Date: 01-08-2020

WRITE SHORT NOTE ON ( A ) BENCH TERRACES ( B ) CHECK DAMS ( C ) WATER

LOGGING ( D ) VEGETATED WATERWAY ( E ) AFFORESTION ( F ) CROP RESIDUE OR
FIELD RESIDUE ( G ) LAND DRAINAGE ( H ) SURFACE DRAINS ( I ) SUBSURFACE DRAINS
( J ) WATER HARVESTING ( K ) DETENTION BASIN ( L ) REQUIRMENTS OF SEEPAGE
CONTROL ( M ) DIFFERENT METHODS OF REDUCE THE EVAPORATION .

( A ) BENCH TERRACES :

BENCH TERACE ARE A SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION MEASURE USED ON SLOPING LAND
WITH RELATIVELY DEEP SOILS TO RETAIN WATER AND CONTROL EROSION . THEY ARE NORM
ALLY CONSTRUCTED BY CUTTING AND FILLING TO PRODUCE A SERIES OF LEVEL STEP OR
BENCHES . THIS ALLOWS WATER TO INFILTERATE SLOWLY INTO THE SOIL . BENCH TERRACE
ARE REINFORCED BY RETAINING BANKS OF SOIL OR STONE ON THE FORWARD EDGES . THIS
PRACTICE IS TYPICAL FOR RICE –BASED CROPPING SYSTEM . IN CHINA MODIFICATION OF
BENCH TERRACE INCLUDES AN INTERVAL SLOPE PLANTED WITH PERENIALS AND GRASSES
BETWEEN INDIVUDUAL TERRACES . THIS SYSTEM IS SUITABLE WHERE SOIL EROSION IS CRIT
ICAL , RAIN FALL IS LOW AND LABOUR AND FARM MANURE ARE NOT TYPICALLY AVAIL ABLE.
SHRUBES OR HURBS CAN ALSO BE GROWN ON THE EDGES OF THE TERRACES .

ADVANTAGES :

EFFECTIVELY CONTROL SOILS AND WATER RUNOFF AND EROSION . TRAPS SEDIMENT IN THE
DRAINAGE DITCHES BUILT ALONG TERRACE . REDUCES SLOPE LENGTH . EVERY 2-3 METERS OF
SLOPE LENGTH IS LEVELED TERRACE . THE VELOCITY OF WATER RUNNING DOWN THE SLOPE
IS GREATLY REDUCED . IMPROVES SOIL FERTILITY OVER THE LONG RUN . LIMITATIONS INITI
ALLY DISTRUBS , THE SOIL REDUCING PRODUCTIVITY IN THE FIRST 2-3 YEARS .NEEDS INTEN
SIVE LABOUR AND INVESTMENT FOR CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTANANCE . NEEDS SKILLS FOR
PROPER CONSTRUCTION . TERRACED FIELDS WITH AN INTERVAL SLOPE CONSUME MUCH
LAND . FACTORS AFFECTING ADOPTION . BIOPHYSICAL NOT SUITABLE FOR SHALLOW AND
SLIPPING UPLAND SOILS . NOT SUITABLE FOR POTATO-GROWING SINCE THE TERRACE TRENDS
TO BECOME WATERLOGGED . TERRACES WITH INTERVAL SLOPES CAN BE USED IN REGIONS
WITH LITTLE RAINFALL . SOCIOECONOMIC LABOUR SHORTAGE AND LOW INCOME MAKE
BENCH TERRACE DIFFICULT FOR FARMERS TO ADOPT IN SOME AREA . LACK OF SECURE LAND
TENURE SERVE AS DISINTENSIVE TO LONG TERM CONSTRUCTION MEASURES , SUCH AS
TERRACES . IN AREA WITH POOR SOILS , THE TERRACES HAVE A LOW RETURN ON INVESTMENT .

( B ) CHECK DAMS :

A CHECK DAM IS A SMALL , SOMETIME TEMPORARY , DAM CONSTRUCTED ACROSS A SWALE ,

DRAINAGE DITCH , OR WATER WAY TO COUNTERACT EROSION BY REDUCING WATER FLOW
VELOCITY . CHECK DAMS THEMSELVES ARE NOT A TYPE OF NEW TECHNOLOGY ; RATHER ,
THEY ARE AN ANCIENT TECHNIQUE DATING FROM THE SECOND CENTURY A.D. CHECK DAMS
ARE TYPICALLY , THOUGH NOT ALAWYS , IMPEMENTED IN A SYSTEM OF SEVERAL DAMS SITUA
TED AT REGULAR INTERVALS ACROSS THE AREA OF INTEREST .
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( C ) WATERLOGGING :

A LAND IS SAID TO BE WATERLOGGED WHEN THE SOIL PORES WITHIN THE ROOT ZONE OF
THE PLANTS GET SATURATED , AND THE NORMAL GROWTH OF THE PLANT IS ADVERSLY
AFFECTED DUE TO INSUFFICIENT AIR CIRCULATION . THE WATER LOGGED LAND RESULTS IN
REDUCTION OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION . THE PROBLEM OF WATERLOGGING IS A WORLD
WIDE PHENOMENON WHICH OCCURS MAINLY DUE TO THE RISE OF GROUND WATER TABLE
BEYOND PERMISSIBLE LIMITS .THE PROBLEM OF WATER LOGGING HAS ALREADY AFFECTED
ABOUT 6 MILLION HECTARES OF CULTURABLE LAND IN INDIA .

CAUSES OF WATER LOGGING : THE MAIN CAUSES OF WATER LOGGING CAN BE

GROUPED INTO TWO CATEGORIES :

( 1 ) NATURAL AND ( 2 ) ARTIFICIAL

TOPOGRAPHY GEOLOGICAL FEATURES AND RAINFALL CHARACTERISTICS OF AN AREA CAN BE

THE NATURAL CAUSES OF WATERLOGGING . INTRODUCTION OF SURFACE WATER IRRIGATION
FACILITIES DISTRUBS THE BALANCE BETWEEN NATURAL OUTFALL AND INFLOW OF GROUND
WATER RESERVOIR . THIS FORMS CAUSE OF WATERLOGGING . BESIDES DEFECTIVE METHODS
OF CULTIVATION , DEFECTIVE IRRIGATION PRACTICES AND BLOCKING OF NATURAL DRAINAGES
ARE ALSO INCLUDED IN THE ARTIFICIAL CAUSES OF WATERLOGGING .

( D ) VEGETATED WATERWAY :

VEGETATED WATERWAYS ARE INTENDED TO SLOW AND FILTER THE FLOW OF RUNOFF
WATER , ALLOWING SUSPENDED SEDIMENT TO SETTLE OUT AND ENABLING RUNOFF WATER
AND SOLLUBLE POLLUTANTS TO INFILTERATE THE GROUND . THE PLANTS DECOMPOSING
VEGETATION , AND ASSOCIATED MICROORGANISMS HELP TRAP SEDIMENTS AND TAKE UP
DISSOLVED NUTRIENTS AND OTHER CHEMICALS . VEGETATED DRAINAGE DITCHES HAVE
PROVEN SUCESSFUL IN THE MIDWEST , REDUCING SEDIMENT AND PESTICIDES ( BENNET ET
AL 2005 ) . STUDIED HAVE DOCUMENTED THAT : REPAIRIAN VBS [ VEGETATED BUFFER STRIPS ]
CAN SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCE THE CONCENTRATION OF NITRATE – N IN SHALLOW GROUND
WATER BEFORE ITS ENTRY INTO A STREAM CHANNEL . THE EVIDENCE ALSO SUGGESTS THAT
RIPARIAN FORESTS ARE MORE EFFICIENT AT REMOVING NITRATE N IN SHALLOW SUBSU
RFACE WATER THAN ARE GRASS VBS ( OSBORNE AND COVACIC 1993 ) . ACCORDING TO THE
SOLANO AND YOLO COUNTY RCD s AN APPROPRIATELY DESIGNED VEGETATED DRAINAGE
DITCH CAN REMOVE 38% -98% OF PESTICIDES IN AN FILTER STRIPS CAN REMOVE 50%-80%
OF PESTICIDES AND NUTRIENTS ( SOLANO AND YOLO COUNTY RESOURCE CONSERVATION
DISTRICTS 2006 A AND 2006 B ) .

VEGETATED DRAINAGE DITCHS ARE TYPICAL AGRICULTURAL DRAINAGE DITCHES PLANTED

WITH A SELECTION OF PLANTS , WHICH ACT AS BINDING SITES FOR PESTICIDES AND FERT
ILIZERS THAT HAVE RUNOFF FIELDS DURING IRRIGATION AND STORM EVENTS , REDUCING
MOVEMENTS OF AGRICULTURAL CHEMICALS FROM THE FIELD TO THE WATERWAY . A SITES
WITH HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF SEDIMENT IN RUNOFF WATER , IT MAY BE NECESSARY TO
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COUPLE VEGETATED DITCHES WITH AN UPSTREAM SEDIMENT TRAP TO REDUCE SEDIMENT

DEPOSITION THAT CAN SMOTHER THE VEGETATION TO PROLONG THE USEFUL LIFE OF THE
DITCH .

( E ) AFFORASTION : AFFORSATION IS THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A FOREST OR STAND OF

TREES ( FORESTATION ) IN AN AREA WHERE THERE WAS NO PREVIOUS TREE COVER . MANY
GOVERNMENT AND NON GOVRNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS DIRECTLY ENGAGE IN PROGRAMS
OF AFFORASTION TO CREATE FORESTS , INCREASE CARBON CAPTURE . SOMETIMES SPECIAL
TOOLS , SUCH AS A TREE PLANTING OF TREES EASIER AND FASTER . AFFORASTION IS THE
PROCESS OF PLANTING TREES , SOWING SEEDS , IN A BARREN LAND DEVOID OF ANY TREES
TO CREATE A FOREST . THE TERM SHOULD NOT BE CONFUSED WITH REFORESTION , WHICH
IS THE PROCESS OF SPECIFICALLY PLANTING NATIVE TREES INTO A FOREST THAT HAS DECRE
ASING NUMBERS OF TREES . WHILE REFORESTION IS INCREASING THE NUMBER OF TREES OF
AN EXISTING FOREST , AFFORESTION IS THE CREATION OF A NEW FOREST . OUR EARTH HAS
BEEN CONSTANTLY TRYING TO COPE WITH THE WAY IN WHICH NUMBER BEINGS USE NATU
RUAL RESOURCES , CLEAR FOREST LANDS , CUT TREES , AND CONTAMINATE THE AIR , LAND
AND WATER . INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION , POPULATION BURST , AND POLLUTION CREATE PERM
ANENT DAMAGE TO THE EARTH , AND THE RESLUT IS GLOBAL AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN
SITUATION , SOMTHING THAT CAN HELP EXTEND THE LIFE OF THE PLANET AND ITS LIVING
ORGANISM IS THE INCREASE OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND DECREASE OF EXPLOTION OF
THESE RESOURCES . BY PLANTING TREES AND CREATING FOREST , MANY OF THE COMMERCIAL
NEEDS OF HUMAN BEINGS ARE FULFILLED , WHILE NOT DESTROYING WHAT IS LEFT OF THE
PLANET . AFFORASTION IS , THERE OF PRACTICE THAT HAS BEEN PROPAGATED BY GOVER
NMENT AGENCIES OF MANY COUNTRIS AS A WAY STOP OVER EXPLORATION OF NATURE .

( F ) CROP OF RESIDUE OR FIELD RESIDUE :

THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF AGRICULTURAL CROP RESIDUES OR FIELD RESIDUES ARE MAT
ERIAL LEFT IN AN AGRICULTURAL FIELD OR ORCAHARD AFTER THE CROP HAS BEEN HARV
ESTED . THESE RESIDUES INCLUDE STALK AND STUBBLE ( STEMS ) , LEAVES , AND SEED PODS .
THE RESIDUE CAN BE PLOUGHED DIRECTLY INTO THE GROUND , OR BURNED FIRST . IN
CONTRAST , NOT TILL , STRIP TILL OR REDUCED TILL AGRICULTURE PRACTICES ARE CARRIED
OUT TO MAXIMIZE CROP RESIDUE COVER . GOOD MANAGEMENT OF FIELD RESIDUES CAN
INCREASE EFFIENCE OF IRRIGATION AND CONTROL OF EROSION . SIMPLE THE TRANSECT
MEASUREMENTS CAN BE USED TO ESTIMATE RESIDUE COVERAGE . PROCESS RESIDUE ARE
MATERIAL LEFT AFTER THE CROP IS PROCESSED INTO A USEABLE RESOURCE . THESE RESIDUES
INCLUDE HUSKS , SEEDS , BAGASSE , MOLASEES AND ROOTS . THEY CAN BE USED AS ANIMAL
FODDER AND SOIL AMENDMENT , FERTILIZERS AND IN MANUFACTURING .

( G ) LAND DRAINAGE :

DRAINS ARE CONSTRUCTED AND ARE IMPORTANT FOR CARRYING EXCESS WHATER OF AGRI
CU LTURAL LAND . WITHOUT DRAINS TO REMOVE WATER , THE SOIL BECOMES WATERLOGG
ED HAMPERING THE GROWTH OF CROPS AND PASTURE .DRAINAGE IS ESSENTIAL IN ESTABLIS
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HING GOOD PRODUCTIVE LAND . THERE ARE VARIOUS TYPES OF DRAINAGE SYSTEMS . BEF O
RE DESIGNING THE DRAINAGE SYSTEM IT IS IMPORTANT TO CONSIDER WHAT WILL BE APP
ROPRIATE FOR YOUR NEEDS AND WHERE THE DRAIN IS CARRYING THE WATER TO PROPER
PLANNING , DESIGN , CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTANANCE OF BOTH SURFACE AND SUBSU
RFACE DRAINS AND CHANNEL S WILL MINIMISE THE LIKELIHOOD THAT THEY WILL CAUSE
ENVIRONMENTAL HARM AND ALLIVIATE SOME OF THEIR ADVERSE EFFECTS .

( H ) SURFACE DRAINS : SURFACE DRAINS REFER TO THE REMOVAL OF SURFACE WATER BY

DEVELOPMENT OF THE SLOPE OF THE LAND UTILIZING SYSTEMS OF DRAINS TO CARRY
AWAY THE SURPLUS WATER . IN SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE OPEN DITCHES AND TIE FIELDS
INTERCEPT GROUND WATER AND IT CARRY IT OFF . SURFACE DRAINAGE IS VERY USEFUL IN
REMOVING EXCESS WATER FROM LAND IN A CONTROLLED MANNER AND AS QUICKLY AS
POSSIBLE , TO ARTIFICIAL DRAINAGE SYSTEM OR A NATURAL WATERCOURSE . THIS SHOULD
BE DONE WITH NO DAMAGE TO THE ENVIROMENT . WET SOIL PROBLEMS ON DAIRY PAS
TURES ARE USUALLY DUE TO BOTH EXCESS SURFACE AND SUBSURFACE WATER . IT IS IMPO
RTANT TO REALISE THAT SURFACE DRAINS WILL ONLY REMOVE SURFACE WATER , AND IT
MOST SOIL TYPES , ARE ALMOST USELESS FOR DRAINING THE SOIL PROFILE . NEVER THE
LESS -SURFACE DRAINS ARE ESSENTIAL AND VERY USEFUL TOOL TO MANAGE WET SOILS
WHEN USED IN THE RIGHT LOCATION FOR THE RIGHT REASON . TYPICAL APPLICATIONS FOR
USING SURFACE DRAINS INCLUDE :

 DRAINAGE LARGE QUANTITIES OF SURFACE WATER OFF LAND QUICKLY

INTERCEPTING WAATER FLOWING DOWN FROM UPPER SLOPES TO LOWER
LYING LAND .
 INTERCEPTING RUNOFF WATER FROM OTHER SOURCES ( EG. ROAD SIDE
DRAINS , NEIGHBOURING PROPERTIES , DAM OVER FLOWS , ETC.
 ACTING AS COLLECTOR SYSTEM FOR SUB SURFACE ( MOLE OR TILE DRAINS )
DRAINAGE SYSTEMS .

( I ) SUBSURFACE DRAINS : SUBSURFACE DRAINGE IS CONCERNED WITH REMO

VING WATER THAT PERCOLATES THROUGH OR IS CONTAINED IN UNDER LYING
SUBGRADE . THIS WATER TYPICALLY THE RESULT OF A HIGH WATER TABLE OR
EXCEPTIONALLY WET WEATHER , CAN ACCUMULATE UNDER THE PAVEMENT
STRUCTURE BY TWO CHEIF MEANS :

( 1 ) GRAVITY FLOW : WATER FROM SORROUNDING AREAS CAN BE ABSORBED BY THE

SOIL THEN FLOW BY GRAVITY TO AREAS UNDERNEATH THE PAVEMENT STRUCTURE .
IN PAVEMENT WITH HIGH AIR VOIDS ( ABOVE 8-9 % ) , WATER CAN PERCOLATE
DOWN THROUGH THE PAVEMENT STRUCTURE ITSELF .

( 2 ) CAPILLARY RISE : CAPILLARY RISE IS THE RISE IN A LIQUID ABOVE THE LEVEL OF
ZERO PRESSURE DUE TO A NETUPWARD FORCE PRODUCED BY THE ATTRACTION OF
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THE WATER MOLECULES TO A SOLID SURFACE ( EG. SOIL ) . CAPILLARY RISE CAN BE
SUBSTANTIAL , UP TO 6 M. ( 20 FT .) OR MORE . IN GENERAL , THE SMALLER THE SOIL
GRAIN SIZE , THE GREATER THE POTENTIAL FOR CAPILLARY RISE . OFTEN , CAPILLARY
RISE A PROBLEM IN AREAS OF HIGH GROUND WATER TABLES .

MOST PAVEMENTS HAVE PERFORMED ADEQUATELY WITHOUT CONSERDING THESE

EFFECTS . HOWEVER , HMA PAVEMENTS CAN FAIL BECAUSE OF SUBGRADE SUPPORT
DETERIORATION AS A RESULT OF EXCESSIVE MOISTURE OF OTHER WATER –RELATED
PROBLEMS . WHILE THE BEST SOLUTION IS USUALLY TO PREVENT WATER INFILTE
RATION WITH SURFACE DRAINAGE CAN BE USEFUL , HOWEVER IT NEEDS TO BE
DONE JUDICIOUSALY , BECAUSE IT MAY BE SOMEWHAT AKIN TO TREATING THE
SYMPTOM RATHER THAN THE PROBLEM . SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE CONSISTS OF
THREE BASIC ELEMENTS .

( J ) WATER HARVESTING : IN GENERAL WATER HARVESTING IS THE ACTIVITY OF

DIRECT COLLECTION OF RAIN WATER . THE RAIN WATER COLLECTED CAN BE STORED
FOR DIRECT USE OR CAN BE RECHARGED INTO THE GROUND WATER . RAIN IS THE
FIRST FORM OF WATER THAT WE KNOW IN THE HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE , HENCE IS A
PRIMARY SOURCE OF WATER FOR US . IT MEANS CAPTURING RAIN WHERE IT FALLS
OR CAPTURING THE RUNOFF IN YOUR OWN VILLAGE OR TOWN . AND TAKING
MEASURES TO KEEP THAT WATER CLEAN BY NOT ALLOWING POLLUTING ACTIVITIES
TO TAKE PLACE IN THE CATCHMENT . THEREFORE , WATER HARVESTING CAN BE
UNDERTAKEN THROUGH A VARITY OF WAYS .

 CAPTURING RUNOFF FROM ROOFTOPS

 CAPTURING RUNOFF FROM LOCAL CATCHMENTS
 CAPTURING SEASONAL FLOODWATERS FROM LOCAL STREAMS
 CONSERVING WATER THROUGH WATERSHED MANAGEMENT
THESE TECHNIQUE

( I ) DETENTION BASIN :

A DETENTION BASIN OR RETARDING BASIN IS AN EXCAVATED AREA INSTALLED ON ,

OR ADJA CENT TO , TRIBUTARIES OF RIVERS , STREAMS , LAKES OR BAYS TO PROTECT
AGAINST FLOODING AND , IN SOME CASES , DOWNSTREAM EROSION BY STORING
WATER FOR A LIMITED PERIOD OF TIME . THESE BASINS ARE ALSO CALLED “ DRY
PONDS “ , “ HOLDING PONDS “ OR “ DRY DETENTION BASINS “ IF NO PERMANENT POOL
OF WATER EXISTS . DETENTION PONDS THAT ARE DESIGNED TO PERMANENTLY RETAIN
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SOME VOLUME OF WATER AT ALL TIMES ARE CALLED RETENTION BASINS . IN ITS
BASIC FORM , A DETENTION BASIN IS USED TO MANAGE WATER QUANTITY WHILE

HAVING A LIMITED EFFECTIVENESS IN PROTECTING WATER QUALITY , UNLESS IT INCL

UDES A PERMANENT POOL FEATURE .

( J ) REQUIRMENTS OF SEEPAGE CONTROL :

SEEPAGE IS THE CONTINOUS MOVEMENT OF WATER FROM THE UPSTREAM
FACE OF THE DAM TOWARD ITS DOWNSTREAM FACE . THE UPPER SURFACE
OF THIS STREAM OF PERCOLATING WATER IS KNOWN AS THE PHERATIC
SURFACE SHOULD BE KEPT AT OR BELOW THE DOWNSTREAM TOE . THE
PHERATIC SURFACE WITHIN A DAM CAN BE CONTROLLED BY PROPERLY
DESIGNED CORES OR WALLS .
( 1 ) INTERNAL DRAIN SYSTEMS
PURPOSE
A HOMOGENEOUS DAM WITH A HIGHT OF MORE THAN ABOUT 6 M TO 8 M
SHOULD HAVE SOME TYPE OF DOWNSTREAM DRAIN . THE PURPOSE OF A
DRAIN IS : ( A ) TO REDUCE THE PORE WATER PRESSURES IN THE DOWN
STREAM PORTION OF THE DAM THEREFORE INCREASING THE STABILITY OF
THE DOWNSTREAM SLOPE AGAINST SLIDING . ( B ) TO CONTROL ANY SEEPAGE
THAT EXISTS THE DOWNSTREAM PORTION OF THE DAM AND PREVENT
EROSION OF THE DOWNSTREAM SLOPE : I .E. TO PREVENT ‘ PIPING ‘.
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE DRAIN IN REDUCING PORE PRESSURES DEPENDS
ON ITS LOCATION AND EXTENT . HOWEVER , PIPING IS CONTROLLED BY EN-
SURING THAT THE GRADING OF THE PREVIOUS MATERIAL FROM WHICH THE
DRAIN IS CONSTRUCTED MEETS THE FILTER REQUIRMENTS FOR THE
EMBANKMENT MATERIAL .

( K ) DIFFERENT METHODS OF REDUCING EVAPORATION :

SOME METHODS OF PRACTICAL IMPORTANCE ARE MENTIONED BELOW :

( 1 ) BY KEEPING FREE WATER SURFACE ARE MINIMUM :

RESERVOIRS AND LAKES ARE THE WATER BODIES WITH LARGE SURFACE AREA .

IT IS POSSIBLE TO REDUCE THE SURFACE AREA BY ADOPTING FOLLOWING

MEASURES : ( 1 ) THE RESERVOIR SITE MAY BE SELECTED IN SUCH A WAY THAT
AREA TO STORAGE RATIO IS MINIMUM . ( 2 ) TO AVOID WATER LOSS WATER COULD
BE STORED BELOW GROUND . ( 3 ) WHEN THERE ARE NUMBER OF RESERVOIRS ON
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ONE RIVER THE WATER MAY BE STORED IN ONE LARGE RESERVOIR WHEN POSSIBLE
RATHER IN SEVERAL SMALL RESERVOIRS .

( 2 ) BY SPREADING SURFACE FILMS ON THE RESERVOIR AND LAKES :

THOUGH STILL UNDER EXPERIMENT STAGE THIS METHOD WHEN USED WILL PROVE
TO BE MOST ECONOMICAL AND OF PRAACTICAL UTILITY . THE METHOD IS BASED ON
THE PRINCIPLE THAT A THIN LAYER OF OIL FILM WHEN SPREAD ON THE WATER
SURFACE IS CAPABLE OF REDUCING EVAPORATION TO SIGNIFICANT EXTENT . EXPER
IMENT S HAVE SHOWN THAT A COMPOUND CALLED HEXADECONAL OR CETYEL
ALCOHOL DERIVED FROM TALLOW , SPERM OIL COCONUT OIL IS CAPABLE OF
FORMING MONOMOLECULAR FILM ON THE WATER SURFACE . THIS MATERIAL IS
WHITE , WAXY , CRYSTALINE , SOLID AND IS GENERALLY AVAILABLE IN FLAKES .

( 3 ) BY PROVIDING MULCH ON THE LAND SURFACES :

TO REDUCE EVAPORATION FROM LAND SURFACE IT IS A COMMON PRACTICE TO
SPREAD MULCH ON THE LAND SURFACE . THE MULCH IS NOTHING BUT SOME WASTE
MATERIAL USED TO COVER THE LAND . BY MULCH ONE GENERALLY UNDERSTND A
MIXTURE OF STRAW , LEAVES ETC. IT RESTRICTS AIR MOVEMENT , MAINTAINS HIGH
WATER VAPOUR PRESSURE NEAR THE SOIL SURFACE AND SHIELDS THE SOIL FROM
THE SOLAR ENERGY AND AS A RESULT OF ALL THESE FACTORS REDUCES EVAPOR
ATION . CONSIDERING THAT THE MUCH IS NOTHING BUT A PROTECTIVE BLANKET
SOMETIMES DUST MULCH OF LOOSE DRY EARTH , PEBBLE MULCH ETC.