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SP36 - 2 Soil Engineering PDF
SP36 - 2 Soil Engineering PDF
COMPENDIUM
OF INDIAN
STANDARDS
ON SOL
ENGINEERING
PART 2
UDC 624.131
ISBN 81-7061-024-9
PRICE Rs 22O.OCJ
PRINTED IN INDIA
AT VIJAYALAKSHMI PRINTING WORKS, K-6, MAIN BAZAR LUXMI NAGAR, DELHI 110092 AND
PUBLISHED BY
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS, NEW DELHI 1 loo02
PREFACE
The Soil Engineering Sectional Committee of the Bureau of Indian Standards has so far formulated
84 Indian Standards which relate to classification, glossary, subsurface investigation, methods of
laboratory testing, methods of field testing, soil testing equipment and soil based product. However,
these are not serially numbered nor the Indian Standards belonging to specific area of soil engineering
are grouped together. It may be difficult for the user to know about the full availability of Indian
Standards. The Committee, therefore, recommended the publication of a compendium of all the
Indian Standards formulated by it and this has resulted in this publication.
In order to establish uniform procedure for the determination of different characteristics of soils
and also for facilitating comparative studies of the results, the Bureau of Indian Standards has brought
out Indian Standards on methods of test for soils both for laboratory and field. It has also been
recognized that reliable and comparable test results can be obtained only with standard testing
equipment capable of giving the desired level of accuracy. The Bureau is, therefore, brlnging out
series of Indian Standards covering specification of equipments used for testing of soils so as to
encourage the development and their manufacture in the country. All such Indian Standards
published so far have also been included in this compendium.
For convenience of reference and use, this compendium is being brought out in two parts. The first
part covers laboratory testing of soils for civil engineering purposes and this second part covers
standards on field testing, sampling and products. The Indian Standards in each part have been
arranged subjectwise details of which have been indicated in the contents. An index of Indian
Standards arranged serialwise has also been provided for easy location of any Indian Standard
covered in this compendium.
In reporting the result of test or analysis made in accordance with any of the Indian Standards, if
the final value, observed or calculated, is to be rounded off, it should be done in accordance with
IS 2 : 1960.
This publication covers Indian Standards issued up to 31 March 1988 and incorporates at the
appropriate place all the amendments issued up to that time.
List of standard\ I elcrred in this compendium is given in Annex A at the end
CONTENTS
4. IS 2131 : 1981 Method for standard penetration test for soils (first revision) 78
5. IS 2132 : 1986 Code of practice for thin walled tube sampling of soils (second revision) 166
6. IS 2720 (Part 28) : 1974 Methods of test for soils, Part 28 Determination of dry density 40
of soils in-place, by the sand replacement method (first revision)
7. IS 2720 (Part 29) : 1975 Methods of test for soils, Part 29 Determination of dry density 37
of soils, in-place, by the core-cutter method (first revision)
8. IS 2720 (Part 31) : 1969 Methods of test for soils, Part 31 Field determination of 141
California bearing ratio
9. IS 2720 (Part 33) : 1971 Methods of test for soils, Part 33 Determination of the density 29
in-place by the ring and water replacement method
10. IS 2720 (Part 34) : 1972 Methods of test for soils, Part 34 Determination of density of 34
soil in-place by rubber-balloon method
11. IS 2720 (Part 39/Set 2) : 1979 Methods of test for soils, Part 39Direct shear test for 132
soils containing gravel, Section 2 In-situ shear test
12. IS 4434 : 1978 Code of practice for in-situ vane shear test for soils (first revision) 107
13. IS 4968 (Part 1) : 1976 Method for subsurface sounding for soils, Part 1 Dynamic 90
method using 50 mm cone without bentonite slurry (first revision)
14. IS 4968 (Part 2) : 1976 Method for subsurface sounding for soils, Part 2 Dynamic 92
method using cone and bentonite slurry (first revision)
15. IS 4968 (Part 3) : 1976 Method for subsurface sounding for soils, Part 3 Static cone 99
penetration test (first revision)
19. IS 10042 : 1981 Code of practice for site investigations for foundation in gravel- 117
boulder deposit
20. IS 10108 : 1982 Code of practice for sampling of soils by thin wall sampler with 153
stationary piston
21. IS 10379 : 1982 Code of practice for field control of moisture and compaction of soils 146
for embankment and subgrade
22. IS 10442 : 1983 Specification for earth augers (spiral type) 151
23. IS 10589 : 1983 Specification for equipment for subsurface sounding of soils 83
24. IS 11593 : 1986 Specification for shear box (large) for testing of soils 126
25. IS 11594 : 1985 Specification for mild steel thin-walled sampling tubes and sampler 164
heads
SECTION I
Indian Standard
CODE OF PRACTICE FOR SUBSURFACE INVESTIGATION
FOR FOUNDATIONS
(First Revision)
0. FOREWORD 1. SCOPE
0.1 A detailed investigation for site is essential 1.1 This code deals mainly with subsurface
before a design can be finalized. The object of investigations for foundations of multi-storeyed
subsurface and related site investigation is to buildings to determine:
provide the engineer or architect with as much a) sequence and extent of each soil and rock
information as possible about the existing stratum in the region likely to be affected
conditions, for example, the exposed overburdln, by the proposed work;
the course of a stream nearby, a rock outcrop or a
b) nature of each stratum and engineering
hillock, vegetation, and other geological features
properties of soil and rock which may af-
of the area. It is equally important to know the
fect design, and mode of construction of
subsoil conditions below a proposed structure.
proposed structures and their foundations;
0.1.1 The methods of subsurface investigation and
enable vertical sections of the strata to be drawn C) location of ground water, and possible cor-
and samples to be tested, on the site or in 2 rosive effects of soil and water on founda-
laboratory for determining shear strength tion materials.
parameters, bearing capacity of the soil,
1.1.1 44spects relating to procuring
permeability, water table, type classification and
representative samples of the soils and rocks,
other geophysical information in the field. This
obtaining general information on geology,
information, together with the normal
seismicity of the area, surface drainage, etc, and
topographical survey, provides the engineer with
subsurface investigations for availability of
complete details of the site and enables him to
construction materials are also mentioned briefly.
prepare economical designs for the foundations.
1.1.2 Most of the provisions of this code are
0.1.2 Proper inspection and guidance in boring
also applicable to subsurface investigation of
operations and investigations are essential to tanks,
underground and overhead water
ensure that the required data are obtained.
swimming pools and (abutments of) bridges, roads
0.2 Because of the complexity of natural deposits, and air fields.
no one method of exploration is best for all
2. GENERAL
situations. The choice depends upon the nature of
the material and on the purpose of the exploratory 2.1 In areas which have already been developed
programme. This code is intended to summarize in advantage should be taken of existing local
a convenient form the information available so knowledge, records of trial pits, bore holes, etc.,
that the desirable information may be obtained. in the vicinity, and the behaviour of existing
Tht? code has been prepared in relation to structures, particularly those of a nature similar to
conditions and practices existing in India. This that of the proposed structure. In such cases,
standard was published in 1962. Based on further exploration may be limited to checking that the
data collected in past 18 years, this revision has expected soil conditions are those as in the
been prepared. neighbourhood .
0.3 Though this code is mainly intended to cover 2.2 If the existing information is not sufficient OI
subsurface investigation for foundations of is inconclusive, the site should be explored in detail
multi-storeyed buildings, most of the provisions so as to obtain a knowledge of ‘the type,
are generally applicable to other civil engineering uniformity, consistence, thickness, sequence and
works, such as roads, air fields, bridges and marine dip of the strata, and of the ground water
works. conditions.
,2.2.1 Site Reconn&sance - Site retinnaissance new works. This is particularly so in areas where
would help in deciding future programme of field there have been underground workings, such as
investigations, that is, to assess the need for worked-out ballast pits, quarries, old brick fields,
preliminary or detailed investigations. This would coal mines and mineral workings. Enquiries
also help in determining.scope of work, methods should be made regarding the location of shafts
of exploration to be adopted, field tests to be and workings, particularly shallow ones, where
carried out and administrative arrangements there may be danger of collapse, if heavy new
required for the investigation. Where detailed structures are superimposed.
published information on the geotechnical
conditions is not available, an inspection of site 2.2.2.1 The possibility bf damage to sewers,
and study of topographical features are helpful in conduits and drainage systems by subsidence
setting information about Soil, rock and should also be investigated.
ground-water conditions. Site reconnaissance 2.2.3 Geophysical investigations of the site may
includes a study of local topography, excavations, be conducted at the reconnaissance stage since it
ravines, quarries, escarpments; evidence of provides a simple and quick means of getting
erosion or landslides, behaviour of existing useful information about stratifications.
structures at 01 near the site; water level in Depending on these information, detailed subsoil
streams, water courses and wells; flood marks; exploration should be planned. Important
nature of vegetation; drainage pattern, location of geophysical methods available for subsoil
seeps, springs and swamps. Ixiformation on some exploration are:
of these may be. obtained from topographical
a) Electrical resistivity method, and
maps, geological maps, pedological and soil survey
maps, and aerial photographs. b) Seismic method.
NOTE- For methods of determination of water level in a corrosion has previously occured. Jn such cases, a
bore hole, IS 6935 : 1973 and for methods of determination of chemical analysis of the soil should be made to
permeability of overburden, IS 5529 (Part 1) : 1969 may be
referred. assess the necessity of special precautions. Ground
water may be tested for its salt content, alkalinity
or acidity, etc, for its effect on foundations. For
the purpose of chemical analysis about 5 litres of
water should be collected from as near the bottom
of the bore hole or trial pit as possible and not from
the top. Water in the bore hole should be pumped
out completely and after 24 hours the water which
is collected in the bore hole should again be
pumped out and sample of water obtained as near
to the bottom as possible. This will prevent
,-A- B C
erroneous collection of water utilised in wash
D.ll,B FOR AsLB
boring which is not the natural ground water. The
water samples should be collected in plastic jerry
D.llL FOR A<28 cans filled up to the brim and should be air tight for
the purpose of chemical analysis in laboratory.
6
IS1892 :l!V9
geophysical methods and tests with cone 3.3 Open Trial Pits - The method of exploring
penetrometres and sounding rods are useful by open trial pits consists of excavating trial pits at
guides. the site and thereby exposing the subsoil surface
thoroughly, enabling undisturbed samples to be
3.1.2 Detailed Exploration - Detailed investi- taken. The undisturbed samples may be obtained
gation follow preliminary investigation, and by driving sharp-edged thin-wall tubes into the
should be planned on the basis of .data obtained ground by gently hammering or pressure.
during reconnaissance and preliminary Alternately, hand-cut samples known as chunk
investigations. This plan may require review as the samples can be obtained. In sufficiently cohesive
investigations progress. The scope of detailed soil, undisturbed sample can be cut out and
exploration is ordinarily restricted to the trimmed to regular shapes, say a cube or a
determination of engineering properties of strata cylinder. Wrap the chunk samples with plastic
which are shown by preliminary exploration to be cloth, plastic paper (polythene film) or a waxed
critical. The object of detailed exploration is to paper painted on the outside with molten wax.
determine shear strength and compressibility of all Two additional layers of cloth and wax are
types of soils, density, density index, natural moisture required to perfectly seal the sample. If a soil is
content, and permeability. It may also be easily disturbed a firmly constructed wooden box,
necessary to determine the preconsolidation with lid and bottom removed, is kept around the
pressure of the strata from oedometer tests and to protruding sample block so as to leave a space of
determine the consolidation characteristics about 25 mm between the sample and sides of the
beyond preconsolidation pressure. Appropriate box. The space between the sample and the sides
shear tests should also be conducted on samples of the box is packed with moist saw dust or similar
subjected to ambient pressures beyond the packing material. The top of the sample is cut to
preconsolidation range also. The detailed size, cloth or paper and wax are applied, and then
investigation includes boring programme and the lids are fitted. This method should generally be
detailed sampling to determine these properties. used for small depths (up to 3 m), but for greater
Field tests which may be perfonr\ed are in-situ depths (over 6 m) and below grouna-water table,
vane shear tests and plate load tests. The field the method becomes expensive due to the expense
permeability test and the test for the determination of sheet piling or caissons which are required in
of dynamic properties of soils may also be such cases. Deep trial pits may be used to
conducted, where necessary. More advanced investigate open fissures, or to explore zones of
methods of logging of bore holes by radioactive weak rocks which would break up in the core
methods fall under the category of detailed barrel andare incapable of being recovered intact.
investigations. All in-situ tests are to be
3.4 Subsurface Soundings - The geophysical
supplemented by laboratory investigations. The
methods of reconnaissance are sometimes
various phases of currently used methods of
supplemented by penetrometer tests by cones. The
exploration and their mode of application are
cone penetrometer , apart from its use for
indicated in Appendix A.
delineation of rock strata, may also be utilized for
3.2 Geophysical Investigations - Geophysical correlation with more detailed borings of soil
surveys make use of differences in the physical characferistics like density, bearing capacity, etc.
properties like electrical conductivity and elastic Sounding methods consist of measuring the
moduli, density and magnetic susceptibility of variation & the resistance of the soil with depth by
geological formations in the area to investigate the means of a penetrometer and may be conducted
subsurface. These methods may be employed to either by the static or the dynamic methods [see
get .preliminary information on stratigraphy or IS 4968 (Part 1) : 1976, IS 4968 (Part 2) : 1976
complement a reduced boring programme by and IS 4968 (Part 3) : 19761. The soundings by
correlation of stratigraphy between widely spaced dynamic method may also be carried out in bore
bore holes. Of the four methods of geophysical holes using a standard sampler. The sampler used
surveys, namely, seismic, electrical, magnetic and and the procedure adopted shall be as specified in
gravity surveys; only seismic refraction and IS 2131 : 1963. The static cone penetration
electrical resistivity surveys are widely used. methods are not suitable for exploration of
Magnetic methods are occasionally used for boulderous or gravelly strata and in very stiff
detecting buried channels. dykes, ridges and cohesive soils. However, dynamic cone
intrusions in the subsurface rocks. A brief outline penetration methods may be conducted in such
of the seismic method and electrical resistivity area to give an idea about the compactness of
method is given in Appendix B. strata.
3.SExploratoryDrilling - Preliminary borings by up to the top level. Special care should be taken
augers, either power or hand driven, are quick and while withdrawing the shell to avoid sand boiling.
economical up to a depth of about 6 m in alluvial Start pouring the slurry into the casing pipe so that
deposits. They are difficult tp operate below the the sand boiling is avoided in the vacuum created
water table. When detailed information is not by withdrawing the shell. While boring, care shall
required, wash boring with chopping and jetting be taken to minimize disturbance to the deposits
may be utilized in cohesive and non-cohesive soils below the bottom of the bore hole. Disturbed soil
up to great depths. In the absence of casing, the of the deposits with all the constituent parts should
sides of the holes, where tequired, should be be recovered at regular intervals or whenever
stabilized with drilling fluid consisting of drilling there is a change of strata. These samples are
mud (see 3.6.5.1). In sandy soils, bentonite slurry suitable for conducting various identification tests
in the bore hole should be maintained at a level of in the laboratory.
1 to 1.5 m above the level of water table. In the 3.6.3 Percussion Boring (see Fig. 2) - This
wash boring method, changes in stratification can method consists of breaking up of the formation
be ascertained only by the rate of progress of the by repeated blows from a bit or a chisel. Water
drill or change in the colour of wash water or both. should be added to the hole at the time of boring
As the formation hardens, rotary drills, using and the debris baled out at intervals. The bit may
churning bits may be utilized. In gravelly be suspended by a cable or rods from a walking
materials, percussion drilling ,with simultaneous beam or spudding device.
advance of casing is the only easy method of
advance. In hard and cemented formation like Where the boring is in soil or into soft rocks
rock, the hole is advanced with cutting edges using and provided that a sampler can be driven into
steel shots, hardened metal bits, tungsten carbide them, cores may be obtained at intervals using
or diamond bits. suitable tools; but in soils, the material tends to
become disturbed by the action of this method of
3.6 Borings boring and for this reason, the sample may not be
3.6.1 Auger Boring - An auger may be used as reliable as by the shell and auger method. As
for boring holes to a depth of about 6 m in soft these machines are devised for rapid drilling by
soil which can stand unsupported but it may also pulverizing the material, they are not suitable for
be used with lining tubes, if required. careful investigation. However, this is the only
Mechanically operated augers are suitable for method suitable for drilling bore holes in
gravelly soils or where a large number of holes are boulderous and gravelly strata.
to be made.
3.6.2 Shell and Auger Boring - A hand rig 3.6.4 Wash Boring (see Fig. 3) - In this
may be used for vertical boring up to 200 mm in dia method, water is forced under pressure through an
and 25 m in depth. In alluvial deposits, the depth inner tube which may be rotated or moved up and
of the bore hole may be extended up to 50 m with down inside a casing pipe. The lower end of the
a mechanized rig. The tool consists of augers for tube, fixed with sharp edge or a tool, cuts the soil
soft to stiff clay, shells for very stiff and hard clay which will be floated up through the casing pipe
and shells or sand pumps for sandy strata, attached aiound the tube. Tbe slurry flowing out gives an
to sectional boring rods. Small boulders and thin indication of the soil type. In this method, heavier
strata of rock may be broken up by a chisel bit particles of different soil layers remain under
attached to the boring rods. The boring rods are suspension in the casing pipe and get mixed up,
raised or lowered by means of shear legs and a and hence this method is not suitable for obtaining
winch, and are turned by hand. The casing is samples for classification. Whenever a change in
advanced by driving by means of a ‘monkey’ strata is indicated by the slurry flowing out,
suspended from a winch. washing should be stopped and a tube sampier
3.6.2.1 No water shall be added while boring should be attached to the end of the drill rod or the
through soft cohesive soils and cohesionless soils inner tube. Samples of the soil should be obtained
above water table. Bailers should be used to by driving the sampler into the soil by hammering
remove soil cuttings. In stiff cohesive soils, it may or jacking. Jacking or pulley method should be
be necessary to soak the bore hole before any used when undisturbed samples are required.
progress can be made. While boring through Initially fish-tail bit or pistol bits are used for
cohesionless deposits below water table, water in drilling bore hole up to weathered material. These
the casing shall always be maintained at or above bits should be replaced by tungsten carbide or
the water table. It is essential that the casing is diamond bits. Double tube-core barrels are
kept fullpf water or with 5 percent bentonite slurry recommended for drilling in weathered rock
CROWN SHEAVE
f
rMAST
SAND SHEAVE\ /
MAIN 01
CAI -SPUDDING SHEAVE
A’SINKER BAR’
SIMILAR TO BUT
m MUCH SHORTER ?-t
STEM SOMETIMES
SERTED HERE
CASING SHOE\
.ENLARGED DETAIL ‘A
stratum with seaming shells and core catcher as carried at the end of hollow, jointed drill rods
required. which are rotated by a suitable chuck. A
mud-laden fluid or grout is pumped continuously
3.6.5 Rotary Boring down the hollow drill rods and the fluid returns to
the surface in the annular space between the rods
3.6.5.1 Mud-rotary drilling (see Fig. 4) - In and the side of the hole, and so the protective
this system, boring is effected by the cutting action casing may not be generally necessary. In this
of a rotating bit which should be kept in firm method, cores may be obtained by the use of
contact with the bottom of the hole. The bit is coring tools.
COMPENDIUMOFINDL4NSTANDARDSONSOILENGINEERING-PART2 9
lS1892: 1979
DERRICK,
4 LEGS OF PIPE
TEE, REPLACED BY
DRIVING HEAD WHEN
DRIVING CASING
/WASH PIPE
(DRILL RODS)
3.6.5.2 Simplified mud-boring method - In’ little above the cutter, may be used. The trap
this method, the boring is advanced by a cutter consists of 80 to 100 cm long hollow cylinder having
fixed to drill rods which are rotating by means of a conical shape at bottom. Holes of 3 mm diameter
pipe wrench. Bentonite is pushed simultaneously are also drilled in the drill rod within the trap as
by a double piston pump. The slurry flowing out of well as in the conical portion of the trap. During
cutter bottom, mixes up with the cut soil and flows boring, gravel and kunkur rise a little and then
to the bore hole surface, settling tank and back to settle into the trap. With the provision of holes, no
the slurry tank. The process is continuous and the finer materials settle in the trap.
same slurry can be used several times. The drilling The small silt-sand stone or hard beds may be
tool is lowered slowly with the help of manually broken using conical or chisel-ended bits
operated winch fixed. on a tripod. After the connected with drill rod. The broken pieces can
boring is advanced up to the desired depth, subsequently be removed by means of the gravel
pumping of the slurry should be continued for 10 trap.
to 15 minutes.
In case gravel and kunkur are encountered, a 3.6.5.3 core drilling - Core drills shall be
gravel trap fitted with stays around the drill rod, a so designed that in sound rock, continuous
10 COMPENDIUMOFINDIANSTANDARDSONSOILENGINEERING-PART2
IS1892: 1979
TOWER MAST
-SWIVEL HOSE
~-_______:_‘____,_
SPIDER
CASING
DRILL COLLAR
-4lIl
recovery of core is achieved. Water is circulated contact with the cutting bit and the formation,
down the hol1o.v rods, which returns outside them, holes inclined over 5” or 6” cannot be drilled
carrying the rock cuttings to the surface as sludge. satisfactorily. This system is different from other
These shall be retained as samples in traversing types of core drilling because the coarser cuttings
friable rock where cores cannot be recovered. It is do not return to the surface but are accumulated in
important to ensure that boulders or layers of a chip cup immediately above the bit and here the
cemented soils are not mistaken for bed rock. This chilled shot is used as an abrasive in place of the
necessitates core drilling to a depth of at least 3 m drilling head.
in bed rock in areas where boulders are known to
occur. For shear strength determination, a core 3.7 Pressure Meter - A pressure meter (see
with diameter to height ratio of 1: 1 is required. Fig. 5) applies a uniform radial stress to the bore
Rock pieces may be used for determination of hole at any desired depth and measures
specific gravity and classification. consequent deformation. The test involves
3.6.5.4 Shot drilling - The system is used in lowering of an inflatable cyclindrical probe to the
large diameter holes that is over 150 mm. Due to test depth in a bore hole. The probe is inflated by
the necessity of maintaining the shots in adequate applying water pressure from a reservior. Under
COMPENDIUMOFINDIANSTANDARDSONSOILENGINEEdING-PART2 11
IS1892 :1979
PRESSURE GAUGE
GAS CYLINDER
PRESSURE ‘P’
DEFORMATION OF
BORE HOLE WALL=
12 COMPENDIUM
OF INDIAN STANDARDS ON SOIL ENGINEERING - PART 2
IS 1892 : 1979
16 COMPENDRJM
OF INDIANSTANDARDS
ONSOIL ENGINEERING
- PART2
IS 1892: 1979
auxiliary barrel pushed down the sampler most strata to procure undisturbed samples which
after the drive; this will, however, disturb are very satisfactory for examination and testing
the samples to certain extent; and purposes. Undisturbed sampling of sand below the
2) maintenance of slight pressure below water table is not always an easy matter but special
the sampler by the injection of compressed methods have recently been developed for this
air into the space below the sampler purpose and used satisfactorily.
formed by the introduction of an auxiliary 6. PROCEDURE FOR TAKING SAMPLES
core barrel; IBishop sampler may be used.
6.1 Disturbed Soil Samples - Disturbed samples
cl Solidification by the introduction of of soi!s may be obtained in the course of-excavation
chemicals or emulsions - The and boring. The taking of disturbed samples of
solidification may be done at the bottom of clay may result in the remoulding of the material
the sampling tube after driving or a and may render it unsuitable for shear strength
sufficient volume of the strata to be measurements unless it is required for fill. Such
sampled may be solidified before the samples are suitable for mechanical analysis and
sampling operation starts. tests for index properties. These samples may not
4.2.3 Rocks - Cores of rock should be taken be truly representative, specially when taken from
by means of rotary drills with a coring bit. Other below the ground-water level. This is more so in
types of drills, such as shot drills may also be used the case of gravels containing a portion of fine
All types of rotary drills should be fitted with core sand, since the finer fractions tend to be washed
barrels and core catchers which break off the core off the sampler by the water. For procuring true
and retain it when the rods are withdrawn. Double samples, where possible, the ground-water level
tube core barrels should be used for ensuring may be lowered by means of pumping from filter
better core recovery and picking up soft seams or wells before procuring samples, or special type of
layers in bed rocks. samplers used (see 4.2.2). The quantity of sample
generally required for testing purposes is given in
5. METHODS OF SAMPLING Table 2 [see aiso IS 2720 (Part 1) : 1972 1.
5.1 Samples are of two types: 6.2 Undisturbed Soil Samples- Samples shall be
a) Disturbed Samples - These are taken by obtained in such a manner that moisture content
methods which modify or destroy the and structure do not get altered. These may be
natural structure of the material though, attained by careful protection and packing, and by
with suitable precautions, the natural the use of a correctly designed sampier.
moisture content can be preserved. 6.2.1 Clay - If strength of soft clay is to be
b) Undisturbed Samples - These are taken known, the sampling procedure may be
by methods which preserve the structure supplemented by in-situ tests like vane shear test
and properties of the material. Such (see IS 4434 : 1978) which gives a measure of the
samples are easily obtained from most shear strength of the soil.
rocks, but undisturbed samples of soil can
only be obtained by special methods.
TABLE 2 QUANTITY CDFSOIL SAMPLE REQUIRED
The following table indicates the methods that (Clause 6.1) a
are usually employed :
SL No. PURPOSE OFSAMPLE SOIL TYPE WEIGHTS OF
SAMPLE
Nature of Type of Method of
REQUIRED
Ground Sample Sampling
kg
1
Soil
Shell samples (for anical analysis and
index properties
example, in sand) Chemical tests 1 Sand and gravels 3
Undisturbed Chunk samples Cohewe soils 12.5
Tube samples ii) Compaction tests &d sands
Disturbed Wash samples from { Gravelly soils 25
Rock percussion or rotary iii) Comprehensive ex- Cohesive soils 25 to 50
drilling amination materials and sands
Undisturbed Cores including soil stabili- Gravelly soils 50t0100
zation
In cohesive soils of all types, it is possible with
6.2.1.1 Chunk samples - Chunk samples done by another method which involves the use of
may be taken where clay is exposed in excavation. a thin-walled piston sampler and bentonite or
A block of clay should be carefully removed with a other types of drilling mud. The use of bentonite
sharp knife taking care that no water is allowed to or other drilling mud obviates the need for casing
come into contact with the sample and that ‘the pipes with thin wall samplers. In all methods, it is
sample is protected from exposure to direct sun essential to maintain the water or drilling mud in
and wind. The chunk sample should be coated the boring tube at or slightly above ground-water
with molten wax so that the layer of wax prevents level. This prevents any disturbance of the
escape of moisture from the sample. Chunk structure of the sand by the flow of water into the
samples are not suitable if those are to be bore hole.
transported to long distances because in such cases
the samples will get disturbed in transit. 6.3 Rock Samples
Undisturbed samples may also be obtained by 6.3.1 Disturbed Samples - The sludge from
means of a sampling tube of 10 cm internal
percussion borings or from rotary borings which
diameter provided with a cutting edge. In this
have failed to yield a core, may be taken as a
procedure the soil surrounding the outside of the disturbed sample. It may be recovered from
tube should be carefully removed while the tube is circulating water by settlement in a trough. The
being pushed in. rock type may be deduced by examining the
6.2.1.2 Core samples - The sampler should material of which the sludge is composed.
be lightly oiled or greased inside and outside to
reduce friction. It should then be attached to the 6.3.2 Undisturbed Samples
boring rods and lowered to the bottom of the bore 6.3.2.1 Block samples - Such samples taken
hole or trial pit. The sampler should be pushed from the rock formation shall be dressed to a size
into the clay by hand or by jacking. Where this is convenient for packing to about 90 x 75 x 50
not possible, the sampler may be driven into the mm.
clay by blows from a ‘monkey’. 6.3.2.2 Core samples - Cores of rock shall
The distance to which the sampler is driven be taken by means of rotary drills fitted with a
should be checked, because, if driven too far, the coring bit with core retainer, if warranted. Good
soil will be compressed in the sampler. A sampling core recovery (see 4.1.4) depends upon the correct
head with an ‘overdrive’ space will allow the operation and careful use of the equipment.
sample tube to be completely filled without sampling - In
6.3.2.3 Frequency of
damaging the sample. After driving the rods, the intermittent sampling, undisturbed soil samples
sampler should be rotated to break off the core
are obtained at every change in stratum and at
and the sampler should be steadily withdrawn. In intervals not exceeding 1.5 m within a continuous
soft clays and silty clays where samples are stratum. On important investigations such as the
required from below the water table, with water
foundations for an earth dam, continuous core
standing in the casing pipe, a piston sampler may sampling in any soft clay layers may be necessary.
be used with advantage.
6.2.1.3 For compression test samples, a core 6.4 Water Samples - If a trial pit has been
of 40 mm diameter and about 150 to 200 mm long excavated or a well exists near about the site of
may be sufficient; but for other laboratory tests, a exploration, the collection of water samples does
core of 75 to 100 mm diameter and preferably 300 not present any difficulty. However, if it is to be
mm long is necessary. The upper few millimetres collected from a bore hole made at the site, some
of both types of sample should be rejected as the difficulty is apprehended on account of the
soil at the bottom of the bore hole usually gets narrowness of the bore, caving-in of the sides, etc.
disturbed by the boring tools. In the latter case, therefore, it should suffice to
6.2.2 Sand - Comparatively undisturbed collect the water sample from the bore hole with
samples of moist sand above ground-water level the help of a common suction pump having a hose
may be taken from natural exposures, excavations pipe, rubber tubing, etc, which can be
or borings by gently forcing a sampling tube into conveniently lowered down into the bore hole,
the soil. Undisturbed samples of sand below connected at the suction end. The water may then
ground-water table may be obtained by the use of be collected into a clean vessel, allowed to settle
a compressed air sampler, which enables the and the supernatant liquid poured out into a clean
sample to be removed from the ground into an air well-rinsed glass or polyethylene bottle. The water
chamber and then lifted to the surface without samples may then be sent to the laboratory for -
contact with water in the bore hole. This may be chemical analysis.
6.5 Records of Borings and .Trial Pits recognized as coming trom a specified trial pit or
6.5.1 Borings - In recording exploratory work boring. Suitable methods are given in AppendixE.
in connection with borings necessary information 7.2 Extrusion of Samples - Undisturbed samples
should be given, preferably on a record sheet of of soil retained in a liner or seamless tube sampler
the type given in Appendix D. A site plan showing which arrive in the testing laboratory, sealed with
the disposition of the borings should be attached wax at both ends, have to betaken out of the liners
to the records. Where a deep boring has deviated or tubes for actual testing. This should be done
from line, a plan and section should ‘accompany very carefully without causing any disturbance to
the record. the samples themselves. The wax may be chipped
off by a penknife. This may also be done by slightly
6.5.2 Trial Pits - Plans and sections, drawn to
warming the sides of the tube or liner at the ends
the largest convenient scale, should be provided.
when the wax will easily come off. If the tubes or
The following information should also be given :
liners are oiled inside before use, it is quite
a) Agency; possible for samples of certain moisture range to
b) Location with map and plan reference; be pushed out by means of suitably designed piston
c) Pit number; extruders. If the extruder is horizontal, there
d) Reduced level (RL) of ground surface or should be a support for the sample as it c6mes out
other reference point; from the tube so that it may not break. For screw
e) Dates, started and completed; type extruders, the pushing head must be free from
f) Supervision; the screw shaft so that no troque is applied to the
g) Scales of plans and sections; soil sample in contact with the pushing head. All
h) Dimensions, types of sheeting and other extruding operations must be in one direction, that
materials of stabilization, method of is, from cutting edge to the head of the sample
advancing the exploration, such as by tube. For soft clay samples pushing with an
hand tools, blasting, boring, etc; extruder piston may result in shortening or
j) General description of strata met with; distortion of the sample. In such cases, the other
k) Position and attitude of contacts, faults, alternative is to cut the tube by means of a high
strong joints, slicken-sides, etc; speed hacksaw in proper test lengths and fill the
m) Inflow of water, methods of controlling testing moulds, by placing the cut portions directly
the water, required capacity of pumps; over the moulds and pushing the sample in with a
n) The level at which the subsoil water table suitable piston. After the sample is extruded, it
is met with; should be kept either in humidity chamber or in a
p) Dip and strike of bedding, and of desiccator and taken out only when actual testing
cleavage; and is carried out to avoid possible loss of moisture.
q) Any other information and remarks.
8. EXAMINATION AND TESTING OF
7. PROTECTION, HANDLING AND SAMPLES
LABELLING OF SAMPLES 8.1 The samples of soils and rocks are to be tested
7.1 Care should be taken in protection and in the laboratory for determining their engineering
handling of samples and in their full labelling SO properties. The various tests that are usually
that samples can be received in a fit state for necessary for different phases of exploration are
examination and testing and can be correctly given in Table 3.
lClassification and identification of soils for general engineering purposes (first revision).
,Methods of test for soils : Part 5 Determination of liquid and plastic limits (first revision).
Methods of test for soils : Part 4 Grain size analysis (first revision).
Methods of test for soils : Part 3 Determination of specific gravity (first revision).
5Methods of test for soils : Part 2 Determination of water c&tent (second revision).
6Methods of test for soils : Part 15 Determination of consolidation properties.
,Methods of test for soils : Part 19 Determination of unconfined compressive strength (first revision).
*Methods of test for soils : Part 11 Determination of shear strength parametres of a specimentested in unconsolidated undrained
triaxial compression without the measurement of pore water pressure.
,Methods of test for soils : Part 13 Direct shear test (firs? revision).
,ðods of test for soils : Part 27 Determination of total soluble sulphates (first revision).
*iMethods of test for soils : Part 23 Determination of calcium carbonate (first revision).
,,Methods of test for soils : Part 22 Determination of organic matter (first revision).
rJMethods of test for soils : Part 26 Determination of pH values (first revision).
APPENDIX A
(Clause 3.1.2)
CURRENT METHODS OF SUBSOIL
EXPLORATION
4) Shell and auger Using auger for soft All types of soils .10) Open tube sam- Driving standard Cohesive soils
clays and shell for specially soils of plkr and split sampler by a hammer and silts
firm to stiff clays; in mixed type tube sampler weighing 65.0 kg
sand to be used with through a drop of 750
casing for lining and mm (see IS 2131: 1963)
with bentonite: for
boring at depths if 11) Double tube Used with a rotary Coarse sand and
more than 25 m core barrels machine; non-rotat- gravels; most
power operator ing inner barrel of suitable for soft
winches are used swivel type slips over rocks like shale
5) Hand auger The auger is power or All soils except the sample and re- and any wea-
hand operated with sands and gravels tains it as the outer thered rock
periodic removal of above water bit advances (see IS formation
the cuttings table 6926 : 1973)
APPENDIX I3
(Clause 3.2)
OUTLINE OF SEISMIC AND ELECTRICAL
RESISTIVITY METHODS
the geophone increases, the refraeted waves reach the measurement and recording of changes in the
the geophone earlier than the direct waves. Figure mean resistivity or apparent specific resistance of
f$ shows the diagrammatical travel of the primary various soils. The resistiviq (p ohmsm) is usually
and refracted waves. The results are plotted on a detined as the resistance between opposite phases of a
graph as shown in Fig. 9, between distance verSu.s unit cube of the material. Each soil has its own
time af travel. The break in the curve represents resistivity depending upon water content, compaction
the point af simultaneous arrival of primary and and composition; for example, the resistivity is low for
saturated silt and high for loose dry gravel or solid
rock. The test is conducted by driving four metal
f 3m
GEOPHOWE
6 9 12 IS 1a 21 spikes to serve as electrodes into the ground along a
straight line at equal distances (see Fig. 10).
BATTERY MILLIAMMETER
f r
APPENDIX C
(Clause 3.8.1) l
C-l. VERTICAL LOADING TESTS under static or dynamic loading of different shaped
tools.
C-l.1 Loading tests may be used to determim
whether the proposed loadings on foundations and C-2.1.1 All the tests are empirical and their
subgrades are within safe limits, and subject to value lies in the amount of experience behind
certain limitations, to assess the likely settlement them.
of a structure. The greater the uniformity of the C-2.1.2 Dynamic penetration tests in bore holes
strata.tested, the more reliance may be placed on are the more usual and provide a very simple
the results obtained. means of comparing the results of different bore
Table 4 gives guidance regarding the methods holes on the same site and for obtaining an
of estimating bearing capacity and settlement of indication of the bearing value of non-cohesive
structures for various types of soils. soils which cannot easily be assessed in any other
manner. The standard penetration test is the most
widely used of these tests (see IS 2131: 1963).
TABLE 4 METHODS OF ESTIMATION OF BEARING
CAPACITY AND SETTLEMENT C-2.2 Sounding Tests - Deep sounding tests are
SL TYPE OF STRATA METHODS OF ESTIMATION carried out by means of apparatus consisting of an
h
No. outer tube and an inner mandrel which can be
Ultimate Bearing Settlement of
driven by means of a hammer or caused to
Capacity Structures
penetrate steadily by an increasing dead load or by
1) a) Hard rocks L L
b) Soft rocks, such as FL L jacking. Measurements are made of the resistance
shales, weak hme- to penetration as the depth of penetration
stones and sand increases and the technique involves separate
stones measurement of the direct toe resistance and the
c) Non-cohesive soils FL F
skin resistance [ see IS 4968 (Part 1) : 1976,
d) Soft compressible LF LF
soils IS 4968 (Part 2) : 1976 and IS 4968 (Part
e) Stiff, fissured clays LF LF 3) : 19761.
2) Soft, compressible LF L
The method is used to determine the resistance
stratum overlying
hard stratum to the driving of bearing piles and as a rapid means
3) Hard stratum over- LF* L of preliminary site exploration and to supplement
lying compressible information obtained from borings.
stratum
4) Very variable strata Each case to be dealt with on its C-3. VANE TESTS
varyingin type thick- merits
C-3.1 The vane test has been shown to be a
ness and arrangement
promising non-empirical method of measuring the
NOTE - Methods are given in order of preference:
shear strength of soft clay in-situ at all depths from
F = Field load test
L = Laboratory tests : Compression and sliear the surface to at least 30 m. It is particularly useful
tests on undisturbed samples. in the measurement of strength in deep beds of
Consolidation test on undisturbed samples. soft sensitive clays.
Elastic modulus tests on undistuibed
samples. C-3.2 The shear strength of soft clays can be
‘measured in-situ by pushing into the clay a small
* Tests should be made on each stratum.
four-bladed vane, attached to the end of a rod and
then measuring the maximum torque necessary to
cause rotation. To a close approximation this
C-l.2 The method of conducting load tests on soils torque is equal to the moment developed by the
is described in IS 1888: 1971 shear strength of the clay acting over the surface of
C-2. DEEP PENETRATION TESTS the cylinder with a radius and height equal to that
C-2.1 Penetration Tests in Bore Holes-These tests of the vanes. The method of conducting vane test
consist of measuring the resistance to penetration is given in IS 4434: 1978.
Samptes Ground-
Thickness Depth from R.L of
Soil LOWW
Description of Strata Ground Depth and Thickness
:lassificotion stPdttum Contact TYP* No. x;
Surfac*
I of Sample
:‘.j: i~~~~~“: .,L,:..L:,“:..‘:.:
.., ..: .., :.. ‘: :.‘.;.‘.:T? :‘e
. . ..::I: ::::‘y::
-.‘:...*.::: : .
.a... .- . ..C .i-. . :. .‘..,
;..*.....:.
. .. .‘_. .: 5 . _.. .
2m
....*:. :...(
..I..!. :; :t::‘.I...:::..::,:
_L’.\.:: .;‘.....
rrt;r
j ‘1,
2.7m
I
‘//,//
,2,/d ‘/I/,
‘// , I/,//
//
Silty cloys of medium Cl ‘// ‘// ’
;;‘C 5m -5.m
plasticity. No coarse. / /.‘I? / .‘,’ Undis-
/,‘/‘, J;; r ;/.
or medium sands K //,‘/,,‘/,H, turbed
//, //A/, I,
///I////.// 1
IS1892: 1979
APPENDIX E
(Clause 7.1)
HANDLING AND LABELLING OF SAMPLES
should then be wrapped in’several thicknesses of E-1.3.2.3 The properties of hard clays and soft
paper and packed in a wooden box. It is advisable rocks depend to some extent on their moisture
to include in the wrapping a label of the type content. Representative samples should therefore
described in E-2. be preserved by coating them completely with a
thick layer of wax after removing the softened
E-1.3.2 Cores - In the case of small diameter skin.
drill cores, it is usual to preserve the whole core.
This is best done in core boxes which are usually
E-2. LABELLING OF SAMPLES
1.5 m long and divided longitudinally by light
battens to hold 10 rows of cores. The box should E-2.1 All samples should be labelled immediately
be of such depth and the compartments of such after being taken from the bore hole or trial pit.
width that there canbe no movement of the cores
Records should be kept on a sheet of the type
when the box is closed. The lid of the box.should
shown below. These sheets are serially numbered
be adequately secured ( see IS 4078 : 1980 ).
and bound in book form in duplicate; Each’ sheet
E-1.3.2.1 Great care should be taken in carries a portion which may be detached along a
removing the core from the core barrel and in line of perforation and which is used as a label [see
placing it in the box to see that the core is not E-l.1 (b) and E-l.2 (c) 1. On this portion, the serial
turned end for end, but lies in its correct position. number of the sheet is repeated three timesso that
Depths below the surface of the ground should be the chance of its being defaced is diminished.
indicated at 1.5 m intervals by writing the depth in
indelible pencil on a small block of wood which is
inserted in its correct position in the box. The BOUNDAT PERFORATED TEAR.
exact depth of any change of strata should be THISEDGE HERE OFF SLIP
\
shown in the same way. Where there is a failure to \
recover core, this should be recorded in the same
way. No. 1100 No. llo(
E-1.3.2.2 Where specimens are required for SAMPLE RECORD
examination or analysis, short lengths of core may Location. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .,. ., . . . Date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
be split longitudinally by means of a special tool Boring No.. . . . . R.L. of groundsurface.. ...
known as core splitter. One-half of the specimen Positionof sample, from.. . .... . ...... ... .. ...
should remain preserved in the box. Large to.. . . . _.. ... . below ground surface No. 110
diameter drill cores are usually too heavy to be Container No.. . . .. . . . . ... Type of sample
treated in this way. Asta rule, they are laid out in
Disturbed/Undisturbed
natural sequences for examination on the ground.
Remarks :
Specimens required for detailed work may be
treated as block specimens (see E-1.3.1). Signed : No. 110
Determination of Density
As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left Blank
IS 2720 (Part 33) : 1971
(Reaffirmed 1978)
Indian Standard
METHODS OF TEST FOR SOILS
PART 33 DETERMINATION OF THE DENSITY IN-PLACE BY THE RING AND WATER
REPLACEMEN? METHOD
that the flow of water into .the hole covered with ring and the surface with quick-setting plaster. As
the plastics film can be suitably controlled when the plaster is setting, clean the surplus from the
the water level approaches the level of the pointer inside of the ring. Remove all loose material and
gauge. sharp projections from the test surface.
2.6.2.1 The area of each. calibrated tank 3.2.1 If required, sand-filled gunny bags may
should be such that the graduations on its voluine also be placed on the flange of the ring to prevent
measuring gauge can be easily read. Tanks used the movement of the ring.
for filling holes of large capacity should have
3.3 Set up the pointer gauge assembly so that the
volume gauges graduated at 10 and,1 litre intervals;
pointer can be removed and returned to a fixed
gauges on tanks used for filling holes of smaller
position below the top of the ring (see Note).
capacity should be graduated at 2 and 0.2 litre
Remove the pointer gauge bar to a safe position.
intervals.
NOTE - For small rings the pointer is often mounted on a
2.6.2.2 The graduations on the volume
datum bar supported on legs driven into the ground outside the
measuring gauges of calibrated tanks shall be ring. The datum should be made so that it can be removed
verified. To. verify the graduations Proceed as between readings, and replaced with the pointer in precisely
follows: the same position. For large rings, which are usually more
a) Fill each tank with water to the top gradua- stable, it is usual to lay a small datum bar on the rim of the ring
if it is a flat flange, marking the position so that the bar can be
tion on the gauge and draw off successive
returned accurately to the same position, or the bar may be
volumes so that the water level drops to suitably clamped to the ring.
each graduation in turn.
b) Calculate the volumes drawn off from the 3.4 After checking for punctures, spread the
weight of each withdrawal and compare plastics film over the test surface and the ring
with the volumes read on the gauge. taking care to remove all the wrinkles. Replace the
pointer gauge bar.
2.7 A Balance - capable of weighing up to 20 kg
(class C type of IS 1433: 1965), sensitiveness at no 3.5 Fill the plastics film-ring assembly with water
load and at full load 10 g, greatest error allowed to the precise level of the pointer (see Note 1).
when fully loaded 20 g (see Note under 2.9). While filling, ensure the film makes full contact
with the test surface and the inside surface of the
2.8 Apparatus for Moisture Content Determina-
ring. Check for leaks (see Note 2). The measured
tion - shdll be in accordance with IS 2720 (Part
volume of water used is the initial reading Vi for
2): 1973.
the test.
2.9 Platform Weighing Machine - capable of NOTE 1 - The required accuracy of volume measurement
weighing up to 100 kg (dial type) in accordance depends on the volume of the test hole‘and the diameter of the
with IS 1435: 1960, sensitiveness when fully loaded ring used. For smaller test holes and rings, record the volume
to the nearest 0.2 litre. For larger test holes and rings, a lesser
20 g, greatest error when fully loaded 40 g (see
accuracy may suffice. Since the test cannot be easily repeated,
Note). all observations and recordings should be independently
NOTE - Other types of weighing scales of similar accuracy checked.
may be used. NOTE 2 - Observe the water level at the pointer gauge tip
for several minutes to determine whether water is leaking
2.10 Containers through the plastic film. If leakage is occurring, repeat the
volume measurement with a sound film. Do not walk upon the
2.11 Suitable Hand Tools - for excavating and
plastics film or drag it across the ground or sharp projections.
cleaning holes in coarse soils and rocky materials,
such as pick, shovel, crowbar, broom and scoop. 3.6 Remove the pointer gauge bar to a safe
position. Remove the water and the plastics film,
2.12 IS Sieves - 100-mm, 80-mm, 40-mm,
checking the ground surface for indications of
25mm, 20-mm, lo-mm and 4.75-mm, 30 cm in
leakage.
diameter, as required.
3.7 Excavate, as nearly as practicable, a
2.13 Syphon Can and Measuring Cylinders
cylindrical cavity within the ring using the digging
3. PROCEDURE tools. When excavating very coarse materials, it
may be necessary to employ a mechanical device,
3.1 Approximately level the ground at the site of
such as a tripod with either a block and tackle or a
the test. Place the ring on therevelled ground and
chain hoist, for lifting large rocks from the cavity.
secure it to the surface to prevent any movement
Make the wall of the cavity as near vertical as
during the performance.of the test.
possible; but avoid under-cutting the ring and
3.2 Fill the voids between the underside of the deformation of the cavity. The movement ofheavy
equipment in the immediate test area should not from calibrated tanks, run an exact number of
be permitted. Leave in place any large rocks near litres of water rapidly into the film-covered
the cavity boundary. Keep the floor and wall of the cavities, from a larger tank equipped with a
cavity as even as possible and free from sharp delivery hose capable of supplying the bulk of the
protrusions which may puncture the plastics film. water in a few minutes. A smaller tank may then
When the desired depth (see Note 1 under 1.1) has be used for slowly bringing the water level to the
been reached, clean all loose material from the tip of the pointer gauge and for obtaining the
cavity. Carefully collect all the excavated material required accuracy of the volume measurement.
in containers (see Note 1) and weigh each to the While filling, loosely support the sheet away from
nearest 0.1 kg. Sum the individual weights of the the wall of the cavity and allow the rising water to
material in the containers to obtain the total weight form the film to the shape of the cavity and the
( Ww) of the excavated material (see Note 2). ring. Check for leaks (see Note 2 under 3.5). The
NOTE 1 -Use containers with close fitting lids when measured volume of water used is the final reading
testing soils and absorbent rocks holding significant amounts of (Vf) for the test.
water. To avoid undue loss of moisture, the cover shall be kept
on the container at all times when the soil is not being placed in 3.11 The steps given in 3.1 to 3.10 complete the
it. In hot and dry climate, shade for the test area and a damp work specifically required at the test site to
cloth over the container shall be provided. When the material determine the in-place density.
consists predominantly of hard, non-absorbent rock of
negligible moisture content, open containers are satisfactory. 3.12 If a soil contains particles larger than a given
NOTE 2 - If practicable large rocks in excess of scale size and only the density of the material smaller
capacity may be broken into smaller pieces. Alternatively, than this size is required, proceed as in 3.12.1
their volume may be determined by water displacement an,d to 3.12.3.
their weight computed using the specific gravity of the stone. If
larger rocks are broken, it shall be ensured that all fragments 3.12.1 Sieve the material excavated from the
from each rock ‘are weighed. cavity. Determine the weight W, and volume Vr of
3.7.1 The gradation of particles in the stones retained on the sieve.
excavated material may be determined, if desired, 3.12.2 The volume V, of the stones in the
by sieving it through sieves specified in 2.12. sample may be determined directly by
3.8 When the moisture content of all or part of the displacement of water from a graduated flask or
material will have a significant effect on the field syphon can from which the overflow can be
dry density, determine the moisture content of the accurately measured or by weighing the stones, or
soil in accordance with IS 2720 (Part 2) : 1973. by weighing the stones in air and water, calculatipg
their specific gravity (see Note) and determining
3.8.1 The sample for moisture content shall be their volume by dividing their weight by their
representative of the whole of the soil excavated specific gravity.
except that, if only the density of the material
NOTE -‘For construction control, the volume of stones
smaller than a given size is required, any stone need not be measured every time a test is made. From the
coarser than this size shall first be removed. The experience gained after a number of successive tests, if it is
moisture sample should be as large as is practicable found that the specific gravity of stones from particular source
and convenient. It should be collected in an is constant, a suitable value for the specific gravity may be
airtight assumed and the volume computed by obtaining the weight of
moisture content container by
stones in a wet surface-dry condition and dividing the weight by
incrementally sampling the excavated soil during the assumed specific gravity of the stone.
the course of the digging operations and after the
increments of W, (see 3.7) have been weighed. In 3.12.3 Calculate the dry density Yd of the soil -
taking moisture content sub-samples of soil from the formula :
containing coarse rock fragments, neglect rocks
larger than SO mm if these are predominantly
Yd =
ww-w,
non-absorbent and in surface dry condition.
(V-V,) (1 + j&J
3.9 After checking for punctures, and taking care
to remove all wrinkles, spread the plastics film where
properly into the cavrty thus formed. Replace the
pointer gauge bar. W, = total weight of the material excavated
to form the cavity,
3.10 Fill the cavity-covered with plastics film with W, = total weight of the portion (stones) of
water to the precise level of the pointer as set for the excavated material retained on a
the initial volume measurement (.ree Note 1 under given sieve,
3.5). When delivering water to larger test cavities V = volume of the cavity,
IS 2720 (Part 33) : 1971
v, = volume of the stones in the excavated 4.3 Calculate the dry density of the soil Yd from
material retained on the given sieve, the formula
and
W’ = moisture content of material finer
than the given sieve determined in
accordance with IS 2720 (Part 2) : where
1973. Y = wet density of the soil (see 4.2), and
W = the moisture content in percent of the
If there is a large proportion of stone in the soil determined in accordance with
sample, the calculated density value for the IS 2720 (Part 2) : 1973 (see also3.8.1
fraction passing the given sieve may lack physical and 3.12).
significance.
4. CALCULATIONS 5. REPORTING OF RESULTS
4.1 Calculate the volume of the cavity V from the 5.1 The results of the test shall be suitably
formula : reported and the report shall specifically mention
V = Vf - Vi about the following. A recommended proforma
where for the record of test results is given in Appendix
V, = final volume reading (see 3. lo), and A:
Vi = initial volume reading (see 3.5). a) The date of the test,
4.2 Calculate the wet density of the soil Y from b) The test location,
the formula c) The elev?tion of the test,
d) The soil description,
’ y+
e) The method used,
f) The fraction of the soil for which the density
where has been determined, and
w, = weight of the wet material from the g) The dry density in kg/m3 to the nearest 10
cavity (see 3.7), and kg/m3 or in g/cm3 to the second place of
v = volumk bf the cavity (see 4.1). decimals.
APPENDIX A
(Clause 5.1)
DETERMINATION OF DENSITY OF SOIL IN-PLACE BY RING AND WATER
REPLACEMENT METHOD
Test No. :
Elevation of test location :
Test location :
Soil description :
Fraction of soil for which density is determined :
DETERMINATIONOF VOLUMEOFCAVITY
Initial volume reading (with ring only) Vi Final volume reading (with ring arid cavity) vf
Volume of cavity V = Vf - Vi
I I I I I I
No. of container
Weight of container
Dry density
Percent retained
Size
Gradation of stones
larger than 100 mm Percent of
total material
33
COMPENDIU:MOF INDIAN STANDARDS ON SOII. ENGIl%F:ERlNG - PART 2
IS 2720 (Part.34) : 1972
(Reaffirmed 1978)
Indian Standard
METHODS OF TEST FOR SOILS
PART 34 DETERMINATION OF DENSITY OF SOIL
IN-PLACE BY RUBBER-BALLOON METHOD
(Incorporating Amendment No. 1)
TABLE 1 VOLUME OF WATER PER GRAM BASED ON volume indicator. The difference between this
TEMPERATURE reading and the initial reading obtained in 4.1 is
(Cluwe3.1.1) the volume of the test hole (see Note). Note the
TEMPERATURE VOLUME OF WATER temperature of the water used and correct the
*C ml/g volume for temperature, taking into consideration
12 l.ooo.48 the temperature at which the apparatus was
14 I.000 73 calibrated. After the test, pump the water and
16 1.001 03
18 1.001 38 flexible membrane back into the cylinder by
20 1.001 77 applying vacuum.
22 1.002 21 NOTE - Attentionis calledto instancesin weak soils, where
24 1.002 68 the pressure applied to the liquid in the vessel may deform the
26 1.003 20 test hole to such an extent as to give an erroneous volume. In
28 1.003 75 such instances, the apparatus shall be re-calibrated using less
30 1.004 35 surcharge weight and less pressure on the liquid in the vessel,
32 1.004 91 or it may be necessary to resort to another method such as that
34 1.005 63 given in IS 2720(Part 28) : 1974.
36 1.006 33
38 1.007 06 4.4 Determine the weight of all the moist soil
40 1.007 86 removed from the test hole to the nearest 5 g. Mix
42 1.008 57 this soil thoroughly, select a sample in accordance
44 1.009 39
with Table 2 for the determination of moisture
46 1.010 31
48 1.011 12 content and determine its weight to the nearest
50 1.012 04 O.lg. Dry the moisture content sample to a
constant weight at a temperature 100 to 110” C
and determine the dry weight to the nearest 0.1 g
on the volume indicator, scribe the outline of the [see also IS 2720 (Part 2) : 19731.
apparatus on the test hole site. Record the
pressure used, the amount of the surcharge, and TABLE 2 MINIMUM FIELD TEST HOLE VOLUMES AND
the initial volume reading. If the apparatus was MINIMUM MOISTURE CONTENT SAMPLES BASED ON
calibrated with a base plate, the base plate shall MAXIMUM SIZE OF PARTICLE
(Clauses 4.2 and 4.4)
remain in-place throughout the field test.
SL MAXIMUM TEST HOLE MOKRJRE
4.2 Remove the apparatus from the test hole site No. PAR.1ICLE SIZE VOLUME, Min CONTENT
and dig a hole centered within the outline scribed SAMPLE, Min
for the apparatus. Exercise care in digging the test (1) (2) (3) (4)
hole so that soil around the top edge of the hole is mm cm3
i) 4.75 700 &I
not disturbed. Place all the soil removed from the
ii) 10 1400 ‘300
test hole in an airtight container for weight and iii) 20 2 loo 500
moisture content determinations. The test hole iv) 40 2800 1000
shall be of the minimum volume given in Table 2. v) 63 3 800 1500
Larger holes will provide improved accuracy and
shall be used, where practicable. The dimensions
of the test holes are related to the apparatus design 5. CALCULATIONS
and the pressure used. In general, the dimensions 5.1 Calculate the moisture content, W, of the soil
shall approximate those used in the calibration as follows :
check procedure.
weight of moisture
w= x 100
4.3 After the test hole has been dug, place the weight of dry soil
apparatus over the test hole in the same position 5.2 Calculate the wet unit weight, Y,, of the soil
used for the initial reading and inflate the flexible removed from the test hole, in g/cm3, as follows :
membrane in the hole, allowing air from the hole
to escape without getting entrapped between the y = weight of moist soil
m
inner surface of the test hole and the flexible volume of test-hole
membrane (see Note 2 under 3.1.2). Apply the 5.3 Calculate the dry unit weight Yd, of the soil
same surcharge weight and pressure on the liquid removed from the test hole, in g/cm3, as follows :
in the vessel as used during the calibration check
procedure. Take and record the reading on the
(First Revision)
Alldimensions in millimetres y
b
where
FIG.~CORE-CUTTERAPPARATIJSFOR
SOILDENSITYDETERMINATION W,y = weight of soil and core-cutter in g,
WC = weight of core-cutter in g, and
2.7 Grafting Tool or Spade or Pick Axe V,. = volume of core-cutter in cm3.
2.8 Straight Edge - A steel strip about 30 cm 4.2 The dry density 1;. that is, the weight of the
APPENDIX A
(Clause 5.1)
DETERMINATION OF DRY DENSITY OF SOIL
IN-PLACE (CORE-CUTTER METHOD)
(Yd =
Indian Standard
METHODS OF TEST FOR SOILS
PART 28 JIETERMINAITON OF DRY DENSITY OF SOIZ+f$,
JN-PLACE, BY THE SAND REPLACEMENT METHOD
{First Revision)
.
-I--
Small (for fine- and medium- 380 85 200 75 115 3
grained soils) kO.1
Large (for fine- medium- and 610 175 350 160 25 215 215 16.5
coarse-grained soils) fO.l
I
I
NOTE 1 - This design has been found catisfactory, but alternative designs may be employed, provided that the essential
requirements are fulfilled.
NOTE 2 - Essential dimensions are underlined.
NOTE 3 - Tolerance on essential dimensions k 1 mm.
All dimensions in milhmetres.
COMPENDIUMOFINDL4NSTANDARDSONSOILENGINEERlNG-PART2 41
IS 2720 (Part 28) : 1974
2.2 Tools for Excavating Holes - suitable tools. 2.6 Metal Containers - to collect excavated soil.
such as a scraper tool similar to that shown in A convenient size is one about 150 mm diameter
Fig. 2 to make a level surface: bent spoon, dibber and 200 mm deep with a removable cover.
shown in Fig. 3.
2.7 Cylindrical Steel Core-Cutter - of steel,
2.3 Cylindrical Calibrating Container - with an 127.4 + 0.1 mm long and 100 mm + 0.1 mm
internal diameter of 100 mm and an internal depth internal diameter with a wall thickness of 3 mm
of. 150 mm (see Note 1 under 4.2.2) of the type bevelled at one end. One suitable type is illustrated
illustrated in Fig. 4 fitted with a flange in Fig. 5. The cutter shall be kept adequately
approximately 50 mm wide and about 5 mm thick greased.
surrounding the open end. The volume of the
2.8 Metal Tray with Hole - 300 mm square and
container should be given to an accuracy of 0.25
40 mm deep with a 100 mm hole in the centre.
percent.
2.4 Balance - accurate to 1 g. 3. MATERIAL (SAND)
2.5 Plane Surface : Glass or Perspex Plate or 3.1 Clean, uniformly graded natural sand passing
Other Plane Surface - about 450 mm square and the l.OO-mm IS Sieve and retained on 600-micron
9 mm thick or larger. ISSieveshall be used. It shall be free from organic
NOTE - This design has been found satisfactory, but alternative designs may be employed.
Alldimensions in millimetres.
4OlNT IN PIPE
RUBBER BUNG ONDUlt 20mm IO
150
NOTE - This design has been found satisfactory, but alternative designs may be employed.
Alldimensions in miilimetres.
-IFFLAT
SURFACE
RAMMER
7
FLANGE
hORNER
ROUNDED OFF
DOLLEY
calibrating container) (see Note 1 under 4.2.2) laid on the prepared surface of the soil with the
shall be allowed to run out of the cylinder under hole over the portion of the soil to be tested. The
gravity. The shutter on the pouring cylinder shall hole in the soil shall then be excavated using the
then be closed and the cylinder placed on a plane hole in the tray as a pattern, to the depth of the
surface, such as a glass plate. layer to be tested up to a maximum of 150 mm (see
4.1.1.2 The shutter on the pouring cylinder Note 1). The excavated soil shall be carefully
shall be opened and sand allowed to run out. When collected, leaving no loose material in the hole and
no further movement of sand takes place in the weighed to the nearest gram (W,,,). The metal tray
cylinder, the shutter shall be closed and the shall be removed before the pouring cylinder is
cylinder removed carefully. placed in position over the excavated hole.
4.1.1.3 The sand that has filled the cone of The following alternative method shall be
the pouring cylinder (that is, the sand that is left on used for fine-grained cohesionless soils :
the plane surface) shall be collected and weighed The steel core cutter shall be pressed evenly
to the nearest gram. and carefully into the soil until its top edge is
4.1.1.4 These measurements shall be flush with the levelled surface. Soil to a depth
repeated at least three times and the mean weight of 100 mm (see Note 1) within the core cutter
(W,) taken. shall then be excavated by means of suitable
tools. The excavated soil shall be carefully col-
4.1.2 Themethoddescribedin4.1.2.1 to4.1.2.3
lected and weighed to the nearest gram (W,,,).
shall be followed for the determination of the bulk
The core cutter shall remain in position during
density of the sand (YJ.
the remainder of the testing procedure.
4.1.2.1 The internal volume ( V) in ml of the NOTE1 - If for any reason it is necessary to excavate the
calibrating container shall be determined from the holes to depths other than 150 mm, the calibrating container
weight of water contained in the container when should be replaced by one, the depth of which is the same as the
hole excavated or its effective depth should be reduced to that
filled to the brim (see Note 1 under 4.2.2 ). The
of the hole excavated.
volume may also be calculated from the measured
NOTE 2 - Care shall be taken in excavating the hole to see
internal dimensions of the container.
that the hole is not enlarged by levering the dibber against the
4.1.2.2 The pouring cylinder shall be placed side of the hole, as this will result in lower densities being
concentrically on the top of the calibrating recorded.
container after being filled to the constant weight 4.2.3 The water content (W) of the excavated
(WI) as in 4.1.1.1. The shutter on the pouring soil shall be determined by the method specified in
cylinder shall be closed during this operation. The IS 2720 (Part 2) : 1973. Alternatively the whole of
shutter shall be opened and sand allowed to run the excavated soil may be dried and weighed (W,).
out. When no further movement of sand takes
place in the cylinder, the shutter shall be closed. 4.2.4 The pouring cylinder filled to the constant
The pouring cylinder shall be removed and weight (W,) as in 4,I.l shall be so placed that the
weighed to the nearest gram. base of the cylinder covers the hole concentrically.
The shutter on the pouring cylinder shall be closed
4.1.2.3 These measurements shall be
during this operation. The shutter shall then be
repeated at least three times and the mean weight
opened and sand allowed to run out into the hole.
(W,) taken (see Note). The pouring cylinder and the surrounding area
NOTE - Since variations in atmospheric humidity affect shall not be vibrated during this period. When no
the water content of the sand, and hence its bulk density, the further movement of sand takes place the shutter
calibration should be made (or at least checked) during each
day’s work. To overcome the effects of slight variations in
shall be closed. The cylinder shall be removed and
grading and particle shape between batches of sand, each batch weighed to the nearest ‘gram (W,) (see Note).
should be sampled and calibrated. NOTE - It is necessary to make a number of repeated
determinations (at least three) and to average the results, hence
4.2 Measurement of Soil Density - The following the dry density of the soil varies appreciably from point to
method shall be followed for the measurement of point. The number of determinations should be such that an
soil density. additional one would make no significant difference to the
average.
4.2.1 A flat area, approximately 450 mm
square, of the soil to be tested shall be exposed and
trimmed down to a level surface preferably with 5. CALCULATIONS
the aid of the scraper tool.
5.1 The weight of sand (W,) in g, required to fill
4.2.2 The metai tray with a central hole shall be the calibrating, container shall be calculated from
r--y-35o *-y 1
/-FLAT
200 $J
SURFACE
Alldimensions in millimetres.
FIG. 6 CALIBRATING CONTAINER FOR USE WITH LARGE POURING CYLINDER AND
IN THE HAND SCOOP METHOD
8.7 Metal Tray with Central Hole - a metal tray weight shall be maintained constant throughout
450 mm square and 50 mm deep with a 200 mm dia the tests for which the calibration is used (see
hole in the centre. Note). A volume of sand equivalent to that of the
9. MATERIAL (SAND) excavated hole in the soil (or equal to that of the
calibrating container) shall be allowed to run out
9.1 Clean; uniformly graded natural sand passing of the pouring cylinder under gravity. The shutter
the 1.00-mm IS Sieve and retained on the on the pouring cylinder shall then be closed and
600-micron IS Sieve shall be used. It shall be free the cylinder placed on the plane surface.
from organic matter, and shall have been oien
dried and stored for a suitable period to allow its Nom - The total weight of the pouring cylinder and sand
water content to reach equilibrium with is large, so that the method of filling and weighing is to weigh
the sand in two or three containers and tip it into the pouring
atmospheric humidity (see Note under 3.1).
cylinder before using. Care shall be taken to see that the same
10. PROCEDURE constant initial weight as is used in calibrating the apparatus is
used for each density measurement. Sufficient sand should be
10.1 Calibration of Apparatus used to leave about 4 to 5 kg of sand in the pouring cylinder
after the test is completed.
10.1.1 The method described in 10.1.1.1 to
10.1.1.4 shall be followed for the determination of 10.1.1.2 The shutter on the pouring cylinder
the weight of sand in the cone of the pouring shall be opened and sand allowed to run out. When
cylinder. no further movement of sand takes place in the
1O.l.U The pouring cylinder shall be filled cylinder the shutter shall be closed z,nd the cylinder
with a given initial weight of sand (WJ. This removed carefully.
46 COMPENDIUMOFlNDlANSTANDARDSONSOILENGINEERING-PART2
IS 2720 (Part 28) : 1974
10.1.1.3 The sand tnat has filled the cone of layer to be tested up to a maximum of 250 mm (see
the pouring cylinder shall be collected and weighed Note). The excavated soil shall be carefully
to the nearest 0.1 percent of its total weight. collected leaving no loose material in the hole, and
10.1.1.4 These measurements shall be weighed to the nearest gram (W,,,). The metal tray
repeated at least three times and mean weight shall be removed before the pouring cylinder is
(W,) taken. placed in position over the excavated hole.
NOTE - If for any reason it is necessary to excavate holes to
10.1.2 The method described in 10.1.2.1 to depths other than 250 mm the calibrating container should be
10.1.2.3 shall be followed for the determination of replaced by one, the depth of which is the same as the hole
the bulk density of the sand (Y,). excavated or its effective depth reduced to that of the hole
excavated.
10.1.2.1 The internal volume (V) in ml of the
calibrating container shall be determined by the 10.2.3 A representative sample of the
weight of water contained in the container when excavated soil shall be placed in an air-tight
filled to the brim (see Note under 10.2.2). container and its water content (w) determined by
the method specified in IS 2720 (Part 2) : 1973.
10.1.2.2 The calibrating container should
stand on a large tray during the procedure to 10.2.4 The pouring cylinder filled with the
collect the sand overflowing from the cone when constant weight of sand (WI) as in 10.1.1.1, shall
the cylinder is removed. The pouring cylinder shall be placed so that the base of the cylinder covers
be placed concentrically on the top of the the hole concentrically. The shutter on the pouring
calibrating container and filled with the constant cylinder shall be closed during this operation. The
weight of sand (W,) as in 10.1.1.1. The shutter on shutter shall then be opened and sand allowed to
the pouring cylinder shall be closed during this run out. When no further movement of the sand
operation. The shutter shall be opened and the takes place the shutter shall be closed. The
sand allowed to run out. When no further cylinder shall be removed and the sand remaining
movement of the sand takes place in the cylinder in it weighed to the nearest 0.1 percent of its initial
the shutter shall be closed. The pouring cylinder weight (W,) (see Note under 4.2.4).
shall be removed and the sand remaining in it
11. CALCULATIONS
weighed to the nearest 0.1 percent of its initial
weight. 11.1 ‘The calculations shall be done as laid down in 5.
10.1.2.3 These measurements shall be 11.2 For medium- and coarse-grained soils
repeated at least three times, and the mean weight containing appreciable gravel fraction (plus
(W,) taken (see Note under 4.1.2.3). 4.75-mm IS Sieve) the water content and dry
density shall be determined as given in Appendix
10.2 The method given in 10.2.1 to 10.2.4 shall be
B.
followed for the measurement of soil density.
10.2.1 A flat area, approximately 60 cm*, at the 12. REPORTING OF RESULTS
place at which the soil is to be tested shall be 12.1 The results shall be reported as specified in 6
exposed and trimmed down to a level surface. except that the method used for obtaining the test
10.2.2 The metal tray with a central hole shall results shall be stated as large pouring cylinder
be laid on the prepared surface of the soil with the method.
hole over the portion of the soil to be tested. The 12.2 The results of the test shall be recorded
hole in the soil shall then be excavated using the suitably. A recommended pro forma for the record
hole in the tray as a pattern, to the depth of the of test results is given in Appendix A.
APPENDIX A
(Clauses 6.3 and 12.2)
DETERMINATION OF DRY DENSITY OF SOIL, IN-PLACE,
BY SAND REPLACEMENT
(Small Pouring Cylinder/Large Pouring Cylinder)
A-l. The test results for the two methods, namely, may be tabulated as given below using the
small pouring cylinder and large pouring cylinder appropriate symbols and words in each case :
Project : Tested by :
Location : Date :
1. Determination No.
APPENDIX B
(Clause 11.2)
DETERMINATION OF WATER CONTENT AND D;RY DENSITY OF
MEDIUM- AND COARSE-GRAINED SOILS CONTAINING
APPRECIABLE GRAVEL FRACTION (PLUS 4.75mm IS SIEVE)
B-l. IN-PLACE BULK DENSITY fraction passing the 4.75-mm IS Sieve shall also be
B-l.1 The in-place bulk density (Yb) of the soil determined by oven-drying a representative
shall be determined as described in Section 2. sample.
B-3. CALCULATIONS
B-2. PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINATION OF
B-3.1 Further calculations should be carried out
VOLUME AND WATER CONTENT as follows :
B-2.1 After obtaining the wet weight (W,,,) of the a) In-place bulk
total material removed from the hole, the soil shall W%V
be separated into plus 4.75-mm fraction (gravel) density Yb
= Volume of hole
and minus 4.75 mm fraction by the 4.75mm IS b) Wet weight of minus
Sieve. This should be done rapidly to avoid loss of 4.75-mm soil = W/W8
water.
c) Volume of minus
NOTE - If this test is for construction control, the fraction
4.75-mm soii = Volume of hole - Vg
passing the 4.7%mm IS Sieve should be placed in an air-tight
container for further tests. d) Wet density of mmus
B-2.2 The fraction retained on the 4.75-mm IS 4.75-mmsoil = - (a)
Sieve (gravel) shall be washed on the sieve using a (b)
minimum of water, blotted dry with a towel to a e) Dry weight of minus
wet surface-dry condition and weighed ( Wr). (4
4.75-mm soil
B-2.3 The vulume of the gravel (V,) in a wet = 1 + W,/loO
surface-dry condition, shall then be determined by f) Dry density of minus
displacement of water from a siphon-container 4.75-mm soil (c)
from which the overflow can be measured, or by = 1 + W,/loo
weighing in air and in water. The specific gravity g) Dry weight of total material
(Gg) of the gravel p articles should then be (soil + gravel) = W’, + (d)
computed. h) Water content ( w r) of total
NOTE- For construction control, the volume of gravel
need not be measured every time a test is made. After several material, percent =. W&v-(f) )( l@-J
tests have shown that the specific gravity of the gravel from a (f)
particular source is virtually constant, the specific gravity may j) Percentage of gravel in the material
be assumed and the volume computed.
on a dry weight basis = % x 100
B-2.4 The wet gravel (wl,) shall be placed in an
oven and the oven-dry weight and water content k) Dry density of the
(w,) shall be determined. Yb
total material
B-2.5 The water content (We)in percent of the soil = 1+wr/100
Indian Standard
METHOD OF LOAD TEST ON SOILS
(Second Revision)
WOODEN JOISTS OF
SUITABLE SIZE
WOODEN PLANKS
WOODEN JOISTS
OF SUITABLE SIZE
15 cm 9 LOADING COLUMN
WITH PLUM BOB ARRANGEMENT)
E IRON STAKES
ODDEN GUIDE JOISTS
TEST PLATE
brRRANGEMENT
-4
,HEAD ROOM FOR
PERSON TO SIT
AND OBSERVE
DIAL GAUGE
IF NECESSARY
3.4 Settlement Recording Device - Dial gauges arrangement, loading columns, steel shims,
with 25 mm travel, capable of measuring wooden blocks, collar, reaction girder with cradles
settlement to an accuracy of 0.01 mm. for independent fitting to the reaction platform as
necessary to the particular set up.
3.5 Datum Beam or Rod - Beam or rod of
sufficient strength capable of maintaining 4. PROCEDURE
straightness when fitted on two independent 4.1 Selection of Location - The locations for load
supports fitted with arms or magnetic bases for test shall be based on exploratory borings, and
holding dial gauges. unless otherwise desired, shall be conducted at an
3.6 Miscellaneous Apparatus - A ball and socket elevation of the proposed foundation level under
TESTPIT
4.5.2 The test plate shall be placed over a fine 5. DETERMINATION OF ULTIMATE
sand layer of maximum thickness 5 mm, so that the BEARING CAPACITY/SAFE BEARING
centre of plate coincides with the centre of reaction PRESSURE/SETTLEMENT
girder/beam, with the help of a plumb and bob and
5.1 Shape of the Load/Settlement Curve - A load
horizontally levelled by a spirit level to avoid
settlement curve shall be plotted out to arithmetic
eccentric loading. The hydraulic jack should be
scale. From this load settlement curve, the ‘zero
centrally placed over the plate with the loading
correction which is given by the intersection of the
column in between the jack and reaction beam so
early straight lines or the nearly straight line part
as to transfer load to the plate. A ball $nd socket
of the curves with zero deadline shall be
arrangement shall be inserted to keep the direction
determined and subtracted from the settlement
of the load vertical throughout the test. A
readings to allow for the .perfect seating of the
minimum seating pressure of 70 g/cm’ shall be
bearing plate and other causes.
applied and removed before starting the load test.
5.1.1 Four typical curves are shown in Fig. 5.
4.5.3 The two supports of the reference beam
Curve A is typical for loose to medium
or datum rod shall be placed over firm ground,
cohesionless soil; it is straight line in the earlier
fixed with minimum two dial gauges resting at
stages but flattens out after some time, but there is
diametrically opposite ends of the plates. The dial
no clear point of failure. Curve B is for cohesive
gauges shall be so arranged that settlement is
soil, it may not be quite ruaight in the early part
measured continuously without any resetting in
and leans towards settlement axis as the settlement
between.
increases. For partially cohesive soils, curve C
4.6 Load Increments - Apply the load to soil in possessing the characteristics of both the curves A
cumulative equal increments up to 1 kg/cm’ or and B is obtained while curve D is purely for dense
one-fifth of the estimated ultimate bearing cohesionless soils.
capacity, whichever is less. The load is applied
5.2 From the corrected load settlement curves, no
without impact, fluctuation or eccentricity and in
difficulty should be experienced in arriving at the
case of hydraulic jack load is measured over the
ultimate bearing capacity in case of dense
pressure gauge, attached to the pumping unit kept
cohesionless soils or cohesive soils (see Fig. 5,
over the pit, away from the testing plate through
curves D and B) as the failure is well defined. But
extending pressure pipes.
in the case of curves A and C, where yield point is
4.7 Settlement and Observation - Settlements not well defined, settlements shall be plotted as
should be observed for each increment of load abcissa against corresponding load intensities as
after an interval of 1, 2.25, 4, 6.25, 9, 16 and 25 ordinate, both to logarithmic scales (see Fig. 6),
minutes and thereafter at hourly intervals to the which give two straight lines, the intersection of
nearest 0.02 mm. In case of clayey soils, the ‘time which shall be considered as yield value of soil.
settlement’ curve shall be plotted at each load
5.3 From Fig. 5, the safe bearing pressure for
stage and load shall be increased to the next stage
medium and dense sands could be read,
either when the curve indicates that the settlement
has exceeded 70 to 80 percent of the probable
ultimate-settlement at that stage or at the end of 24
hour period. For soils other than clayey soils, ra..ch
load increment shall be kept for not less than one
hour or up to a time when the rate of settlement
gets appreciably reduced to a value of 0.02
mm/min. The next increment of load shall then be
applied and the observations repeated. The test
shall be continued till a settlement of 25 mm under
normal circumstances or 50 mm in special cases,
such as dense gravel, gravel and sand mixture is
obtained or till failure occurs, whichever is earlier.
Alternatively, where settlement does not reach
25 mm, the test should be continued to at least two
times the estimated design pressure. If needed,
rebound observations may be taken while
releasing the load.
Settlement in mm.
OF
COMPENDIUM INDIAN STANDARDS ON SOIL, ENGINEERING - PART 2 57
As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left Blank
SECTION 4
Indian Standard
METHOD OF DETERMINATION OF
MODULUS OF SUBGRADE REACTION
(K-VALUE) OF SOILS IN FIELD
PROVING RING
/JACK
STEEL CRl8BlNG
DIAL SUPPORT
NOTE - Support for load reaction shall be 240 cm minimum from bearing plates.
62 OF
COMPENDIUM INDIAN STANDARDS ON SOIL ENGINEERING - PART 2
IS 9214 : 1979
3.7 Jack-Pads - Due to variation in the depth of 4.2.1.2 When the test is made on granular
test points, some distance pieces, for example, subgrade, extreme care shall be taken not to
spacers, will be required between jack and proving disturb the natural condition of the subgrade while
ring. These can be sulid cylindrical pieces of the test site is being prepared. Prior to placement
aluminium alloy or any other suitable material to of 75 cm diameter plate, the area should be cleared
withstand and help in transferring heavy loads on of loose material and levelled.
to the bearing plate. These spacers should be at 4.2.13 On gravely soils, flat bearing surface
least 15,20 and 30 cm long. The exact requirement can best be obtained with plaster of Paris, which
of these jack pads will vary from one test point to should be levelled with the plate before the plaster
another according to depth of test point below has set. The K-value test should not be started
ground surface. until the plaster has sufficiently hardened.
3.8 Stiffening Plates - These are mild steel plates 4.2.2 Preparation sf Filled-Up Area - In case
of 60,45 and 30 cm diameter and 25 mm thickness. the test is to be conducted on subgrade composed
3.9 Miscellaneous Apparatus - Datum bar of of fill materials, a test embankment of about 75 cm
5 m length with suitable dial gauge attachments, height should be constructed after necessary
pick axes, showel, trowel, spatula, spirit level and stripping. For design purposes, the conditions of
plumb bob. the moisture content and dry density of the test
area should be those which are likely to exist when
4. TEST PROCEDURE the subgrade has reached a state of relative
4.1 Two alternative test procedures may be equilibrium subsequent to the construction of
followed. More accurate tests are made with a pavement. Generally, the subgrade will be
75-cm plate, and a load reaction arrangement, a compacted at optimum moisture content and
loading jack, a proving ring to measure the load specified density. If ordinary compaction
and three dial gauges placed diagonally apart equipment is not available, approximate
about 10 mm from the rim to measure the vertical compaction may be obtained by hand tamping in
deflection. layers.
4.2 Preparation of Test Area - K-value tests 4.2.2.1. The test should be conducted keeping
should be conducted on representative area. Most in view elimination of bearing pressure of reaction
soils exhibit a marked reduction in the modulus of frame and datum bar as mentioned in 4.2.1. The
subgrade reaction with increase in moisture bearing plate with its lower surface oiled shall be
content, which cannot be generalized. Conditions placed on the prepared surface and rotated. When
of moisture content, density and type of material, the plate is removed, all proud portions indicated
all enter into the interpretation of test results to by oil marks shall be as levelled as possible. If
give a design value which will represent the levelling is difficult due to presence of granular
condition of equilibrium that ultimately will exist material, a layer of fine dry sand at no place thicker
in the subgrade. Generally, subgrade is composed than 5 mm may be laid and the plate seated
of either natural ground or fill-material. properly.
Preparation of an area for testing will depend on 4.3 Loading Procedure - There are two methods
composition of subgrade. for the determination of modulus of subgrade
4.2..1 Prepcration of Test Area for Natural reaction as given in 4.3.1 and 4.3.2.
Ground - Strip off an area equal to twice the area
4.3.1 Method I -The loading system and
of the bearing plate to the proposed elevation of bearing plate should be seated by applying a load
the subgrade surface. In any case, it is necessary to of 3.1 kN (310 kgf) (0.007 MPa for a standard 75
remove the top 25 cm of the soil before testing. cm diameter plate), when the design thickness of
The effect of surcharge can be eliminated by pavement is less than 40 cm which is normally used
having supports of datum bar at least 1.25 m away for lightly loaded pavements. For heavy duty
from the nearest edge of bearing plates. pavements, a seating loading of 6.2 kN (620 kgf)
4.2.1.1 On fine-grained soils, the bearing should be used. The seating load will be allowed to
plate, with its lower surface oiled, shall be placed remain until practically complete deformation has
and rotated. When the plate is removed, the taken place, at this time a reading should be taken
irregularities in the surface, being marked with oil on the dial gauges and adjusted to ‘zero’ reading.
shall be trimmed off. This process is repeated until Cyclic loading under 3.1 kN (310 kgf) or 6.2 kN
the plate is in contact with the soil over the u hole (620 kgf) seating load, as required, may be used to
area. assure good seating of the bearing plate. Then
without releasing the seating load an additional 31 in settlement or in the case of clayey soils, when
kN (3 100 kgf) [that is, a total 34.1 kN (3 410 kgf) the rate of increase in settlement is less than 0.025
or 37.2 kN (3 720 kgf) load depending cn the type mm/min, the average of the readings of the
of the pavement] should be applied to the plates deflection dial gauges should be noted. The load,
and held until practically complete settlement has as measured by the pressure gauge attached to the
taken place. jack or by the proving ring, should,be noted, both
For recording observations, proforma given immediately before and after the deflection
in Appendix A should be used. Prior to releasing readings. The load should be increased until there
the 31 kN (3 100 kgf) load, a value of K,, will be is an additional settlement of approximately 0.25
computed for the average deflection at the plate mm and the load and deflection again noted when
rim by the formula : there is no perceptible increase in settlement. This
procedure should be repeated until a total
Ku = y ,MPa/cm , or settlement of not less than 1.75 mm has been
produced. For recording observations proforma is
kgf/cmY cm given at Appendix B.
NOTE 1 - Rapid and less accurate tests may be made with
where a 45-cm or even a 30-cm diameter plate with a 5-tonne loaded
lorry to provide the load reactions, a pressure gauge to measure
d = deflection in cm.
the ‘load and at least 3 dial gauges to measure the vertical
One of the procedures given in 4.3.1.1 and deflection of the bearing plate. In such cases, the K,, value
4.3.1.2 should be’ then followed depending upon applied should be corrected for the standard 75-cm plate as
explained in 5.
the type of subgrade and the value of uncorrected
modulus of subgrade Ku. NOTE 2 -The test may be conducted with a plate of diame-
ter smaler than 75 cm when adequate reaction is not available.
4.3.1.1 For cohesive subgrades with K, equal When a smaller plate is used, the K,value should be corrected
to 0.555 MPa/cm (5.55 kgf/cm*/cm) or less, the to get the K, value corresponding to a standard 75cm diameter
load will be released. For some clayey soils, it may plate as explained in 5.
be necessary to plot a time-settlement curve to aid
5. EVALUATION OF SUBGRADE TEST
determination of practically complete settlement.
RESULTS
In general, the load will be held until the rate of
deflection of the bearing plate is less than 0.000 5 5.1 The corrections mentioned in 5.1.1 to 5.1.4
cm/min (that is, 0.005 cm in 10 minutes). This rate should be applied before a final value of subgrade
of settlement indicates that the major portion of reaction K is evaluated.
the settlement has occurred. 5.1.1 Correction when Using Plates Smaller than
4.3.1.2 For granular subgrades or cohesive 7.5 cm Diameter - Theoretical relationship may
subgrade with Ku equal to 0.555 MPa/cm (5.55 be established between the modulus of subgrade
kgf/cm*/cm) or more, a load-deflection curve reaction and the plate diameter. This value for a
should be obtained by measuring the successive plate of particular diameter can be expressed as a
deformations caused by ‘increasing the load in percentage of the equivalent modulus of subgrade
increments of 15.5 kN (1550 kgf) to a maximum of value of a 75-cm diameter from Fig. 3 and thus
93 kN (9 300 kgf). The load should not be released equivalent value of K,, for a 75-cm diameter plate
between the increments of loading. Each can be evaluated.
increment of load shall be held for at least 15 5.1.2 Correction of Load-Deflection Curve -
minutes. The final load of 93 kN (9 300 kgf) shall
The correction should be necessary if the value of
be held until practically complete settlement is
K, is 0.555 MPa/cm (5.55 kgf/cm*/cm) or more. In
reached, but in not less than 15 minutes. In
such a case, unit loads up to 93 kN (9 300 kgf) in
general, the 0.21 MPa (2.1 kgf/cm2) load should be
15.5 kN (1 550 kgf) increments should be applied
held until the rate of settlement of the plate is less and a load-deflection curve is plotted. In these
than 0.000 2 cm/min (that is, 0.002 cm in 10 cases, the load-deflection curve shall not be a
minutes). This rate indicates that the major
straight line and hence a correction should be
portion of the settlement has taken place. made. Generally, the load-deflection curve shall
4.3.2 Method II - The plate shall first be approximate a straight line between unit loads of
seated by applying a load equivalent to a pressure 31 kN (3 100 kgf) and 93 kN (9 300 kgf) [0.07 to
of 0.007 MPa (0.07 kgf/cm*) and releasing it after 0.21 MPa (0.7 to 2.1 kgf/cm*) 1. The correction
a few seconds. A load sufficient to cause should then consist of drawing a straight line
approximately 0.85-mm settlement should be parallel to the straight-line portion of the
applied and when there is no perceptible increase load-deflection curve through the origin. The
600
coo
200
0
0 50 100 150 200
COMPENDII~MOFINDIAN STANDARDSONSOILENGINEERING-PART2 65
IS 9214 : 1979
APPENDIX A
(ChL%?4.3.1)
PROFORMA FOR IN-PLACE K-VALUE - TEST METHOD I
67
COMPENDIUM OF INDIAN STANDARDS ON SOIL ENGINEERING - PART 2
IS 9214 : 1979
APPENDIX B
(Clause 4.3.2)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11)
NOTE - Load increments to be loaded till the total deflection is 1.75 mm or more.
K-value to be computed from load/deflection plot.
Rejected test with reasons ........ ... .. ............ ... .. ....... ... ....... ..I.................................................................
Result of repeat test if conducted _.... . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ........ ....... ..... ..... ., ........ ... ............ ,.
4
Granular Soil Cohesive Soil
4 1
Load 0.07 MPa to 0.21 MPa K,, > 0.555 MPa/cm K, > 0.555 MPa/cm
Uncorrected Ku value = 0.07 MPa Load < UzO7MPa
Deflection (cm) Uncorrected Ku value
= 0.07 MPa
Deflection (cm)
Interpretation
K
1 =K
=
4
Uncorrected K,value
0.W MPa
T---J-- c Deflection (cm)
Cohesron less slits & fine sand Coarse gram&r soil
J
Corrected for load
Rarely IS the value of K, used in design For coarse granular deformation, Kd
I 1
wtthouc cunectton. In some instances the soils, the value ol Ku A saturation correction for cohesive soil in
G
correction does not fulfil the intended ,nay be used without dry region of low water table may be smaller Corrected for bending
p_uposes and is not satisfactory. Conditions correction providing ,han that determined from the consolidation of plate, Kb 1
of this instance are cohesionless or nearly, compaction require- tests. If examination of pavements in this area 1
cohesionless silts and fine sands that ‘Pump’ ments are fulfilled. indicates no loss of subgrade support at joints, Corrected ?or saturation,
and uniform, poorly graded poorly due to infilfration or leakage and the moisture - K.
content is lower than the optimum for . 1
compacted sands that tend to shift at J
pavament joints. For the conditions compaction, the value of Ku maybe accepted
Corrected for size of
enumerated above a conservative K-value for use in design without correction for
plate, Kp
saturation. I
will be assumed. =K
IS 9214 : I979
APPENDIX D
(Clause 5.2.1)
SAMPLE OBSERTVATION AND CALCULATIONS FOR
DETERMINATION OF K-VALUE
Location Tested by :
Material of test
point 0
Depth of test : OSOcm Date :
Time :
Condition ot : Partly saturated
test subgraae >
Period of
soaking, if any
}
Moisture content : 18 percent
Density : 1.8g/cm3
Dia of plate used : 75cm
0.07
Calculations K = -Tbtal dt&ion in cm = o3c 1.85 Mea/cm
Uncorrected yalue * Corrected for load deforma- t Corrected for bending $ Corrected for saturation 75 cm 0
K, for 75 cm 0 tion curve for 75 cm @,K, of plate of 75 cm 0 Kb plate $o be done at the end)
KS L=;TX Kb
,
* For applying correction to the K, value obtained in the t Correction for bending of plate of 75 cm dia shall be
field using 75 cm dia plate for load deflection, plot applied as shown in Fig. 5 (see 5.1.3). Enter at K = 1.555
load-deflection curves as explained in 5.2.2 and demonstrated MPa/cm (15.55 kg/cm2/cm), and read the corrected values for
in Fig. 4. Assuming that the curve obtained is for shear failure bending of plate, that is Kb = 1.21 MPa/cm (12.1 kgf/cm2/cm).
having concave shape upwards, draw a dotted correction curve $ Assuming; = 0.8 which is obtained from consolidation
passing through origin, parallel to the shear failure curve. Enter test result (refer 5.1.4).
at the loading intensity of 0.07 MPa (0.7 kg/cm2) and determine
Substituting value of $ in equation
corrected deflection. From Fig. 4, we obtain 0.045. Corrected
K, = i X K, = 0.8 X 1.21 (0.8 X 12.1)’ = 0.97 MPa/cm
ma(&=$
value for load deflection is Kd = = 1.555MPa/cm
( 15.55 kgf/cm2/cm). (9.7 kgfhzn’lcm)
Indian Standard
SPECIFICATION FOR SPLIT
SPOON SAMPLER
(IncorporatingAmendmentNo. 1)
Alldimensions in miilimetres.
TABLE 1 MATERIALSOFCONSTRUCTIONOFDIFFERENTCOMPONENTPARTSOF
THESPLITSPOONSAMPLER
(Cfuu.se3.1)
PART MATERIALS SPECIALREQUIREMENTS CONFORMING
TO
Cuttingshoe Mild steel, case-hardened Cutting edge case-hardened IS 4432:1967
(seeFig.2) to45HRC,Min
Head Mild steel, case-hardened Smooth surface IS 4432 : 1%7
(see Fig. 3)
Body Mild steel Smooth surface IS 513 : 1973
(see Fig. 4)
Liner Brass pipe Smooth surface IS 407: 1966 ’
(see Fig. 5)
Couplinp Mild steel To suit A-Type drill rods IS 1239( Part 1) : 1973
(see Fig. 6)
COMPENDIUMOFINDIANSTANDARDSONSOILENGINEERING-PART2 75
1!3!%40:1980
L_M‘1SJl3
I- 75 min.,-1
+I
r
*25. BALL SP TWREAOS
TO SUIT ‘A’
OP couPLlwc
SECTION XX
508
I--
I 7
the ISI Certification Mark.
NOTE - The use of the ISI Certification Mark is governed
by the provisions of the Indian Standards Institution
(Certification Marks) Act and the Rules and Regulations made
thereunder. The IS1 Mark on products covered by an Indian
Standard conveys the assurance that they have been produced
to comply with the requirements of that standard under a
well-defined system of inspection, testing and quality control
which is devised and supervised by IS1 and operated by the
producer. IS1 marked products are also continuously checked
by IS1 for conformity to that standard as a further safeguard.
Details of conditions under which a licence for the use of the IS1
All dimensions in millimetres. Certification Mark may be granted to manufacturers or
processors, may be obtained from the Indian Standards
FIG. 6 COUPLING Institution.
Indian Standard
METHOD FOR STANDARD
PENETRATION TEST FOR SOILS
(First Rivision)
below water table, the water in the borehole shall be recorded. The first 15 cm of drive may be
be maintained at least 1.5 m above the level of the considered to be seating drive. The total blows
water table. Bentonite slurry of appropriate required for the second and third 15 cm of
consistency may be required to help the water penetration shall be termed the penetration
level to be maintained above the water table. The resistance N; if the split spoon sampler is driven
raised level of the water in the borehole should be less than 45 cm (total), then the penetration
maintained even if casing is used to stabilize the resistance shall be for the last 30 cm of penetration
borehole. (if less than 30 cm is penetrated, the logs should
state the number of blows and the depth
3.2.2.1 While boring through sand using penetrated).
casing to stabilize the sides of the borehole, the 3.3.3.1 The entire sampler may sometimes
6uter diameter of the shell shall be at least 25 mm sink under its own weight when verv soft sub-soil
smaller than the inner diameter of the’casing. The stratum is encountered. Under such conditions, it
distance between the end of the casing and the may not be necessary to give any blow to the split
bottom of the borehole should be as close as spoon sampler and SPT value should be indicated
possible and in any case not exceed 150 mm, if only as zero.
water is used to stabilize the borehole ; in case
bentonite is used, this distance may be up to 3.3.4 If, on lowering the sampler by means of a
300 trn. string of rods, it is found to rest at a level above the
bottom of the casing, the penetration test and
3.2.3 The borehole shall be cleaned up to sampling should not be carried out at that stratum.
testing or sampling elevation, using suitable tools
such as augers, that will ensure that there is 3.4 Removal of Sampler and Lahelling
minimum mixing up of the soil from the bottom of
the borehole. In cohesive soils, the borehole may 3.4.1 The sampler shall be raised to the surface
be cleaned with bailer with a flap valve. This and opened. A typical sample or samples of soil
should not be used in sands. from the opened split spoon shall be put into jars
without ramming. The jars shall have a self-sealing
3.3 Obtaining the Samples top, or shall be sealed with wax to prevent
3.3.1 Tests shall be made at every change in evaporation of the soil moisture. Jars shall be of
stratum or at intervals of not more than 1.5 m such a size that they can be filled without
whichever is less. Tests may be made at lesser deforming the sample. Typical samples shall be
intervals, if specified or considered necessary. The cut to such a size as to fill the jars and thereby
intervals be increased to 3 m if in between vane reduce the water loss to the air in the jars. If
shear test is performed. packing, as specified, is not available, liner may be
used in the sampling spoon. In such a case, the
3.3.2 The sampler shall be lowered to the
internal diameter of the sampling spoon should be
bottom of the borehole. The fgllowing information
so adjusted that the total internal diameter after
shall be noted and recorded :
incorporating the liner is 35 mm. The sample in the
a) Depth of, bottom of borehole below liner shall be waxed properly at both the ends to
ground level,
keep up the natural moisture content during
b) Penetration of ihe sampler into the soil transit.
under the combined weight of sampler and
rods (to be noted from readings of the scale 3.4.2 Labels shall be fixed to the jar or notations
over the drill rod at the top), shall be written on the covers (or both) with the
c) Water level in the borehole or casing, and following information:
d) Depth of bottom of casing below ground a) Origin of sample,
level. b) Job designation,
c) Boring number,
3.3.3 The split spoon sampler resting on the
d) Sample number,
bottom of borehole should be allowed to sink
e) Depth of sampling,
under its own weight; then the split spoon sampler
f) Penetration record,
shall be seated 15 cm with the blows of the hammer
g) Length of recovery, and
falling through 75 cm. Thereafter, the split spoon
h) Date of sampling.
sampler shall be further driven by 30 cm or 50
blows (except that driving shall cease before the 3.4.3 The jars containing samples shall be
split spoon sampler is full). The number of blows stored in suitable containers for shipment.
required to effect each 15 cm of penetration shall Samples shall not be placed in the sun.
COMPENDIUM
OF INDIANSTANDARDS
ON SOIL ENGINEERING
; PART2
SECTION 6
Indian Standard
SPECIFICATION FOR EQUIPMENT FOR
SUBSURFACE SOUNDING OF SOILS
M32x6
r SO THREAD
M32x6
\ SO THREAD
c- CbW*O*054
1A PLAIN CONE 1B THREADED CONE 1C ADAPTER
TABLE1 MATERIALSFORCONSTRUCTIONOFEQUIPMENTPART
(Ch.se3.1)
SL EQUIPMENT PART MATERIAL SPECIAL RELEVANT
No. REQUIREMENT INDIANSTANDARD
OR REFERENCE
NOTE 1 - For Type B, a driving rod with driving head shall be used as guide rod.
NOTE 2 - The number of driving rod and coupling shall be as required.
iii) Hammer Steel The weight shall be IS 1875 : 1978
65 kg and tensile
strength of wire
rope shall be 1400
kg/cm’ minimum
iv) Hoisting equipment :
a) Tripod legs Mild steel - IS 1239 (Part 1) : 1979or
IS 226: 1975
b) Pulley Steel - IS 1875 : 1978
c) Otherparts like winch con- Steel - IS 1875 : 1978
nectingpins, hook, axle, etc
f-- 1 500 --
M32xB M 32x8
SO THREAD SQ THREAD
2A ROD
2B COUPLING
84
IS 10589:1983
M 32x0
SO THREADT
f
100
L
3 6 Driving-Head for Type B Equipment
NOTE - The guide rod for Type B shall be ordinary driving rod given in Fig. 2 A fixed with this driving head
DETAILS OF
HOOK
FIG. 4 HAMMER
0 20 x 350 min.
AI1dimensions in millimetres..
I
5 C Pulley for Type A Equipment
IW LEGS TO BE FIXED UP
BOX OF 2 ANGLES
Al EXlRELlE ENOG OF AXLE
S%tsi 6 mm WEtDeb
50 mm LONG @ 2Wmm clc
25 mm C CLASS
-
DETAIL AT A
ZOPCO
3 tlaEs*17mm
GRAOE PIPE
-
!
500
-12mm 7HlCK MS PLATE
WITH 2 HOLES,+17
WELOEO WITH AXLE
DETAIL AT B
‘Zoo
DETAIL AT D
6 A Details of Tripod
DETAIL AT E
1 WASHER
+65X,
N
FIG. 6 DETAILS 8~ HOISTING EQUIPMENTS TYPE B-Coned
6 C Details of Pulley Fixture at Tripod for 6 D Details of Winch for Type B Equipment
Type 6 Equipment
GALVANISED
PIPE
4.1.1 The equipment may also be marked with well-defined system of inspection, testing and quality control
the IS1 Certification Mark. which is devised and supervised by ISI and operated by the
producer. IS1 marked products are also continuously checked
NOTE - The use of the ISI Certification Mark is governed by ISI for conformity to that standard as a further safeguard.
by the provisions of the Indian Standards Institution Details of conditions under which a licence for the use of the IS1
(Certification Marks) Act and the Rules and Regulations made Certification Mark may be granted to manufacturers or
thereunder. The ISI Mark on products covered by an Indian processors, may be obtained from the Indian Standards
Standard conveys the assurance that they have been produced Institution.
to comply with the requirements of that standard under a
Indian Standard
METHOD FOR
SUBSURFACE SOUNDING FOR SOILS
PART 1 DYNAMIC METHOD USING 50 mm CONE WITHOUT
BENTONITE SLURRY
(First Rivision)
(Incorporating Amendment No. 1)
Indian Standard
METHOD FOR
SUBSURFACE SOUNDING FOR SOILS
PART 2 DYNAMIC METHOD USING CONE AND
BENTONITE SLURRY
(First Rivision)
(Incorporating Amendment No. 1)
3. PROCEDURE
=! 62.5 *&OS mm d
3.1 The vane shall be connected to the driving
rods, with the vane borer/gravel trap in position.
FIG. 1 CONE ASSEMBLY The driving head with the guide rod shall be fixed
on the driving rods. This assembly shall be kept in
2.2 Driving Rods - The rods used for the test position with the cone resting vertically on the
should be A rods of suitable lengths with threads ground at the point to be tested. For the circulation
for joining A rod coupling at either end. The rods of slurry the guide rod shall be connected to a
should be marked at every 100 mm. water swivel preferably through a flexible tube
Nom-The outer and internal diameter of A rods are connection and then through another flexible tube
41.27 and 28.57 mm respectively. to the pumping unit for bentonite slurry. The
swivel assembly shall be held in position by a rope
2.2.1 Four mild steel vanes as shown in Fig. 1 passing over the pulley provided for that purpose.
(see also 2.6) shall be welded to the driving. rod The slurry tank shall be filled with bentoniteslurry
immediately above the cone. As an alternative, a of suitable consistency (see Note). The slurry
gravel trap about 150 mm high of wire guage of 5 should generally be prepared separately and
mm mesh may be provided on the rod immediately stored in drums. The tank end of the inlet tube to
above the cone. the pump shall be provided with suitable
2.3 Driving Head - The driving head shall be of protection against entry of debris and it shall be
mild steel with threads at either end for A rods kept immersed in the slurry tank. The hammer, to
coupling (see Note under 2.2). It shall have a which a rope has been attached for operation,
diameter of 100 mm and a length of 100 to 150 mm. shall be slid over the guide rod, to rest on the
driving head. A typical assembly of the equipment
2.4 Hoisting Equipment - Any suitable hoisting for test using a tripod is shown in Fig. 2.
equipment, like a tripod may be used. The
NOTE - In the case of medium to fine sand, 5 percent
equipment shall be designed to be stable under bentonite slurry has been found useful. In the case of coarse .
conditions of impact of the hammer over the sand, slurry of thicker consistency subject to circulation
OF
COMPENDIUM INDIAN STANDARDS ON SOIL ENGINEERING - PART 2 93
IS 4968(Part 2) : 1976
r(N)
PULLEY FOR
HOLDING SWIVEL 1 H
WATER SW lVEL
BUILT IN LADDER
BORE HOLE,
DRIVING ROD
VANE BORER
L CONE
requirements may be needed. In the case of hard water, central leg of the tripod may be used for lifting the
addition of 1 percent soap solution has been found useful to get drop weight provided the free fall of the hammer is
a better suspension of the bentonite.
not affected. The driving of the cone and the
3.2 The cone shall be driven by allowing the 65 kg pumping in of the slurry shall be started
hammer to drop freely through a height of 750 mm simultaneously. Driving shall not be done for more
on the driving head. A drum type winch fixed to than 30 cm at a time after which it shall be stopped
(First Rivision)
COMPENDIUMOFINDIANSTANDARDSONSOILENGINEERING-PART2 99
IS 4968 (Part 3) : 1976
too COMPENDIUM
OF INDlANSTANDARDS
ONSOILENGINEERING
- PART2
IS 4968 (Part 3) : 1976
As an alternative, a proving ring may through the mantle tube guide and held vertically.
also be used to record the penetration The plunger of the driving mechanism shall be
resistance of the cone fitted to a hand brought down so as to rest against the protruding
operated machine. sounding rod.
b) For the 10 t equipment: 3.2.2 For obtaining the cone resistance, the
1) 0 to 10 000 kN/m2 (0 to 100 kgf/cm*) sounding rod only shall be pushed. Switching the
with 100 kN/m* (1 kg&m*) markings gear clutch to the slow position, the drive handle
and shall be operated at a steady rate of 1 cm/s
approximately (see Note) so as to advance the
2) 0 to 60 000 kN/m* (0 to 600 kgf/cm*) with
cone only to a depth which is possible with the
500 kN/m* (5 kgf/cm*) markings.
cone assembly available (see 2.7). During this
NOTE - If the plunger area is 10 cm*,the capacity of the pushing, the mean value of the resistance as
gaugesand calculationsshould be adjusted appropriately. indicated by the Bourdon gauges shall be noted
2.6.1 In both the 2 to 3 t and 10 t equipment, the ignoring erratic changes.
pressure gauges shall be so connected that the NOTE - In order to standardize the test procedure a
pressure gauge with the smaller capacity can be cut rate of 1 cm/s has been specified. Tests conducted at
slower rates (0.5 cm/s and 113 cm/s) have shown that in
off both manually and automatically when the
the case of both cohesive and non-cohesive soils the
applied pressure exceeds its capacity.
2.7 Other Requirements of the Equipment - The
equipment shall be so designed as to allow for
pushing into the ground the cone alone, and the
friction jacket fitted immediately above the cone
and the cone together, alternately, through depths
of a minimum of 35 mm each, each time. Provision
shall also be made to enable the entire assembly to
be advanced together continuously if skin friction
readings are not required to be determined
separately.
3. PROCEDURE
3.1 Basically the test procedure for determining
the static cone and frictional resistances consists of
pushing the cone alone through the soil strata to be
tested, then the cone and the friction jacket, and
finally the entire assembly in sequence and noting
the respective resistance in the first two cases. The
cone is pushed through a distance in accordance
with the design of the equipment (see 2.7) and the
need for the substrata and the cone resistance
noted. Thereafter, the cone and the friction jacket
are pushed together for a distance depending upon
the design of the cone and friction jacket assembly
and the combined value of cone and friction
resistance noted. This procedure is repeated at ANCHORS OF
\
predetermined intervals. The set up for the test is
illustrated in Fig, 4.
c
3.2 The equipment shall be securely anchored to
the ground at the test point for obtaining the FRlCflON JACKET
required reaction.
CONE ASSEMBLY
3.2.1 The rack of the driving mechanism shall
be brought to the top most position. The
cone-friction jacket assembly shall be connected
to the first sounding rod and the mantle tube. This FIG. 4 TYPICAL SETUPFOR STATIC CONE
assembly shall be positioned over the test point PENETROMETER (HAND OPERATED)
effect of the time-rate of penetration on the cone 3.2.2) noting the mean resistance on the gauges,
resistance was not appreciable within the limits of these
ignoring erratic changes. The sequence of
rates. Tests conducted at faster rates (2 cm/s and 3
cm/s) have shown the following effects: operations is illustrated in Fig. 5.
4 For cohesive soils with cone resistance of above 1 000 3.3 The procedure given in 3.2.2 and 3.2.3 should
kN/m* (10 kgf/cm2) the effects of these rates were not be repeated after pushing the combined
significant; cone-friction jacket and mantle tube assembly to
b) For cohesive soils with cone resistance of 400 kNlm* the next depth at which the cone and friction
(4 kgf/cm*) and lower, the values decreased appreci- resistance values are required. Extension sounding
ably with increase in the rate of penetration; and rods and mantle tubes should be added after every
4 For non-cohesive soils with cone resistance varying one metre of pushing as the test proceeds.
from 1500 to 8 000 kNlm* (15 to 80 kgffcm*) , rbe cone Alternatively, the resistances may be determined
resistance increased by about 20 percent. continuously, if so desired.
3.2.3 For finding the combined cone and 3.4 After reaching the deepest point of
friction resistance of the soil the sounding rod shall investigation -the entire assembly should be
be pushed to the extent the cone has been pushed extracted out of the soil by the special operations
as in 3.2.2 at the rate of 1 cm/s (see Note under provided for in the equipment.
FRICTION JACKET
POSITION 1
POSITION 2
f- CONE ASSEMBLY
POSITION 3 POSITION 4
a = 35 mm, Min
b = 35 mm, Mir
APPENDIX A
(Clauses 4.1 and 4.2)
1
4)I
Correction factor = looms kN/m2 mf kfg/cm2
(to be added) a I a J
X-Y
(<) (4) (5) (6)
2.10 1 250 (13.0) 900 (9.0) 350 (4.0) 24.5 (0.28) 25.5 (0.29)
2.20 1 300 (13.5) 900 (9.0) 400 (4.5) 28.0 (0.32) 29.0 (0.33)
2.30 1350 (14.0) 1000 (10.0) 350 (4.0) 24.5 (0.28) 25.5 (0.29)
2.40 1 350 (14.0) 1000 (10.0) 350 (4.0) 24.5 (O-28) 25.5 (0.29)
2.50 1400 (14.5) 1000 (10.5) 400 (4.0) 28.0 (0.28) 29.0 (0.29)
2-60 850 (8.5) 550 (5.5) 300 (3.0) 21.0 (0.21) 22.0 (0.22)
2.70 900 (9.0) 450 (4.5) 450 (4.5) 31.5 (0.32) 32.5 (0.33)
2.80 800 (8.0) 400 (4-O) 400 (4.0) 28.0 (0.28) 29.0 (0.29)
2.90 800 (8.0) 450 (4.5) 350 (3.5) 24.5 (0.25) 25.5 (0.26)
..
As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left Blank
IS4434: 1978
(ReafIirmed 1987)
Indian Standard
CODE OF PRACTICE FOR
IN-SITU VANE SHEAR TEST FOR SOILS
(First Rivision)
0. FOREWORD 1. SCOPE
0.1 The vane shear test is most appropriate for the 1.1 This standard covers the procedure of
determination of the shear strength of saturated conducting in-situ vane shear test in saturated
clays, especially of the ‘soft’ to ‘medium’ cohesive deposits for determining their inplace
consistency. The test is especially appropriate for shearing resistance. Two methods of the test,
determining the shear strength of sensitive soils namely, testing from bottom of a bore-hole and by
which are highly susceptible to sampling direct penetration from ground surface, are
disturbances. covered.
The vane shear test consists of pushing a 2. APPARATUS
four-bladed vane in the soil and rotating it till a 2.1 For Test from Bottom of Bore-Hole
cylindrical surface in the soil fails by shear. The
torque required to cause this failure is measured 2.1.1 Vane - It shall consist of four mutually
and this torque is converted to a unit shearing perpendicular blades as illustrated in Fig. 1. The
resistance of the cylindrical surface. height of the vane shall be twice the overall
diameter. It is recommended that the overall
0.2 This standard was first published in 1967. In diameter of the vane should be 37.5,50,65,75 or
this revision several changes have been made 100 mm. The design of the vane shall be such that
taking into consideration the experience gained in it causes as little remoulding and disturbance as
conducting the test. The essential requirements of possible to the soil when inserted into the ground
the torque applicator have been added. Maximum for a test. The blades shall be as thin as possible,
permissible area ratio of the vane has been related consistent with the strength requirements. The
to the vane diameter. Torque applicators of two vane should not deform under the maximum
capacities have been specified; guidance has been torque for which it is designed. The penetrating
given for the selection of the lesser capacity torque edge of the vane blades shall be sharpened having
applicator in relation to the anticipated shear an included angle of 90”. The vane blades shall be
strength of the soil to be tested and the overall welded together suitably either directly or to a
vane diameter. Opportunity has also been taken central rod, the maximum diameter of which
to give the requirements and examples in SI units. should preferably not exceed 12.5 mm. The area
0.3 In the formulation of this standard due ratio of the vane shall be kept as low as possible
weightage has been given to international and shall not exceed 18 per cent for the 37.5 mm
co-ordination among the standards and practices vane and 12 per cent for the 50,65,75 and 100 mm
prevailing in different countries in additi$ to diameter, vanes. The area ratio may be calculated
relating it to the practices in this field in this using the following formula:
country. This has been met by basing the standard 8t (D-u) + IT&
on the following publications: A,= x loo(%)
lTDZ
18
vane size AU Au 31.5 37.5-
(dia)saitsMe 2s E sires g sires and sad
forusewith except except except except 5Omm 5Omm
6llOkgf.cm Mlmm KXhnm Mlhnm 1OOmmsires sizes
torqueapplicator and and
15mm 15mm
/
2.1.2.2 The capacity and accuracy of the
instrument shall be one of the following as may be
specified by the purchaser:
z a) Measure torque up to 60 N.m (600 kgf.cm)
to an accuracy of 1 N.m (10 kgf.cm), or
J
b) Measure torque up to 200 N.m (2 000
kgf.cm) to an accuracy of 2.5 N.m
(25 kgfcm).
2.1.3 Rod System - The string of torque rods
connecting the vane to the torque applicator called
the rod system may be of the quick coupling type
or of the threaded type. The length of the rods
shall preferably be 1 m with a few of smaller
lengths. These rods shall have sufficient diameter
such that their elastic limit is not exceeded when
FIG. 1 GEOMETRY OF FIELD VANE the vane is stressed to its capacity (see Note). The
threaded rods shall be so coupled that the
2.1.1.1 The vane rod (the rod to which the
shoulders of the male and female ends shal meet to
vane blades are f=ed) may be enclosed in a
prevent any possibility of the coupling tightening
suitably designed sleeve from just above the blades
when the torque is applied during the test. If a
and throughout the length it penetrates the soil to
vane housing is used, the torque rods shall be
exclude the soil particles and the effects of soil
equipped with well-lubricated bearings where they
adhesion. This sleeve shall commence above the pass through the housing. These bearings shall be
blades at a distance equivalent to about two
provided with seals to prevent soil from entering
diameters of the vane rod.
them. The torque rods shall be guided so as to
Nom - 7’he vanes shall be frequently checked for prevent friction from developing between the
straightness.
torque rods and the walls of casing or boring.
2.1.2 Torque Applicator - The torque NOTE - If torque vwsus rotation curve is to be determined,
applicator shall have a clamping device to rigidly it is essential that the torque rods be calibrated (priorto the use
secure it to the anchor casing and shall have an in the field). The amount of rod twist (if any) shall be
108 COMPENDIUM
OF INDIANSTANDARDS
ONSOILENGINEERING
APART2
IS4434:1!m
GROLINO LEVEL
3.2.2 When the vane and protecting shoe have
penetrated to the required depth, push the vane
steadily, without twisting, a distance of 5 times the
diameter of the shoe, into the undisturbed soil
below the protecting shoe. Rotate the vane till the
soil fails as in 3.1. A diagram.matic vane test
arrangement for testing by direct penetration from
INTERMEDIATE GUIDES ground surface is given in Fig. 4.
AT Sm INTERVALS
TORQUE MEASU
INSTRUMENT
/-
Jfhl SORE
CASING
MOLE
GROUND LEVEL
PENEliAllON ’
AS REQUIRED E ’ /-VANE ROD SLEEVE
IS II DIA Of BORE ?
HOLE, min.) ( TORQUE ROD
YANE
3.2.3 Remove the torque measuring instrument strength or the soil usmg the following rormula
and pull back the vane fully into its protecting shoe (see Note 1):
before advancing for another test or before being
removed from the ground taking precautions that
the vane is not damaged by the shoe.
APPENDIX A ..
(Clause 4.1)
PROFORMA FOR FIELD VANE SHEAR TEST
GENERAL
Project: Drilling or testing foreman:
Bore-hole No. : Supervising engineer:
(if any)
Date of test:
DETAILS OF BORING (IF ANY)
Location: Log of soil conditions:
Reference elevation:
or
Ground elevation:
Method of making the hole:
Casedluncased:
Level of water in the bore-hole/
level of ground water at the
time of test:
Notes on driving resistance:
DETAILS OF VANE TEST
Test from bottom of bore-hole: Test by direct penetration from
ground surface:
Vane test apparatus No.:
Vane Size: Vane constant:
Diameter of dummy rod
(if used):
Conversion factor for torque
measuring equipment:
Depth
torque measuring
Shear strength of
undisturbed soil,
kN/m’(kgfhd)
Shear strength of
remoulded soil,
kN/m’ (kgfIcm*)
Sensitivity
D = test with dumm) if used or any other test for the determination of friction of vane rod and/or torque rods.
U = test with vane in undisturbed soil.
R = test Gth vane in remoulded soil.
Record of deviation from standard procedure, if any, with reasons.
112 COMPENDIUM
OF INDIAN STANDARDS ON SOIL ENGINEERING - PART 2
Is4434:lWB
TIME IN MINUTES
8’12
9’12
10
D = test with dummy if used or any other test for the determination of friction of vane rod and/or torque rods.
U = test with vane in undisturbed soil.
R = test with vane in remoulded soil.
Record of deviations from standard procedure, if any, with reasons.
Indian Standard
CODE OF PRACTICE FOR
SITE INVESTIGATIONS FOR FOUNDATION IN
GRAVEL-BOULDER DEPOSIT
0. FOREW.ORD
2.2 Concrete-Boulder Test (CBT) - A cast in-situ
0.1 The advent of the large river valley projects in concrete block on boulder soil and pushing the
India necessitated the erection of heavy indusrrial block laterally under a normal load.
comptexes in river or old river courses. It will,
therefore, be necessary to determine foundation 2.3 Depth on Foundation -The minimum vertical
conditions in respect of the following before a distance between the soil surface and base on the
design can be finalized: foundation.
2.4 Dynamic Cone Penetration Test (DCPT) - A
a) Sequence and extent of overburden soil un-
subsurface sounding used to ascertain the soil
delain by boulder-gravel soil deposit, to be
strata.
affected by the proposed work;
b) Nature of matrix of boulders; 2.5 Residual Shear Strength - Minimum shear
c) The amount and state of packing of the strength exhibited by the soil.
boulders, their nature (rounded or other-
3. SYMBOLS
wise) and the size of the boulders present;
d) Whether the boulder-gravel is laying in the 3.1 For the purpose of this standard and unless
matrix of material or otherwise; defined in the text, the following letter symbols
e) Nature of each stratum if there is any shall have the meaning indicated against each :
change, ground water table and its possible Bf = width of the strip foundation, side of
effects on foundation material; and
square foundation, diameter of circular
f) General information on geology and sur-
foundation expressed in metres,
face drainage, etc.
9, = allowable soil pressure corresponding to
This standard has, therefore, been formulated 12 mm or 25 mm settlement in tonnes/m*,
to cover these aspects, as methods adopted for
7, = residual soil strength in t/m*,
soils (see IS 1892 : 1979) will not be applicable in
such cases. s, = allowable settlement for a structure in
cm,
0.2 In the formulation of this standard,
N” = cummulative number of blows
considerable assistance has been given by Central
Building Research Institute, Roorkee. corresponding to a depth D, in m,
D, = depth of penetration in cm,
1. SCOPE
B, = diameter of cone in cm, and. ’
1.1 This code deals with the subsurface
Yc = natural unit weight of the soils in t/m*.
investigation in relation to design of foundations
for single and multistoreyed buildings, overhead 4. GENERAL
water tanks, piers and abutments of bridges in 4.1 The type of material found iri such.locations as
boulder-gravel deposits. river beds or old river courses falls neither in the
class of soils nor rocks but in the form of gravel-
2. TERMINOLOGY boulders.
2.0 For the purpose of this standard, the following
The average size of the boulder is larger than
definitions in addition to those given in IS 2809 :
300 mm and it is generally mixed with fine (4.75 -
1972 shall apply.
20 mm) to coarse ( 20 - 80 mm) gravels. Soils with
2.1 Boulder-Boulder Test (BBT) - A block cut a large quantity of gravel-boulders deposit pose
out of the boulder soil is sheared under a normal several problems in investigation. The presence of
load. large sized particles precludes the sampling by the
usual methods of soil sampling in the true sense. exists a filler material, there is an initial
Tests on disturbed samples are likely to yield compression stage followed by low compression
unreliable results, as the natural arrangements of stage when the load carrying capacity is high. If the
the grains and matrix material are never achieved gravel lies in the matrix of the filler material, the
by recompaction. The best results are obtained by behaviour is governed by the nature of the filler
properly chosen field tests. material and it is likely ro reduce the
compressibility. The boulder soil unlike ordinary
4.2 Nature of the Deposit - ‘The deposits soil shows certain peculiar characteristics when the
commonly called boulder deposits may be of boulder proportion is large (> 30 percent); the
fluvial or glacial origin. Generally, there exists deposit shows an initial rapid compression
some filler material which may be sand, silt or clay followed by a stage where the compression
mixed with fine to coarse gravels. decreases considerably,as the boulders take over
4.3 Behaviour Under Load -The performance of the load carrying function (see Fig. 2). In such
such deposits under load, a matter of intelligent cases, it is of advantage to have the allowable load
guess, is generally made on conservative side well in excess of the load at which initial
leading to high cost of foundations. The behaviour compression occurs, thereby reducing
of boulder deposits under high loads also depends deformations at design loads.
upon the size and quantity of gravel-boulder and However, in the other situations when the
also the nature and amount of the filler material. If boulder-gravel quantity is small (< 30 percent),
the filler material exists only in the interstices of normal methods of interpretation (IS 1888 : 1982)
the boulder (see Fig. lA), the behaviour depend: will be used (see Fig. 3, curves A, E and G).
upon the state of packing of the boulders, nature
(rounded or otherwise) and the size of the boulder; 4.4 Influence of Filler Material - if the
on the other hand if the boulder exists in the matrix cobbles/boulders exist in the matrix of the filler
of the filler material (see Fig. lB), the behaviour material, .properties of the matrix govern the
will be governed by the size, quantity and overall behaviour, though the presence of
distribution of the boulder in the filler. When the gravel/boulder shall reduce the compressibility of
filler material is absent, the load carrying capacity
is high and the compressibility is low. When there
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
DEFORMATION, mm
Natural
density
= 2,21gm!cc
Grain>5cm = 57%
.Muxgrainsize
= 3SOmm
1 B Boulder Gravel EXising in the Matrix
Grain> 12mm = 32%
of the Interstitial Material
FIG.:!LOAD SETTLEMENTGCJR~ES MAERIAI
FIG.~ GRAVEL-B• ULDERSOILSTRATUM IJFSINTME MATRIXOFBOULDERS
the matrix material to some extent (see Fig. 3 and collected at about 1 m depth or change of strata for
4). However, if this material exisis onl; in the identification and grain size analysis.
interstices of the boulders, the boulders being in Non - These samples shall also be used to determine the
contact (see Fig. lA), the behaviour is essentially moisture content of the material and the overall proportion of
governed by the boulder. material in the boulder soil strata.
I I I I II I I
-0 10 20 30 LO 50 60 70 60
OEFORMAlION,mm
r-
TEST INTERSTITIALMATERIAL REUARKS
No. < 0.25mm’
B 27 Allfooting
6Ocm
H 52 Square
A 68
21 Reasonnot
: 100 known
5. METHODS OF INVESTIGATIONS
5.1 Field Test -The method of exploding by open
trial pits consists in excavating trial pits at the site
and thereby exposing the sub-soil strata
thoroughly, enabling identification and OEFORMATION mm
classification of the soil. The pit size shall be
sufficiently large (5 x 5 m) but not less than 2 x 2 TESS INTERSTITIALMATERIAL REMARKS
m. The depth of excavation is 4 to 6 m. The sides No. < 5cm%
of the pit shall be sloped or the shored excavation B 47 All footings
shall be employed td check against any possible B, 40 90 cm*
B? 60
slides in case of deep excavation when the depth of
83 57
the boulder stratum is large (10 to 15 m), with X3
BA
large size of the pit (15 x 15 m). Large pits are
necessary when heavy structures are founded on
bouldery soils. FIG.~ INFLUENCEOFINTERSTITIALMATERIALQN
THE LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY OF BOULDER
5.2 Soil Classification and Sampling - Due to the SOILS
native nature of the material, the undisturbed
sampling is not possible for identification and The entire excavated soil is carefully collected
testing purposes. During the course of excavation weighed with the help of a spring balance (100 kg
of the technical pit, disturbed samples shall be capacity). The pit is then be covered with a
2 30
‘i
K
_ LQ
LDU
‘0 50
60
5.7 Boulder-Boulder Test (BBT)*- It consists in same. The test set-up for both types of tests and
cutting a block of boulder soil and slowly confining sample results are shown in Fig. 8,9 and 10.
it into a rigid well-designed steel former [IS
5.9 Sample Size - In the case of Boulder-Boulder
7746 : 1975 and IS 2720 (Part 39/Set 1) : 19771.
Test (BBT), the minimum size of the sample shall
This soil block is sheared under a normal load.
not be less than 10 times the average size of
Then the shear (kg/cm2) is plotted against
boulders or 120 x 120 cm, whichever is less. The
displacement (mm).
height of the sample shall however, be kept at 30
5.8 Concrete-Boulder Test (CBT) * - This test, to 45 cm, depending upon the average aggregate
similar to that recommended in IS 7746 : 1975 size. The minimum size of the concrete block in
consists in casting a reinforced block and pushing CBT shall also be 120 x 120 cm in plan and the
it laterally under a given normal load. thickness may be kept 1s30 cm.
For a shear stress, the corresponding NOTE - The size may be increased, depending upon
displacement is noted and the shear stress feasibility IS 2720 (Part 39/Set 2) : 1979
(kgf/cm2) - displacement (mm) curve is plotted. 5.10 Application of Normal Load-The sample in
This test has the advantage that it eliminates the BBT or the concrete block in CBT shall be sujected
need for a steel former and an undisturbed soil to a normal load equal to the overburden pressure
block. The’concrete blocks used for load test, can or the anticipated normal load. The load on the
also be used for this purpose. Precast concrete sample may be placed in the form of 20 kg concrete
blocks may also be used after they are seated with cubes. Alternatively, sand bags of known weights
mortar on the foundation bed. may also be used. However, the intensity of the
The residual shear stress (7,). values obtained normal load shall not exceed two times the shear
from both types of tests (BBT and CBT) are the strength of the soil, to avoid a bearing capacity
type of failure.
* The minimum number of tests depends on the area over NOTE - For the sample likely to be sheared under hlgn
which the structure has to come and uniformity of strata. normal loads for the angle of shearing resistance, if considered,
However, in the normal case a minimum of two tests are the procedure outlined in IS 7746 : 1975 and IS 2720 (Part
required. 39/Set 21-1979 may be followed.
0 = DEPTH OF FOOTING
G = SIZE OF FOOTING
STRATA 2
bfJ4
STRATA 2
122 COMPENDlUMOFINDIANSTANDARDSONSOILENGINEERlNG-PART2
..,..
..-..
P 6
.
,.
.
J
. . . . .. . . ;
. .
.
-
.
au+.
.:
.
. .
**.
.
.’
i’:‘-*
‘. f
. ._
*-, . . .
:
‘.“..:,. 0
DEPTH OF SOIL
. :.OVER&i6Ek-i:
*..1.’ , , SOI!. . -: .: -
. . .... I . . ) . : .
BOULOERY
SOIL
, I- 120 -------4
y
ti 280
1. Datum bar 4. Dial guage 7. Hydraulic jack 20 T capacity 10. Wnnd sleeper 13. Pump for lack
2. Magnetic base 5. Concrete sample 8. Wooden sleeper support for jack 11. Flexible pipe 14. Steel weights/concrete
3. Stand for dial gauge 6 Proving ring 9. Steel platks 12. Handle for jack blocks/sand bags
Fr(;.9
TESTSET-UPSHOWING DETAILSOF~ONCRETE-BOULDERTEST
Is loo42: 1981
O-6
“0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
HORIZONTAL DISPLACXMENT, mm
boulder-y soil, undisturbed sampling is not possible 7.2 Grain Size Analysis - The only laboratory
and hence only disturbed samples form the test conducted on disturbed samples of boulder-y
technical pit shall be collected from different soils is the grain size distribution using appropriate
elevations. The quantity of samples from each IS sieves to separate boulder/cobbles/gravel
depth shall be large enough (1 000 kg) to reflect (> 4.75 mm) and matrix (C 4.75 mm).
the actual soil proportions. The material above
particle size 80 mm shall be separated and its
grading establish-ed in the. field itself. However, 7.2.1 From the known quantity of the samples
the material below particle size 80 mm- shall be collected, and the grain size analysis, the overall
collected in suitable containers (gunny bags) and proportion of the boulder/gravelshall be collected.
properly labelled immediately, as given in This shall be used in dedding if the boulder/gravel
Appendix E of IS 1892 : 1979. lies in the matrix of material or vice versa.
Indian Standard
SPECIFICATION FOR
SHEAR BOX (LARGE) FOR TESTING OF SOILS
0.1 The Indian Standards Institution has already 2.1 The shear box shall consist of the following
published a series of standards on methods of (see Fig. 1) :
testing soils. It has been recognized that reliable a) Upper and lower parts of the shear box
and intercomparable test results can be obtained coupled together with two pins,
only with standard testing equipment capable of b) Grid plates - 2 pairs,
giving the desired level of accuracy. Series of c) Spacer plates,
Indian Standards covering the specifications of d) Base plate,
equipments used for testing soils are therefore e) Loading pad, and
being formulated to’encourage their development f) Water jacket.
and manufacture in the country. j “ii
3. MATERIALS i,:I/‘:+
0.2 The equipment covered in this standard is
3.1 The material used for the construction@the
used as a part of the assembly for the equipment
different component of shear box shall be as given
used for the laboratory determination of shear
in Table 1.
strength of the soil [see IS 2720 (Part 39/Set 1) :
19771. 4. SHAPE AND DIMENSIONS
4.1 The shape and dimensions of the various
1. SCOPE
components of the shear box shall be as given in
1.1 The equipment covered in this standard is Fig. 2 to 7. The tolerance to the dimensions shall
used as a part of the assembly for the equipments be as given in IS 2102 (Part 1) : 1980 and shall be
used for laboratory determination of direct shear of medium class.
strength of the soil material with particle size up to
5. MARKING
25 mm, that is, soils containing MOOTU~S,sands,
gravels and other aggregates. 5.1 The following information shall be clearly and
PIN
/
. /rUPPER HALF OF SHEAR BOX
LO ADING PAD
L W-2 HOLES
mimuGH HO(OLEI
\
Ll-12, LOOEEP
l.HOLES
indelibily marked on each component of (Certification Marks) Act and the Rules and Regulations made
thereunder. The IS1 Mark on products covered by an Indian
equipment :
Standard conveys the assurance that they have been produced
a) Name of the manufacturer or his registered to comply with the requirements of that standard under a
trade-mark; and well-defined system of inspection, testing and quality control
b) Date of manufacture. which is devised and supervised by ISI and operated by the
producer. IS1 marked products are also continuously checked
5.1.1 The equipment may also be marked with by IS1 for conformity to that standard as a further safeguard.
Details of conditions under which a licence for the use of the ISI
ISI Certification Mark. Certification Mark may be granted to manufacturers or
NOTE -The use of the IS1 Certification Mark is governed processors may be obtained from the Indian Standards
by the provisions of the Indian Standardi Institution Institution.
127
COMPENDIUM OF INDIAN STANDARDS ON SOIL ENGINEERING - PART 2
IS 11593: 19&i
FIG. 3 SPACERPLATE
COMPENDIUMOFlNDlANSTANDARDSONSOILENGINEERINC-PART2
IS 11593: 1986
Alldimensions in millimetres.
FIG.~ GRIDPLATE
Zndian Standard
METHODS OF TEST FOR SOILS
PART 39 DIRECT SHEAR TEST FOR SOILS
CONTAINING GRAVEL
Section 2 In-Situ Shear Test
lli
C
C
”
c
/ LOADING FACE
18mm BOLTS
SECTION XX
medium to fine sand to give level surface for better depending upon type of soils.
seating of the top plate.
4. APPLICATION OF NORMAL LOAD
3.3 The loading cap befitting the internal
4.1 The normal load on the sample shall be
dimension of the box made of steel plates of
applied with the help of a platform made of rolled
adequate thickness be placed on the soil.
steel joist and wooden sleepers and loaded with
3.4 The test should be carried out at moisture sand bags (see Fig. 4).
content as close to field condition as possible.
5. TEST PROCEDURE
NOTE - In case of soils containing fines more than 12 precent,
the test may be conducted in soaked s$tc to stimulate for worst 5.1 The shear force shall be applied through a
field conditions; the soaking period may extend up to 4 days remote control hydraulic jack and proving ring
# 20mm
BAR FOR LIFTING
WELD
SECTION XX
FIG. 2 TOPLOADINGPLATE
arrangement taking reactlon from the adjacent box increment ot shear load under the normal load
(see Fig. 4). each increment of shear load shall be maintained
5.2 Two tests at different normal pressures shall constant till the equilibrium conditions are
be carried out at one location. After the block with reached, the readings shall be recorded with the
lesser normal pressure failed, the space between help of suitably mounted dial gauges. The next
the failed block and the side of the pit shall be increment of shear load shall then be applied and
blocked by boulders and also by struting. The the process continued till the failure of the
normal load on failed block shall be increased, and specimen occurs. The normal loads applied shall
then the test on the other block shall be completed be more than the existing over-burden and cover
by taking reaction of shear force from the failed the anticipated loading range in the area. The
block. range of normal load should represent the site
loading conditions as far as possible. Two more
5.3 The jack shall be so fitted so that the
tests at different normal loads shall be carried out
application of the lateral load occurs as far as
at adjacent location, to make four tests, a
possible near to the plane of shear.
minimum number required necessary for
5.4 The test shall be conducted by giving an equal interpretation.
PROPOSED
FOUNDATION
__-_- LEVEL
OF SHEAR
COMPENDIUM
OF INDIAN STANDARDS ON SOIL ENGINEERING - PART 2 135
IS 2720 (Part 39/&c 2) : 1979
APPENDIX A
(Clause 6.1)
I PROFORMA FOR RECORDING IN-SITU TEST RESULTS
Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......
... Location of sample .........................................
Rate of load Specimen No ..................................................
increment ..........................
Depth of test.. ..................................................
Proving ring No ...............................................
Providing ring constant ......................................
Normal load applied .........................................
Date Shear Dis- Shear Dis- Averake Proving Shear Shear Vertical Vertical
& placement placement Shear Ring Force Stress Reading Displacement
Time Dial Reading Displace- Reading
ment
, ,. \
ID
I,, Du Dh, Dhz
Average
Vertical
Displace-
ment
Test Normal Proving Shear Stress Shear Initial Final Water Remarks
No. Stress Ring at Failure Displace- Water Content
Constant ment at Content
Failure
Determination of CBR
As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left Blank
IS 2720 (Part 31) : 1969
/n&an Standard
METHODS OF TEST FOR SOILS
PART 31 FIELD DETERMINATION OF
CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO
(Incorporating Amendment No. I)
having a travel of 25 mm, for measuring the placed over two rigid supports. The screw jack
penetration of the piston. with swivel should be installed to the underside of
the equipment providing reaction, at the correct
3.9 Dial Gauge Support - Rigid end of steel position for the test. The proving ring should be
angle welded construction or light alloy pipe connected to the bottom end of the jack and the
construction about 2 m long, of overall height 30 piston connecior to the bottom of the proving ring.
cm and 45 cm wide at the feet with universal or The piston should then be connected using lengths
ordinary dial gauge holder adjustable anywhere of extension pipes or rods, if necessary. It should
along the length of the support. be ensured that the entire assembly is plumb and
3.10 Surcharge Weight - One annular metal the loading jack should be clamped in position.
weight weighing 5 kg and of 250 mm diameter with 4.4 The surcharge annular weight of 5 kg should
a central hole 53 mm in diameter. Two circular be kept in position on the surface to be tested so
slotted weights of weiglit 5 kg and of diameter 215 that when the piston is lowered it will pass through
to 250 mm with a central hole and slot width of 53 the hole in the annular weight. The penetration
mm. Two circular slotted weights of weight 10 kg piston should be seated with the smallest possible
and of diameter 215 to 250 mm with a central hole load but in no case in excess of a total load of 4 kg
and slot width of 53 mm. or 0.002 kg/mm* so that full contact is established
3.11 Miscellaneous Apparatus - Other general between the piston and the surface to be tested.
apparatus, such as spirit level, pick, spade, scoop For materials with irregular surface the piston may
and brush, apparatus for moisture determination be seated on a thinnest practical layer of fine
[see IS 2720 (Part 2) : 1973 ] and density limestone screenings or plaster of paris spread over
determination [see IS 2720 (Part 28) : 1974 and the surface.
IS 2720 (Part 29) : 19751. 4.5 While seating load is on the piston a 3 to 6 mm
layer of clean sand should be spread over the
4. PROCEDURE surface to be covered by the surcharge annular
4.1 The general surface area to be tested should weight. This helps in distributing the surcharge
be exposed, cleaned of all loose and dried material load over the surface uniformly.
and levelled. Extreme care shall be taken not to 4.6 Surcharge weights, sufficient to produce an
disturb the test surface. The spacing of the tests intensity of loading equal to the weight of the base
should be such that operations in one area do not material and pavement, except that the minimum
disturb the soil in the other area. For testing weight applied should be 15 kg including that of
operations this spacing may range from 15 to 20 cm the annular weight [ this weight gives an intensity
in cohesive soils and 35 to 40 cm in cohesionless of, loading approximately equal to that in the
soils, for the penetration piston used in the test. laboratory bearing ratio test, see IS 2720 (Part
4.2 If actual service conditions in the field 16): 19651 should be applied. The penetration
warrant: the surface to be tested may be soaked to indicating dial should be suitably fixed for reading
the desired degree using surcharge weights, if the penetration and the dial set to zero. A
necessary. The test surface should be drained of all diagramatic set up of the test is shown in Fig. 1.
free water and allowed to stand for at least 15
4.7 Load shall be applied on the penetration
minutes before starting further operations.
piston so that the penetration is approximately
4.3 The equipment used to provide load reaction 1.25 mm/min. The load readings shall be recorded
(truck, tractor, truss etc), should be so located that atpenetrationsof0,0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0,2.5,3.0,4.0,
the centre of the beam against which the loading 5.0, 7.5, lO.O.and 12.5 mm. The maximum load
jack will work is over the centre of the surface to be and penetration shall be recorded if it occurs for a
tested. If loaded truck or tractor is used for penetration less than 12.5 mm. The set up may
providing the necessary reaction, the rear wheels then be dismantled.
of the truck or tractor should be completely raised
by means of the track type jacks placed below the 4.8 After completion of the test, a sample shall be
frame of the body near the wheels in order to avoid obtained at the point of penetration, for moisture
the loss of loading effort which would otherwise be content determination. The moisture content shall
spent on the flexing of the axial springs of %he be determined in accordance with IS 2720 (Part
vehicle at the time of testing. In order to avoid 2) : 1973. The in-place density shall be determined
accidents due to the failure of jacks near the wheels in accordance with IS 2720 (Part 28) : 1974 or
and the lifting of the vehicle at higher Loads, the IS 2720 (Part 29) : 1975 about 15 cm away from
rear’ side of the body of the vehicle should be the point of penetration.
TRUCK ATTACHME NT
CLAMP
PROVING RING
EXTENSION ROD
CLAMP
A.DJUSTABLE POST
APPENDIX A
(Clause 6.1)
PROFORMA FOR IN-PLACE BEARING RATIO TEST
NJXRATION
GAUGEREADINGS
Zndian Standard
CODE OF PRACTICE
FOR FJELD CONTROL OF MOISTURE AND COMPACTION OF
SOILS FOR EMBANKMENT AND SUBGRADE ’
embankment density may be compared with the 3.4 As shear strength of compacted gravel and
laboratory density so obtained. The field density rockfill does not vary much with small changes in
and the moisture content of the embankment may the density and higher precise densities can be
be determined by the method preferably given in attained without precise control of water content
IS 2720 (Part 33) : 1971 or alternatively as given as in the case of fine grained soil, controlled testing
in IS 2720 (Part 28) : 1974. may not be necessary.
spmplingof~
As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left Blank
IS:10442:1983
Indian Standard
SPECIFICATION FOR EARTH
AUGERS (SPIRAL TYPE)
0. FOREWORD 4. CONSTRUCTION
0.1 The equipment covered in this standard is 4.1 The blade shall be either plain or toothed (see
used for piling work, soil boring and sampling Fig. 1). The edges of the blade shall be backed
works. with non-erodable welding so as to have hardness
600 to 700 HV 10 (see IS 1501 : 1968). The pilot
1. SCOPE
bit, blades, spirals and coupler shall be welded to
1.1 This standard covers dimensional and general the shaft. The plate coupler shall be of size
requirements for earth augers (spiral type), used 100 x 75 x 8 mm except for auger sizes 550 and
in piling, soil boring and sampling works. 600, it shall be 125 x 100 x 8 mm.
2. SIZES, DIMENSIONS AND TOLERANCES 5. PERFORMANCE TEST
2.1 These shall be as given in Table 1, read with 5.1 The auger shall bore satisfactory a minimum
Fig. 1. The nominal size refers to the diameter depth of spiral length in a fairly consolidated soil.
bored by augers. The auger shall not be withdrawn during the test
but shall withdraw easily after it reaches the
3. MATERIALS
required depth. At the end of the test, the auger
3.0 The material for construction of various parts shall show no sign of damage, fracture or flaw.
shall be as under.
3.1 pilot Bit - It shall conform to steel 6. WORKMANSHIP
conforming to designation T 90 of Schedule VI of 6.1 The blades and pilot bits shall be free from
IS 1570 : 1961 with a maximum sulphur and cracks, seams, etc.
phosphorus content of 0.05 percent each.
7. TREATMENT
3.2 Blades - It shall conform to steel conforming
to designation T 90 of Schedule VI of IS 7.1 The auger shall be coated with one coat of red
1570 : 1961 with a maximum sulphur and oxide or anti-corrosive paint and finally painted
phosphorus content of 0.05 percent each. with blue enamel paint.
Details of conditions under which a licence for the use of the IS1 processors, may be obtained from the Indian Standards
Certification Mark may be granted to manufacturers 01 Institution.
t: (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) 01) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19)
mm mmmmmm mm mmmmNosmmmm mm mm mm Nos Nos mm mm mm mm
100 60 25 6 50 40.0 6 1 90 8 85 3 85+5 3 1 2% 26.9 750 26.9
150 90 40 6 85 57.5 6 1 140 8 135 3 85+5 3 1 300 33.8 700 33.8
200 115 50 8 115 77.5 8 1 185 8 150 3 llOf5 3 1 400 42.5 -600 42.5
250 115 50 8 115 102.5 8 1 235 8 230 3 llOf5 3 1 400 42.5 600 42.5
300. 115 50 8 125 127.5 8 1 285 8 280 3 110+5 3 1 400 42.5 600 42.5
375 150 100 12 150 147.5 10 2 360 10 350 4 165klO 2 1 550 76 450 42.5
400 150 100 12 150 160.0 10 2 385 10 375 4 165-+10 2 1 550 76 450 42.5
450 150 100 12 150 185.0 10 2 435 12 425 4 L65+10 2 1 550 76 450 48.4
500 150 1ilO 12 150 210.0 10 2 485 12 475 4 165210 2 1 550 76 450 48.4
550 150 loo 12 150 235 10 2 535 12 520 4 200*10 2 1 650 88.7 350 60.2
600 150 100 12 150 260 10 -2 585 12 570 4 200+10 2 1 650 88.7 350 60.2
Indian Standard
CODE OF PRACTICE FOR SAMPLING OF
SOILS BY THIN WALL SAMPLER WITH
STATIONARY PISTON
-?I
soils for laboratory tests using thin wall sampler
a
with stationary piston.
2. TERMINOLOGY
2.1 For the purpose of this standard, the
FIG. ~DETAILOFCUITINGEDGE
definitions given in IS 2809 : 1972 and the
following shall apply.
2.1.1 Thin Wall Sampler with Stationary 2.1.5 Angle of the Cutting Edge (a) - The
Piston - A sampler having a piston inside the thin angle made by the outer side of the cutting edge
wall sampling tube, in which during sampling, the with the centre line of the sampling tube, as shown
position of the piston remains stationary and the in Fig. 1.
sampling tube penetrates into the soil. 2.1.6 Gross Recovery Ratio - The ratio of the
2.1.2 Undisturbed Sample - The sample taken gross length of the sample obtained in the sampling
with the minimum disturbance, maintaining the tube to the length of the sampler penetrating into
structure and engineering characteristics of soil as the soil stratum being sampled.
close as possible to its conditions in-situ. 2.1.7 Effective Length of the Sampling
2.1.3 Area Ratio -The area ratio (A,) Tube - The length of the empty sampling tube,
represents the volume of soil displaced by the left after deducting from its complete length those
sampler in proportion to the volume of the soil portions which are used for fixing it with the
sample and is calculated as follows : sampler head and for accommodating the piston in
its uppermost position.
D$ - Di*
A, (precent) = x 100
D;2 3. EQUIPMENT
where D, and Di are as shown in Fig. 1. 3.1 Boring EquiPment - Any equipment capable
2.1.4 Inside Clearance - For reducing the of making a bore-hole of required depth and
friction between the soil sample and inside of the diameter, without disturbing the soil which is to be
sampler, the inside diameter of the sampling tube sampled.
NOTE 1 -In the case of stiff clays or clays mixed with silt or
fine sand, if necessary, the thickness of the sampling tube may
be increased suitably with reference to Fig. 4, realizing that the
increase in are ratio will increase the degree of disturbance of
the soil sample.
LOCKING CONE
AN0 SPRING
ACTUATING ROD
THIN WALL
TUBE
rc- LEATHER
WASHERS
-PISTON
i--D.-l
FIG. 2 STATIOIWARY
PISTON SAMPLER
3.2 Sampler
3.2.1 The thin wall sampler with stationary
piston consists of the sampling tube, sampler head
and piston (see Fig. 2).The sampling tube must be
connected with the sampler head tightly so as to
work as a single unit. The piston should slide
smoothly in the sampling tube maintaining 0*2,*0*05mm L 10or1°
vacuum.
ENLARGED VIEW
3.2.2 Sampling Tube - The. sampling tube AT A
shall be a cold drawn seamless pipe made of
stainless steel, brass or mild steel chrome plated
having the following dimensions (see Fig. 3). FIG.3 DIMENSIONS OF SAMPLING TUBE
Diameter at thecut- 74 f OSmm 49.5 2 0.5 mm
ting edge, D 3.2.3 Sampler Head - The sampler head is
Insidediameter, Di 75 f OSmm 50 k 0.5 mm connected tightly with a drill rod at its top and with
Thicknessforsteel 1.5 + O.lmm 1.5 + O.lmm a sampling tube at its lower end. It is installed with
Thicknessforbrass 2.0 f O.lmm 1.5 f O.lmm a locking device to allow movement of the piston
Angle of cutting 10 f 1” 10 f 1” rod in one direction only and a drain hole through
edge (=) which water is pushed away by the piston.
I I I I I I
61
l-5 2*0 2.5 3-O 3.5 L-0
THICKNESS, mm
FIG. 4 VARIATION OF AREA RATIO WITH INSIDE CLEARANCE AND
THICKNESS OF THE TUBE FOR SAMPLING TUBE OF INTERNAL
DIAMETER OF 50 mm AND 75 mm
3.2.4 Piston - The piston, consisting of the sampling tube penetrates into the ground.
piston base, leather packing and piston rod, is
connected with piston extension rod to its upper
end. The piston should be equipped with a
ventilation arrangement to avoid build-up of
negative pressure while the sampler is
disconnected after sampling.
3.3 Rod
3.3.1 Drill Rod - The rod to transmit force to
push down the sampler must be of any standard
size having diameter not less than 40 mm.
3.312 Piston Extension Rod - In order to resist
downward force applied to a piston while the
sampling tube is being pushed into the ground, the
piston rod, at its end outside the sampler, is
connected to a steel member, known as piston
extension (PE) rod, which has the saine diameter
as that of the piston rod. This rod is generally of
12 mm diameter and it operates inside the hollow
drill rod. Joints in the piston extension rod are
displaced about 15 cm from joints in the drill rods.
compressed air or a mechanical jacking is required BY rotating the piston extension rod
to provide the necessary force to push a sampling counter-clockwise, the rod is threaded into the
tube, quickly and avoiding shocks, into the soil sampler head and the piston is locked at the
which is to be sampled. bottom of the sampler. The principle of this
operation is explained by a simplified diagram in
4. PROCEDURES Fig. 6 A. When the sampler reaches the bottom of
4.1 Boring and Cleaning of a Borehole - The the borehole, hold the drill rod by a rod holder to
borehole shall be made to a desired depth using a prevent sinking of the sampler.
suitable method and ensuring that the soil at the 4.2.6 Penetration of Samplcng Tube - After
bottom of the hole remains undisturbed. Casing lowering the sampler up to the desired depth in the
pipes and/or bentonite mud may be used to avoid borehole, give several clockwise turns to the piston
collapse of borehole walls. The cuttings of soil extension rod, so that the piston gets released from
from the borehole shall be removed before the sampler. Now fix the piston extension rod with
sampling. the stationary tower, as shown in Fig. 5, so that the
4.2 Sampling piston remains stationary at the level of the bottom,
of the borehole. Ensure that the tower which
4.2.1 Znspection and Maintenance of supports the piston extension rods is rigid, as any
Sampler - The sampler shall be thoroughly downward movement of the piston at the time of
inspected before use with particular reference to penetration of the sampling tube will cause
loosening of components, functioning of piston over-compression of the soil sample. Next, by an
rod lock device and distortion of sampling tubes. apparatus mentioned in 3.5, push the sampling
The damaged parts shall be repaired or replaced tube into the soil for a length which is at least 90
before using the sampler. The outside diameter of percent of the effective sampling length of the
the sampling tube shall be measured at tube, as explained in 2.1.7. The prihciple of this
cross-sections at distances of 30,40 and 80 cm from operation is explained by a simplified diagram in
the edge of the tube. The maximum and minimum Fig. 6B. The sampler should be made to penetrate
inside diameters of the tube shall also be checked. quickly by a. continuous action without giving
4.2.2 Assembling of Sampler - In assembling shock to it.’ The rate of penetration should be
the sampler, close the ventilation arrangement of preferably .lO to 15 cm per second. In case the
the piston, and check if the backward and forward penetration has to be stopped midway, record its
movements of the piston inside the sampling tube depth. In case the soil becomes stiffer midway of-
are without obstruction. Connect it to the sampler penetration and the sampler cannot be pushed any
head tightly using screws. The assembled sampler more, do not push it by force but terminate
shall be stored properly so as to protect the edge of sampling at that depth and record the same.
the sampling tube against damage. Measure the sampling length which is equal to
4.2.3 The depth of the bottom of the casing, if the extent of displacement of the drill rod with
used below ground level, and water level in the respect to the bench mark on the drill rig.
borehole shall be noted. 4.2.6.1 The following precautions during
4.2.4 Sampling shall be done as soon as possible penetration of the sampling tubes may also be
after the clean-out operation and shall not be done taken :
after an interval, for example, where a borehole a) There must not be any rotation of the
has been cleaned out and left overnight. sampling tube during downward movement
and penetration.
4.2.5 Lowering of the Sampler - While
lowering the sampler into the borehole, the piston b) The total penetration should not exceed the
is kept at its lowest point thus closing the lower end net length of the sampler.
of the sampler and preventing the entry of any 4.2.7 Lifting the Sampler - The sampler
foreign matter into the sampler. The conical ball should be torn at its bottom by giving rotation
bearing catch, termed as piston rod lock in Fig. 2, before lifting it out, taking sufficient care not to
prevents the piston rod from slipping downward give any shock to the sampler. After completion of
with respect to the head of the sampler. To prevent the driving it is advisable to wait for 10 to 20
upward movement of the piston as the sampler is minutes before starting the actual separation and
lowered into the borehole, the piston rod has a withdrawal operation in order to allow full
short section of left-handed threads which engages development of adhesion and friction between the
a matching section of threads in the sampler head. sample and the sampling tube.
SAMPLER Bi PISTON
ROD LOCK
-PISTON IN
STATIONARY
POSITION
NOTE1 -In very loose sand and silty soil below water table,
provision of core catcher made of spring leaves at the cutting
edge of the sampler, may be necessary to avoid loss of sample
while lifting it’(see Fig. 7).
. ..
BALL CHECK ‘:‘. *.:
. .. * .,.
I‘._.
*. . .
. . .
.-
-. .
* .
AIR VENT *, .
8’. .
- :.
WATER UNDE *. l
PRESSURE -...
‘\.‘L
.. .
..-
.:
WATER RETURN ,. , ‘*1
CIRCUL .ATION- * . ‘,
* *a.
..:
‘- .
. .
PISTON ROD ‘2
: *‘.
.*
‘. -
. .
* -.
* -.
- . .
. *-
.- *
. .
. ‘r
\ _. .
. . ..
‘?
’ *
.I
158 OF INDIAN
COMPENDIUM STANDARDS ON SOIL ENGINEERING - PART 2
IS:10108:1982
0. FOREWORD 1. SCOPE
0.1 Undisturbed sampling of soil is a commoti 1.1 This standard covers the following two
feature in the field of soil mechanics and techniques of undisturbed sampling in
foundation engineering for finding in-situ uncemented sands :
characteristics of soils. In nature soils are found in a) Stationary piston sampling with drilling
variety and in different states of compactness and fluid circulation technique, and
samplers have been designed to collect soils with b) Compressed air technique.
least disturbance within practical limitations.
Cohesionless soils are still problematic as far as 2. STATIONARY PISTON SAMPLING WITH
undisturbed samling is concerned, and hence in DRILLING FLUID CIRCULATION
situ testing is more common for these soils. TECHNIQUE
Samples of coarse or loose sand readily fall out 2.1 Equipment - Figure 1 illustrates the various
when ordinary sampling equipment with an open components of equipment apart from drilling
end is used. This guide has, therefore, been quipment and pump. There are as follows :
prepared to provide guidance in obtaining
undisturbed samples in sand and covers two a) A thin walled sampler conforming to IS
important techniques of undisturbed sampling in 2132 : 1972.
uncemented sands, namely, stationary piston b) An airtight piston with a vacuum breaking
sampling with drilling fluid circulation technique arrangement.
and compressed air technique. However, even c) The sampler head comprising the
with these methods the sample obtained may be following :
considered to be only relatively undisturbed. 1) Suitable set screws to join the sampling
These samples are generally used for the tube to the head of the sampler,
determination of in-situ density. It also briefly 2) A vent hole, and
mentions the technique of rotary core drilling in 3) A clamping arrangement to prevent the
cemented sands. piston rod from falling down during
lowering or withdrawal.
0.2 Special techniques in sampling of sand have
d) Sturdy and straight piston rods with 1 m
not been covered in this guide as these techniques
joint to joint spacing.-
are costly and are employed on a limited scale in
very special cases. Some of such techniques in use e) A storage tank wherein drilling fluid
are mentioned in 0.2.1. (generally bentonite slurry) of required
consistency is kept constantly agitated by
0.2.1 Freezing or impregnation form special paddle or any other suitable arrangement.
techniques beneficially used in sampling sands
f 1 A tank to receive the efficient (drilling
under favourable conditions. Freezing ensures fluid) to separate the sand particles from
solidification of the lower part of the samile to the drilling fluid to allow for recirculation
retain it in the sampler tube Solidification can also of the latter.
be achieved in some cases by impregnating a
chemical such as kerosene at subzero temperature 2.2 Description of Technique and Procedure of
in place of drilling fluid, mixing alchohol with dry Sampling .
ice, emulsified asphalt and grout, etc.
2.2.1 Generul - In this method, partial
0.3 In the form’ulation of this standard due vacuum is c&ted above the sample while
weightage has been given to international withdrawing the stationary piston sampler. The
co-ordination among the standards and practices coating of drilling fluid at the shoe keeps the sand
prevailing in different countries in addition to sample intact during withdrawal. Since the piston
relating it to the practices in this field in this will be at the shoe of the sampler at the beginning
country. of the sampling operation, no shavings can enter
IS:8763:1978
PISTON ROD
- GROUND
PISTON ROD
___..
VACUUM
BREAKER ROD
ROD CLAMP
SAMPLE
DRILLING t&JO
SAMPLING TUBE
CAVITY FILLED
BY FLOW OF
SURROUNDING
SAMPLE\
the tube during samphng. The consistency of the 2.2.2.3 The outcoming fluid shall be collected
drilling fluid shall depend on the grain size of in a separate tank and the sand particles allowed to
sands, the relative density, and the position and settle down. The supernatant fluid shall then be
condition of water table. For fine sand, a drilling used for recirculation.
fluid with a specific gravity of 1.05 will be
satisfactory. 2.2.3 Sampling Technique
2.2.2 Procedure of Sampling 2.2.3.1 Having advanced the drill hole, the
2.2.2.1 The bore hole shall be advanced with sampler with the rod in extended position, shall be
any suitable technique. It is preferable to use towered. The drill rods and the piston rods help
rotary drilling in combination with drilling fluid reaching down to the surface of contact where
for advancement of oore hole; particularly, for sampling is to be done. The piston rod shall be
deeper depths which limits the lengths of casing to clamped to the drilling machine or tripod and the
the upper depths. sampling tube shall be pushed continuously into
the virgin soil.
2.2.2.2 In case of rotary drilling using drilling
fluid, the drilling fluid of required consistency shall 2.2.3.2 Before withdrawal of the sample, it
be kept continuously agitated in a tank by paddle shall be given a rotary motion to shear the sample
. or any other arrangement. This fluid shall be at the bottom of the tube. The piston shall be
circulated through a drill rod during drilling locked so that it does not move downwards while
operation. It is advantageous to use fish tail bit for the sample is being cut. Both the drill rods and the
such drilling. piston rods shall be removed in stages.
suction created by check valve shall then be cave in double tube core barrels may be used. If
released and undisturbed sample obtained. such cemented sands exist at shallow depths,
preferably block samples may be obtained, by
4. SAMPLING IN CEMENTED SANDS isolating a 200-300 mm square column of soil
followed by covering it by a slightly larger hollow
4.1 Slow rotary technique using core barrels may box open at top and bottom. The annular space
be used to obtain undisturbed cores in cemented between the rock and box shall then be filled by
sand. If necessary, drilling fluid may be used paraffin. The sample shall be trimmed by a spade
during advancement for stabilization of the hole. and then covered at top and bottom also by
In certain cases, where drilling is susceptible to paraffin so as to preserve its moisture.
Indian Standard
SPECIFICATION FOR MILD STEEL
THIN WALLED SAMPLING TUBES AND
SAMPLER HEADS
equipment :
TABLE 1 MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTIqN FOR a) The name of the manufacturer or his
DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE SAMPLING TUBES registered trade-mark or both, and
(Clause 3.1)
b) Size and length.
PART MATERIAL SPECIAL CONFORMINGTO 6.1.1 The equipment (each part) may also be
REQUIREMENT INDIANSTANDARD marked with the ISI Certification Mark.
Tube Mild steel Smooth surface Grade light of IS NOTE - The use of the IS1 Certification Mark is governed
1239(Partl):l979 by the provisions of the Indian Standards Institution
Cutting Mild steel 45-50 HRC Is 4432 : 1967 (Certification Marks) Act, and the Rules and Regulations
shoes case with smooth made thereunder. The ISI Mark on products covered by an
hardened surface Indian Standard conveys the assurance that they have been
Sampling Mild steel IS 226 : 1975 produced to comply with the requirements of that standard
head under a well-defined system of inspection, testing and quality
control which is devised and supervised by IS1 and operated by
the producer. IS1 marked products are also continuously
checked by ISI for conformity to that standard as a further
4. MARKING safeguard. Details of conditions, under which a licence for the
use of the IS1 Certification Mark may be granted to
6.1 The following information shall be clearly and manufacturer or processors, may be obtained from the Indian
indelibly marked on each component of the Standards Institution.
Indian Standard
CODE OF PRACTICE FOR
THIN-WALLED TUBE SAMPLING OF SOILS
(Second
Revision)
3.1 Drilling Equipment - The equipment used 4.2.3 Bottom discharge bits shall not be
shall provide a reasonably clean hole before permitted for clean-out purposes; side or @ward
insertion of the thin-walled tube, shall not disturb discharge bits may be permitted.
the suil to be sampled, and shall effect a rapid 4.2.4 The water level in the hole should be
penetration of the tube into the soil to be sampled. maintained at or above the ground water level,
especially in soils that might be disturbed by the length of the sample m the tube and the length
flow of ground water into the drill hole such as between the top of the tube and the top of the
sandy and silty soils. sample in the tube shall be measured and
recorded,
4.3 Obtaining Soil Sample
4.4.2 The disturbed material in the upper end
4.3.1 The depth of bottom of the casing, if used,
of the tube shall be completely removed before
below ground level and the water level in the bore
applying wax for sealing. The length and type of
hole should be noted.
the sample so removed should be recorded.
4.3.2 Sampling shall be done as soon as possible
4.4.3 The soil at the lower end of the tube shall
after the clean-out operation and shall not be done be reamed to a distance of about 20 mm. After
after an interval, for example, where a hole has cleaning both ends shall be sealed with wax applied
been cleaned-out and left overnight. in a way that will prevent wax from entering the
4.3.3 The assembled sampling tube should be sample. Wax used for sealing should not be heated
lowered to the bottom of the hole, and the to more than a few degrees above its melting
following information should be noted: temperature. The empty space in the samplers, if
a) Depth of bottom of bore hole below ground any, should be filled with moist soil, saw dust etc,
!evel ; and the ends covered with tight fitting caps.
b) Amount of penetration of the sampling 4.4.4 If it becomes necessary to keep the
tube into the soil, under the combined samples at the site for some time, they shall be
weight of the tube and the rods; and kept in the shade. They should be kept o.ver a bed
c) Water level in the bore hole. of sand, jute bags, saw dust, etc, and covered over
on top with similar material (sand, jute bags, saw
4.3.4 The sampling tube shall then be pushed
dust, etc). The bed and top cover should be kept
into the soil by a continuous and rapid motion. In
moist. Such bedding and top cover may also be
no case the tube shall be pushed farther than the
provided at the time of shipment of the samplers
length provided for the sample. About 50 mm
with samples (see 4.4.3).
shall be allowed for cuttings and sludge. A
clearance of 10 to 20 mm shall be allowed below
4.5 Lahelling and Shipping
the sampled head in the tube. The depth of
penetration of the tube shall also be noted. Before 4.51 Labels giving the following information
pulling out the tube, at least 5 minutes shall be should be affixed to the tubes :
allowed to elapse after pushing the tube after a) Tube number,
which the tube shall be turned at least for two b) Job designation,
revolutions to shear the sample off at the bottom. c) Sample location,
NOTE - In case the equipment used for SF’T is also used for d) Boring number,
driving the sampling tube, then the length of penetration shall e) Sample number,
be limited to 50 blows.
f) Depth,
4.3.5 Samples shall be taken, by repeating the g) Penetration, and
sampling procedures, at every change in stratum h) Gross recovery ratio.
or at intervals not more than 1.5 m, whichever is
less. Samples may be taken at lesser intervals if 4.5.1.1 The tube and boring numbers should
specified or found necessary. The intervals be be,marked in duplicate.
increased to 3 m if in between vane shear test or
SPT is performed. 4.5.2 Duplicate markings of the boring number
4.3.6 Field Observations - Water-table and sample number on a sheet which will not be
information including ground water level, affected by moisture should be enclosed inside the
elevations at which the drilling water was lost, or tube.
deviation at which water under excess pressure
was encountered should be recorded on the field 5. REPORT
logs.
5.1 All data obtained during the boring and
4.4 Preparation for Shipment sampling operations shall be recorded in the field
4.4.1 Upon removal of the sampling tube, the as per details given in Appendix A.
.
IS : 2132 : 1986
APPENDIX A
(Clause 5.1)
PROFClRMA FOR RECORD OF OBSERVATIONS DURING
UNDISTURBED SAMPLING OF SOILS USING THIN-WALLED TUBE SAMPLES (see Note)
Name of Project :
a) Drilling Details OR b) Trial Pit
Bore hole No. and coordinates: Location:
Drilling method: Dimensions:
Surface elevation at Elevation at top
bore hole top: dimensions
Date of boring : Start Finish
Details of casing, if used :
Name of driller :
SECTION 12
soil Product
As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left Blank
IS : 1725 : 1982
(Reaffirmed 1988)
ZndianStandard
SPECIFICATION FOR
SOIL BASED BLOCKS
USED GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
(First Revision)
0. FOREWORD follows :
0.1 Development during the last two decades in Length Breadth Height
the use of soil based blocks in different parts of the cm cm cm
world and the experience which has been gained 19 9 9
for nearly a decaae in the field of construction in 19 9 4
India hold out a great promise for the use of soil 29 19 9
based blocks in general building construction,
particularly in low-cost structures. Experience 4.2 The dimensions shall be tested in accordance
shows that \ most soils can be satisfactorily with the procedure given in 4.2.1 and shall be
stabilized with cement-lime. It is, however, within following limits per twenty blocks.
necessary to conduct comprehensive tests on soils
in a laboratory in order to determine the optimum Block Size Length Breadth Height
requirements to give the specified properties. cm cm cm cm
While in general building construction soil based 19 x 9x 9 372 to388 174to 186 174to 186
blocks may be used as a substitute for bricks, their 19 x 9x 4 372 to388 174 to 186 74to 86
use should be avoided in the case of isolated load 29 x19x9 570to590 372to388 174to186
bearing columns, piers and such other heavily
loaded structures.
4.2.1 Twenty (more according to the size of
0.1.1 This standard was first published in 1960. stack) whole blocks shall be selected at random
Based on further studies conducted, this revision from the sample selected under 6. All blisters,
has been prepared. The principal modification is loose particles of clay and small projections shall
in respect of weathering test, which has been be removed. They shall then be arranged upon a
prescribed as per studies conducted at Indian level surface successively in contact with each
Institute of Science, Bangalore. The revision now other and in a straight line. The overall length of
covers all types of soil based blocks. the assembled blocks shall be measured with a
steel tape or other suitable inextensible measures
1. SCOPE
sufficiently long to measure the whole row at one
1.1 This standard covers the requirements and test stretch. Measurement by repeated application of
for soil based blocks for use in general building short rule or measure shall not be permitted. If,
construction. for any reason, it is found impracticable ta
measure blocks in one row, the sample may be
2. GENERAL
divided into rows of 10 blocks each, which shall be
2.1 Soil based blocks shall be manufactured from measured separately to the nearest millimetre. All
a mixture of suitable soil and ordinarily Portland these dimensions shall be added together.
cement or lime Pozzolana mixture thoroughly
mixed together, preferably in a mechanical mixer. 4.3 Each block shall also have a frog one
The mixture is moulded and cast into blocks. centimetre deep and 10 x 4 cm on one of its flat
sides.
3. CLASSIFICA’l ION . 5. PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS
3.1 The blocks shall be of two classes, Class 20
and Class 30 (see 5.1). 5.1 Compressive Strength - The blocks when
tested in accordance with the procedure laid down
4. SIZES in IS 3495 (Part 1) : 1976 shall have a minimum
4.1 There shall be three sizes of soil-cement average compressive strength of not less than 20
blocks, the dimensions of which shall be as kgf/cm2 for Class 20 and 30 kgf/cm* for Class 30.
51.1 The compressive strength of any procedure laid down in IS 5454 : 1978.
individual block shall not fall below the minimum
7. MARKING
average compressive strength by more than 20
percent. 7.1 Each block shall be marked in the frog with
the manufacturer’s identification mark or initials.
5.2 Water Absorption - The block when tested
in accordance with the procedure laid down in 7.1.1 The manufacturers may also use the IS1
IS 3495 (Part 2) : 1976, after immersion in cold Certification Mark.
water for 24 hours, an average water absorption NOTE - The use of the ISI Certification Mark is governed
by the provisions of the Indian Standards !n+tution
shall not be more than 15 percent by weight.
(Certification Marks) Act and the Rules and Regulations made
5.3 Weathering - When tested in accordance thereunder. The IS1 Mark on products covered by an Indian
with Appendix A, the maximum loss of weight Standard conveys the assurance that they have been produced
to comply with the requirements of that standard under a
shall not exceed 5 percent.
well-defined system of inspection, testing and quality control
which is devised and supervised by IS1 and operated by the
6. SAMPLING AND CRITERIA FOR producer. IS1 marked products are also continuously checked
CONFORMITY by IS1 for conformity to that standard as a further safeguard.
Details of conditions under which alicence for the use of the IS1
Certification Mark may be granted to manufacturers or
6.1 .Sampling and criteria for conformity of the processors, may be obtained from the Indian Standards
blocks shall be done in accordance with the Institution.
APPENDIX A
(Clause 5.3)
WEATHERING TEST