event logging Interoperability High speed of communication vVvvvy Reliability v Deterministic nature (system must guarantee same output every time) > Time synchronisation In such systems, controls are rarely exercised from the supervisory system but provisioning is done for the same. Conventionally what one would see in this domain are IEC 60870-5-101, IEC 60870-5-103, DNP3.0 and Modbus TCP/IP, These provide for most ofthe above requirements. Carr ul ar} ~ ate es oe ®™ outer Digital instrument Transformer Data via ECS Fig - 2 System Architecture for IEC 61850 based Substation Automation System These above protocols development of IEDs that take on most functions of the central unit creating distributed intelligence. The have also enabled protocols are faster, capable of transferring large amount of data, thus enabling the devices to transmit. data to and from the central unit quickly. However, many logic requirements in the plant require the IEDs to know the status of other IEDs in the plant. Using a central unit is still necessary because of this. A peer- to-peer communication system can solve this problem. IEC 61850 has gained a lot of prominence, off late, because of its ability for peer-to-peer communication and other inherent features. ADVANTAGES > Use of standardised names for all data Every element of IEC 61850 data is named using descriptive strings to describe the data. Alll object names are standardized and defined in a power system context. The names of the data in the IEC 61850 device are not dictated by the device vendor or configured by the user. No need for a map to relate index numbers and register numbers with actual data, leading to easier troubleshooting and maintenance All devices share the same naming conventions. This minimizes the reconfiguration of client applications when devices are changed, leading to lower extension costsTINT Ty ADVANTAGES > Devices are Self-Describing Client applications that communicate with IEC 61850 devices are able to download the description of all the data supported by the device from it without any manual configuration of data objects or names. ‘Lower cost to configure and commission devices because IEC 61850 devices don't require ‘as much manual configuration as legacy devices “Drastic reduction in amount of manual ‘configuration thus reducing errors and rework, leading to lower equipment migration costs ‘% Adding devices and applications into an existing IEC 61850 system can be done with only a minimal impact, if any, on any of the existing ‘equipment leading to lower integration costs > Standardized Configuration Language (SCL) SCL enables the configuration ofa device and its role in the power system to be precisely defined using XML files. Virtualized model of logical devices, logical nodes and other components, as required by customer, can be created and implemented in the substation through SCL. “Using SCL a user can specify exactly and unambiguously what is expected to be provided in each device that is not subject to misinterpretation by suppliers ‘Lower commissioning costs as the client application can directly import the points list viaan SCL file High-Level Services Supports a wide variety of services that far %* ~Low wiring costs and low construction costs by reducing the need for trenching, exceeds what is available in the typical legacy ducts, conduit, etc. due to use of protocol. GOOSE or GSSE%, and logs are just a GOOSE/GSSE messaging few of the unique capabilities of IEC 61850. *GOOSE or GSSE is peer to peer communication wherein each CONCLUSION IED can talk directly to another IED over the station LAN without having to wire separate links for each relay GOOSE Message data exchange between various IED's, eliminates the need for Central Control System thus forminga self sufficient, quick anda deterministic network. Nearly all of these involve the station-bus application, which lets the IEDs communicate with each other, and if required with a Substation gateway for any uplink. connectivity With the above mentioned features what one can see is that we have a truly Distributed Intelligence at the IED level, eliminating the need for a centralized controller, further eliminating to a large extent the ‘highly complex unit with numerous blinking LEDs’ referred to earlier and keeping things simple. If the requirements of Process Control Systems or Electrical Control Systems are compared, there are many protocols that can be interoperable. The selection of the protocol should be done judiciously depending mainly on the application, its acceptability among the higher level of automation system suppliers, capability of giving the user the information/data required, its proven reliability & a beliefin it's longlifecycle and deterministic approach. Aprocess industry with its intelligent switchgear will prefer Modbus RTU / Modbus TCP/IP or Profibus-DP protocol for its MCCs with IEC 61850 networking on the critical PCC front while the Utility segment which has traditionally, been using Modbus RTU and IEC 60870-5-101, 103.104, DNP will now have the option of going for the IEC 61850 system over the more conventional Modbus TCP/IP or DNP 3.0 or ahybrid protocol based system. For further details on this subject, please contact > Eloctrcal Systoms & Equipment, Larsen & Toubro, Sak-Vinar Road, PO. Box 8901, Pow, Mumbai 400 072 “Tal, #91-22-0705 1746/2867 * Fax: 622-0708 1024 *E-maik eee-cmt@Inteog.com ? 8866/4540 Fox ( Printed by Printania Offset A. Ltd,0 2021, ShatinarIndusal Estate, Matunga (Eas), Mumbai 40 018. Te 2407 7996 \ "2402 4709 Ema: pds6@rectmarcom The views expressed hs magazine or not necessary ose ‘naa || of the management of Larsen & Toubro The contents of this magazine should not be roproducted without the ‘anton permission ofthe Elfor. Not fr sale-only for ciculaion among the customers. Eolfarial Coordinators : Mahendra Gehio, {ttt} | SwaniRengarsjen ond Aaron Brio member DO /