Chapter 3

IV. Problems:

(i) Show that (x)(H(x) −→ M(x)) ∧ H(a) =⇒ M(a).

Solution:

Step 1 (x)(H(x) −→ M(x)) Rule P

Step 2 H(a) −→ M(a) Rule US
Step 3 H(a) Rule P
Step 4 M(a) {2, 3} and apply Modus Ponens

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(ii) Show that

(x)(P(x) −→ Q(x)) ∧ (x)(Q(x) −→ R(x)) =⇒ (x)(P(x) −→ R(x)).
Solution:

Step 1 (x)(P(x) −→ Q(x)) Rule P

Step 2 P(a) −→ Q(a) Rule US
Step 3 (x)(Q(x) −→ R(x)) Rule P
Step 4 Q(a) −→ R(a) Rule US
Step 5 P(a) −→ R(a) {2,4},I7
Step 6 (x)P(x) −→ R(x) Rule UG

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 Chapter 3

(iii) Show that (∃x)(P(x) ∧ Q(x)) =⇒ (∃x)P(x) ∧ (∃x)Q(x).

Solution:

Step 1 (∃x)(P(x) ∧ Q(x)) Rule P

Step 2 P(a) ∧ Q(a) Rule ES
Step 3 P(a) I1
Step 4 Q(a) I1
Step 5 (∃x)P(x) {3},EG
Step 6 (∃x)Q(x) {4},EG
Step 7 (∃x)P(x) ∧ (∃x)Q(x) {5,6}, I3

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(iv) Show that (x)(P(x) ∨ Q(x)) =⇒ (x)P(x) ∨ (∃x)Q(x).

Solution: Proof by indirect method

Step 1 ¬((x)(P(x) ∨ Q(x))) Rule P

Step 2 ¬(x)P(x) ∧ ¬(∃x)Q(x) Rule T
Step 3 ¬(x)P(x) I1
Step 4 ¬(∃x)Q(x) I1
Step 5 (∃x)¬P(x) 3,Rule T
Step 6 (x)¬Q(x) 4,Rule T
Step 7 ¬P(a) 5,ES
Step 8 ¬Q(a) 6,US

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Step 9 ¬P(a) ∧ ¬Q(a) {7,8},I3

Step 10 ¬(P(a) ∨ Q(a)) Rule T
Step 11 (x)(P(x) ∨ Q(x)) Rule P
Step 12 P(a) ∨ Q(a) US
Step 13 ¬(P(a) ∨ Q(a)) ∧ (P(a) ∨ Q(a)) {10,12}, I3
Step 14 F Rule T

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 Chapter 3

(v) Show that from

(a) (∃x)(F (x) ∧ S(x)) −→ (y )(M(y ) −→ W (y ))
(b) (∃y )(M(y ) ∧ ¬W (y ))
the conclusion (x)(F (x) −→ ¬S(x)).
Solution:

Step 1 (∃y )(M(y ) ∧ ¬W (y )) Rule P

Step 2 (M(a) ∧ ¬W (a)) ES
Step 3 ¬(M(a) −→ W (a)) Rule T
Step 4 (∃y )¬(M(y ) −→ W (y )) EG
Step 5 ¬(y )(M(y ) −→ W (y )) Rule T

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Step 6 (∃x)(F (x) ∧ S(x)) −→ (y )(M(y ) −→ W (y )) Rule P

Step 7 ¬(∃x)(F (x) ∧ S(x)) {5,6}, I6
Step 8 (x)¬(F (x) ∧ S(x)) Rule T
Step 9 ¬(F (a) ∧ S(a)) US
Step 10 F (a) −→ ¬S(a) Rule T
Step 11 (x)(F (x) −→ ¬S(x)) UG

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