Given the system a1 x  b1 y  c1 Sequences and Series

a 2 x  b2 y  c 2
Sequence/progression - is an ordered list of real numbers
a1 b1 has one solution, consistent and independent Term – each number in the sequence
 Finite sequence – has a first and last term
a 2 b2
Infinite sequence- has a first term but has no last term (endless)
a1 b c Series - the sum of the terms of a sequence
 1  1 has no solution, inconsistent
a2 b 2 c2 Arithmetic sequence - a sequence in which each term is obtained by adding a
a1 b c constant d(common difference) to the preceding term Relations and Functions
 1  1 has infinitely many solutions, consistent and dependent a n  a1  (n  1)d
a2 b 2 c2 a1= first term
Arithmetic Series d = common difference Relation – a correspondence between two variables, x and y, which can be
an = nth term written as a set of ordered pairs (x, y)
Solving systems of equations in two variables: S  n2 (a1  a n ) S = sum of the first n terms
S  n2 [2a1  (n  1) d Function – a rule which assigns to each value x in set X a value of y in set Y
Graphical method- involves graphing the two linear equation and finding their
– set of ordered pairs of real numbers (x, y) in which no two distinct
point of intersection. Geometric Sequence – a sequence where each term is obtained by multiplying ordered pairs have the same first number
the preceding term by a constant number r, (common ratio)
Substitution Method
1. Solve one of the equations for one of the unknowns. a n  a1 r n 1 Domain – the set of all admissible values of x
Range – the set of all resulting values of y
2. Substitute this expression in the other equation. Geometric Series
3. Solve the resulting equation in step 2.
4. Substitute the value obtained in step 3 into either of the original a1 (1  r n ) a1 Properties of function
equations for the other variable
S S 1. Every element in the domain corresponds to a unique element in the
1 r 1 r range.
Addition/Elimination Method: a1  ra n infinite geometric sequence 2. More than one element in the domain can correspond to the same
S where r < 1 element in the range.
1. Multiply each equation in the system by an appropriate nonzero 1 r 3. Some elements in the range may not be matched into any element in
real number so that one of the unknowns will be eliminated by Arithmetic mean - the middle number between the other numbers of an the domain.
addition.(may not be necessary). arithmetic sequence, sometimes called an average
2. Add the resulting equation and solve for one of the unknowns. a  b  c  ...  nth term Methods of Describing Functions.
3. Substitute the result in step 2 into either of the original equations. arithmetic mean 
n 1. using table of values 3. by an equation in x and y
Geometric mean - the middle number between the other numbers of a 2. by ordered pairs of numbers 4. by a graph
Cramer’s Rule
geometric sequence
System of two equations: a1 x  b1 y  c1 Illustrative Examples:
Statistics 1. Set A = {3, 6, 9}
a 2 x  b2 y  c 2 Set B = {m, n, o, p, q}
c1 b1 Measures of Central Tendencies
a1 c1 1. Mean - the number found by dividing the sum of a series by the number
Dx c2 b2 Dy a2 c2 D  0 a1 a2 of terms, or items Functions Not Functions
x  x  D  a1b2  a2b1
2. Median - the middle number in a series (arrange in ascending or m
D a1 b1 D a1 b1 b1 b2 m m
descending order), regardless of how many times it occurs m 3 n
3 3 n 3 n
a2 b2 a2 b2 3. Mode - the item or value, which occurs oftenest (most number of times) n
6 6 o
6 o o 6 o
Permutation – refers to the arrangement of objects in a definite order 9 p
System of three equations: a1 x  b1 y  c1 z  d1 9 p
9 p 9 p
n! where: n! = n(n–1) (n–2)…321 q q
a 2 x  b2 y  c 2 z  d 2 P(n, r )  q q
(n  r )! Example: 7! = 7654321 = 5040
a3 x  b3 y  c3 z  d 3 A B C D
Combination – refers to a collection of objects regardless of sequence or order
d1 b1 c1 of arrangement 2. A. {(2, 4), (1, 3), (5, 6), (7, 9)} – function
a1 d1 c1 a1 b1 d1
d2 b2 c2 n n! B. {(-1, 3), (5, 7), (0, 7), (-2, 4)} – function
a2 d2 c2 a2 b2 d2 C (n, r )     C. {(2, 4), (3, 5), (1, 7), (2, 8)} – not a function
d 3 b3 c3 for D  0  r  (n  r )! r!
Dx Dy a3 d3 c3 Dz a3 b3 d3
x  y  z 
D a1 b1 c1 D a1 b1 c1 D a1 b1 c1 Probability - number of favorable ways / total number of ways Symbol: y = f(x) read as “y equals f of x”
Dependent events- the happening of one event affects the probability of the variable x is independent variable y is dependent
a2 b 2 c2 a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 c2
happening of the others
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3 Independent events – the happening of one does not affect the probability of Illustrative Examples:
where: the happening of the others 1. The area of a square depends on the square of a side. The area is the
a1 a2 a3 P  p1  p 2  p 3  ... independent variable while the square of the side is the dependent variable.
D  b1 b2 b3  a1b2 c3  b1c2 a3  c1a2b3   b1a2c3  a1c2b3  c1b2 a3  Mutually Exclusive events - the occurrence of one event makes it impossible 2. The monthly salary of an employee depends upon the number of hours he
for another event to occur worked. The monthly salary of an employee is a function of the number of hour
c1 c2 c3 he worked.
P  p1  p 2  p3  ...

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Basic Functions:
1. Constant 4. Linear 7. Polynomial
Example: Find the remainder when a 4  5a 2  10a  12 is divided by a  2 5. log b x r = r log b x
4 2
2. Identity 5. Square Root 8. Rational Answer: Remainder = f (2)  ( 2)  5( 2)  10( 2)  12  4 log c a
3. Absolute 6. Quadratic 6. log b a  (change-of-Base Formula)
log c b
The Factor Theorem
Vertical Line Test – If a vertical line intersects a graph at one and only one
point, then the given graph is a function. Exponential and Logarithmic Equations
If f(c) = 0 then x - c is a factor of the polynomial function f(x).
3 2 For b > 0 , b  1
A function is said to be one-to-one if and only if whenever a and b are any two Example: Determine whether a + 3 is a factor of 2a  5a  7 a  12
distinct numbers in the domain of f, then f(a)  f(b). 1. b x  b y if and only if x  y
Answer: Remainder: f (3)  2(3) 3  5( 3) 2  7( 3)  12  0
Horizontal line test – implies a one-to-one function, there is only one value of x The remainder is zero therefore a + 3 is a factor. 2. log b x  log b y if and only if x  y ( x> 0, y > 0)
associated for each value of y
Polynomial Equations – equations degree n and has n number of solutions; for Guidelines for solving Exponential Equations
Operations on Functions: example, a polynomial with a degree of three has three solutions 1. Isolate the exponential expression.
Addition: ( f + g )(x) = f(x) + g(x) Multiplication: ( f · g )(x) = f(x) · g(x) 2. Rewrite the equation in logarithmic form
Subtraction: ( f – g )(x) = f(x) - g(x) Division: ( f / g )(x) = f(x) / g(x) Multiplicity is a repetitive solution to an equation 3. Solve for the variable.

Composite Function The Rational Root Theorem Example: 3 x2  9 4 3 x  2  (32 ) 4 Use the same base
Given two functions f(x) and g(x), the composite function is written as 3 x  2  38
   
n n-1
f  g ( x)  f g ( x) read as “f of g of x” In the polynomial anx + an-1x + . . . + a1x + a0 = 0, where the
c x28 Property of Exponential Equations
coefficients an, an-1, . . ., a1, a0 are integers, if a rational number , factored
Inverse Function, f –1
d x6
x = f –1(y) if and only if y = f(x) to its lowest terms, is a solution to the equation, then c is a factor of the Guidelines for solving Logarithmic Equations
The domain of f –1 is the range of f and the range of f –1 is the domain of f. constant term of the polynomial and d is a factor of the leading coefficient of 1. Isolate the logarithmic expression.
The inverse of (a,b) is (b,a). Functions are said to be inverse of each other if the polynomial. 2. Rewrite the equation in exponential form
f g  g f  x 3. Solve for the variable.
Exponential and Logarithmic Function Example: log 4 x  log 4 ( x  3)  1
Synthetic Division log 4 [( x)( x  3)]  1 Property of Logarithms
Exponential Function – a function of the form y = bx, (b > 0 , b  1, x is any real
When a polynomial f(x) is divided by a divisor x – a: number) log 4 ( x 2  3 x)  1
f ( x) R Logarithmic Function – a function in the form y  log b x if and only if x 2  3 x  41
 Q( x )  , where Q(x) is the quotient and R the remainder Rewrite in exponential form
xa xa y
x  b , (b > 0, b  1) 2
x  3x  4  0 Quadratic equation
Steps: ( x  4)( x  1)  0 Zero-factor property
1. Arrange the terms of the polynomial in descending order. Common logarithms- base 10 logarithms
2. Write the coefficients of the terms of the dividend in descending order, Natural logarithms- logarithms to base e, e is an irrational number equal to x  4 or x  1
place 0 as the coefficient of any missing power of x. 2.71828…
3. Write a at the left of the coefficients log e x  ln x where x > 0
4. Bring down the first coefficient. Linear Algebra
5. Multiply the divisor, a by this number and write the product under the Properties of Logarithm
second coefficient. Systems of Equations – a set of two or more equations that are considered
For x > 0, y > 0, b > 0 and b  1. simultaneously
6. Repeat the process of multiplying and adding until there are no more
coefficients in the dividend. Solution of the system – points that satisfies all the equations
7. The last sum is the remainder, R. All the rest of the numbers are the 1. b log b x  x Solution set- the set of all solutions
coefficients of the power of x in descending order, starting with the Consistent system - has at least one solution (lines intersect)
power that is one less than that of the dividend.
2. log b b x  x Inconsistent system - has no solution (parallel lines)
Dependent system - has infinitely many solutions (lines coincide)
a. log b b1 = log b b = 1 d. log e e1 = log e e = ln e = 1
3
Example: Divide a  4a 2  7a  14 by a – 2 0 0 y y y
Answer: b. log b b = log b 1 = 0 e. log e e = log e 1 = ln 1 = 0
2] 1 4 7 14 x
a 3  4a 2  7a  14 4 c. log b b x  x f. log e e x = ln e =x
2 12 10 then  a 2  6a  5 
a2 a2 3. log b xy = log b x + log b y
1 6 5 4 x x x
x Intersecting lines, one point of Coinciding lines, infinitely Parallel lines, no point of
4. log b = log b x - log b y where a, b, and c are positive real intersection many points of intersection intersection
The Remainder Theorem y
If the polynomial function f(x) is divided by (x – c) then the remainder is equal to numbers, and b  1 and c  1.
f(c).

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