General Considerations tional buildings is a mat- ter of providing for the transfer of power from & source (or sources) to various utilization loads, ‘This involves selection and layout of circuits to feed the loads, a distribution system to serve the circuits and suitable awitching and protection arrangements for the incoming power supply lines. This basic procedure ean be reduced to three steps to design of any electrical system as follows: et basic wiring concepts and configura- i ui IMPLY stated, electrical design for industrial, Gece 1 and ins which will supply electrical power of the re- characteristics at each point of electrical ation, including circuit and distri signs which will implement the electrical circuiting concepts actual conductors, apparatus and hardware, selecting types, sizes, models, characteristics, ap- pearanc' +, ratings and other specifics of the re- quired ¢ aipment, 7 ec unt for the installation of the overall as determined from the frst two steps, within the physical dimensions and struc- tural makeup of a building, showing, as clearly as possible, locations and details of equipment mount Ings, raceway runs, conneetions to main power sup- ply Yines and whatever elements require special attention, ‘Of course, these three steps are necessarily in- terrelated, and particular decisions made within any one step will affect corresponding elements within either or beth of the other steps, ‘As can be seen Phases of a design, sign of sub-systems within the major gystem, should be reduced to a set of blueprints whieh xy to convey a clear picture of the aystem to the Installer, But before the actual design work begins, there are many factors which must be considered and understood in thelr relation to the contemplated design of an electrical system, The Right Approach ‘Successful electrical design for all types of mod~ ern buildings depends first of all upon the tight ap- proach, The electrical designer 1 st be thoroughly familiar with all of the backgrot id factors of de- sign, He mast, of course, have depth in engineering ability. But over and above this he must also ing, sign is inevitable. ‘Then the right approach must be correlated with iF which should precede ini mudern standards. Beeause electrical design is a dynare thing—the continually eval¥ing product of yeurs of accumulating. technology—the electrical designer must learn the new techniques: ‘and follow the promising. trends. OEE lapplieation. 14 requires combinations of old and new wiring techniques and the ability to devise oFi8 inal cirevits und layouts for new or special equi. ‘ment applications. In short, it demands that the designer beas dymamie as the art and science he practices, Only from an all-around grasp of ‘the subject can a designer exercise judgment in seloe- tion of circuit and feeder arrangements, equipment types and ratings and installation methods. System Characteristics | In general, there are work. These concern: 1. Safety * 2 Capacity 3, Flexibility 4. Accessibility 6 Reliability ‘These are considerations involving use of the lectrieal system after it is completed. They recose nize that a system must provide power and light ‘without hazard to life or property, with sufficient extra capacity to mect foreseeable lond growth, with ready adaptability to load modiations and revised layouts and with all necessary accessibility in the distribution arenmgement. Safety Compliance with the provisions of the National Electrical Code can effectively minimize fire and accident hazards in aay clestrieal design, The code (Chroughout this manual, the word “code” refers to the National Electrical Code) sets forth require- rents, recommendations and.cuggestions and cone Ailutes a minimum standard for the framework of elestrical design. As slated in ite own Introduce tion, the cede is concerned with the practical safeguarding of persons and of buildings and their Contents from heeaeds arising from the use of elec tricity for light, heat, power, radio, ainalling and for other purposes “AWhough the code assures minimum safety pro- sions, ectual design work must constantly con ider aafety ax required by special types or condi lions of electrical application, Incorporation of favtomatie pratective ceviees and selection of con trol equipment for particular applications involves engineering +kill of the designer, above routine adherence to cade requirements, Then, too, the de- figner must know the physical characteretier— on advantages nnd limitations—of the har materiale he uses for enclosing, supporting, Tnsulaing, ‘olating and, in general, protecting tlectrcal equipment, The task of safe applic tuased on skill and experience is particularly impor tant in Tazardous locations, Safety is not autor ratically rmde a characteristic of a system by imply cbserving coder, Safety most be designed into 2 system. ‘The NE Code is recognized as a legal eriterion of ae eletrical design and instalation, Tt $8 u {ncoor! tization and by insurance companies a3 8 basis for insuring buildings, Because the code is such an important instrument of safe design, it must be thoroughly understeod by the electrical Aesigner, He must be familiar with all sections of ‘the code and should know the screpted interprets tions whieh have been placed on many specific rul- ings of the code. He should keep abreast of officiel interpretations which are issued by the NE Code committee. He should know the intent of code re Quirements—ie, the spirit as well as the letter of cach provision. He should keep informed on interim amendments {o the code. And, most important, he should Keep this code book handy and study it often In addition to the NE Code volume itself, the clee- trical designer should have on hand and be familiar ‘with other standards and recemmended practices ‘made available in pamphlet form by the National Board of Fire Underwriters. These cover such spe- cial subjects as: Hospital Operating Rooms, Municipal Fire Alarm Systems, Garages, Aircraft ‘Mangars and similar special applications with great ‘potential hazards due to improper design. Every electrical designer mast also be fail with inaurance company rezulations and all local codes which affect particular installation. The should know in detail where and how local codes depart from the NE Code, Again he must under- stand the basis for special provisions to assure most fective confernity throughout a aysten. Often, a Tocal condition which requires apecial code rulings has a significant effect upon the entire design. Still another measure which a designer can take to enhance the safety characteristic of his work is rexular use of literature issued by the Underwriters! Laboratories, Tne. ‘The UL. examines, texte and determines the suitability of materials and equip- tment to he used necording to code regulations. Each Year, the UL. publisher three volumes which are es sential as references for electrical designers. These fare listings of commercially available electrical products which Rave been found acceptable with reference to Are and secident hazards and in ¢on Tormity with the application and installation re quirements of the eve, The three volumes are en- titled as follows: “Electrical Construction Material 3, “Hazardous Location Equipmen ‘The UL also has other literature on special equip- ‘ment involving hazard to life or property, such a% "Gas and Oil Equipment” and “Fire Protection Equipment.”Capacity Ww general, every electrical system atould have ‘uttelent capacity to nerve the lauls for which 1 is designed, plus spare capacity to meet anticipated rowth in the load on the eysten, In particular, {Wis mneans that conductors ane raceways muat be sized liberally for computed londss. substations, lemsformers and switching and protestive devices rat have the needed capacity: wnd ratings, And | spare capacity throughout the braneh ebreaiting i be reflected ck through the entire electrical ‘stem to the point of power supply. A¥owance for loud growth fx probably the most neglected consideration in electrical design today, Although the code contains an almost obscure recom mendatlon Ghat electrical plans and specifications Include “allowances for future increases in the use of electricity", experience with eurrent electrical modernization practice indicutes that Inck of spare ajaclly plagues existing aystems, In all types of Lulldings, conduit risers are filed to cupuclty and the conductors in them are either louded fully or overlonded. In most commercial and inatitutional uldings, the entire electrical system In nt or nese ‘aturation—in branch elreutts feeders and wersice, And in the majority of these buildings, malern- Ination of the existing electrical nyatem to handle Increased load demands ix impeded by absence of | miaco in which new riners and eireatts might be run, | WA obvious that overall design of these electri | svateme did not account sufficiently for future lord (growth, | } Modern electrical design, therefore, must care- fully plan for future increase in electrical utiizas ion, Depending upon the particular conditions in ny Installation, mains, weitehgenr, transformers, feeders, panelboards and circuits should be sized tw handle considerable Yond growth. Conductors should be selected on the basis of carrying capacity, voltage drop and estimated future requirements. Conduit, wirewaya, troughé and other raceways should be steed to allow future increase in oc- Cupaney. And apace used to house electrical equipe ment—electric closets, switchgear rooms, substation es, riser nt pipe shafts, ete—stoilé also be Able to accommodate the addition of more equip: ment at a later date, Flexibility Depending upon the type of building—ind commercial or institutionul—the electrical 5) ‘Must be designed to provide required flexibility In distribution und circuiting, Layout and type of ‘equipment should readily accommodate changes in locations of motors an‘! other utilization devices. Feeders, distribution anelboards and circuits should be suited to a wi. e range of utilization pat- terns, allowing full and efficient use of power ca- bichty for activities inthe buflding’s various aress, Accessibility very electrical system should rate high in ac- cceasibility. In its final form, design of the rmunt provide eure of access to equipment for main- tenance ant repair and for any possible extensions, ‘modifications or alterations in the system. The #ys- tem of conductors, raceways and equipment must allow for full use of its power handling ability. , Rellabillty Depending upon the nature of activities in a building, continuity of electrical supply and overall reliability of the wiring system itself can be & more ‘or less Important consideration, Where electrical Uility companies have a good record of supply’ con- tinulty snd temporary loss of power would not be a direct life or property hurd, special provisions for 4 separate emergency power supply are usually not necessary. But in many industrial plants, hospitals and builings with essential equipment electrically powered, standby power plants or multiple services ‘must be sed for absclute relisblity of supply, Pre-Design Factors Hased on full recognition and appreciation of the foregoing nystem characteristics, electrical design, for a specific building begine with analyais of the type of building, its lends and the surce of supply. ‘This Involven careful determination of all usual and *prcial electrical requirements for the type of build- ing. Consideration munt be made of the activities terformed in the building and the natare of electrl- ‘cal ange by the occupants, Whether the building is f= schol, an office building, an industrial plant, a Nowpital—the designer murt know the history of electrical application in the type of building and must be well informed on current trends and ‘The general design approach to any contersplated siestrica) system takes into account characteristics power supply may bdeeither the distribution ayster, of the electric util- ity company or a private electric generating plant, / Checklist of Design Details b © a | | | complicates maintenance in that replacement paris | | | h | © b 4. d. . Primary feeders, overcu 1. Lighting Loads Sizes ond types of lurinawes Layout of lominaires Cireuits and wiring Switehing hookups ch circuit panelboards Emergency lighting layouts Special Iayouts—floodlighting, stoge lighting, ete Layout and circuiting of plug outlets 2. Power Loads, Sic ond types of moto, motoroperated devices end/or eating units Loyout of power loeds ond circuits Disconnect ond conircller equipment ‘Overcurrent devices: circut-breakers. fuses, reloys—for over lead ond short-circuit or ground foults Motor control centers Power panelboords 1. Emergency power provisions ibution + o. Bower and ining pnelboord loads Sizes ond typet of feeders Sub-ditibution: panelboordh, switchboards, overcurrent de- vices, disconnects, conductors Load- step is to indicate convenience and special recep- tacle outlets on the plans. Depending upon the Gt aes Pecentacle circuits may be run in come {uit ‘to wall-mounted or columnmounted matey boxes, fed up from the floor slab or down from the ceiling, oF the circuits may be tun In unden Ay Mceway oF a cellular metal hoor srsten, ‘These latter are the common ways of handling receptacle circuits in modern office and other cone mercial areas. When Feceptacles are wall-mounted they should be evenly spaced in aecardanee with the limit of maximum spacing between edjavent outlets. The underfloor aystems offer more unk form layout of Teceptacles throughout an area, ‘The general construction of the building—arct tectural features of the area, type of floor slab construction—will affect the way the circuits are Tun and the locations of outlets. On the basis of careful selection of the number and types of cone venience receptacles for general loads and special receptacles for known loads, layout of the outlets ‘Must conform to any known locations of load 9ett cy Het ae” Teenel oderion Dutt 0 Conveniane Concrete Slot Cansruction (stor sel oo devices, allowing even spacing of convenience out- ets for general (unknown) plug-connected loads. Special attention should be given to receptacle circults terving individual loads. Fan and clock fotlets.should also be determined on the basis of special analyais, From the indications of outlets and correspond- ing wattages on the plans, the number of circuits i the next determination. As discussed previously, circuiting to these outlets may be done in many ways. Combinations of general lighting, local lighting end appliance loads or motor loads can be connected to a single circuit if particular condl- tions require, But separate circuiting of load Foe bine eee fo Telephone ted from pene! tome SEES Acta Ope heme | ‘Leatane || eevee nce ETP cet e0bne1~ nd ceed get HOE Fleet ine BEE cove cree tor Scere Suipended cesing Precast Concrete Floor Hints: Wherever possible, is recommended practice. ‘ekeup und loading of circuits should follow Previous recommendations. Voltage Drop In Iaying out circuits, the loading and lengths of home runs and runs between outlets must be elated to voltage drop and the need for spare capacity in the circuit for possible future in- renses in Jond. Each lump, appliance or other utilization device on the circuit was designed for Yest performance at a particular operating volt- ‘ge, Although such devices will operate at voltages: Branch Circuit Voltage Drop and Current Capatities for 600-Volt, Type RH Conductors VOLTAGE DROP AND CAPACITIES 10 0 cyle—singlephose, 2 or 3 wires in steel cendui (49° C temp) rence: Stondord Hndbk. Elect. Engrs. 190} — . } GENERAL Noes 139 +— Camera (1 @ Yl drop and 90% PF. 120 nnd TYPICAL EXAMPLE . Feqied: 1 fry 10 omps 100 ft wih a mexinun of 2 vel do = 10 Whel the wie sae? 5 4. 100 for? vl hop is the some ot 50 for velt 3 90 dep. (Convert te datonce per rok) : b Intvecton of 10 amp end 50 fi [et obost @ No. 10 = 60] vim, t= | iw 8 6 Ht so a x» Ft Mf ol : itis 25 30 35 40 45 08TARLE I, SINGLE PHASE AC LOADS. 60 Cycles, 100% PF 80 Cycles, 100% PF__t waa tiene man is Bal a Bijtalfin ali Bm] a Eisai Calculations bosed on cor” mas wl al RE[RTRTTTS] —_Recctance. end inpedonce & tifalelS] sates cleared for eo BL SIRE) wie 34IBe Conductors closely grouped] B | le in metal cand er resistance of 12.5 ohms per Ctr a} SOC (122F). " o %. 7] Sah SPRY SE a a | hfe eel ala Pehle ell fe LaAle Paya eet 2hye ay zal ine hie Colevletions besed on ‘cop- er resistance of 12.5 chma| Per Cut ot SOC (12281, + waleslesleslaclaaleslecled Reoctonce and Impedance ter ecleted for e00h wate, ogo Hy [TABLE MI, BALANCED LIGHTING LOADS 3 ond 4.Wire, 115 ‘net to fest outlet Volts 1 from supply cobi- permonently connected i % 2 a w ie i A a * a H = " i » Colcvlations based on copper resistance of 13 ‘ohms per Mf ct 60C (1408), Conductors closely grovped in metalic con NOTES: TABLE I: Bolonced 3.Wite Loads: Drop is 1.15 volts for given length. 2Mire, 230-Volt Leads: Drop is 23 volis for given length. TABLE Il: For 208-volt, 4-wire “Y" feeders mule tiply given length by 0.9 For 230-volt, single-phase feeders mul- tiply given length by 0.85 For 460-volt, 3. or 4.wire feeders mule ”tiply given lengths by 2. For aluminum wire multiply given lengths by 0.7 or use length of copper wire which is 2 sizes smoller thon the olv- minum size under consideration, TABLE Ill: For 2.phose, 3.wire cirevits topped off © S-phase, 4-wire "Y" service, mul- tiply given lengths by 0.67. eee au