a. Obtain the global stiffness matrix [K] of the assemblage shown in Figure P2-1 by superimposing the stiffness matrices of the individual springs. Here k1; k2, and k3 are the stiffnesses of the springs as shown. b. If nodes 1 and 2 are fixed and a force P acts on node 4 in the positive x direction, find an expression for the displacements of nodes 3 and 4. c. Determine the reaction forces at nodes 1 and 2. (Hint: Do this problem by writing the nodal equilibrium equations and then making use of the force/displacement relationships for each element as done in the first part of Section 2.4. Then solve the problem by the direct stiffness method.) Figure P2-1 Step-by-step solution: Step 1 of 8 a) Draw the free body diagram of the spring assemblage as shown below. L LStep-by-step solution: Step 1 of 8 a) Draw the free body diagram of the spring assemblage as shown below. k, k, Step 2 of 8 Express each of the local element stiffness matrix as follows below, For the element (1), [«”]= k, =k, (| “kK S\dyx) (1) For the element (2), Q) k, —k; | k = fe k, Ka (2) For the element (3),Step 2 of 8 Express each of the local element stiffness matrix as follows below, For the element (1), mi a auras GAD For the element (2), E)-| k, ee -k, k, |\d,x (2) For the element (3), [e] -| ks 7 {ew} —k, ky |\d,x ce (3) Here, The convention ‘d’ indicates the nodal degree of freedom associated with each element. Stiffness of the spring, Ky ky and k, Step 3 of 8 For instance, element 1 is associated with degree of freedom dx and yx Also the local x-axis coincides with the global x-axis for each element using the concept of superposition (the direct stiffness method) we obtain the global stiffness matrix as, x] afa fe] 4 fe]Step 3 of 8 For instance, element 1 is associated with degree of freedom dx and@ * Also the local x-axis coincides with the asia x-axis for each element using the concept of superposition (the direct stiffness method) we obtain the global stiffness matrix as, [K] a [a ]+ [a> ]+[k™ ] Substitute the equations (1), (2) and (3) in the above equation, we get k 0. -k, 0 [k]- k, 0 =k, -k, 0 k+k, -k, 0 -k, -k, k+k, Therefore, the global stiffness matrix [x ] of the assemblage is, Step 4 of 8 b) Express global stiffness matrix relating the clobalStep 4 of 8 b) Express global stiffness matrix relating the global forces to global displacements as follows, Fix k, 0 —k, 0 d,x Fx| | 0 k& 0 -k |}d Fx| |-k 0 k+k -k |ldx Fyx O -k, -k, ky +k, ||dyx (4) Here, Stiffness is k, deflection is d, and force is F Apply homogeneous boundary conditions dx _ 0 and d,x = 0 to equation (4), Substituting applied nodal forces and partitioning the first two equation (1) Delete the first two row of \F } and {d} and the first two rows and column of k corresponding to the displacement boundary conditions. ‘ee ~k, bal P -k, ky +k, || d,x 5) Step 5 of 8 Solve the above equation (4) and (5) we get,Step 5 of 8 Solve the above equation (4) and (5) we get, Calculate the global nodal displacement at node 4 0 =(k, +k )dyx—k, (d,x) (k, +k, )d,x =k, (d,x) tre( Jian p=-k,d,x+(k, +k,)(d,x) =-k sera rane +k,)(d,x) (-«:) =d, 1c =e) +(k, “) =d,x ~ky + (ka +k ki +h) k, +k, “aa Et kik t+ kik hk ‘ k, +k, kek, + kyk, + kok = 12 "1 23 dal k, +k, “ “aati ” ans,th Ss, Nee ersee se @ ord ,,..., () Now calculate the global nodal displacement at node 3, From the equation (6), k d,x =| —2— a * ite x) Substitute the equation (7) in the above equation, ar-(-] p(k, +k) | k, +k, )| (kjky +kyk, + kk; ) _ ata (k,k, + kk, + kk, ) snes (8) Therefore, the global nodal displacement at node 3 p(k, +k) 2 + kik, +kk;) Step 6 of 8 fr) To obtain the global nodal forces, which include the reaction at nodel and node 2, we shall substitute equation (7) and (8) and the boundary conditions dx =0and 45x _ 0, into equation (4). This substitution yields. aStep 6 of 8 °) To obtain the global nodal forces, which include the reaction at nodel and node 2, we shall substitute equation (7) and (8) and the boundary conditions dx = and dx =0 , into equation (4). This substitution yields. Fx) [k 0. -k, 0 }(0 Fx 0k, 0 -k, 0 Fx -k, O k,+k, -k, ||d,x Fyx O -k, -k, ky +k, ||dyx (9) Calculate the reaction forces at the nodes 1 and 2, From the above equation the reaction forces at the node 1 Fx =(0+0+k,(d,x)+0] Substitute equation (8) in the above equation, Fix = = Pkiky kk, +hk, +k, Step 7 of 8 From the above equation (9), calculate the reaction forces at the nodes 2Step 7 of 8 From the above equation (9), calculate the reaction forces at the nodes 2 Substitute equation (7) in the above equation, F,x=[0+0+0-k,(d,x)] - — pk, (k, +k) kk, +k, k, +k k, From the above equation (9), calculate the reaction forces at the nodes 3 Fx =[0+0+(k, +k, )dyx—A, (d,x) | _ pk, (k, +k) _{ Pk (k, +4) kk, +kyk, + kyk, kk, + kyk, + kyky =0 Step 8 of 8 From these results we observe that the sum of the reactions Fx and Fx is equal in magnitude but opposite in direction to the applied force F, 4° This result verifies equilibrium of the whole spring assemblage. Fx =[0+0-k, (d,x)+(ky +h, dx} _ —pk} + P(k, +k, (A +h) kk, +kyk, + kk, yk, +hyk, +kyky 2 2Iheretore “4° * = applied load At node 1, Reaction force is, — pk,k, Fix = kk, . kk, + kk, Therefore, the Reaction force at node 1 is —pk,k, kk, + kk, + kk, At node 2, Reaction force is, F,x= pk, (k, +k, ) kk, + kk, + k,k, Above are the reaction forces. Therefore, the Reaction force at node 2 is — pk, (k, +k, ) kk, +k,k, +k,k,roblema 1P: Capitulo: “4 =~ Problema: 1° Para la barra compuesta unidimensional que se muestra en la Figura P13-1, determine las temperaturas de la interfaz Cy para el eleme 100 W / (m. °C); y para el elemento 3, sea K Para el elemento 1, sea K xx = 200 W / (m. x =50W/(m.*C).SeadA=O1lm2.6 2 mo izquierdo tiene una temperatura constante de 100° Cyel extrema derecho tiene una temperatura constante de 300 °C Loon Figure P13-1 olucién paso-a-paso: Paso 1 de é Dibuja el diagrama esquematico de la barra compuesta unidimensional. LE OOO EOE LOE EEL | 300°C I ® 2 4 LLL LLL EPPO PE PPPPEIEA EEE EE PPP AE LEE | ht 3 Im 0.5mPaso 2 de 6 Calcule las matrices de rigidez para cada elemento. [ [i AK,,| 1 =1 £ i{-l ol Aqui, la conductividad térmica en la direccién xes K,,. el area de la seccion transversal de la barra compuesta es Ay la longitud del elemento es 7. Escribe la matriz de rigidez del elemento 1. ntl 1 Sustituye 200 W/(m-°C) por K,,. O.Iim? por Ay 2m por Ly. tel ae | 10-10 [io wo [WeePaso 3 de 6 Escribe la matriz de rigidez del elemento 2. AK 1 -l [h)=—= 1, [-l 1 Sustituye 200 W/(m-°C) por Kya 0.1m? por 4y Im por Ly: Aa 1] [iy we [wre Escribe la matriz de rigidez del elemento 3. ts) 8a| | Sustituye 50 W/(m-°C) por K,,3) 0.1m? por Ay 0.5m por Ly. 0.1x 50 | [a | 10-10], | wo |wrePaso 4 de6 Calcule la matriz de rigidez para toda la pared compuesta. 10 =-10 0 0 [k] -10 10+10 -10 0 0 -10 10+10 -10 0 0 -10 10 10 -10 0O 0 -10 20 -10 0 0 -10 20 -10 0 0 -10 10Paso 5 de 6 El ensamblaje de la matriz de rigidez del elemento esta dado por, 10 -10 0 Off) [F -10 20 -10 0 ||| | 0 0 -10 20 -10|]7,{ }0 0 0 -10 10 ||) (Fy Aqui, la temperatura inicial es hy la temperatura final es hy: Sustituir 1Q0°C Por fy 300°C Por fy. 10 -10 O 0 |/100 F -10 20 -10 0 h 0 0 -10 20 -10|)4{ }o 0 0 -10 10 |(300) [F,03:16 OO O44 37% ya Sn Ayer 18:03 forma mat 10(100)-10(r, )+0(¢,) +0(300) 1000-101, = 10(100) + 20, -10(r,) +0(300) =0 201, ~101, = 1000 0(100) —10r, +20(1,)—10(300) = 0 101, +207, = 3000 0(100) +0(¢,)-10(¢,)+10(300) = F, —101, +3000 = 2013-101; = 1000 101, +201; = 3000 ty =166.7°C