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Chapter 3

 Naturally occurring radiation: radiation is the physical hazard a form of energy that can
cause harm to living things it originates from bold natural sources described here and
concert in human activities perhaps the most obvious of those his nuclear power.
 Radiation is energy in transit in packet behaving either as particles or as waves one first
of radiation is the radioactive decay other items of certain chemical elements such as
uranium.
 Radioactive decay Chemical elements exist at different isotopes certain isotopes of
some chemical elements including uranium are unstable or radioactive to achieve a
more stable configuration and atom of radioactive isotope ejects a part of its nucleus
this process is called radioactive decay.
 Many atoms are undergoing the radioactive decay admits steady stream of such
particles that is radiation
 The particles ejected from the nucleus of an atom doing radioactive decay can be either
alpha particles are beta particles. An alpha particle consist of two protons plus two
neutrons. A beta particle is an electron and with the ejection of this negative particle
from the nucleus a neutron is converted to a proton.
 The ejection of either alpha or beta particles changes the number of protons in the
nucleus and this changes the chemical element.
 Decays occur in chains creating new elements in characteristic series
 The rate at which atoms undergo radioactive decay varies widely each radioactive
isotope or radionuclide has a characteristic half-life time it takes for atom in a sample of
the element to undergo radioactive decay ha ha flies range from microseconds to
billions of years.of particular concern is the decay of radon. Radon is a gas it is highly
mobile environment and is readily inhale has a relatively short half-life of about 40 and
the decaying kicks off a series of very rapid breakdown the four isotopes that follow
radon in the decay chain are commonly referred to as radon progeny.
 Electromagnetic radiation: release of alpha or beta particle is often accompanied buy a
burst of energy this energy is gamma radiation which is a type of electromagnetic
radiation the energy of electromagnetic radiation travel through space in the form of
waves rather than subatomic particles. Electromagnetic radiation varies in wavelength
the distance from one peak to the next electromagnetic spectrum is the full set of
distinct types of electromagnetic radiation arranged in order of wavelength wavelength
of mediation has higher energy gamma radiation a short wavelength high-energy form
of electromagnetic radiation.

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 Ionizing and non-ionizing radiation: functional distinctions based on radiation biological

effects. Ionizing radiation is radiation that when it strikes matter has enough energy to
knocking electrons out of orbit creating an ion such ionization can lead to damage to
the cells of the body including the death of cells. All the products of radioactive decay
alpha and beta and gamma radiation are ionizing forms of radiation. Cosmic radiation
and x-rays are also ionizing the dividing line between ionizing and non ionizing radiation
falls within the ultraviolet range.
 The shortest wavelength of ultraviolet radiation is ionizing other ultraviolet radiation
UVA and UVB is not non-ionizing radiation although it does not have enough energy to
knock out of the orbit income biological damage UVB and UVA recognize us with factors
for skin cancer
 measuring exposure to Ionizing radiation: two sets of internationally agreed-upon units
are used want to play exposure to ionizing radiation the first set of units Grays measures
the intensity of radiologic exposure amount of energy delivered per tissue. The second
set of units Sv incorporate relative biological effectiveness RBE Radio logic explosion
that is expressing exposure takes account of the fact that some types of radiation do
more damage than other units of energy delivered to tissues.
 The impact of radiation exposure also depends on what the radiation is delivered to the
interior of the body by ingestion or inhalation alpha, beta, gamma radiation internal
haza ds e ause I should ’t they’ e deli e ed di e tly to ul e a le i te al ells.
 Biological effects of ionization radiation: scientist distinguish between high-level and
low-level exposure ionizing radiation. a high level of exposure defined as a whole body
of 1 Sv including nuclear power accident.
 High level exposure to ionizing radiation causes three well known syndromes all cost by
the death of cells known as radiation sickness sell death in the central nervous system
the brain and spinal cord leads to stupor for loss of coordination cells are forming and
dividing rapidly are particularly susceptible to the SX of ionizing radiation. High level
exposure to io izi g adiatio is f e ue tly fatal I’ll hole Ba ie dolls hu d ed is fatal
within 48 hours whole body dose of 2.5 may be fatal within weeks people who survive a
high-level exposure to ionizing radiation are subject to increased cancer risk afterwards.
 Chronic low level exposure to ionizing radiation been calling south and I causes damage
to the DNA and adults and children including unborn children this damage results in
increased risk of leader developing cancer via mechanisms described earlier the fetus
and young children are more susceptible differentiation are occurring in their bodies.
 By living on planet Earth human beings are being exposed to radiation from the sun
from outerspace and from the earth itself these exposures carry certain health risks:
 natural sources of exposure to radiation: people are exposed more or less continually
to naturally occurring radiation both nonionizing and ionizing. Nonionizing UVA and UVB
radiation present in sunlight. Internal exposure to naturally occurring ionizing radiation
also mostly by inhalation of radon, ingestion of water in which radon is present due to
the local geology and ingestion of food exposures through food occur because plants

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take up radioactive elements from soil animals eat plants and people entering
consumable plants and animals on average inhalation is the greatest single natural
source of exposure to ionizing radiation this is because radon is a gas is a highly mobile
and also because he begins a series of rapid breakdowns the highest exposure to radon
although it is natural hazard occurs in the concept of human modification to the natural
environment. Exposure to radon occurs mainly as a result of its accumulation and indoor
settings and it has not only on local geology.
 Exposure to ionizing radiation carries an increased risk of several cancers and exposures
to the non-ionizing radiation and Soundlike carry some risk of skin cancer as well as
damage to the eyes
 ionizing radiation: the international agency for research on cancer classifieds ionizing
radiation as a no one human carcinogen group 1 like other cancer risks the risk of cancer
f o io izi g adiatio is u de stood to ha e o th eshold that is a y ills e did ’t
zero carry somewhat other risk however because most people exposures to naturally
o u i g io izi g adiatio a e e y lo they’ e affe ted populatio s a e diffe e t
established to epidemiologic studies.
 Non-ionizing radiation: a large volume of epidemlogic research shows that three types
of skin cancer- basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and malignant melanoma
are associated to the site specifically to UVA and UVB radiation in sunlight. Both basal
cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma originated in cells about his skin layer at the
dentist. Squamous cells are the most superficial cells and basal cells aredeeper in the
epidermis. Malignant melanoma cancer of melanocytes selling the skin the produced
pigment Melanin.
 Squamous and basal cell carcinoma are much more common than malignant melanoma
but malignant melanoma is far more fatal.
 Fair skin color is a risk factor for all three types of cancer especially for malignant
melanoma effect of sun exposure is also reflected in incident patterns of squamous an
basal cell center. Incident is higher and lower on your latitude and these cancers occur
more frequently on exposed parts of the body. Hi exposure to sunlight alien life it
appears to pave the pathway for later skin cancer cancer is not the only health effects
associated with exposure to ultraviolet radiation Ocean eyes to ultraviolet radiation in
the sunlight is associated with increased risk of cataracts finally exposure to UV
radiation can suppress functioning functioning of The immune system making people
more susceptible to infectious disease.
 In view of all these hazards of exposure to natural ultraviolet radiation it is and put into
remember that UV radiation also triggers the synthesis of vitamin D essential nutrients
in this way exposure to sunlight is helpful and overprotection from the sun especially in
higher latitude locations can deprive the body of a natural source of vitamin D

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